Industrial Clusters and Micro and Small Enterprise in Africa

8/7/2019 Industrial Clusters and Micro and Small Enterprise in Africa

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Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Jomrg

nkc ]jnff Iktirprosis ok Nhromn

Hrgj ]urvovnf tg @rgwta

C O U I M S O G K ] O K C I X I F G \ J I K S

\rovnti ]imtgr Civifgpjikt





Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Jomrg nkc

]jnff Iktirprosis ok Nhromn





Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc

Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosisok Nhromn

Hrgj ]urvovnf tg @rgwta

_utnbn _gsaokg, Icotgr

N ripgrt ensic gk dgokt risinrma ey tai Pgrfc Enkb, tai Dnpnk Oktirkntogknf Mggpirntogk

Nìkmy, tai Hgukcntogk hgr Ncvnkmic ]tucois gk Oktirkntogknf Civifgpjikt, nkc imgkgjosts

nhhofontic wota tai Nhromnk Imgkgjom Uisinrma Mgksgrtouj.



© 5<>> Sai Oktirkntogknf Enkb hgr Uimgkstrumtogk nkc Civifgpjikt / Sai Pgrfc Enkb >1>1 A ]triit KP

Pnsaok`tgk CM 5<3==Sifipagki4 5<5-30=-><<<Oktirkit4 www.wgrfcenkb.gr`

Nff roàts risirvic

> 5 = 3 >= >5 >> ><

Saos vgfuji os n prgcumt gh tai stnhh gh tai Oktirkntogknf Enkb hgr Uimgkstrumtogk nkcCivifgpjikt / Sai Pgrfc Enkb. Sai hokcok`s, oktirpritntogks, nkc mgkmfusogks ixprissicok taos vgfuji cg kgt kimissnrofy rihfimt tai voiws gh tai Iximutovi Corimtgrs gh Sai PgrfcEnkb gr tai `gvirkjikts taiy riprisikt.

Sai Pgrfc Enkb cgis kgt ùnrnktii tai nmmurnmy gh tai cntn okmfucic ok taos wgrb. Saiegukcnrois, mgfgrs, cikgjokntogks, nkc gtair okhgrjntogk sagwk gk nky jnp ok taos wgrb cg kgt ojpfy nky ducìjikt gk tai pnrt gh Sai Pgrfc Enkb mgkmirkok` tai fi`nf stntus gh nky tirrotgry gr tai ikcgrsijikt gr nmmiptnkmi gh suma egukcnrois.

Uoàts nkc \irjossogks

Sai jntironf ok taos puefomntogk os mgpyroàtic. Mgpyok` nkc/gr trnksjottok` pgrtogks gr nffgh taos wgrb wotagut pirjossogk jny ei n vogfntogk gh nppfomnefi fnw. Sai OktirkntogknfEnkb hgr Uimgkstrumtogk nkc Civifgpjikt / Sai Pgrfc Enkb ikmgurnìs cossijokntogk gh ots wgrb nkc woff kgrjnffy `rnkt pirjossogk tg riprgcumi pgrtogks gh tai wgrb prgjptfy.

Hgr pirjossogk tg pagtgmgpy gr riprokt nky pnrt gh taos wgrb, pfinsi sikc n riquist wotamgjpfiti okhgrjntogk tg tai Mgpyroàt Mfinrnkmi Miktir Okm., 555 Ugsiwggc Crovi,Cnkvirs, JN <>?5=, Y]N2 tifipagki4 ?01-09<-13<<2 hnx4 ?01-09<-330<2 Oktirkit4www.mgpyroàt.mgj.

Nff gtair quirois gk roàts nkc fomiksis, okmfucok` suesoconry roàts, sagufc ei nccrissic tgtai Ghhomi gh tai \uefosair, Sai Pgrfc Enkb, >1>1 A ]triit KP, Pnsaok`tgk, CM 5<3==,Y]N2 hnx4 5<5-955-53552 i-jnof4 pueroàtsLwgrfcenkb.gr`.

O]EK4 ?01-<-15>=-1850-?iO]EK4 ?01-<-15>=-1851-8CGO4 ><.>9?8/?01-<-15>=-1850-?

Foernry gh Mgk`riss Mntnfgòk`-ok-\uefomntogk Cntn

Okcustronf mfustirs nkc jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis ok Nhromn 4 hrgj survovnf tg `rgwta/_utnbn _gsaokg, icotgr.

p. mj.Okmfucis eoefog`rnpaomnf rihirikmis nkc okcix.O]EK ?01-<-15>=-1850-? – O]EK ?01-<-15>=-1851-8 (ifimtrgkom)>. Okcustronf mfustirs–Nhromn. 5. ]jnff eusokiss–Nhromn. =. Eusokiss iktirprosis–Nhromn.

3. Okcustronfozntogk–Nhromn. O. Pgrfc Enkb.AM1<<.T?C999 5<><==1.1'0–cm55

5<><<30113

Mgvir pagtg ey _utnbn _gsaokg.Mgvir ciso`k ey ûnktuj Saokb.



v

Hgriwgrc xooo

Nmbkgwfic`jikts xv

Neerivontogks xox

Gvirvoiw >

\irhgrjnkmi @nps eitwiik Cgjistomnffy

Gwkic nkc Hgrio`k-Gwkic Horjs

ok Nhromn 5Okcustronf Mfustirs ok Nhromn 9

@rgwta Mgkstrnokts hgr ]urvovnf Mfustirs 8

Euofcok` Jnknìronf Aujnk Mnpotnf 1

Ojpfomntogks hgr \gfomois ?

Manptir > Oktrgcumtogk >>

Cunfostom ]trumturi gh tai \rovnti ]imtgr

ok Nhromn >=\irhgrjnkmi @np eitwiik Cgjistomnffy Gwkic

nkc Hgrio`k-Gwkic Iktirprosis ok Nhromn >8

Kgtis 5=

Uihirikmis 53

Mgktikts



Manptir 5 Ykeukcfok` Hgrio k-Cgjistom \irhgrjnkmi

@nps ok Nhromn‟s \rovnti ]imtgr 59

\rgcumtovoty @np 58

Jnrbit Nmmiss4 \nrtomopntogk ok Kgkfgmnf Jnrbits =3

Kgtis =1

Uihirikmis =?

Manptir = Okcustronf Mfustirs ns Knturnf N` fgjirntogks

gh Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosis4 N Mgkmiptunf

Hrnjiwgrb 3>

Mgkmipt gh Mfustirs 33Imgkgjom @ig`rnpay gh Okcustronf Mfustirs 30

Eiygkc Srnkspgrtntogk Mgsts4 Jnrbit nkc

@gvirkjikt Hnofuris, Srnksnmtogk Mgsts,

nkc Okcustronf Mfustirs 3?

Ixtirknf Fokbnìs nkc Mfustir Mgjpitotovikiss 9>

Oktirknf Cyknjoms nkc Ixtirknf Fokbnìs ok

Okcustronf Mfustirs nrgukc tai Pgrfc 95

Ugfi gh Mfustirs ok Jomrg nkc ]jnff IktirprosiCivifgpjikt 9?

Kgtis 8>

Uihirikmis 85

Manptir 3 Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Eusokiss \irhgrjnkmi

gh Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosis ok Nhromn 89

Mfustirok` nkc Eusokiss \irhgrjnkmi4 Knturnf

Okcustronf Mfustirs ok Foàt JnkuhnmturokÒkcustrois 81

Kgktrncotogknf, Kgkjnkuhnmturok` Mfustirs

ok Nhromn 15

Kgtis 11

Uihirikmis 1?

Manptir 9 Fgmntogk, Jnrbit Nmmiss, nkc Eusokiss

\irhgrjnkmi gh Mfustir-Ensic Iktirprosis ?>

Fgmntogk Magomi gh Jomrg nkc ]jnff FoàtJnkuhnmturirs ?5

Jomrg-Fivif Magomi gh Fgmntogk nkc Eusokiss

\irhgrjnkmi4 Hokcok`s hrgj tai Nrusan

Hurkoturi Mfustir Mnsi ]tucy ?3

vo Mgktikts



Kgtis ><<

Uihirikmis ><<

Manptir 8 N``fgjirntogk nkc @rgwta Manffikìs hgr

Iktirprosis ok ]urvovnf Mfustirs ok Nhromn ><>

@rgwta Egttfikimbs ok ]urvovnf Mfustirs ><=

]ummisshuf Srnkshgrjntogk hrgj Okhgrjnf

]urvovnf-Mfustir Iktirprosis tg

Hgrjnf Iktirprosis ><1

Ojpfomntogks gh Mfustir @rgwta hgr Ijpfgyjikt ><?

Kgti >><Uihirikmis >><

Manptir 0 Euofcok` Jnknìronf Aujnk Mnpotnf ok

Nhromn‟s ]urvovnf Okcustronf Mfustirs >>=

Mfustir-Ensic \ofgt Jnknìronf ]boff Srnokok`

\rg`rnjs ok Bujnso nkc Knorgeo >>3

Nssissok` tai Ojpnmts gh Srnokok` \rg`rnjs >53

Ojpfomntogks gh tai Uisufts >=5

Kgtis >=9

Uihirikmis >=8

Manptir 1 \gfomy Ojpfomntogks4 Surkok` ]urvovnf oktg @rgwta >=?

Euofcok` Jnknìronf ]boffs >3<

]gukc ]pntonf nkc Yrenkozntogk \gfomy >3>

]uppgrtok` Jnrbit Ixpnksogk targuà

Uiògknf Okti`rntogk >3=

@gvirkjikt Mfustir Civifgpjikt \gfomois >39Kgti >99

Uihirikmis >98

Nppikcox > Okstrujiktnf Xnronefi Jgcif Istojntogk

gk Cgjistom Gwkirsaop Ihhimt gk \rgcumtovoty >90

Uihirikmi >91

Nppikcox 5 Ensom Manrnmtirostoms gh ]njpfic Jomrg

nkc ]jnff Foàt Jnkuhnmturok` Iktirprosis

Oksoci nkc Gutsoci tai Mfustirs >9?

Nppikcox = Cntn Ikvifgpjikt Nknfysos >8=

Uihirikmi >83

Mgktikts voo



Nppikcox 3 Hgrjnt gh Jnknìronf ]boffs Srnokok` \rg`rnjs >89

Kgtis >81

Uihirikmis >81

Nppikcox 9 Nvirnì Srintjikt gh Srintic nkc COC

Jntmaok` Istojntgr >8?

Uihirikmis >0>

Nppikcox 8 Fost gh Enmb`rgukc \npirs nkc Egxis

Mgktroeutic hgr tai ]tucy >0=

Okcix >09

Egxis

5.> Pgrfc Enkb Iktirprosi ]urviys 58

5.5 Efokcir-Gnxnmn Cimgjpgsotogk =5

=.> Sypgfg`y gh Okcustronf Mfustirs 39

=.5 Mfustirs nkc tai Ikvorgkjikt 90

3.> Fnegr \rgcumtovoty gh Mfustir-Ensic Iktirprosisnkc Kntogknf Nvirnìs 8?

3.5 Mfustirs nkc @ikcir 1<

3.= OS nkc OS-Iknefic ]irvomis Mfustirs ok Nhromn

nkc nrgukc tai Pgrfc 18

3.3 Sgurosj Mfustir ok Uwnkcn 10

9.> ]uemfustirs wotaok tai Nrusan Hurkoturi Mfustir

ok Snkznkon ?8

8.> Sai Gfizgn Hurkoturi Mfustir ok _ngukcï ><30.> Aostgry gh ]unji Jn`nzoki >>9

0.5 Aostgry gh Bnrogenkò Foàt Okcustrois >>8

0.= Manffikìs njgk` Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosis ok

]unji Jn`nzoki >55

1.> Oktirhnmi eitwiik @gvirkjikt \gfomois tg ]uppgrt

Jomrg, ]jnff, nkc Jicouj Iktirprosis nkc ]trntiòis

tg Civifgp Mfustirs ok Mnjirggk >39

1.5 Oktirhnmi eitwiik @gvirkjikt \gfomois tg ]uppgrt


tg Civifgp Mfustirs ok Bikyn >38

1.= Oktirhnmi eitwiik @gvirkjikt \gfomois tg ]uppgrt


tg Civifgp Mfustirs ok @ankn >31

vooo Mgktikts



1.3 Oktirhnmi eitwiik @gvirkjikt \gfomois tg ]uppgrt


tg Civifgp Mfustirs ok Uwnkcn >3?

1.9 Ugfi gh \uefom \gfomois ok Okcustronf Mfustirs ok

]guta nkc Inst Nson >9>

1.8 Ugfi gh \uefom \gfomois ok Okcustronf Mfustirs ok

Fntok Njiromn >9=

N3.> Gutfoki gh tai Jnknìronf Srnokok` \rg`rnjs >88

Hoùris

> N``ri`nti ]nfis nkc Kujeir gh Iktirprosis ok]ue-]nanrnk Nhromn, ey ]ozi gh Horj 5

5 ]ozi nkc \rgcumtovoty gh Cgjistomnffy Gwkic

nkc Hgrio`k-Gwkic Iktirprosis ok Nhromn =

= Unti gh \nrtomopntogk ok Fgmnf, Kntogknf, nkc Oktirkntogknf

]nfis Jnrbits ok Nhromn, ey Kntogknfoty nkc ]ozi =

3 Hnmtgrs Mgktroeutok` tg tai Hgrio`k-Cgjistom

\irhgrjnkmi @np ok Nhromn 3

9 ]nfis \irhgrjnkmi ok Foàt Jnkuhnmturok` Mfustirsok Nhromn 8

8 Jnrbit Nmmiss \irhgrjnkmi ok Foàt Jnkuhnmturok`

Mfustirs ok Nhromn 0

>.> Cgok` Eusokiss Okcomntgrs gh ]ue-]nanrnk Nhromn >9

>.5 N``ri`nti ]nfis nkc Kujeir gh Iktirprosis ok

]ue-]nanrnk Nhromn, ey ]ozi >8

>.= ]ozi Costroeutogk gh Iktirprosis ok Nhromn, ey

Kntogknfoty nkc Itakomoty gh Gwkir >0>.3 Hgrio k-Cgjistom Cohhirikmis ok \rgcumtovoty

nkc @rgwta ok Nhromn >1

>.9 Hgrio k-Cgjistom \rgcumtovoty Cohhiriktonf ok

Nhromn, ey Mguktry >1

>.8 Hgrio k-Cgjistom \rgcumtovoty Cohhiriktonf ok

Nhromn, ey ]imtgr >?

>.0 Mnpotnf-Fnegr Untog ok Nhromn, ey Kntogknfoty, ]ozi,

nkc ]imtgr 5<

>.1 Unti gh \nrtomopntogk ok Fgmnf, Kntogknf, nkc Oktirkntogknf]nfis Jnrbits ok Nhromn, ey Kntogknfoty nkc ]ozi 5>

>.? Unti gh \nrtomopntogk ok Ixpgrt Jnrbits njgk`

Cgjistomnffy Gwkic Iktirprosis nkc Jomrg nkc

]jnff Iktirprosis, ey Mguktry 55

Mgktikts ox



>.>< ]ozi nkc \rgcumtovoty gh Cgjistom nkc Hgrio`k

Iktirprosis ok Nhromn 5=

5.> Kujeir gh Mgjpitotgrs, ey ]ozi gh Iktirprosi

nkc Sypi gh \rokmopnf ]nfis Jnrbit 5?

5.5 ]ozi gh Cgjistom Gwkirsaop Ihhimt gk Eusokiss

\irhgrjnkmi4 \irmikt Jnròknf Ihhimt hrgj

Okstrujiktnf Xnronefis Istojntogk =<

5.= Cimgjpgsotogk gh Cgjistom Gwkirsaop Ihhimt

gk Xnfui Nccic pir Pgrbir ==

5.3 Cimgjpgsotogk gh Cgjistom Gwkirsaop Ihhimt

gk ]nfis pir Pgrbir =3=.> Enmbwnrc nkc Hgrwnrc Fokbnìs nkc N``fgjirntogk 3?

=.5 \grtir‟s Conjgkc Jgcif 95

3.> Cohhiriktonf gh ]nfis pir Pgrbir nkc Mnpotnf pir

Pgrbir Oksoci nkc Gutsoci gh ]pgktnkigus Foàt

Jnkuhnmturok` Mfustirs 8?

3.5 Cohhiriktonf gh Jnrbit \nrtomopntogk Oksoci nkc Gutsoci

gh ]pgktnkigus Foàt Jnkuhnmturok` Mfustirs 03

3.= Costroeutogk gh ]nfis nkc \urmansis, ey Fgmntogkgh Euyirs nkc ]uppfoirs 09

3.3 Unti gh \nrtomopntogk ok Oktirhorj Srnksnmtogks 08

3.9 Jnr oknf Ihhimts gk \rgeneofoty gh \nrtomopntok`

ok Kgkfgmnf Jnrbit ]nfis nkc Ixpgrt ]nfis 0?

8.> Nvirnì Eusokiss \irhgrjnkmi nkc Kujeir gh

Jitnfwgrb Iktirprosis ok ]unji Jn`nzoki,

5<<<”<3 ><5

8.5 Cohhiriktonf ok ]iviroty gh Okvistjikt MfojntiMgkstrnokts njgk` Mfustir-ensic nkc Gutsoci

Iktirprosis ><=

8.= Jnròknf Ihhimts gk tai \rgeneofoty gh ]iibok`

nk Nftirkntovi Fgmntogk njgk` Mfustir-ensic

nkc Gutsoci Iktirprosis ><0

8.3 @rgwta ok Fnegr Hgrmi njgk` Mfustir-ensic

nkc Gutsoci Iktirprosis, 5<<9”<1 ><?

8.9 @rgwta ok Ijpfgyjikt ok Mfustir-ensic

Iktirprosis, ey \rokmopnf ]nfis Jnrbit, 5<<9”<1 >><0.> Jgktafy Xnfui Nccic nkc \rgcumir ]urpfus

eihgri Srnokok` \rg`rnjs ok ]unji Jn`nzoki

nkc Bnrogenkò Foàt Okcustrois >5<

x Mgktikts



0.5 @rgwta ok Xnfui Nccic nkc @rgss \rghot eihgri

nkc nhtir tai Srnokok` \rg`rnjs >58

0.= Unti gh \rnmtomok` Eusokiss Ugutokis eihgri nkc

nhtir tai Srnokok` \rg`rnjs >50

N=.> Cntn Ikvifgpjikt Nknfysos nkc tai

Costnkmi Hukmtogk >83

Snefis

5.> Grciric \rgeot Istojntogk Uisufts hgr \rokmopnf

Jnrbit gh Iktirprosis =0

=.> Nk Ikcgìkgus Jgcif gh Okcustronf Civifgpjikt 983.> Fost gh Mfustirs Mgviric ey tai Hovi-Mguktry

Mnsi ]tucois 88

3.5 Efokcir-Gnxnmn Cimgjpgsotogk gh tai Mfustir

\rijouj gk \rgcumtovoty 0>

3.= \ricomtic \rgcumtovoty Fivif Oksoci nkc Gutsoci

gh Mfustirs 05

3.3 \rgeot Jgcif Istojntogk gh \nrtomopntogk ok

Kgkfgmnf Jnrbit ]nfis nkc Ixpgrt ]nfis 009.> Sgp Uinsgk hgr Maggsok` Murrikt Fgmntogk ?5

9.5 Sgp Uinsgk hgr Pnktok` tg Jgvi tg Kiw Fgmntogk,

ey Uinsgk hgr Maggsok` Murrikt Fgmntogk ?=

9.= Citirjoknkts gh Magomi gh ]uemfustir Fgmntogk

ok tai Nrusan Hurkoturi Mfustir ?1

9.3 Citirjoknkts gh \irhgrjnkmi ok tai Nrusan

Hurkoturi Mfustir ??

8.> Manrnmtirostoms gh @rncuntic nkc UijnokokÌktirprosis ok Bnrogenkò Foàt Okcustrois ><1

0.> Manrnmtirostoms gh tai ]njpfi Iktriprikiurs ok

]unji Jn`nzoki nkc Bnrogenkò Foàt Okcustrois

eihgri Srnokok` >>1

0.5 Manffikìs njgk` Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosis ok

Bnrogenkò Foàt Okcustrois >5>

0.= \rnmtomi gh Eusokiss Ugutokis ok ]unji Jn`nzoki

nkc Bnrogenkò Foàt Okcustrois eihgri Srnokok` >53

0.3 Ojpnmt gh tai Jnknìronf ]boff Srnokok` gk Eusokiss\irhgrjnkmi ok ]unji Jn`nzoki4 Cohhirikmi-ok-

Cohhirikmi Unkcgj-Ihhimt nkc Hoxic-Ihhimt

Jgcifs (Srintjikt-Uimiovic Nknfysos) >5?

Mgktikts xo



0.9 Ojpnmt gh Jnknìronf ]boff Srnokok` gk Eusokiss

\irhgrjnkmi nkc Eusokiss Ugutokis ok

Bnrogenkò Foàt Okcustrois4 Nvirnì Srintjikt

gh Srintic Istojntogk ey COC-Jntmaok` Istojntgr >=>

0.8 GF] Jgcif Istojntis gh \ritrnokok` Xnfui

Nccic nkc @rgss \rghot >==

xoo Mgktikts



xooo

Sai aostgry gh imgkgjom civifgpjikt nrgukc tai wgrfc tinmais us tant

okcustronfozntogk os n biy crovir gh `rgwta. _it tai vnst jndgroty gh Nhromnk

imgkgjois anvi yit tg sii taior jnkuhnmturok` simtgr civifgp nkc

tairiey mgktroeuti tg sustnokic `rgwta. Ok ]ue-]nanrnk Nhromnk mguk-

trois, jnkuhnmturok` gk nvirnì tnbis up gkfy >3 pirmikt gh @C\, ok

sanrp mgktrnst tg =5 pirmikt njgk` fgw- nkc joccfi-okmgji Inst Nsonk

imgkgjois. Knturnf risgurmis nkc n`romufturnf mgjjgcotois cgjoknti

Nhromnk ixpgrts. Sai hgrjnf provnti simtgr os stoff viry sjnff. Ok sagrt,Nhromnk okcustronfozntogk os nrùnefy tai eo`ìst manffikì hnmok` Nhromn‟s

civifgpjikt.

Saos os kgt tg sny tant jnkuhnmturok` os nesikt ok Nhromn. Ok hnmt, tairi os

n cyknjom, okcoìkgus jnkuhnmturok` simtgr, piranps kgt huffy rihfimtic ok

ghhomonf stntostoms. Paik O horst vosotic Nhromn ns tai kiw maoih imgkgjost gh

tai Pgrfc Enkb, O wns strumb ey tai uktnppic pgtiktonf gh sjnff iktripri-

kiurs, ghtik gpirntok` ok nk okhgrjnf sittok`. Ok iviry jndgr mgjjirmonf

moty, mgkmiktrntogks gh jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis nri ik`nìc ok n rnkì gh jnkuhnmturok` nmtovotois–hrgj jitnfwgrb tg mnrpiktry nkc hurkoturi jnb-

ok`, hrgj `nrjikts tg hggc jnbok`. Sagsi iktirprosis mgkstotuti tai fogk‟s

sanri gh jnkuhnmturirs ok tai riògk. Saiy nri nfsg pgtiktonf sgurmis gh

ijpfgyjikt, sboff civifgpjikt, nkc tairihgri pgvirty ricumtogk.

Hgriwgrc



xov Hgriwgrc

Saos stucy–pripnric ok n pnrtkirsaop gh tai Pgrfc Enkb, tai Dnpnk

Oktirkntogknf Mggpirntogk Nìkmy, tai Hgukcntogk hgr Ncvnkmic ]tucois

gk Oktirkntogknf Civifgpjikt, nkc imgkgjosts nhhofontic wota tai Nhromnk

Imgkgjom Uisinrma Mgksgrtouj–os gki gh tai horst nttijpts tg mgkcumt

n mgjpriaiksovi qunktotntovi nssissjikt gh tai pirhgrjnkmi gh iktir-

prosis ok okcustronf mfustirs ok Nhromn. Sai risinrmairs mgffimtic groòknf

cntn hrgj n sit gh okcustronf mfustirs ok Nhromn, hgmusok` gk knturnffy

hgrjic mfustirs ok foàt jnkuhnmturok` okcustrois. Sai nknfysos aoàfoàts

biy pgtiktonfs nkc `rgwta mgkstrnokts gh suma mfustirs. Ykfobi jgri

ncvnkmic, okkgvntogk-groiktic mfustirs ghtik gesirvic ok gtair riògks,

jgst mfustirs ok Nhromn nri stoff nt suesostikmi fivif–want wi mnff ‖survovnfmfustirs.‚ Gesirvok` tai so`kohomnkmi gh iktriprikiuronf sboffs nkc bkgwf-

icì tg gvirmgji suma `rgwta mgkstrnokts, tai stucy tnbis nk okkgvntovi

npprgnma ey mgkcumtok` n sirois gh smoiktohomnffy ciso`kic nkc ivnfu-

ntic hoifc ixpirojikts tant prgvoci jnknìjikt trnokok` prg`rnjs tg

mfustir-ensic iktriprikiurs.

Paitair gr kgt jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis mgktroeuti tg okcustronf-

ozntogk ans eiik n tgpom gh cienti. ]gji sny tant Nhromnk okcustronfozntogk

mnkkgt tnbi ghh wotagut suhhomoikt `rgwta ok hgrio`k okvistjikt nkc fnrìiktirprosis. Potagut ki`ntok` tai ojpgrtnkmi gh hgrio`k okvistgrs nkc

fnrì iktirprosis, taos stucy ijpansozis tai mrotomnf rgfi tant sjnff iktir-

prosis pfny ok istnefosaok` n ergnc ensi gh cgjistom jnkuhnmturok`. Ns

siik ok sivirnf Nsonk mguktrois, sjnff iktirprosis mgufc civifgp ojpgrtnkt

fokbnìs eitwiik fgmnf imgkgjois nkc hgrio`k okvistgrs nkc fnrì iktir-

prosis. Nhromnk `gvirkjikts nri okmrinsok`fy biik gk hgrjufntok` prgnm-

tovi pgfomois tg civifgp mgjpitotovi cgjistom okcustrois. Ey ijporomnffy

nssissok` tai pgtiktonfs nkc mgkstrnokts gh mfustirs tant anvi eiik hgrjicknturnffy wotagut pnrtomufnr `gvirkjikt pgfomois, tai stucy mgktroeutis tg

n eittir ukcirstnkcok` gh want rgfis pgfomois sagufc pfny ok tai prgmiss gh

mfustirok` hgr okcustronfozntogk nkc, uftojntify, ok tai trnkshgrjntogk gh

tai Nhromnk mgktokikt.

Dustok _ohu Fok

]ikogr Xomi \risocikt, Civifgpjikt Imgkgjoms

nkc Maoih Imgkgjost

Pgrfc Enkb



xv

Saos ripgrt os tai gutput gh tai Nhromnk Iktirprosi ]tucy, ojpfijiktic

dgoktfy ey tai Pgrfc Enkb tinj fic ey _utnbn _gsaokg, tai Dnpnk

Oktirkntogknf Mggpirntogk Nìkmy (DOMN) tinj fic ey Jiùjo Jutg,

nkc tai Hgukcntogk hgr Ncvnkmic ]tucois gk Oktirkntogknf Civifgpjikt

(HN]OC) tinj fic ey Sitsusao ]gkgei. Gtair jijeirs gh tai tinj

okmfuci Nsyn Nbafnqui, Xovonk Nèiàn, Saigpaofi Egu`kn, Ugsnkkn

Mank, Jomanif Ik`jnk, Dunk Hik`, Jnkuiffn Hrgtn, Xnruk Bsaorsn`nr,

Snyi Jikòstni, nkc Jnffobn ]anbyn hrgj tai Pgrfc Enkb2 _issomn Mauk`,]aokgeu ]aojgbgsao, Nsnjo Snbicn, nkc Uyg Gmaono hrgj DOMN2 nkc

Biodorg Gtsubn nkc _ubomao Jnkg hrgj HN]OC.

Sai stucy wns prgcumic ok pnrtkirsaop wota risinrmairs nhhofontic wota

tai Nhromnk Imgkgjom Uisinrma Mgksgrtouj (NIUM), wag mgkcumtic tai

mguktry mnsi stucois gk okcustronf mfustirs. Gfusnkyn Ndnbnoyi prgvocic

gvirnff ùocnkmi nkc hnmofotntogk. Sai Okstotuti gh \gfomy Nknfysos nkc

Uisinrma, Bikyn (O\NU-Bikyn) mgkcumtic tai stucy hgr Bikyn, fic ey

Dgak Nbgtik, murriktfy wota tai Jokostry gh Okcustronfozntogk, Bikyn2 taiOkstotuti gh \gfomy Nknfysos nkc Uisinrma, Uwnkcn (O\NU-Uwnkcn) mgk-

cumtic tai stucy hgr Uwnkcn, fic ey ]irì Jusnkn2 tai Okstotuti gh

]tntostomnf ]gmonf nkc Imgkgjom Uisinrma (O]]IU) mgkcumtic tai stucy

hgr @ankn, fic ey \itir ûnrtiy nkc @igrì Gwusu2 ]ukcny Bank

Nmbkgwfic`jikts



(Ykovirsoty gh _ngukci OO) mgkcumtic tai stucy hgr Mnjirggk2 nkc

Xoknyi Nkmanrnz (Ykovirsoty gh Jnurotous) mgkcumtic tai stucy hgr

Jnurotous.

Dgak Nbgtik (Jokostry gh Okcustronfozntogk, Bikyn) nkc Nfanssnk

Occrosu (Jokostry gh Hoknkmi nkc \fnkkok`, @ankn) suppgrtic tai ojpfi-

jiktntogk gh ixpirojiktnf trnokok` prg`rnjs ok Knorgeo, Bikyn, nkc

Bujnso, @ankn, rispimtovify. Sai tinj gh trnokirs hrgj ICM Mgksuftok`

Fojotic (Nmmrn, @ankn), fic ey Neikn Gtu, mgkcumtic tai trnokok` prg-

`rnjs. Ifozneita Paoti (Pgrfc Enkb) nkc Dganki Undngeifokn

(Oktirkntogknf Hoknkmi Mgrpgrntogk) mgktroeutic tg pripnrntogk gh tai

trnokok` prg`rnjs.Sai stucy wns mgkcumtic ukcir tai gvirnff ùocnkmi gh ]anktnynknk

Civnrndnk nkc Jnrofgu Yy gh tai Pgrfc Enkb ns wiff ns Dgak \nì

(Erggbok`s Okstotutogk). Sai tinj nfsg eikihotic hrgj tai ùocnkmi gh

Aorgtg Nrnbnwn nkc Bioomao Ssukibnwn gh DOMN. \iir rivoiwirs wiri

Eikkg Kcufu (Enkb gh Snkznkon, mgkmipt stnì), Xokmikt \nfjnci (Pgrfc

Enkb), Aoka Coka (Pgrfc Enkb), Sagjns Hnrgfi (Pgrfc Enkb), nkc

Xodnyn Unjnmankcrnk (Miktir hgr @fgenf Civifgpjikt).

Sai ripgrt wns icotic ey _utnbn _gsaokg (Pgrfc Enkb) ensic gk taienmb`rgukc pnpirs nkc gtair okputs prgvocic ey jijeirs gh tai dgokt

tinjs fostic negvi.

Xnfunefi mgjjikts wiri rimiovic hrgj n fnrì kujeir gh pigpfi gk

tai ripgrt jnkusmropt ns wiff ns gk tai enmb`rgukc pnpirs. Sai tinj

wgufc fobi tg tankb jijeirs gh tai Pgrfc Enkb Nhromn Fnegr Jnrbit

Nknfysos @rgup, okmfucok` Fguosi Hgx, wag manoric tai sissogk2 pnrtomo-

pnkts gh tai ergwk-en` sijoknr, okmfucok` cosmussnkts Xokmikt \nfjnci,

Cokg Jirgttg, nkc \npn Cijen Saonj2 Hrnkmos Sinf (Ykovirsoty gh Gxhgrc) nkc Nrki Eo`stik (@gtaikeur` Ykovirsoty), wag prgvocic mgj-

jikts gk tai mgkmipt kgti gh tai prgdimt2 tai cosmussnkts nkc tai pnrtom-

opnkts nt tai Sgbyg Oktirkntogknf Mgkhirikmi gk Nhromnk Civifgpjikt OX

sijoknr (_gbganjn, Dnpnk, Jny 5?, 5<<1), tai Nkkunf Enkb Mgkhirikmi

gk Civifgpjikt Imgkgjoms erinbhnst sijoknr (Mnpi Sgwk, ]guta

Nhromn, Duki ><, 5<<1), tai NIUM Eonkkunf Pgrbsagp (Knorgeo, Bikyn,

Cimijeir >, 5<<?), okmfucok` Agk. Dgi Enocgi-Nksna (@ankn), Iparnoj

Kdi`n Jujeo (Bikyn Nssgmontogk gh _guk` Iktriprikiurs), Gfusnkyn

Ndnbnoyi (NIUM), ]njuif Kynktnai (Cnojn Nssgmontis ok Snkznkon), nkcDgrì Nrenmai (Pgrfc Enkb), hgr mgjjikts gk tai inrfy hokcok`s gh tai

stucy2 nkc tai sissogk manor, cosmussnkt, nkc pnrtomopnkts nt tai NIUM,

DOMN, nkc Pgrfc Enkb ]ikogr \gfomy ]ijoknr (Knorgeo, Bikyn, Jny 0, 5<><)

nkc tai Nhromnk Civifgpjikt Enkb nkc DOMN sijoknr (Neocdnk,

xvo Nmbkgwfic`jikts



Nmbkgwfic`jikts xvoo

Móti c‟Ovgori, Jny 59, 5<><), okmfucok` Agk. Jnanjn Nynro`n (Jokostry

gh Srnci nkc Okcustry, @ankn), Bivot Cisno (Bikyn \rovnti ]imtgr

Nffonkmi), nkc ]njuif Jnojeg (Pgrfc Enkb), hgr mgjjikts gk tai

hoknf hokcok`s gh tai stucy. Aifphuf su`ìstogks wiri nfsg rimiovic

hrgj Cgu`fns Tik`, Figknrcg Onmgvgki, Jnry Anffwnrc-Croijioir,

@igrì Mfnrbi, @ousippi Onrgsso, Jnkdu ]ana, Hrnkmgos Knkbgeg`g,

Jusneo Jutisao, _orn Jnsmnrg, Bgho-Egntik` N`yik, Bagucodna Eoeo

Jnucnregmus-Eggcgg, Maukfok Tank`, Xnkcnkn Mankcrn, ]gjob Fnff,

Eohh ]tiif, Knkmy Eikdnjok, nkc Anrgfc Nfcirjnk curok` vnrogus stnìs

gh tai prgmiss.

Sai Pgrfc Enkb Ghhomi gh tai \uefosair, Ixtirknf Nhhnors, ankcfic taiprgcumtogk nkc proktok` gh taos eggb ukcir tai ùocnkmi gh Cikosi

Eirìrgk, ]usnk @rnanj, nkc ]tipaik Jm@rgnrty. Xnfiroi Togerg icotic

nk inrfoir crnht ns wiff ns tai enmb`rgukc pnpirs.

Sai tinj npprimontis suppgrt òvik ey Nkk Bnrnsnkyo, Bik Gjgkco,

\nrviik Jgsis, Knkn Bgkncu Nhrnj-J‟Egw, Njjn Issgk, Istair

Bnkìtai, Komagfns Jnti Uukyikdi, Hrnkmos Boujeo Jutaobi, nkc Jobn

Ownsnbo ok ojpfijiktok` vnrogus nmtovotois ukcir taos stucy.

Sai tinj npprimontis hoknkmonf suppgrt hgr ojpfijiktok` tai stucytant wns prgvocic ey tai @gvirkjikt gh Dnpnk targuà ots \gfomy nkc

Aujnk Uisgurmis Civifgpjikt Srust Hukc nkc tai Dnpnk Mgksuftnkt

Srust Hukc. Hukcok` hgr mgjpfitok` tai ripgrt wns nfsg rimiovic hrgj tai

Juftofntirnf Cgkgr Srust Hukc hgr Srnci nkc Civifgpjikt.





xox

NIUM Nhromnk Imgkgjom Uisinrma Mgksgrtouj

NSS nvirnì trintjikt gh trintic

EMJ eons-mgrrimtic jntmaok`

EC] eusokiss civifgpjikt sirvomis

MI] mgkstnkt ifnstomoty gh suestotutogk

CIN cntn ikvifgpjikt nknfysos

COC cohhirikmis-ok-cohhirikmis

I\T ixpgrt-prgmissok` zgkiHN]OC Hgukcntogk hgr Ncvnkmic ]tucois gk Oktirkntogknf

Civifgpjikt

HCO hgrio`k corimt okvistjikt

@C\ `rgss cgjistom prgcumt

OMS okhgrjntogk nkc mgjjukomntogks timakgfg`y

OCN Oktirkntogknf Civifgpjikt Nssgmontogk

OHM Oktirkntogknf Hoknkmi Mgrpgrntogk

O\NU Okstotuti gh \gfomy Nknfysos nkc UisinrmaO]G Oktirkntogknf Gr`nkozntogk hgr ]tnkcnrcozntogk

O]]IU Okstotuti gh ]tntostomnf ]gmonf nkc Imgkgjom Uisinrma

OS okhgrjntogk timakgfg`y

OX okstrujiktnf vnronefi

Neerivontogks



DOMN Dnpnk Oktirkntogknf Mggpirntogk Nìkmy

JN\]BOC Jnstir \fnk ]tucy hgr Bikyn‟s Okcustronf Civifgpjikt

J]I jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis

GF] grcoknry finst squnris

\\\ purmansok` pgwir pnroty

\]J prgpiksoty smgri jntmaok`

UicFNM Fntok Njiromnk Mfustir Kitwgrb

U\IC Uiògknf \rg`rnj gk Iktirprosi Civifgpjikt

]JI sjnff nkc jicouj iktirprosis

PEI] Pgrfc Enkb Iktirprosi ]urviy

xx Neerivontogks



>

Sai provnti simtgr os tai ikòki gh imgkgjom `rgwta, stojufntok` iktri-

prikiursaop nkc okkgvntogk nkc prgjgtok` mgjpitotogk nkc prgcumtov-

oty. Paofi jnky mguktrois ok Nhromn anvi civifgpic provnti simtgr”crovik

`rgwta strntiòis, provnti okvistjikt ns n prgpgrtogk gh @C\ os gkfy

>= pirmikt ok Nhromn, so`kohomnktfy fgwir tank ok gtair riògks, suma ns

]guta Nson, wota jnky fgw-okmgji mguktrois. Sai puefom simtgr stoff

gmmupois tai fogk‟s sanri gh imgkgjom nmtovoty ok Nhromn.

Sai spnrsikiss gh tai provnti simtgr ensi ok Nhromn os rihfimtic ok otscunf strumturi. Sai hgrjnf provnti simtgr os cgjokntic ey n sjnff kuj-

eir gh fnrì iktirprosis, ghtik hgrio`k gwkic, tant ìkirnti n fnrì sanri

gh tgtnf provnti simtgr gutput (sii hoùri >). Ok nccotogk, n viry fnrì

kujeir gh jomrg, sjnff, nkc jicouj iktirprosis nri gwkic pricgjo-

knktfy ey fgmnf okcoìkgus iktriprikiurs. Sai civifgpjikt gh taisi

sjnffir iktirprosis mgufc anvi n `rint ihhimt gk imgkgjom `rgwta nkc

pgvirty ricumtogk.

Saos stucy nccrissis agw okcustronf mfustirs mgufc ei n sprokègnrchgr tai civifgpjikt gh Nhromn‟s jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosi simtgr, waoma

mgkstotutis tai eufb gh tai riògk‟s okcoìkgus provnti simtgr. Sai sum-

misshuf civifgpjikt gh okcustronf mfustirs ok Nson offustrntis agw sjnff

iktirprosis mnk aifp tg crovi `rgwta fic ey jnrbit ixpnksogk nt agji

Gvirvoiw



nkc nergnc. Sai mnsi gh fgmnf `nrjikt iktirprosis ok Taidonk`, Maokn,

sagws agw corimt trnksnmtogks wota gutsoci jirmankts nkc fnrì mustgjirs

eimnji tai crovirs gh `rgwta ns taior prgcumt qunfoty ojprgvic. Nkgtair

ixnjpfi os hgukc ok Sanofnkc, wairi jnky cgjistom iktirprosis anvi

hgrìc nffonkmis wota hgrio`k iktirprosis tg eimgji suppfoirs tg tai

ixpgrt-groiktic nutg okcustry mfustir ok tai Sano Instirk ]inegnrc.

\irhgrjnkmi @nps eitwiik Cgjistomnffy Gwkic

nkc Hgrio`k-Gwkic Horjs ok Nhromn

Cgjistomnffy gwkic iktirprosis nri gk nvirnì fiss prgcumtovi tank

hgrio`k-gwkic iktirprosis. Saos os trui wgrfcwoci. Ok ìkirnf, ok Nhromn

nkc ifsiwairi, juftokntogknf horjs pirhgrj eittir tank gtair iktir-

prosis, òvik taior supirogr nmmiss tg mnpotnf nkc timakgfg`y. Sai `np,

agwivir, siijs tg ei wocir ok Nhromn tank ok riògks fobi Nson. N sojo-

fnr `np os gesirvic eitwiik iktirprosis gwkic ey itakom Nhromnks nkc

tagsi gwkic ey kgk-Nhromnk iktriprikiurs.

Sai pirhgrjnkmi `np eitwiik cgjistomnffy gwkic nkc hgrio`k-gwkic

horjs ok Nhromn os ixpfnokic fnrìfy ey tai cohhirikmi ok horj sozi. Hgrio`k-

gwkic horjs tikc tg anvi jgri ijpfgyiis nkc tg ei jgri prgcumtovi tank

cgjistomnffy gwkic horjs (sii hoùri 5). Horj sozi nfsg nppinrs tg ei n

so`kohomnkt citirjoknkt gh nmmiss tg ixtirknf jnrbits (sii hoùri =). ]ozi

5 Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosis ok Nhromn

Hoùri > N``ri`nti ]nfis nkc Kujeir gh Iktirprosis ok ]ue-]nanrnk Nhromn,

ey ]ozi gh Horj

]gurmi4 Nutagrs‟ istojntogk ensic gk PEI] cntn hrgj >0 ]ue-]nanrnk Nhromnk mguktrois, hgr waoma snjpfi

wioàts nri nvnofnefi.

<

><

5<

=<

3<

9<

8<

0<

1<

?<

><<

<

><<

5<<

=<<

3<<

9<<

8<<

0<<

1<<

jomrg, sjnff, nkc jicouj fnrì

t g t n f s n f i s v g f u j i , Y ] $ e o f f o g k s

# g h

i k t i r p r o s i s ( t a g u s n k c s )

tgtnf iktirprosis tgtnf vgfuji gh snfis



Gvirvoiw =

]gurmi4 Nutagr‟s istojntogk ensic gk PEI] cntn.

Hoùri 5 ]ozi nkc \rgcumtovoty gh Cgjistomnffy Gwkic nkc Hgrio`k-Gwkic

Iktirprosis ok Nhromn

Hoùri = Unti gh \nrtomopntogk ok Fgmnf, Kntogknf, nkc Oktirkntogknf ]nfis Jnrbits

ok Nhromn, ey Kntogknfoty nkc ]ozi

]gurmi4 Nutagr‟s istojntogk ensic gk PEI] cntn.

n. Kntogknfoty e. ]ozi

<

><

5<

=<

3<

9<

8<

0<

1<

?<><<

hgrio`k

gwkic

cgjistomnffy

gwkic

cgjistom,

sjnff

cgjistom,

jicouj

cgjistom,

fnrì

p i r m i k t

oktirkntogknf ixpgrt jnrbits kntogknf jnrbits fgmnf jnrbits

< > 5 = 3 9 8 0 1 ? ><

sozi (fg` fnegr)

<

5

3

8

1

><

>5

f n e g r p r g c u m t o v o t y

( f g ` v n f u i n c c i c p i r w g r b i r )

hgrio`k cgjistom



jnttirs egta ok prgcumtovoty nkc jnrbit nmmiss, ivik waik tnbok` oktg

nmmgukt vnrontogks njgk` mguktrois nkc okcustrois.

Ok nccotogk tg horj sozi, gtair hnmtgrs nfsg mgktroeuti tg tai pirhgrj-

nkmi `np ok fnegr prgcumtovoty (sii hoùri 3). Mnpotnf oktiksoty–tai jin-

suri gh n horj‟s usi gh paysomnf mnpotnf rifntovi tg fnegr ok ots

prgcumtogk–os pgsotovify mgrrifntic wota fnegr prgcumtovoty nkc n fincok`

sgurmi gh tai pirhgrjnkmi `np. Nmmiss eiygkc fgmnf jnrbits, suma ns

kntogknf nkc ixpgrt jnrbits, nfsg ikankmis snfis pirhgrjnkmi. ]tucois

nfsg pgokt tg tai winb icumntogknf enmb`rgukc gh jnknìrs nkc oknci-

qunti nmmiss tg hoknkmi njgk` jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis ok Nhromn ns biy

mgkstrnokts gk taior `rgwta.Nftaguà taos stucy hokcs tant mnpotnf oktiksoty, jnrbit nmmiss, nkc jnk-

nìrs‟ icumntogk nri so`kohomnkt mgktroeutgrs tg tai hgrio`k-cgjistom pir-

hgrjnkmi np njgk` horjs ok Nhromn, taior mgktroeutogks tg tai np nri fiss

prgkgukmic waik sozi os tnbik oktg nmmgukt. Saos jinks tant n pnrt gh tai

ihhimt gh sozi gk eusokiss pirhgrjnkmi os mankkific targuà tagsi hnmtgrs.

Sai stucy hurtair hokcs tant tai hgrio`k-cgjistom `np ixosts sojpfy

eimnusi hgrio`k-gwkic horjs nri jgri ikcgwic wota tagsi hnmtgrs tank

cgjistomnffy gwkic horjs. Ok tagsi hnmtgrs, kg eons ihhimts nri gesirvic,hnvgrok` hgrio`k-gwkic horjs cosprgpgrtogkntify jgri tank cgjistomnffy

gwkic horjs. Ok gtair wgrcs, cgjistomnffy gwkic horjs wgufc anvi tai


Hoùri 3 Hnmtgrs Mgktroeutok` tg tai Hgrio`k-Cgjistom \irhgrjnkmi @np ok Nhromn

]gurmi4 Hik`, Jikòstni, nkc _gsaokg 5<<?.

Kgti4 Efokcir-Gnxnmn cimgjpgsotogk gh tai pirhgrjnkmi np eitwiik cgjistomnffy gwkic nkc hgrio`k-gwkic

horjs4 ikcgwjikt ihhimts. ]gfoc enrs riprisikt stntostomnffy so`kohomnkt hnmtgrs.

”<.5 ”<.> < <.> <.5 <.= <.3 <.9

sjnff horj

fnrì horj

jnknìr‟s pgst-

simgkcnry icumntogk

mnpotnf oktiksoty

nmmiss tg hgrjnf

hoknkmi

kgkfgmnf jnrbit

snfis

snfis pir wgrbir vnfui nccic pir wgrbir



snji fivif gh prgcumtovoty oh taiy anc tai snji fivif gh ikcgwjikts ok

tagsi hnmtgrs. Saus pgfomois tg nccriss mgkstrnokts gk tagsi hnmtgrs wgufc

aifp tg mfgsi tai hgrio`k-cgjistom `np ok eusokiss pirhgrjnkmi.

Okcustronf Mfustirs ok Nhromn

@ovik tant horj sozi os nk gvirnrmaok` mgkstrnokt hgr tai vnst jndgroty gh

cgjistom iktirprosis ok Nhromn, n knturnf quistogk mgkmirks want hnmofo-

tntis tai `rgwta gh jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis. Xnrogus stucois anvi eiik

mgkcumtic tg nccriss agw tai hgur hnmtgrs–mnpotnf oktiksoty, jnrbit

nmmiss, jnknìrs‟ icumntogk, nkc nmmiss tg hoknkmi–njgk` gtairs, hnmofo-tnti gr mgkstrnok `rgwta gh tagsi iktirprosis. Nkgtair npprgnma tg tai

ossui os tg try tg ukcirstnkc agw tagsi iktirprosis nri mgpok` wota mgk-

strnokts gk tai `rgukc, agw tai mgpok` jimankosjs wgrb, nkc want taior

eikihots nkc sagrthnffs nri.

Gki prgjosok` jimankosj tant mnk hnmofotnti `rgwta hgr sjnff Nhromnk

horjs os tai hgrjntogk gh okcustronf mfustirs. Nk okcustronf mfustir os n ìg-

`rnpaom mgkmiktrntogk gh horjs ok tai snji gr rifntic okcustrois. Saisi knt-

urnf n``fgjirntogks gh jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis nri mgjjgk ok jndgrmotois ok Nhromn. Saos stucy okvisto`ntis agw okcustronf mfustirs mgufc aifp

jomrg nkc sjnff cgjistom iktirprosis tg gvirmgji taior sozi mgkstrnokts

nkc ojprgvi egta taior snfis pirhgrjnkmi nkc taior nmmiss tg kiw jnrbits.

Paofi tai jnkuhnmturok` ensi os mgksociric winb ok Nhromn eimnusi gh

tai spgtty prisikmi gh fnrì, mgjpitotovi cgjistom jnkuhnmturirs, okcus-

tronf mfustirs nppinr tg prgvoci pgmbits gh votnfoty ok Nhromn‟s provnti simtgr.

Sg ixnjoki taior summiss, taos risinrma prgdimt mgkcumtic n sit gh mnsi

stucois gh okcustronf mfustirs ok hovi mguktrois–Mnjirggk, @ankn, Bikyn,Jnurotous, nkc Uwnkcn–hgmusok` gk tai rgfi gh spgktnkigusfy `rgwk

mfustirs ok foàt jnkuhnmturok` okcustrois, suma ns tixtofis nkc `nrjikts,

hurkoturi, nkc jitnfwgrb nkc iquopjikt. Nk ok-cipta stucy wns nfsg

mgkcumtic ok tai Nrusan hurkoturi mfustir ok Snkznkon.

N biy hokcok` gh tai risinrma os tant mfustir-ensic jomrg nkc sjnff iktir-

prosis nri pirhgrjok` eittir–egta ok snfis pirhgrjnkmi nkc neofoty tg rinma

costnkt jnrbits–tank iktirprosis gh tai snji sozi, ok tai snji okcustrois,

nkc ok tai snji motois, eut gutsoci tai mfustirs (sii hoùris 9 nkc 8).

Cimgjpgsok` tai mfustir prijouj gk snfis pirhgrjnkmi–tai jnròk nkiktirprosi ìts ok snfis pirhgrjnkmi hrgj eiok` oksoci tai mfustir–sagws

tant tai aoàir mnpotnf oktiksoty oksoci tai mfustir os tai projnry hnmtgr

eiaokc tai mfustir prijouj ok snfis pirhgrjnkmi. Sant os, n``fgjirntogk gh

iktirprosis fincs tg jgri mnpotnf nmmujufntogk oksoci tai mfustirs.

Gvirvoiw 9




Hoùri 9 ]nfis \irhgrjnkmi ok Foàt Jnkuhnmturok` Mfustirs ok Nhromn

]gurmi4 Egu`kn nkc _gsaokg 5<<?, ensic gk tai cntn gh jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis oksoci tai >< foàt

jnkuhnmturok` mfustirs nkc taior gutsoci mgjpnrntgrs mgffimtic ns pnrt gh tai groòknf hovi-mguktry mnsi stucois

gh okcustronf mfustirs.

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K n b u r n 4 w g g c n k c

h u r k o t u r i

K n o r g e o - Y a u r u 4 t i x t o f i s n k c

` n r j i k t s

_ n g u k c

ï 4 t i x t o f i s n k c

` n r j i k t s

C g u n f n 4 t i x t o f i s n k c

` n r j i k t s

K n o r g e o 4 j i t n f n k c

j n m a o k i r y

B u j

n s o 4 j i t n f n k c

j n m a o k i r y

B u j n s o 4 w g g c n k c

h u r k o t u r i

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h u r k o t u r i

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c ï 4 w g g c n k c

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n f o 4 j i t n f n k c

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oksoci-gutsoci cohhiriktonf ok snfis pir wgrbir (jiconk gh oksoci ns rntog tg gutsoci)

oksoci-gutsoci cohhiriktonf ok mnpotnf pir wgrbir (jiconk gh oksoci ns rntog tg gutsoci)

rntog-> (jiconk gh oksoci : jiconk gh gutsoci)

Sai stucy nfsg hokcs tant tai strik`ta ok kujeirs tant mgjis hrgj

mfustirok` ans so`kohomnkt eikihots hgr tagsi eusokissis. Sairi os strgk`

ijporomnf ivocikmi tg sagw tant ‖dgokt nmtogk‚ ey horjs ok tai mfustirs,

suma ns dgokt snfis prnmtomis, aifp iktirprosis tg pikitrnti costnkt jnrbits.

Nfsg, iktirprosis fgmntic oksoci tai mfustirs anvi n aoàir prgeneofoty gh

nttrnmtok` kiw mustgjirs wag mgji tg sagp wairi tai mfustirs nri.

Nkgtair oktiristok` gesirvntogk hrgj tai mnsi stucois os tant mfustir-ensiciktirprosis nri jgri fobify tg euy taior okputs hrgj gtair iktirprosis

wotaok tai snji mfustir, waofi siffok` taior prgcumts gutsoci. Sai pnttirk

suppgrts tai aypgtaisos tant strgk` euyir-siffir kitwgrbs gpirnti wotaok

mfustirs, waofi mfustirs hnmofotnti nmmiss tg ixtirknf jnrbits hgr gutputs.

@rgwta Mgkstrnokts hgr ]urvovnf Mfustirs

Knturnffy hgrjic okcustronf mfustirs mnk joto`nti sgji gh tai mgkstrnokts

tant jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis hnmi ok nttnokok` nmmiss tg mnpotnf nkc

jnrbits. Sai mnsi stucois sagw tant nmmissoeofoty tg mustgjirs os tai finc-

ok` rinsgk iktirprosis cimoci tg fgmnti wotaok okcustronf mfustirs. Nk ok-

cipta mnsi stucy gh tai Nrusan hurkoturi mfustir–mgjprosok` jgri tank

5<< mnrpiktry wgrbsagps nkc gutfits–hokcs tant itakomoty hnmofotntis tai



okotonf magomi gh fgmntogk gh kiw iktrnkts ns wiff ns tai jnrbit taombkissgh tai pnrtomufnr fgmntogk magsik.

Agwivir, mfustir-ensic iktirprosis hnmi nkgtair sit gh ukoqui `rgwta

mgkstrnokts. Ey tai viry knturi gh spgktnkigus n``fgjirntogk, kiw iktir-

prosis mgktokui tg hfgw tg tai mfustirs, siibok` tai prghot gppgrtukotois

nkc eittir nmmiss tg jnrbits nvnofnefi nt suma fgmntogks. Sai risuft mnk ei

oktiksi mgjpitotogk wotaok tai mfustirs tant fincs tg fgwir snfis rivikui,

vnfui nccic, nkc prghotneofoty ok nccotogk tg okmrinsic mgkìstogk.

]pnmi mgkstrnokts ghtik ojpici `rgwta wotaok mfustirs. @ovik okairikt

spnmi mgkstrnokts nssgmontic wota okcustronf n``fgjirntogk, okcustronf mfus-

tirs insofy hnmi fnkc sagrtnìs nkc paysomnf mgkìstogk. Cntn sagw tant

`ggc pirhgrjirs ok tai mfustirs tikc tg siib nftirkntovi fgmntogks. Agw-

ivir, tai fnmb gh nftirkntovi fgmntogks nvnofnefi hgr okcustronf nmtovotois ok

tai snji motois, ìkirom okhrnstrumturi egttfikimbs (pnrtomufnrfy trnkspgrt

Gvirvoiw 0

Hoùri 8 Jnrbit Nmmiss \irhgrjnkmi ok Foàt Jnkuhnmturok` Mfustirs ok Nhromn




Kgti4 Oksoci-gutsoci pirmiktnì-pgokt cohhiriktonf ok pnrtomopntogk nkc oktiksoty gh snfis ok kgkfgmnf jnrbits.

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K n b u r n 4 w g g c n k c h u r k o t u r i

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` n r j i k t s

_ n g u k c ï 4 t i x t o f i s n k c ` n r j i k t s

C g u n f n 4 t i x t o f i s n k c ` n r j i k t s

K n o r g e o 4 j i t n f n k c j n m a o k i r y

B u j n s o 4 j i t n f n k c j n m a o k i r y

B u j n s o 4 w g g c n k c h u r k o t u r i

C g u n f n 4 w g g c n k c h u r k o t u r i

_ n g u k c ï 4 w g g c n k c h u r k o t u r i

B o ` n f o 4 j i t n f n k c j n m a o k i r y

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i r m i k t n ` i - p g o k t c o h h i r i k m i

oksoci-gutsoci cohhiriktonf ok kgkfgmnf snfis pnrtomopntogk

oksoci-gutsoci cohhiriktonf ok kgkfgmnf snfis oktiksoty



nkc pgwir), nkc ukmfinr zgkok` pgfomois nkc taior ukpricomtnefi mankìs

fojot horjs‟ magomi gh fgmntogk nkc mgkstrnok taior jgeofoty.

Nkgtair mgkstrnokt os tai fnmb gh mnpneofoty njgk` mfustir-ensic

iktirprosis tg okkgvnti nkc okvist tg cohhiriktonti taior prgcumts. Paofi

mgjpitotogk ojprgvis gvirnff ihhomoikmy ey wiicok` gut okihhomoikt

iktirprosis, tai okneofoty gh mgjpitok` iktirprosis tg okvist nkc okkgvnti

eimnusi taiy fnmb nmmiss tg hoknkmi nkc anvi pggr jnknìronf sboffs nkc

bkgwficì okaoeots mgjpitotogk hrgj eiok` trnksfntic oktg `rgwta. Sai

vnst jndgroty gh knturnffy hgrjic mfustirs gh foàt jnkuhnmturok` okcus-

trois ok Nhromn nri stoff nt tai survovnf stnì, wairi n``fgjirntogk fincs

tg ixpnksogk gh prgcumtogk ey riprgcumok` tai snji prgcumts, eut kgt yit tg qunfoty ojprgvijikts nkc prgcumt cohhiriktontogk targuà okkg-

vntogk, ns gesirvic ok jgri ncvnkmic okkgvntogk-groiktic mfustirs ifsi-

wairi ok tai wgrfc. \rgcumt cohhiriktontogk os nk issiktonf ifijikt hgr

mgjpitotovikiss nkc uftojntify hgr sustnokic `rgwta gh tai mfustir.

Euofcok` Jnknìronf Aujnk Mnpotnf

Ixostok` stucois gk okcustronf mfustirs ok Nhromn pgokt tg tai fnmb gh jnk-

nìronf sboffs nkc bkgwficì njgk` iktriprikiurs rukkok` jomrg nkc

sjnff iktirprosis ns n jndgr mgkstrnokt gk okkgvntogk nkc `rgwta ok tai

mfustirs. Ot tnbis n mirtnok fivif gh icumntogk tg nttnok tai eusokiss nmu-

jik tg up`rnci prgcumt fokis nkc ojprgvi prgcumtogk, qunfoty jnknì-

jikt, jnrbitok` jitagcs, nkc hoknkmonf jitagcs–ojprgvijikts tant

nffgw okcustronf mfustirs tg jnoktnok prghotneofoty nkc `rgw ok nk ikvorgk-

jikt gh okmrinsok` oktirknf mgjpitotogk. Sairi nri sivirnf mnsis ok Nhromn

ok waoma iktirprosis jnknìc ey iktriprikiurs wota eittir bkgwficì

ok jnrbitok` nkc gtair jnknìronf sboffs summiicic ok ‖`rncuntok`‚ hrgjsurvovnf-fivif mfustirs tg jgri upsmnfi hgrjnf okcustronf nrins.

Ns pnrt gh taos stucy, tai tinj mgkcumtic pofgt jnknìronf sboffs trnok-

ok` prg`rnjs ok twg okcustronf mfustirs4 gki ok ]unji Jn`nzoki ok

Bujnso, @ankn, tai gtair ok Bnrogenkò Foàt Okcustrois ok Knorgeo,

Bikyn. Ok inma fgmntogk, n `rgup gh rnkcgjfy sifimtic iktriprikiurs

wotaok tai mfustir wns òvik n tarii-wiib mrnsa mgursi gk ensom jnknì-

jikt sboffs nkc prnmtomis suma ns eggbbiipok`, jnrbitok`, eusokiss pfnk-

kok`, nkc prgcumtogk jnknìjikt. Sai ojpnmt ivnfuntogk gh tai pofgtssagwic tant tai trnokok` prg`rnjs anc n so`kohomnkt pgsotovi ojpnmt gk

tai vnfui nccic nkc `rgss prghots gh iktirprosis. Xosoefi ojprgvijikts

wiri jnci ok rgutoki eusokiss prnmtomis suma ns rimgrc biipok`, ncvirtos-

ok`, nkc jnoktnokok` nk gr`nkozic wgrbpfnmi, njgk` pnrtomopnkts gh tai




trnokok` prg`rnj nhtir tai trnokok`. Hgr ixnjpfi, tai kit ihhimt gh tai

trnokok` wns iquovnfikt tg negut >8< pirmikt `rgwta ok `rgss prghots gvir

gki yinr egta ok Bnrogenkò nkc ok ]unji Jn`nzoki.

Ojpfomntogks hgr \gfomois

Unosok` survovnf-fivif okcustronf mfustirs tg n jgri cyknjom, okkgvntok`

stnti woff ei nk ojpgrtnkt nvikui hgr hgstirok` `rgwta gh jomrg nkc sjnff

iktirprosis nkc euofcok` n jgri vonefi cgjistom provnti simtgr. Ixostok`

spgktnkigusfy hgrjic okcustronf mfustirs anvi tai pgtiktonf tg ei knturnf

okmuentgrs hgr jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis, eut tai mgkstrnokts jiktogkicwoff prgaoeot taos `rgwta ukfiss kntogknf ihhgrts nri ukcirtnbik tg

ojprgvi tai okvistjikt mfojnti nkc okvistjikts ok aujnk mnpotnf.

Ispimonffy ojpgrtnkt nri spimohom pgfomois tnrìtic tg ixostok` okcustronf

mfustirs nkc tai jomrg nkc sjnff cgjistom iktirprosis wotaok taij.

\ikitrntogk oktg `fgenf jnrbits gutsoci gh Nhromn mgktokuis tg ei n eo`

manffikì hgr jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis. Agwivir, ciipir riògknf img-

kgjom okti`rntogk nkc ojprgvic mrgss-egrcir trnci hnmofotntogk nt tai

riògknf fivif prgvoci n jgri ojjiconti nvikui hgr cgjistom iktripri-

kiurs tg hgrj fokbs wota ixtirknf jnrbits. \gfomois mnk nfsg prgvoci nk

ikvorgkjikt ok waoma mfustir-ensic jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis mnk ei

eittir fokbic wota fnrìr iktirprosis tant anvi nmmiss tg `fgenf jnrbits,

okmfucok` hgrio`k-gwkic iktirprosis.

Gki gh tai jgst sirogus mgkstrnokts gk tai okvistjikt mfojnti ok

Nhromn os fojotic nmmiss tg fnkc nkc tai fnmb gh n sgukc pgfomy hrnjiwgrb

tg suppgrt jnrbit-groiktic fnkc nffgmntogk. Saos mgkstrnokt fojots tai neof-

oty gh iktirprosis tg maggsi nk gptojnf fgmntogk, mgkstrnokok` tai neofoty gh

okhgrjnf jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis tg hgrjnfozi taior gpirntogks. Hgrmfustirs tg `rgw, taiy kiic tg ei suppgrtic ey tai prgmiss gh urenkozn-

togk ok tai imgkgjy, waoma wgufc prgvoci jgri pgssoefi fgmntogks hgr

iktirprosis. ]gukc spntonf pfnkkok` pgfomy, pnrtomufnrfy urenk pfnkkok` nt

tai fgmnf fivif, os kiicic. Saos okmfucis gptojnf spntonf nffgmntogk gh okhrn-

strumturi nkc gtair puefom `ggcs, trnkspnrikt nkc pricomtnefi zgkok` pgf-

omy, nkc ihhgrts tg nccriss ki`ntovi ixtirknfotois hrgj n``fgjirntogk suma

ns mgkìstogk nkc pgffutogk.

Biy ifijikts tant wgufc aifp jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis tg euofcfokbnìs wota ixtirknf jnrbits nri jnknìronf icumntogk nkc sboff

civifgpjikt, ns wiff ns ojprgvic nmmiss tg mricot. Snrìtok` mfustirs ok

jnknìronf sboff civifgpjikt prg`rnjs jny ei ihhimtovi hgr tarii rin-

sgks. Horst, jnknìronf sboff civifgpjikt prg`rnjs tant tnrìt gkfy n

Gvirvoiw ?



suesit gh mfustir-ensic iktriprikiurs mgufc ei mgst-ihhimtovi eimnusi

gh spoffgvir ihhimts hrgj tagsi wag rimiovi tai trnokok` tg tagsi wag

cg kgt. ]imgkc, ojprgvic jnknìjikt fincs tg eittir prghotneofoty ok

okcustronf mfustirs, mrintok` jgri dges, pnrtomufnrfy hgr yguk` wgrbirs.

Saorc, euofcok` jnknìronf aujnk mnpotnf wotaok mfustirs kgt gkfy

jnbis iktirprosis jgri mgjpitotovi eut nfsg okcumis taij tg dgok tai

hgrjnf simtgr. Jnknìronf sboff trnokok` ok Nhromnk mfustirs os gki sjnff

eut ojpgrtnkt stip tgwnrc civifgpok` n strgk` okcoìkgus provnti sim-

tgr, ns gesirvic ok gtair riògks gh tai wgrfc.

>< Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosis ok Nhromn



>>

Paofi jnky Nhromnk mguktrois rimg`kozi tai miktrnfoty gh tai provnti sim-

tgr hgr imgkgjom `rgwta nkc covirsohomntogk, taior cgjistom provnti simtgr

os stoff sjnff nkc taok. Sai gnf gh taos stucy os tg ukcirstnkc tai mgkstrnokts

tant cgjistom jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis ok Nhromn hnmi ok ojprgvok` prg-

cumtovoty nkc ixpnkcok` taior jnrbits. Sai stucy hgmusis gk agw knturnffy

hgrjic okcustronf mfustirs mgufc pgtiktonffy joto`nti tagsi mgkstrnokts nkc

ikankmi taior eusokiss pirhgrjnkmi. Sai stucy jnbis mgjpriaiksovi

qunktotntovi okquorois negut okcustronf mfustirs ok Nhromn. Ot hurtair fnys gut tai ncvnktnìs nkc manffikìs tg mfustirs nkc tai horjs taiy agusi nkc

prisikts tai prgjosok` risufts gh jnknìronf trnokok` tg mfustir-ensic

iktriprikiurs.

Saos oktrgcumtgry manptir cismroeis tai provnti simtgr ok Nhromn tgcny tg

sit tai enmb`rgukc hgr tai stucy. Ot cosmussis tai cunfostom strumturi gh tai

provnti simtgr ok Nhromn, wairi n fnrì kujeir gh jomrg nkc sjnff iktir-

prosis, jgstfy okcoìkgus cgjistom iktirprosis gpirntok` ok nk okhgrjnf

sittok`, mgixost wota n sjnff kujeir gh fnrì iktirprosis, ghtik hgrio`k-gwkic gr hgrjir stnti-gwkic iktirprosis, ìkirntok` n fogk‟s sanri gh pro-

vnti simtgr gutput ok tai imgkgjy. Sai manptir taik prisikts n sit gh

styfozic hnmts negut tai pirhgrjnkmi `nps eitwiik cgjistomnffy gwkic

nkc hgrio`k-gwkic iktirprosis.

M A N \ S I U >

Oktrgcumtogk



Manptir 5 siibs tg ukeukcfi tai hnmtgrs eiaokc tai pirhgrjnkmi `nps

eitwiik cgjistomnffy gwkic nkc hgrio`k-gwkic iktirprosis gpirntok` ok

Nhromn. Ok nccotogk tg tai sozi gh iktirprosis, ot hgmusis gk hgur gtair

ojpgrtnkt hnmtgrs4 icumntogknf enmb`rgukc gh jnknìrs, nmmiss tg hoknkmi,

mnpotnf oktiksoty, nkc nmmiss tg kgkfgmnf jnrbits (kntogknf nkc ixpgrt jnr-

bits). Sai manptir ukeukcfis tai hgrio`k-cgjistom prgcumtovoty `np oktg

tagsi hnmtgrs usok` pggfic horj-fivif cntn mgffimtic ey tai Pgrfc Enkb

Iktirprosi ]urviys (PEI]s) ok 5> Nhromnk mguktrois. Ot nfsg nknfyzis agw

prgcumtovoty pfnys nk ojpgrtnkt rgfi ok tai hgrio`k-cgjistom `np ok nmmiss

tg kgkfgmnf jnrbits.

Ok nk ikvorgkjikt wairi sozi jnttirs, jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis hnmipnrtomufnrfy siviri manffikìs ok gvirmgjok` kujirgus mgkstrnokts. Saos

ripgrt cosmussis agw okcustronf mfustirs–knturnf, paysomnf n``fgjirntogks

gh okcustronf nkc mgjjirmonf nmtovotois–mgufc aifp jomrg nkc sjnff

cgjistom iktirprosis tg gvirmgji taisi mgkstrnokts ey ojprgvok` taior

prgcumtovoty nkc jnrbit nmmiss. Sai mgkmiptunf hrnjiwgrb gh okcustronf

mfustirs os prisiktic ok manptir =. Sai suesiquikt twg manptirs (manptirs 3

nkc 9) oktrgcumi hokcok`s hrgj n sit gh mnsi stucois gk okcustronf mfustirs

ok Nhromn. Sai cosmussogk hgmusis spimohomnffy gk knturnffy hgrjic, spgktn-kigusfy `rgwk mfustirs gh jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis ok foàt jnkuhnmtur-

ok` okcustrois, suma ns tixtofis nkc `nrjikts, hurkoturi, nkc jitnfwgrb nkc

iquopjikt. Manptir 3 cosmussis agw mfustir-ensic iktirprosis pirhgrj

eittir ok egta prgcumtovoty nkc jnrbit nmmiss tank taior mgjpnrntgr iktir-

prosis gutsoci tai mfustirs. Manptir 9 cosmussis jgri cyknjom nspimts gh

mfustirs, okmfucok` tai magomi gh fgmntogk gh mfustir-ensic iktirprosis nkc

agw jnrbit nmmissoeofoty os nk ojpgrtnkt hnmtgr hgr iktirprosis maggsok` tg

fgmnti ok n mfustir.Sai knturnffy hgrjic okcustronf mfustirs ok Nhromn hnmi `rgwta manf-

fikìs, waoma os tai tgpom gh manptir 8. Sagsi mfustirs nri stoff fnrìfy nt

nk inrfy ‖survovnf‚ stnì, wairi tai hgrjntogk gh mfustirs sojpfy okmrinsis

tai qunktoty gh prgcumtogk, eut cgis kgt kimissnrofy ojprgvi tai qunf-

oty gh prgcumt prgcumic. Mfustirs ok Nhromn nri quoti cohhirikt hrgj

tai jgri ncvnkmic, okkgvntogk-groiktic mfustirs siik ifsiwairi ok tai

wgrfc, wairi mfustirok` ìkirntis okkgvntogk nkc iktirprosis mgjpiti

ey cohhiriktontok` taior prgcumts hrgj tagsi gh taior mgjpitotgrs.

Paofi mgjpitotogk ojprgvis tai mfustirs‟ gvirnff imgkgjom ihhomoikmyey wiicok` gut okihhomoikt iktirprosis, tai fnmb gh mnpnmoty tg okvist nkc

okkgvnti–risuftok` hrgj oknciqunti nmmiss tg hoknkmi nkc pggr jnknì-

ronf sboffs nkc bkgwficì–os stoff n so`kohomnkt egttfikimb tg sustnoknefi

`rgwta hgr iktirprosis ok tai mfustirs. Nkgtair `rgwta egttfikimb hgr

>5 Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosis ok Nhromn



survovnf-typi mfustirs ok Nhromn os tai fojotic gppgrtukoty hgr mfustir-

ensic iktirprosis tg ojprgvi taior pgsotogk ey jgvok` tg nk nftirkntovi

fgmntogk. Uicumok` taisi twg egttfikimbs tg `rgwta os mrumonf oh okcustronf

mfustirs nri tg ivgfvi hrgj survovnf oktg `rgwta.

Ixostok` stucois anvi hgukc tant tai fnmb gh jnknìronf sboffs njgk`

iktriprikiurs rukkok` jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis os n jndgr mgkstrnokt

gk okkgvntogk nkc `rgwta ok mfustirs, gki gh tai twg `rgwta egttfikimbs

hnmok` survovnf-typi okcustronf mfustirs ok Nhromn. Ns pnrt gh taos stucy, pofgt

jnknìronf sboffs trnokok` prg`rnjs wiri mgkcumtic gk nk ixpirojiktnf

ensos ok twg okcustronf mfustirs ok Nhromn. Sai prg`rnjs mgviric jnrbit-

ok`, nmmguktok`, nkc prgcumtogk jnknìjikt. Manptir 0 cosmussis taiojpnmts gh tai trnokok` prg`rnjs gk eusokiss prnmtomis nkc eusokiss pir-

hgrjnkmi njgk` iktriprikiurs ensic ok tai mfustirs.

Manptir 1 mgkmfucis wota n cosmussogk gh tai pgfomy ojpfomntogks gh tai

ijporomnf hokcok`s hgr hnmofotntok` tai `rgwta gh jomrg nkc sjnff iktir-

prosis wotaok mfustirs.

Cunfostom ]trumturi gh tai \rovnti ]imtgr ok Nhromn

Sai provnti simtgr os tai ikòki gh imgkgjom `rgwta, stojufntok` iktri-

prikiursaop nkc okkgvntogk nkc prgjgtok` mgjpitotogk nkc prgcumtovoty.

Nftaguà hgrio`k corimt okvistjikt ans eiik tgutic ns nk ojpgrtnkt

nvikui targuà waoma tai provnti simtgr crovis imgkgjom `rgwta ok

civifgpok` mguktrois, n kntogknf imgkgjy mnkkgt `rgw ukfiss tairi os n

prgcumtovi nkc prghotnefi cgjistom provnti simtgr.

Ivocikmi sagws tant Nhromn kiics n strgkìr provnti simtgr tg nmmifir-

nti ots imgkgjom `rgwta.>

Fgw vgfuji nkc fgw ihhomoikmy ok okvistjikt nri twg so`kohomnkt hnmtgrs mgktroeutok` tg Nhromn‟s sfgw imgkgjom `rgwta.

Nhromn gkfy ans negut anfh gh tai nvirnì okvistjikt ihhomoikmy gh gtair

civifgpok` riògks. N fottfi fiss tank anfh gh tai `rgwta `np eitwiik

Nhromn nkc gtair civifgpok` riògks mnk ei nttroeutic tg sfgwir nmmuju-

fntogk gh paysomnf mnpotnf nkc tai rijnokcir tg sfgwir prgcumtovoty `rgwta

(Kcufu nkc gtairs 5<<0). Sai provnti simtgr os gki nrin wairi fnrìr prg-

cumtovoty `noks nri kiicic ok Nhromn.

Cispoti tai hnmt tant jnky Nhromnk mguktrois anvi civifgpic provnti

simtgr”ensic civifgpjikt strntiòis, Nhromn‟s hgrjnf provnti simtgr os stoffsjnff, ns rihfimtic ok tai fgw rnti gh provnti okvistjikt. Ok tai pnst hovi

yinrs tai provnti okvistjikt rnti ok Nhromn wns >= pirmikt gh @C\, waoma

os fgwir tank ok gtair riògks wota sojofnrfy fgw okmgji fivifs, suma ns

]guta Nson, waoma rimgrcic n provnti okvistjikt rnti gh 55 pirmikt gh

Oktrgcumtogk >=



@C\ curok` tai snji pirogc.5 Sai puefom simtgr stoff gmmupois tai fogk‟s

sanri gh imgkgjom nmtovoty ok Nhromn, kgt gkfy ok sgmonf sirvomis eut nfsg ok

prgcumtovi simtgrs. Ok jnky mguktrois, stnti-gwkic iktirprosis nkc pnrn-

stntnfs mgktokui tg mgktrgf n so`kohomnkt pgrtogk gh prgcumtogk nkc sirvomis

ok tai imgkgjy.

N pggr okvistjikt mfojnti wota aoà rosb nkc aoà trnksnmtogk mgsts ok

cgok` eusokiss okaoeots provnti simtgr `rgwta ok Nhromn. Sairi nri sivirnf

rinsgks hgr tai sjnff sozi gh Nhromn‟s provnti simtgr. Horst, rifntovify strgk`

stnti oktirviktogks ok tai jnrbit, ns wiff ns ixmissovi nkc okihhomoikt ri`-

ufntogks, anvi okaoeotic provnti simtgr `rgwta. ]imgkc, provnti eusokissis

hnmi aoà trnksnmtogk mgsts nkc aoà rosbs ok nk ikvorgkjikt wairi jnr-bit okstotutogks nri winb nkc okhrnstrumturi os pggr. Gvirnff, tai mgst gh

cgok` eusokiss os 5< tg 3< pirmikt aoàir ok Nhromn tank ok gtair civifgp-

ok` riògks eimnusi gh aoà riùfntgry mgsts, uksimuric fnkc prgpirty

roàts, oknciqunti nkc aoà-mgst okhrnstrumturi, nkc okihhimtovi ducomonry

systijs. N pggr okvistjikt mfojnti nkc nk ukcircivifgpic hoknkmonf sim-

tgr nri mgri rinsgks hgr Nhromn‟s fojotic ixpgrt mgjpitotovikiss nkc fgw

hgrio`k nkc cgjistom okvistjikt (Pgrfc Enkb 5<<?).

Ok tai fntist Cgok` Eusokiss ripgrt gh tai Pgrfc Enkb (5<><), gkfy ioàt ]ue-]nanrnk Nhromnk mguktrois nri ok tai tgp ><< gh tai >1= mguktrois

rntic ok tai ‖insi-gh-cgok`-eusokiss‚ okcix.= Sai rnkbok`s nri ensic gk

inma mguktry‟s pirmiktofi rnkbok` gk >< tgpoms, okmfucok` stnrtok` n euso-

kiss, mgkstrumtogk pirjots, ijpfgyok` wgrbirs, nmmiss tg mricot, riòstir-

ok` prgpirty, prgtimtok` okvistgrs, tnxis, mgktrnmt ikhgrmijikt, trnci

nmrgss egrcirs, nkc mfgsok` n eusokiss. Swg-taorcs gh tai fgw-okmgji ]ue-

]nanrnk Nhromnk mguktrois nri ok tai egttgj qunrtofi ok tai gvirnff Cgok`

Eusokiss rnkbok` (sii hoùri >.>, pnkif n). Hgr tai jgst pnrt, ]ue-]nanrnkNhromnk mguktrois jinsuric pggrfy mgjpnric wota mguktrois ok gtair

riògks (hoùri >.>, pnkif e).

Sai pggr okvistjikt mfojnti os nfsg mgkkimtic tg tai prisikmi gh n

fnrì okhgrjnf imgkgjy. Ns ok gtair civifgpok` mguktrois nrgukc tai

wgrfc, tairi nri fnrì kujeirs gh okhgrjnf iktirprosis ok Nhromn. Nftaguà

stntostoms nri smnrmi, sivirnf mnsi stucois anvi sagwk tai so`kohomnkt wioàt

nkc rnpoc `rgwta gh taos simtgr ok tirjs gh ijpfgyjikt ns wiff ns img-

kgjom `rgwta hgr fgw-okmgji si`jikts gh tai pgpufntogk. Ots mgktroeu-

togk tg @C\ os `rgwok` rnpocfy ns wiff (Hgx nkc @nnf 5<<1).

Sai spnrsikiss gh tai provnti simtgr ensi ok Nhromn os rihfimtic ok ots

cunf strumturi, waoma mgksosts gh n fnrì kujeir gh sjnff-smnfi cgjis-

tom iktirprosis nkc n sjnff kujeir gh fnrì-smnfi hgrio`k iktirprosis. Gk

tai gki ankc, n sjnff kujeir gh fnrì-smnfi iktirprosis, ghtik gwkic ey




Oktrgcumtogk >9

Hoùri >.> Cgok` Eusokiss Okcomntgrs gh ]ue-]nanrnk Nhromn

]gurmi4 Pgrfc Enkb 5<><.

<

5<

3<

8<

1<

><<

>5<

>3<

>8<

>1<

5<<

wgrsikok` eusokiss mfojnti

i n s i g h c g o k `

e u s o k i s s r n k b o k `

5/= gh fgw-okmgji Nhromnk

mguktrois nri ok tai egttgj

Cgok` Eusokiss qunrtofi

n. Gvirnff rnkbok`, Cgok` Eusokiss okcomntgrs

]gurmi4 Pgrfc Enkb 5<><2 Jgss 5<<?.

< 5< 3< 8< 1< ><< >5< >3< >8<

Inst Nson nkc \nmohom

Iurgpi nkc Miktrnf Nson

Fntok Njiromn nkc tai Mnroeeink

Joccfi Inst nkc Kgrta Nhromn

GIMC

]guta Nson

]ue-]nanrnk Nhromn

pirmikt

riòstirok` prgpirtois (mgst ns % gh prgpirty vnfui)

ikhgrmok` mgktrnmts (mgst ns % gh mfnoj)mfgsok` n eusokiss (mgst ns % gh istnti)

stnrtok` n eusokiss (jok. mnpotnf ns % gh okmgji pir mnpotn)

stnrtok` n eusokiss (mgst ns % gh okmgji pir mnpotn)

e. Uiògknf nvirnì gh sifimt okcomntgrs





ey itakomnffy Nhromnk iktriprikiurs. Fnegr prgcumtovoty gh cgjistomnffy

gwkic iktirprosis, pnrtomufnrfy itakomnffy Nhromnk iktirprosis, jinsuric

ey vnfui nccic pir wgrbir, os so`kohomnktfy fgwir tank tant gh hgrio`k-

gwkic iktirprosis (sii hoùri >.3).9 N sojofnr pnttirk os gesirvic hgr

snfis pir wgrbir.

Oktrgcumtogk >0

e. Itakomoty

n. Kntogknfoty

<

<.5

<.3

<.8

<.1

<

<.5

<.3

<.8

<.1

< > 5 = 3 9 8 0 1 ?

hgrio`k gwkic

cgjistomnffy gwkic c i k s o t y

fg` (ijpfgyjikt)

<

<.5

<.3

<.8

<.1

<

<.5

<.3

<.8

<.1

< > 5 = 3 9 8 0 1 ?

cgjistomnffy gwkic4 kgk-Nhromnk gwkir

cgjistomnffy gwkic4 Nhromnk gwkir c i k s o t y

fg` (ijpfgyjikt)

ciksoty birkif ciksoty

Hoùri >.= ]ozi Costroeutogk gh Iktirprosis ok Nhromn, ey Kntogknfoty nkc Itakomoty

gh Gwkir





Sairi nri soznefi vnrontogks ok tai pirhgrjnkmi gh cgjistomnffy gwkic

nkc hgrio`k-gwkic iktirprosis ok Nhromnk mguktrois. Sai fn`òk` pirhgrj-

nkmi gh cgjistomnffy gwkic iktirprosis, sagwk ok hoùri >.3, os ensic gk

tai n``ri`ntogk gh nff Nhromnk mguktrois ok tai murrikt cntn sit usic hgr tai

stucy, nkc n hiw mguktrois joàt ei sbiwok` tai risufts. Hoùri >.9 sagws

tai murrikt hgrio`k-cgjistom prgcumtovoty cohhiriktonf, mnfmufntic ns tai

rntog gh tai jiconk vnfui nccic pir wgrbir njgk` hgrio`k-gwkic iktir-

prosis tg tai jiconk njgk` cgjistomnffy gwkic iktirprosis. Hgr snfis


Hoùri >.3 Hgrio`k-Cgjistom Cohhirikmis ok \rgcumtovoty nkc @rgwta ok Nhromn



Kgti4 \\\ : purmansok` pgwir pnroty.

<

>

5

=

3

98

0

E u r u

k c o

J n u

r o t n k

o n

] g u t a N

h r o m n

M g k `

g , C i

j . U i p

.

N k ` g f n

] w n z o f n k

c

K o ` i

r o n

K n j o e o

n

@ u o k

i n - E o s s

n u

E g t s w

n k n

@ n j e o

n

U w n k

c n

@ a n k

n

Y ` n k

c n

S n k z

n k o n

@ u o k

i n

B i k y

n

snfis pir wgrbir cohhiriktonf vnfui nccic pir wgrbir cohhiriktonf rntog : >

Hoùri >.9 Hgrio`k-Cgjistom \rgcumtovoty Cohhiriktonf ok Nhromn, ey Mguktry

]gurmi4 Nutagrs‟ istojntogk ensic gk PEI] cntn.

<

><<

5<<

=<<

3<<

9<<

8<<

0<<

jiconk vnfui

nccic

pir wgrbir

jiconk snfis pir wgrbir

Y ] $

\ \ \



pir wgrbir, cgjistomnffy gwkic iktirprosis anvi fgwir prgcumtovoty

tank hgrio`k-gwkic iktirprosis ok nff mguktrois ok tai cntn sit. Hgr vnfui

nccic pir wgrbir, cgjistomnffy gwkic iktirprosis anvi fgwir prgcumtov-

oty tank hgrio`k-gwkic iktirprosis ok nff mguktrois ixmipt Uwnkcn. Saus

tai pgsotovi hgrio`k-cgjistom prgcumtovoty cohhiriktonf os mgksostikt

nmrgss nff mguktrois ok tai cntn sit.

Sairi nri nfsg so`kohomnkt vnrontogks njgk` cohhirikt simtgrs wota

ri`nrc tg tai hgrio`k-cgjistom `np ok eusokiss pirhgrjnkmi, wota n fnrìr

`np gesirvic njgk` mnpotnf-oktiksovi simtgrs. Hoùri >.8 sagws tai hgrio`k-

cgjistom `np ey simtgr. Sai jokirnf simtgr, hgr ixnjpfi, sagws fnrì

cohhiriktonfs eitwiik cgjistomnffy gwkic nkc hgrio`k-gwkic iktirprosis.Simakgfg`y-oktiksovi nkc mnpotnf-oktiksovi jnkuhnmturok` simtgrs, suma ns

ifimtrgkoms, maijomnfs, nkc jnmaokiry, nfsg anvi fnrì `nps. Sai `nps nri

rifntovify jgcist hgr foàt jnkuhnmturok`, suma ns tixtofis nkc `nrjikts,

nkc gtair jnkuhnmturok`, suma ns hurkoturi. ]irvomis tikc tg anvi sjnffir

pirhgrjnkmi `nps. Sairihgri, tai mnpotnf oktiksoty gh simtgrs siijs tg ei

mgrrifntic wota tai simtgr-spimohom prgcumtovoty cohhiriktonf eitwiik hgr-

io`k nkc cgjistom iktirprosis.

Ok hnmt, hgrio`k-gwkic iktirprosis nkc fnrì cgjistomnffy gwkiciktirprosis nri, gk nvirnì, jgri mnpotnf oktiksovi tank sjnffir,

cgjistomnffy gwkic iktirprosis. Sai fnrìr prgcumtovoty `nps ok jgri

mnpotnf-oktiksovi simtgrs, ns sagwk ok hoùri >.8, nri mgrrgegrntic ey n

pnttirk gh hgrio`k-gwkic iktirprosis anvok` aoàir mnpotnf-fnegr rntogs2

tant os, taiy nri jgri mnpotnf oktiksovi tank cgjistomnffy gwkic iktir-

prosis (sii hoùri >.0). Mnpotnf oktiksoty nfsg vnrois so`kohomnktfy ey sozi

Oktrgcumtogk >?

<

9

><

>9

5<

59

=<

=9

<

g t a i r

s i r v o m

i s

t i x t o f i

r i t n o f

` n r j

i k t s

g t a i

r j n k

u h n m t u

r o k `

o k h g

r j n t o g k t

i m a k

g f g `

y

m a i j

o m n f

j

n m a o

k i r y

i f i

m t r g

k o m s

>

5

=

3

9

snfis pir wgrbir cohhiriktonf vnfui nccic pir wgrbir cohhiriktonf rntog : >

j o k

i r n f s ( r o

` a t n x o

s )

m g k s t r u

m t o g k

( r o ` a t

n x o

s )

Hoùri >.8 Hgrio`k-Cgjistom \rgcumtovoty Cohhiriktonf ok Nhromn, ey ]imtgr




gh iktirprosi. Fnrìr iktirprosis nri juma jgri mnpotnf oktiksovi tank

sjnff iktirprosis. Hurtairjgri, mnpotnf-oktiksovi simtgrs nppinr tg anvi

sanrpir cohhirikmis ok tai mnpotnf-fnegr rntog njgk` sjnff, jicouj,

nkc fnrì iktirprosis.8

N hgrio`k-cgjistom `np os nfsg hgukc ok tai ci`rii gh pikitrntogk ok

ìg`rnpaomnffy fnrìr snfis jnrbits suma ns kntogknf nkc ixpgrt jnrbits,

wota sjnffir cgjistom iktirprosis anvok` juma fiss nmmiss tg suma jnr-

bits tank hgrio`k-gwkic nkc fnrì cgjistomnffy gwkic iktirprosis.

5< Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosis ok Nhromn

n. Kntogknfoty nkc sozi

?.=

?.3

?.9

?.8

?.0

?.1

?.?

><.<

><.>

hgrio`k,

nff sozis

cgjistom,

nff sozis

cgjistom,

jomrg nkc

sjnff

cgjistom,

jicouj

cgjistom,

fnrì

<

j o k

i r n f s

i f i m t r g

k o m s

m a i j

o m n f

j n m a o

k i r y

t i x t o f i

` n r j

i k t s

g t a

i r j n k

u h n m t u

r o k `

e. ]imtgr nkc sozi

5

3

8

1

><

>5

sjnff jicouj fnrì

Hoùri >.0 Mnpotnf-Fnegr Untog ok Nhromn, ey Kntogknfoty, ]ozi, nkc ]imtgr




Hoùri >.1 sagws tant sjnff cgjistom iktirprosis pricgjoknktfy sirvi

gkfy fgmnf jnrbits wotaok tai snji kioàegraggc gr moty. Agwivir,

wotaok cgjistomnffy gwkic iktirprosis, tairi os n so`kohomnkt vnrontogk

njgk` sozi `rgups. Hgr ?> pirmikt gh sjnff cgjistom iktirprosis, tai

prokmopnf jnrbit os fgmnf. Fnrì cgjistom iktirprosis anvi nfjgst tai

snji fivif gh jnrbit pikitrntogk ns hgrio`k iktirprosis. Hgr npprgxo-

jntify anfh gh tai fnrì cgjistom iktirprosis, tai prokmopnf jnrbit os

iotair kntogknf gr oktirkntogknf ns gppgsic tg fgmnf.

Hgrio`k-gwkic iktirprosis nkc fnrìr cgjistomnffy gwkic iktirprosis

targuàgut tai wgrfc anvi nk ncvnktnì gvir sjnffir cgjistomnffy

gwkic iktirprosis ok pikitrntok` ixpgrt jnrbits. Eimnusi taiy nri tima-kgfgòmnffy supirogr nkc anvi ikankmic nmmiss tg oktirkntogknf mgjjir-

monf kitwgrbs, hgrio`k-gwkic iktirprosis tikc tg ei jgri prgcumtovi nkc

anvi eittir nmmiss tg ìg`rnpaomnffy wocir jnrbits tank cg cgjistomnffy

gwkic iktirprosis. Saos os trui ok jgst mguktrois ok tai wgrfc nkc tairi-

hgri kgt ukoqui tg Nhromn. ]ojofnrfy, fnrìr horjs, gk nvirnì, anvi eittir

nmmiss tg ixpgrt jnrbits eimnusi hoxic mgsts jnbi ot rifntovify cohhomuft

hgr sjnff iktirprosis tg iktir tagsi jnrbits. Agwivir, jomrg nkc sjnff

iktirprosis nkc cgjistomnffy gwkic iktirprosis ok Nhromn nppinr tg eijgri mgkstrnokic hrgj pnrtomopntok` ok ixpgrt jnrbits tank sojofnr iktir-

prosis ok gtair riògks (sii hoùri >.?).

Oktrgcumtogk 5>

n. Kntogknfoty e. ]ozi

<

><

5<

=<

3<

9<

8<

0<

1<

?<

><<

hgrio`k

gwkic

cgjistomnffy

gwkic

cgjistom,

sjnff

cgjistom,

jicouj

cgjistom,

fnrì

p i r m i k t

oktirkntogknf ixpgrt jnrbits kntogknf jnrbits fgmnf jnrbits

Hoùri >.1 Unti gh \nrtomopntogk ok Fgmnf, Kntogknf, nkc Oktirkntogknf ]nfis Jnrbits

ok Nhromn, ey Kntogknfoty nkc ]ozi






ukovirsoty-icumntic gwkirs sagw aoàir `rgwta rntis. Ok Snkznkon, hgr

ixnjpfi, tai nvirnì stnrt-up sozi hgr iktirprosis gwkic ey itakom jokgro-

tois wns negut 8< ijpfgyiis2 agwivir, tai stnrt-up sozi hgr cgjistom horjs

wns dust ukcir 5< ijpfgyiis. Ok jgst Nhromnk mguktrois, jokgroty-gwkic

iktirprosis stnrtic nt n sozi twg tg tarii tojis fnrìr tank cgjistom

okcoìkgus iktirprosis (Unjnmankcrnk, @ife, nkc ]ana 5<<?). Nfsg, horjstant stnrt sjnff tikc tg stny sjnff, nkc, ok jnky okstnkmis, n suestnktonf

`np civifgps gvir toji eitwiik tai sozi gh okcoìkgus nkc jokgroty-

gwkic horjs.

Kgtis

>. Sarguàgut tai ripgrt, Nhromn okcomntis ]ue-]nanrnk Nhromn gkfy.

5. Ensic gk `rgss hoxic mnpotnf hgrjntogk ok 5<<? ns n pirmiktnì gh @C\ (Pgrfc

Civifgpjikt Okcomntgrs ns gh Gmtgeir 5<><).

=. Sagsi nri hgur fgw-okmgji mguktrois, knjify Uwnkcn (80), Tnjeon (?<),

@ankn (?5), nkc Bikyn (?9). Ok nccotogk tg tagsi, hgur joccfi-okmgji Nhromnk

mguktrois nri ok tai tgp ><<, knjify Jnurotous (>0), ]guta Nhromn (=3),

Egtswnkn (39), nkc Knjoeon (88).

Oktrgcumtogk 5=

Hoùri >.>< ]ozi nkc \rgcumtovoty gh Cgjistom nkc Hgrio`k Iktirprosis ok Nhromn


< > 5 = 3 9 8 0 1 ? ><

sozi (fg` fnegr)

<

5

3

8

1

><

>5

f n e g r p r g c u m t o

v o t y ( f g ` v n f u i n c c i c p i r w g r b i r )

hgrio`k cgjistom



3. Sagsi >0 mguktrois nri Nk`gfn, Egtswnkn, Eurukco, tai Cijgmrntom Uipuefom

gh Mgk`g, Sai @njeon, @ankn, @uokin, @uokin-Eossnu, Bikyn, Jnurotnkon,

Knjoeon, Koìron, Uwnkcn, ]guta Nhromn, ]wnzofnkc, Snkznkon, nkc Y`nkcn.

Eurbokn Hnsg, Mnjirggk, Mnpi Xirci, nkc Itaogpon, waoma nri okmfucic ok tai

nknfysos ok manptir 5, nri gjottic hrgj tai nknfysos ok taos manptir cui tg tai

nesikmi gh snjpfok` wioàts.

9. Hgrio`k gwkirsaop gh nk iktirprosi os citirjokic ey tai prisikmi gh hgrio`k-

gwkic sanris ok tai iktirprosi.

8. Saos pnttirk os ukcirstnkcnefi ovik tai hnmt tant tai sozi mnti`grois nri ensic

gk tai kujeir gh wgrbirs sg tant jgri mnpotnf-oktiksovi simtgrs sagufc sagw

aoàir dujps ok tai mnpotnf-fnegr rntog ns tai kujeir gh wgrbirs jgvis hrgjgki fivif tg tai kixt.

Uihirikmis

Hgx, J. Fguosi, nkc Jifossn ]ibbif @nnf. 5<<1. Pgrbok` gut gh \gvirty4 Dge

Mrintogk nkc tai ûnfoty gh @rgwta ok Nhromn. Pnsaok`tgk, CM4 Pgrfc Enkb.

Anrcok` Nfnk, Jéks ]øciregj, nkc Hrnkmos Sinf. 5<<3. ‖]urvovnf nkc ]ummiss

njgk` Nhromnk Jnkuhnmturok` Horjs.‚ M]NI Pgrbok` \npir ]irois 5<<3-<9,

Miktri hgr tai ]tucy gh Nhromnk Imgkgjois, Ykovirsoty gh Gxhgrc.

Jgss, Sgcc. 5<<?. ‖N uistogk hgr Und ]ana4 Agw tg Erok` Grcir tg Y.]. ]uppgrt hgr

Eusokiss Mfojnti Uihgrjs7‚ @fgenf Civifgpjikt4 Xoiws hrgj tai Miktir (Efg`).

Miktir hgr @fgenf Civifgpjikt. attp4//efg`s.m`civ.gr`/`fgenfcivifgpjikt/

5<<?/>>/n-quistogk-hgr-rnd-sana-agw-tg-erok`-grcir-tg-u-s-suppgrt-hgr-

eusokiss-mfojnti-rihgrjs.pap

Kcufu, Eikkg D., Fgpnjucrn Manbrnegrto, Fienank` Fodnki, Xodnyn Unjnmankcrnk,

nkc Dirgji Pgfòk. 5<<0. Manffikìs gh Nhromnk @rgwta4 Gppgrtukotois,

Mgkstrnokts, nkc ]trntiòm Corimtogks. Pnsaok`tgk, CM4 Pgrfc Enkb.Unjnmankcrnk, Xodnyn, Nfnk @ife, nkc Jnkdu ]ana. 5<<?. Nhromn‟s \rovnti ]imtgr4

Pant‟s Prgk` wota tai Eusokiss Ikvorgkjikt nkc Pant tg Cg negut Ot .

Pnsaok`tgk, CM4 Miktir hgr @fgenf Civifgpjikt.

]fiuwniìk, F. nkc Jomaifoki @gicauys. 5<<5. ‖@rgwta gh horjs ok civifgpok`

mguktrois, ivocikmi hrgj Móti c‟Ovgori.‚ Dgurknf gh Civifgpjikt Imgkgjoms

814 >>0”>=9

Pgrfc Enkb. 5<<?. ‖Ikankmok` @rgwta nkc Uicumok` \gvirty ok n Xgfntofi Pgrfc4

N \rg`riss Uipgrt gk tai Nhromn Nmtogk \fnk.‚ Pgrfc Enkb, Pnsaok`tgk, CM(]iptijeir 5).

–––. 5<><. Cgok` Eusokiss 5<><. Pnsaok`tgk, CM4 Pgrfc Enkb.




59

Paofi tai stnrb cohhirikmi ok sozi jny ixpfnok n fnrì pnrt gh tai pirhgrj-

nkmi `np eitwiik cgjistomnffy gwkic nkc hgrio`k-gwkic iktirprosis ok

Nhromn, eittir pirhgrjnkmi ok tirjs gh prgcumtovoty, snfis pirhgrjnkmi,

nkc jnrbit ixpnksogk os issiktonf hgr okcovocunf iktirprosis tg `rgw. Ot os

tairihgri ojpgrtnkt tg ociktohy hnmtgrs tant ojprgvi eusokiss pirhgrj-

nkmi njgk` cgjistom iktirprosis, pnrtomufnrfy fgmnffy gwkic jomrg nkc

sjnff iktirprosis.

Saos manptir qunktotntovify ukeukcfis nkc nknfyzis tai hnmtgrs tant mgk-troeuti tg tai `np ok eusokiss pirhgrjnkmi njgk` cgjistom Nhromnk iktir-

prosis. Sai nknfysos wns mgkcumtic nt tai riògknf fivif usok` horj-fivif

surviy cntn mgffimtic hrgj tai Pgrfc Enkb Iktirprosi ]urviys (PEI]s) ok

n woci rnkì gh mguktrois ok Nhromn (sii egx 5.> hgr n eroih cismroptogk gh

PEI]s). N sit gh imgkgjitrom nknfysis wns mgkcumtic gk fnegr prgcumtov-

oty, jinsuric ey snfis pir wgrbir nkc vnfui nccic pir wgrbir, usok` PEI]

cntn hrgj 5> ]ue-]nanrnk Nhromnk mguktrois4 Nk`gfn, Egtswnkn, Eurbokn

Hnsg, Eurukco, Mnjirggk, Mnpi Xirci, tai Cijgmrntom Uipuefom gh Mgk`g,Itaogpon, Sai @njeon, @ankn, @uokin, @uokin-Eossnu, Bikyn, Jnurotnkon,

Knjoeon, Koìron, Uwnkcn, ]guta Nhromn, ]wnzofnkc, Snkznkon, nkc

Y`nkcn.> Sai cntn hgr inma mguktry okmfuci kgt gkfy jnkuhnmturok` simtgrs

eut nfsg sivirnf sirvomis simtgrs suma ns ritnof nkc mgkstrumtogk.5

M A N \ S I U 5

Ykeukcfok` Hgrio`k-Cgjistom

\irhgrjnkmi @nps ok Nhromn‟s

\rovnti ]imtgr



Sai nknfysos gh tai `np ok fnegr prgcumtovoty, jinsuric ey vnfui nccic

pir wgrbir nkc snfis pir wgrbir, os mgjpfijiktic ey nk nknfysos gh tai

hgrio`k-cgjistom `np ok horj pnrtomopntogk ok fnrìr snfis jnrbits usok` tai

snji cntn sit. Saos tnbis oktg nmmgukt kgt gkfy waitair iktirprosis ixpgrt,

eut nfsg waitair taiy pnrtomopnti ok jnrbits eiygkc fgmnf jnrbits, okmfuc-

ok` egta kntogknf cgjistom jnrbits nkc oktirkntogknf ixpgrt jnrbits. Hgr

jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis, ixpnkcok` eiygkc taior fgmnf mgjjukoty tg

jnrbits ifsiwairi ok tai mguktry os gki gh tai jgst ojjiconti manffikìs.

\rgcumtovoty @np

Sai fotirnturi gk tai provnti simtgr ok Nhromn pgokts tg twg hnmtgrs tant nri

so`kohomnkt ok ixpfnokok` tai pirhgrjnkmi `np hgr jomrg nkc sjnff iktir-

prosis ok Nhromn4 nmmiss tg hoknkmi nkc jnknìr‟s icumntogknf enmb`rgukc.


Egx 5.>

Pgrfc Enkb Iktirprosi ]urviys

Sai PEI] prisikt tai iktirprosi cntn tant tai Pgrfc Enkb @rgup ans eiik mgf-

fimtok` hrgj n fnrì kujeir gh mguktrois tg jinsuri tai eusokiss pirhgrjnkmi gh

iktirprosis gpirntok` ok okcovocunf mguktrois ns wiff ns gedimtovi nkc suedimtovi

cntn gk vnrogus nspimts gh tai eusokiss ikvorgkjikt, ns ixpiroikmic ey okcovoc-

unf iktirprosis. Sai cntn nri usic tg pripnri tai okvistjikt mfojnti nssissjikt

ripgrts tai Enkb prgcumis hgr okcovocunf mguktrois. Sai nssissjikt os upcntic

pirogcomnffy nkc nt n `gvirkjikt‟s riquist. Sai cntn nri mgffimtic targuà sur-viys tant nsb n mgjjgk sit gh quistogks ok nff mguktrois. Sai surviy os mgjpfitic

ey jnknòk` corimtgrs, nmmguktnkts, aujnk risgurmi jnknìrs, nkc gtair iktir-

prosi stnhh. Sai jnkuhnmturok` simtgr os mgviric ok nff mguktrois, waofi tai sirvomis

simtgr (tgurosj, trnkspgrt, mgkstrumtogk, ritnof, nkc sg gk) os mgviric ok jgst mguk-

trois. Jomrg iktirprosis nri nfsg mgviric ensic gk n sojpfohoic quistogkknori. Sai

horjs nri sifimtic ey sojpfi rnkcgj snjpfok` gr rnkcgj strntohoic snjpfok` tant

mgktrgfs hgr sozi, suesimtgr, nkc ìg`rnpaom costroeutogk, ensic gk tai mgjpnky

riòstrntogk rimgrcs gr jnkuhnmturok` miksus okhgrjntogk nvnofnefi hrgj tai gv-irkjikt. Jgri tank 1< mguktrois anvi eiik surviyic sokmi tai prg`rnj ei`nk

ok 5<<5. ]urviys nri pirhgrjic npprgxojntify iviry tarii yinrs. Sai jgst rimikt

cntn wiri mgffimtic ok 5<<0. Sai PEI] nfsg prgcumis iktirprosi kgtis nkc risinrma

pnpirs gk okhgrjnfoty, knturnf risgurmis, prgpirty roàts, mgksujir eianvogr, fnegr

riùfntogk, mroji nkc simuroty, nkc gtair tgpoms.

]gurmi4 www.iktirprosisurviys.gr`.





hgr summiss gh tai eusokiss. Unjnmankcrnk, @ife, nkc ]ana (5<<?) hokc

tant okcoìkgus Nhromnk iktriprikiurs wota n ukovirsoty icumntogk tikc tg

stnrt taior eusokiss ns n fnrìr iktirprosi nkc tant taisi iktirprosis rijnok

fnrìr tank tagsi gh gwkirs wotagut n ukovirsoty icumntogk.

Ok nccotogk tg taisi twg vnronefis, sivirnf gtair hnmtgrs kiic tg ei mgk-

sociric ok nknfyzok` tai pirhgrjnkmi `np eitwiik hgrio`k nkc cgjistom

iktirprosis ok Nhromn, gki eiok` mnpotnf oktiksoty gh prgcumtogk. Mnpotnf

oktiksoty gh prgcumtogk os tai jinsuri gh n horj‟s usi gh paysomnf mnpotnf,

suma ns jnmaokiry nkc iquopjikt, rifntovi tg fnegr. Jgri usi gh jnmaok-

iry nkc iquopjikt pir wgrbir okmrinsis gutput pir wgrbir eimnusi

jnmaokiry nkc iquopjikt ripfnmi pnrt gh tai jnkunf fnegr gh wgrbirs.Mnpotnf oktiksoty nfsg mgrrispgkcs tg tai fivif gh timakgfg`y ok prgcum-

togk. Sairihgri, jgri oktiksovi usi gh mnpotnf jny nfsg okcomnti tant nk

iktirprosi os prgcumok` n aoàir-qunfoty prgcumt. Nmmiss tg hoknkmi nhhimts

tai okvistjikt pnttirks gh iktirprosis nkc taus taior neofoty tg getnok

paysomnf mnpotnf. Fojotic nmmiss tg hoknkmi njgk` jomrg nkc sjnff iktir-

prosis ok Nhromn mgkstrnoks taior okvistjikt ok paysomnf mnpotnf. Ok nccotogk,

jnrbit rosbs cosmgurnì taij hrgj okvistok` ok kiw nssits. @ukkok` nkc

Jikòstni (5<<>) nrùi tant okvistjikts ok Nhromnk jnkuhnmturok` anvieiik aifc enmb ey aoà rosb rntair tank fgw riturks gk okvistjikt.

Nmmiss tg jnrbits eiygkc fgmnf jnrbits os nkgtair mrotomnf hnmtgr tant

hnmofotntis aoàir prgcumtovoty nt tai iktirprosi fivif, ri`nrcfiss gh waitair

tai fnrìr jnrbit os kntogknf gr oktirkntogknf. Nmmiss tg fnrìr costnkt jnr-

bits okmrinsis tai vgfuji gh snfis nkc, aikmi, rnosis prgcumtovoty ey mrint-

ok` imgkgjois gh smnfi2 ot nfsg prgvocis okmiktovis tg ixpnkc prgcumtogk

mnpnmoty. Nfsg, ns os cosmussic ok tai vnrogus stucois tant anvi fggbic nt tai

rifntogksaop eitwiik prgcumtovoty nkc ixpgrtok`, iktirprosis okmrinsi prg-cumtovoty ey ixpgrtok`, `nokok` kiw bkgwficì nkc sboffs hrgj sirvok`

gvirsins mustgjirs wag anvi jgri covirsohoic tnstis tank cgjistom mus-

tgjirs, nkc hrgj mgjpitok` wota n fnrìr kujeir gh prgcumirs. Saos os

ghtik mnffic tai finrkok`-ey-ixpgrtok` aypgtaisos.= N sojofnr stgry nppfois tg

kntogknf cgjistom jnrbits, wairi iktirprosis hnmi pgtiktonffy jgri mgj-

pitotgrs tank ok fgmnf jnrbits nkc jgri covirsohoic tnstis njgk` mus-

tgjirs, pnrtomufnrfy njgk` jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis (sii hoùri 5.>).

Sai hgffgwok` simtogk nknfyzis tai hgrio`k-cgjistom `np ok fnegr prg-

cumtovoty ok twg wnys. Horst, ot fggbs nt agw juma cgjistom gr hgrio`kgwkirsaop ixpfnoks tai fivif gh prgcumtovoty gh okcovocunf iktirprosis.

]imgkc, ot systijntomnffy cimgjpgsis tai hgrio`k-cgjistom prgcumtovoty

`np oktg tai hgffgwok` hnmtgrs4 nmmiss tg hoknkmi, icumntogk fivif, jnrbit

nmmiss, mnpotnf oktiksoty, nkc sozi.




Ihhimt gh Cgjistom Gwkirsaop gk \rgcumtovotyN sirois gh ri`rissogk nknfysis os mgkcumtic tg sii agw tai hgur hnmtgrs–

nmmiss tg hoknkmi, jnknìr‟s icumntogk fivif, jnrbit nmmiss, nkc mnpotnf

oktiksoty–tgìtair wota sozi ixpfnok tai ixostok` hgrio`k-cgjistom prgcum-

tovoty `np ey fggbok` nt agw prgcumtovoty os nttroeutic tg waitair iktir-

prosis nri cgjistomnffy gwkic gr hgrio`k gwkic (cgjistom gwkirsaop ihhimt )

nkc agw suma nttroeutogk mankìs ok tai prisikmi gh tai gtair hnmtgrs. Saos

os cgki ey siquiktonffy oktrgcumok` inma gh taisi hgur hnmtgrs ok tai ri`ris-sogk gk fnegr prgcumtovoty nkc siiok` agw inma okcovocunffy ricumis tai

ki`ntovi ihhimt gh cgjistom gwkirsaop gk prgcumtovoty, ns riprisiktic ok tai

ki`ntovi mgihhomoikt gk cgjistom gwkirsaop ok tai ri`rissogk.3 Sai cgjis-

tom gwkirsaop ihhimt os ixpimtic tg cimrinsi `rncunffy ns gtair hnmtgrs nri

oktrgcumic.9 Okstrujiktnf vnronefis nri usic tg nccriss tai ikcgìkioty

prgefij wota sgji hnmtgrs, suma ns nmmiss tg hoknkmi nkc snfis tg kgkfgmnf

jnrbits, vos-ì-vos tai cipikcikt vnronefis, knjify, snfis pirhgrjnkmi nkc

prgcumtovoty.8 Saos ixirmosi os ripintic ok grcir tg citirjoki agw sozi

nhhimts tai wny tagsi hnmtgrs mgktroeuti tg tai prgcumtovoty `np.

Hoùri 5.5 cijgkstrntis tai cimfokok` jn`kotuci gh tai ki`ntovi

cgjistom gwkirsaop ihhimt gk fnegr prgcumtovoty (vnfui nccic pir

wgrbir nkc snfis pir wgrbir).0 Sai cgjistom gwkirsaop ihhimt os fnrì

okotonffy waik tnbok` gkfy mguktrois nkc okcustrois oktg nmmgukt, nkc taos

Ykeukcfok` Hgrio`k-Cgjistom \irhgrjnkmi @nps ok Nhromn‟s \rovnti ]imtgr 5?

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h h o r j s o k s p i m o h o m s o z i -

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jomrg nkc sjnff horjs jicouj horjs fnrì horjs

9 gr hiwir mgjpitotgrs jgri tank 9 mgjpitotgrs

kntogknf fgmnf kntogknf fgmnf kntogknf

Hoùri 5.> Kujeir gh Mgjpitotgrs, ey ]ozi gh Iktirprosi nkc Sypi gh \rokmopnf

]nfis Jnrbit




os nfsg trui waik mgktrgffok` hgr sozi. Eut ot `rncunffy sarokbs ns gtair

hnmtgrs nri oktrgcumic.

Jnknìr‟s icumntogk jnttirs. Iktriprikiurs typomnffy eimgji ik`nìc

ok eusokiss nhtir mgjpfitok` sgji fivif gh hgrjnf icumntogk. Mgksostikt wota tai hokcok`s hrgj ixostok` stucois, tai jnknìr‟s icumntogk fivif os

hgukc tg anvi nk ihhimt gk tai `np ok fnegr prgcumtovoty. Sai cntn sagw

hiwir cgjistom fgmnf iktriprikiurs wota pgstsimgkcnry icumntogk tank hgr-

io`k iktriprikiurs. Njgk` cgjistom iktirprosis, 33 pirmikt gh jnknìrs

=< Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosis ok Nhromn

n. Cgjistom ihhimt gk vnfui nccic pir wgrbir

e. Cgjistom ihhimt gk snfis pir wgrbir

N

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wotagut sozi mgktrgf wota sozi mgktrgf

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wotagut sozi mgktrgf wota sozi mgktrgf

% j n r ` o k n f i h h i m t

% j

n r ` o k n f i h h i m t

Hoùri 5.5 ]ozi gh Cgjistom Gwkirsaop Ihhimt gk Eusokiss \irhgrjnkmi4 \irmikt

Jnròknf Ihhimt hrgj Okstrujiktnf Xnronefis Istojntogk

]gurmi4 Hik`, Jikòstni, nkc _gsaokg 5<<?.

Kgti4 N : mguktry nkc okcustry cujjois2 E : N pfus jnknìr‟s icumntogk2 M : E pfus nmmiss tg hgrjnf hoknkmi2

C : M pfus mnpotnf oktiksoty2 I : C pfus snfis tg kgkfgmnf jnrbits. Hoùris nri sagwk ok nesgfuti vnfuis.



anvi pgstsimgkcnry icumntogk nkc gkfy 58 pirmikt anvi ukovirsoty icu-

mntogk, mgjpnric wota 01 nkc 31 pirmikt gh hgrio`k iktriprikiurs,

rispimtovify. Sai sozi gh tai cgjistom gwkirsaop ihhimt cimrinsis jgri oh

jnknìrs anvi ukovirsoty gr gtair pgstsimgkcnry icumntogk.

Nmmiss tg hoknkmi fincs tg n soznefi ricumtogk ok tai cgjistom gwk-

irsaop ihhimt waik sozi os kgt mgktrgffic hgr. Ns iktriprikiurs stnrt up

taior eusokiss, taiy just simuri hoknkmonf mnpotnf. ]ivirnf stucois anvi

cgmujiktic tant cgjistom iktirprosis anvi fiss nmmiss tg hgrjnf

hoknkmi tank hgrio`k iktirprosis. Nmmgrcok` tg tai PEI] cntn usic airi,

gkfy >? pirmikt gh cgjistom iktirprosis getnok hgrjnf hoknkmok`. N rifn-

tovify fnrì ricumtogk ok tai cgjistom gwkirsaop ihhimt os gesirvic waiknmmiss tg hgrjnf hoknkmi os mnpturic ok tai ri`rissogk wotagut mgktrgffok`

hgr sozi. Saos pnttirk os mfinrfy gesirvic egta ok vnfui nccic pir wgrbir

nkc ok snfis pir wgrbir waik sozi os kgt mgktrgffic hgr.

Nmmiss tg paysomnf mnpotnf hurtair winbiks tai cgjistom gwkirsaop

ihhimt. Mgktrgffok` hgr mnpotnf oktiksoty, jinsuric ey mnpotnf pir wgrbir,

hurtair ricumis tai jn`kotuci gh tai cgjistom gwkirsaop ihhimt. Saos

ricumtogk gmmurs eimnusi nmmiss tg hoknkmi nffgws horjs tg getnok jgri

nkc eittir paysomnf mnpotnf. Ok hnmt, gkmi mnpotnf oktiksoty os oktrgcumic,nmmiss tg hoknkmi ans n sjnffir ihhimt gk prgcumtovoty.

Sai cgjistom gwkirsaop ihhimt cimfokis suestnktonffy ns n risuft gh pnr-

tomopntogk ok kgkfgmnf jnrbits. Pota n aoàir fivif gh paysomnf mnpotnf,

iktirprosis mnk prgcumi eittir-qunfoty prgcumts, covirsohy taior prgcumt

fokis, gr egta. Sai fivif gh prgcumtovoty nfsg ojprgvis wota okmrinsic

paysomnf mnpotnf. Ojprgvic prgcumtovoty nkc tai civifgpjikt gh kiw

prgcumt fokis mgufc iknefi horjs tg ixpnkc taior jnrbit spnmi nkc siff

taior prgcumts gutsoci gh fgmnf jnrbits, tant os, ok kgkfgmnf jnrbits, horst tgkntogknf jnrbits nkc taik tg oktirkntogknf ixpgrt jnrbits. Saos wgufc

hurtair ricumi tai jn`kotuci gh tai cgjistom gwkirsaop ihhimt. Sai

ricumtogk ok tai cgjistom gwkirsaop ihhimt, egta gk prgcumtovoty nkc

snfis pirhgrjnkmi, os suestnktonf gkmi pnrtomopntogk ok kgkfgmnf jnrbits os

mgktrgffic hgr.

Sai sozi hnmtgr ixpfnoks n so`kohomnkt pnrt gh tai cgjistom gwkirsaop

ihhimt nkc winbiks ots gvirnff jn`kotuci. Saos ihhimt os pnrtomufnrfy ivo-

cikt ok tai mnsi gh vnfui nccic, eut ot nfsg nppfois tg snfis pirhgrjnkmi,

egta gh waoma nri okhfuikmic ey iktirprosi sozi. Hgr ixnjpfi, n fnrìiktirprosi hnmis hiwir mgkstrnokts ok getnokok` fgnks hrgj n enkb nkc os

eittir nefi tg ixpnkc ots prgcumt jnrbits.

Paik sozi os mgktrgffic, tai mgihhomoikt hgr nmmiss tg hoknkmi os kgt ivik

stntostomnffy so`kohomnkt. Agwivir, tai sanrp crgp ok tai cgjistom gwkirsaop

Ykeukcfok` Hgrio`k-Cgjistom \irhgrjnkmi @nps ok Nhromn‟s \rovnti ]imtgr =>











wota tai mguktry gh taior pnrikt mgjpnky, waoma hnmofotntis taior ixpgrt-

ok` nmtovotois (kitwgrb ihhimts).

Nmmiss tg jnrbits jny ei cifokintic nfgk` itakom fokis cui tg conspgrn

kitwgrb ihhimts ns wiff. N egcy gh fotirnturi ixnjokis agw itakom kit-

wgrbs gr mgjjukotois aifp tg hnmofotnti ixmankì, pnrtomufnrfy ok mgktixts

wairi hgrjnf okstotutogks nri fnmbok` (hgr ixnjpfi, @rioh >??=2 Unuma

nkc Srokcnci 5<<52 Eo``s nkc ]ana 5<<8). Cohhirikmis ok kitwgrb ihhimts

eitwiik itakomnffy Nhromnk nkc kgk-Nhromnk `rgups jny mgktroeuti tg

cohhirikmis ok jnrbit nmmiss. Kgkokcoìkgus sgmonf kitwgrbs jny anvi

eittir nmmiss tg jnrbits ns conspgrn tois fokb iktriprikiurs tg gvirsins

jnrbits. Sairi os sgji ivocikmi hgr strgk` trnci hfgws eitwiik ojjo-`rnkts nkc taior mguktry gh groòk nkc eitwiik iktriprikiurs gh tai snji

itakom groòk.>< Conspgrn kitwgrbs nfsg mgkkimt iktriprikiurs hrgj tai

snji itakom `rgup cgjistomnffy njgk` cohhirikt motois ns wiff ns riògk-

nffy njgk` cohhirikt mguktrois ok tai snji sueriògk.

ûnktohyok` tai Cgjistom Gwkirsaop Ihhimtgk \nrtomopntogk ok Kgkfgmnf Jnrbits

Sai qunktotntovi nknfysos usok` tai PEI] cntn os ixtikcic tg nknfyziwaitair nkc agw juma tai ki`ntovi cgjistom gwkirsaop ihhimt okhfu-

ikmis tai smgpi hgr ixpnkcok` jnrbits njgk` Nhromnk iktirprosis. Pi

nri pnrtomufnrfy oktiristic ok okvisto`ntok` tai siquiktonf ixpnksogk gh

jnrbit spnmi hrgj fgmnf tg kntogknf (siffok` cgjistomnffy eut mguktry-

woci) nkc tg oktirkntogknf (ixpgrtok`). Hgr taos rinsgk, wi usi tai

grciric mnti`gromnf vnronefi ok tai PEI] cntn, waoma okcomntis tai prok-

mopnf jnrbit hgr nk iktirprosi njgk` tagsi tarii jnrbit fivifs. Sai vnst

jndgroty gh stucois anvi fggbic nt horjs‟ pirhgrjnkmi ok ixpgrtok`,okmfucok` waitair gr kgt taiy ixpgrt (ixpgrt pnrtomopntogk), agw juma

taiy ixpgrt (ixpgrt oktiksoty), nkc wairi taiy ixpgrt tg (ìg`rnpaom

groiktntogk). Agwivir, hgr cgjistom iktirprosis ok Nhromn, tai jndgroty gh

waoma nri sjnff nkc fiss prgcumtovi tank hgrio`k iktirprosis, ot os ojpgr-

tnkt tg mnpturi taior neofoty tg ixpnkc eiygkc tai fgmnf fivif, ivik

wotaok cgjistom jnrbits.

Sai pgsotovi hgrio`k gwkirsaop hnmtgr nkc tai ki`ntovi okcoìkgus

Nhromnk gwkirsaop hnmtgr nri egta stntostomnffy so`kohomnkt, eut taiy

eimgji winbir gr okso`kohomnkt gkmi prgcumtovoty os tnbik oktg nmmgukt.Snefi 5.> sagws tai risufts gh tai imgkgjitrom nknfysos usok` nk grciric

prgeot jgcif gh tai prokmopnf snfis jnrbit hgr iktirprosis, mgcic ns < hgr

fgmnf jnrbit, > hgr kntogknf jnrbit, nkc 5 hgr oktirkntogknf jnrbit.

Hgrio`k gwkirsaop os pgsotovi nkc so`kohomnkt hgr nff tarii jgcifs, waoma

=8 Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosis ok Nhromn



jinks tant tai ki`ntovi cgjistom gwkirsaop ihhimt gk jnrbit ixpnksogk

os strgk` nkc rgeust. Sai sozi gh tai mgihhomoikt os sjnffir waik tai prg-

cumtovoty fivif os tnbik oktg nmmgukt. ]ojofnrfy, tai cujjy vnronefi hgr

eiok` gwkic ey itakomnffy okcoìkgus Nhromnks os ki`ntovi nkc so`kohomnkt

okotonffy. Agwivir, tai ihhimt cosnppinrs gkmi prgcumtovoty os tnbik oktg

nmmgukt. Ns tairi jny ei pgtiktonf ossuis wota tai ikcgìkioty gh horj

prgcumtovoty nkc jnrbit pnrtomopntogk, horj-spimohom aostgromnf snfis nri

usic ns tai okstrujikt hgr prgcumtovoty. Sai pnttirk nppinrs tg ei

rgeust. Nì, icumntogknf enmb`rgukc gh jnknìrs, sozi hnmtgrs, nkc mirto-homntogk ukcir oktirkntogknf prgcumt stnkcnrcs–hgr ixnjpfi, O]G

(Oktirkntogknf Gr`nkozntogk hgr ]tnkcnrcozntogk) mirtohomntogk–nri nfsg

so`kohomnkt hgr nff spimohomntogks, mgksostikt wota tai ijporomnf fotirnturi

gk horj-fivif ixpgrt eianvogr.

Ykeukcfok` Hgrio`k-Cgjistom \irhgrjnkmi @nps ok Nhromn‟s \rovnti ]imtgr =0

Snefi 5.> Grciric \rgeot Istojntogk Uisufts hgr \rokmopnf Jnrbit gh Iktirprosis

cipikcikt vnronefi : prokmopnf snfis jnrbit

Okcipikcikt vnronefi

Grciric prgeot

wotagut

prgcumtovoty

(>)

Grciric

prgeot wota

prgcumtovoty

(5)

Okstrujiktnf

vnronefi

grciric

prgeot wota

prgcumtovoty

(=)

Sgtnf hnmtgr prgcumtovoty k.n. <.><>*** <.>5?***

Hgrio`k gwkirsaop (cujjy) <.550*** <.>19** <.>18**

Nhromnk okcoìkgus

gwkirsaop (cujjy) ” <.><8* <.<1<? <.<031

]jnff iktirprosi (cujjy) ”<.=?8*** ”<.=>3*** ”<.511***

Fnrì iktirprosi (cujjy) <.3=>*** <.=>9*** <.519***

Nì gh horj (fg`) <.<9?3** <.<90?** <.<9<?*

Jnknìr rimiovic aoàir

icumntogk (cujjy) <.>?>*** <.>0>*** <.>89***

\rovnti gwkirsaop (cujjy) <.><9* <.<8>1 <.<903

Nmmiss tg mricot os n mgkmirk

(>”9 rnkb) ”<.<8<8 ”<.<==8 ”<.<=>8

O]G mirtohoic (cujjy) <.598*** <.5>>*** <.5<0***

Fgmntic ok zgki (cujjy) <.>?8*** <.>?5*** <.>15***

Kujeir gh gesirvntogks =,500 =,580 =,580

]gurmi4 Mank 5<<?.

Kgti4 Mguktry nkc simtgr cujjois nri okmfucic, eut kgt ripgrtic. Sai grciric prgeot jgcif gk prokmopnf snfis

jnrbit hgr iktirprosis, os mgcic ns < hgr fgmnf jnrbit, > hgr kntogknf jnrbit, nkc 5 hgr oktirkntogknf jnrbit.

k.n. : kgt nppfomnefi.

*** p 6 <.<>.

** p 6 <.<9.

* p 6 <.><.



Kgtis

>. Sagsi mguktrois nri sifimtic ensic purify gk tai nvnofneofoty gh cntn nhtir5<<9. Mguktrois wota surviys mgkcumtic ok 5<<9 gr inrfoir wiri kgt okmfucic

ok taos nknfysos cui tg cohhirikmis ok tai surviy okstrujikts.

5. Sai sirvomi simtgr wns okmfucic gkfy hgr tai nknfysos gh snfis pir wgrbir

eimnusi okhgrjntogk gk jntironf mgsts, waoma os kimissnry tg mgjputi vnfui

nccic, os kgt nvnofnefi hgr tai sirvomi simtgr ok PEI]s.

=. Ns cosmussic fntir ok tai manptir, nkgtair aypgtaisos os tant gkfy prgcumtovi

iktirprosis maggsi tg pnrtomopnti ok ixpgrt jnrbits ( sifh-sifimtogk aypgtaisos)

òvik tai hoxic mgsts ok ixpgrtok`.

3. Saos os tai ki`ntovi mgihhomoikt gh tai cujjy vnronefi gh anvok` cgjistom

Nhromnk gwkirs (ey kntogknfoty) ok tai ri`rissogk jgcifs.

9. Sai grcir gh oktrgcumok` tagsi hnmtgrs os ciso`kic nfgk` tai siquikmi gh pgs-

soefi nmtogks iktriprikiurs tnbi ok okotontok` n eusokiss, stnrtok` prgcumtogk,

nkc jnrbitok` taior prgcumts.

8. Okstrujikts usic hgr tai ri`rissogk nri hijnfi gwkirsaop, okotonf sozi (kujeir

gh ijpfgyiis waik nk iktirprosi wns istnefosaic), nkc nk okcomntgr sagwok`

agw nk iktirprosi pirmiovis hukmtogkok` trnci-rifntic okstotutogks ns jgri

prgefijntom tank ìkirnf eusokiss-rifntic jnrbit okstotutogks (ns rihfimtic okhukmtogkok` fi`nf okstotutogks). Hijnfi gwkirsaop nkc okotonf sozi nri egta

pricitirjokic eut nri ijporomnffy rifntic wota agw iktirprosis jnknì tg

getnok hgrjnf hoknkmok` sirvomis. Hijnfi iktriprikiurs hnmi jgri cohhomufty

ok getnokok` mricot hrgj hgrjnf hoknkmonf okstotutogks. Oh iktirprosis stnrtic

ns fnrì iktirprosis, taiy sagufc anvi jgri gppgrtukotois tg getnok hgrjnf

hoknkmok` nkc tg civifgp fnrìr jnrbits tank sjnff iktirprosis. Sai taorc okco-

mntgr os mgrrifntic wota iktirprosis‟ pnrtomopntogk ok kgkfgmnf jnrbits, eut kgt

taior prgcumtovoty. \rgcumtovi iktirprosis tikc tg ei nhhimtic ey pggrfy hukm-

togkok` trnci-rifntic okstotutogks nkc ìkirnf jnrbit okstotutogks, suma ns tai ducomonf systij. Eut gkfy iktirprosis wota tai neofoty tg ixpnkc jnrbit spnmi

tg tai kntogknf nkc oktirkntogknf fivifs nri nhhimtic ey tai hukmtogkok` gh

trnci-rifntic okstotutogks.

0. Sai mgjpfiti mgihhomoikt istojnti risufts nri prisiktic ok nppikcox >. Sai

ki`ntovi ihhimts nri sagwk ok nesgfuti vnfuis.

1. Ok tai cyknjom mgktixt, tairi nri twg fokis gh nrùjikt ok tai fotirnturi gk

agw prgcumtovoty nkc ixpgrt pirhgrjnkmi okhfuikmi inma gtair. Horst, sgji

stucois nrùi tant horj-fivif prgcumtovoty jnttirs ok horjs‟ cimosogks tg ixpgrt eimnusi tai prisikmi gh sukb mgsts nssgmontic wota ixpgrtok` nffgws gkfy prg-

cumtovi horjs tg pnrtomopnti ok ixpgrt jnrbits (hgr ixnjpfi, Ugeirts nkc

Syegut >??0). Saos os ghtik mnffic tai ‖sifh-sifimtogk aypgtaisos‚ eimnusi

horjs sifh-sifimt tg pnrtomopnti ok ixpgrtok`. Nkgtair foki gh nrùjikt os

tant tai rinsgk hgr tai pgsotovi rifntogksaop eitwiik horj-fivif prgcumtovoty

nkc ixpgrt pirhgrjnkmi os tant horjs mnk rnosi taior prgcumtovoty targuà

=1 Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosis ok Nhromn





@ukkok`, Dnk Poffij, nkc Snyi Jikòstni. 5<<>. ‖Citirjoknkts gh Nhromnk

Jnkuhnmturok` Okvistjikt4 Sai Jomrgimgkgjom Ivocikmi.‚ Dgurknf gh Nhromnk

Imgkgjois >< (suppfijikt 5)4 31”1<.

Aiwott Nssgmontis. 5<<8. Ojprgvok` Eusokiss Mgjpitotovikiss nkc Okmrinsok`

Imgkgjom @rgwta ok @ankn4 Sai Ugfi gh Okhgrjntogk nkc Mgjjukomntogks

Simakgfgòis.

Agkgank, \ntromb, nkc Sagrstik Eimb. 5<<0. Jnbok` Hoknkmi Pgrb hgr Nhromn.

Pnsaok`tgk, CM4 Pgrfc Enkb.

Dnkk, Eik. 5<<1. ‖Sai Efokcir-Gnxnmn Cimgjpgsotogk hgr Fokinr Ui`rissogk

Jgcif.‚ ]tntn Dgurknf 11 (3)4 39=”0?.

Jikòstni, Snyi, nkc Mntairoki N. \nttoffg. 5<<3. ‖Ixpgrt Groiktntogk nkc

\rgcumtovoty ok ]ue-]nanrnk Nhromn.‚ OJH ]tnhh \npirs 9> (5)4 =50”9=.

Jofkir, Maros, nkc Xirikn Snkcrnyik. 5<<3. ‖Sai Ojpnmt gh Ixpgrtok` nkc Ixpgrt

Cistokntogk gk Jnkuhnmturok` Pnìs4 Ivocikmi hgr ]ue-]nanrnk Nhromn.‚

MUICOS Uisinrma \npir <3/<>, Ykovirsoty gh Kgttokànj, Kgttokànj, Y.B.

G‟Cgkkiff, Gwik, Iccy vnk Cggrsfnir, Ncnj Pn`stnhh, nkc Jn`kus Fokcifgw.

5<<1. ‖Nknfyzok` Ainfta Iquoty Ysok` Agusiagfc ]urviy Cntn.‚ Pgrfc Enkb,

Pnsaok`tgk, CM. www.wgrfcenkb.gr`/nknfyzokàinftaiquot.

Unjnmankcrnk, Xodnyn, Nfnk @ife, nkc Jnkdu ]ana. 5<<?. Nhromn‟s \rovnti ]imtgr4Pant‟s Prgk` wota tai Eusokiss Ikvorgkjikt nkc Pant tg Cg negut Ot.


Unkbok, Kiof, Jéks ]øciregj, nkc Hrnkmos Sinf. 5<<8. ‖Ixpgrtok` hrgj jnkuhnmtur-

ok` horjs ok ]ue-]nanrnk Nhromn.‚ Dgurknf gh Nhromnk Imgkgjois >9(3)4 80>”10.

Unuma, Dnjis. 5<<>n. ‖Efnmb Sois Gkfy7 Itakom Eusokiss Kitwgrbs, Oktirjiconrois,

nkc Nhromnk Njiromnk Uitnof Iktriprikiursaop.‚ Ok Kitwgrbs nkc Jnrbits,

ic. Dnjis Unuma nkc Nfissnkcrn Mnsiffn, 50<”=<?. Kiw _grb4 Uussiff ]nì

Hgukcntogk.–––. 5<<>e. ‖Eusokiss nkc ]gmonf Kitwgrbs ok Oktirkntogknf Srnci.‚ Dgurknf gh

Imgkgjom Fotirnturi =? (3)4 >>00”5<=.

Unuma, Dnjis, nkc Xotgr Srokcnci. 5<<5. ‖Itakom Maokisi Kitwgrbs ok

Oktirkntogknf Srnci.‚ Uivoiw gh Imgkgjoms nkc ]tntostoms 13 (>)4 >>8”=<.

Ugeirts, Jnrb D., nkc Dnjis U. Syegut. >??0. ‖Sai Cimosogk tg Ixpgrt ok Mgfgjeon4

Nk Ijporomnf Jgcif gh Iktry wota ]ukb Mgsts.‚ Njiromnk Imgkgjom Uivoiw

10 (3)4 939”83.

]gcireøj, Jéks, nkc Hrnkmos Sinf. 5<<5. ‖Nri Jnkuhnmturok` Ixpgrts tai Biytg Imgkgjom ]ummiss ok Nhromn7‚ Ykpuefosaic jss., Ykovirsoty gh Gxhgrc,

Gxhgrc, Y.B.

_gsaokg, _utnbn. 5<<1. ‖Cgjistom Mgkstrnokts, Horj Manrnmtirostoms, nkc

@ig`rnpaomnf Covirsohomntogk gh Horj-Fivif Jnkuhnmturok` Ixpgrts ok Nhromn.‚

\gfomy Uisinrma Pgrbok` \npir 3903, Pgrfc Enkb, Pnsaok`tgk, CM.






jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis ok Nhromn nri kgt okvistok` ns juma ns

ixpimtic. Mgkstrnokts gk nmmiss tg hoknkmi fojot tai smgpi hgr horjs‟ kiw

okvistjikt. Nkgtair rinsgk mgufc ei tant aoà trnksnmtogk mgsts nkc aoà

rosbs ok cgok` eusokiss anjpir tai okmiktovis tg okvist. Hgr ixnjpfi, ok

n stucy gk horj-fivif cntn hrgj Mnjirggk, @ankn, Bikyn, nkc

Tojenewi gk tai fnmb gh horj okvistjikt (@ukkok` nkc Jikòstni

(5<<>) hokc tant fnrì rosbs, rntair tank nmmiss tg hoknkmi, nri want jnt-

tir. Sai mgst gh paysomnf mnpotnf os nfsg aoà ok Nhromn. Nrtnco nkc ]nfn-o-

Jnrtok (5<<3) kgti tant okvistjikt ok Nhromnk mguktrois yoifcs

mgksocirnefy fiss ixpnksogk gh prgcumtovi mnpnmoty eimnusi tai promis gh

mnpotnf ggcs ok ]ue-]nanrnk Nhromn rifntovi tg tai promis gh mgksujptogk`ggcs nri 0< pirmikt aoàir tank ok aoà-okmgji mguktrois nkc mguktrois

ok Inst Nson.

Nkgtair npprgnma tg tai quistogk gh agw sozi mgkstrnoks `rgwta os

tg nknfyzi mgpok` jimankosjs, suma ns paysomnf n``fgjirntogk, tant

jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis usi tg gvirmgji taior sozi mgkstrnokt. Ok

grcir tg survovi, jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis hokc wnys tg ìt nrgukc tai

sozi mgkstrnokt. Sai hukmtogks, ihhomoikmy, nkc mgkstrnokts gh taisi mgpok`

jimankosjs kiic tg ei eittir ukcirstggc oh puefom pgfomois nri tg eihgrjufntic tg okti`rnti tagsi iktirprosis wota tai hgrjnf imgkgjy.

\aysomnf n``fgjirntogk os gki gh taisi joto`ntok` jimankosjs hgr jomrg

nkc sjnff iktirprosis. @rgups gh jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis ukcirtnbok`

sojofnr okcustronf nmtovotois ok spimohom fgmntogks nri mgjjgk ok jndgr

Nhromnk motois. Saisi iktirprosis nri ghtik okhgrjnf, nri agusic ok sojpfi

strumturis, nkc usi sojpfi timakgfgòis. Ok jnky mnsis, tai tirj ‖wgrb-

sagp‚ manrnmtirozis taior wgrbspnmi eittir tank tai tirj ‖hnmtgry.‚ Saos

typi gh okcustronf mfustir os mgjjgk nmrgss Nhromn.Mfustirs prgvoci n woci rnkì gh eikihots tg pnrtomopntok` iktirprosis

nmrgss cohhirikt stnìs gh taior civifgpjikt. Mfustirok` hnmofotntis ixpfomot

nkc ojpfomot imgkgjom eikihots hgr pnrtomopntok` iktirprosis. Sai trust nkc

piir prissuri tant knturnffy civifgp wotaok mfustirs prgvoci tai ensos hgr

dgokt nmtogks tg okvist ok mgjjgk hnmofotois nkc okhrnstrumturi nkc hnmofo-

tnti sjggtair mgjjirmonf trnksnmtogks, ricumok` trnksnmtogk mgsts nkc

rosbs. Mfustirs ghhir iktirprosis gppgrtukotois hgr mgksgfocntic jnrbit

nmmiss nkc ghhir mgksujirs `rintir magomi ns wiff ns mgkvikoikmi ey

ricumok` sinrma mgsts. Ojpfomot bkgwficì spoffgvirs njgk` iktirprosisnri so`kohomnkt ixtirknfotois, ricumok` tai hoxic mgsts gh okvistok` ok

risinrma nkc civifgpjikt. Kiw iktrnkts tg mfustirs stnrt ey ojotntok`

want okmujeikts cg ok tai mfustirs. Ns sagwk ok suesiquikt manptirs,

tagsi hinturis nri gesirvic nt vnrogus stnìs gh mfustir civifgpjikt




wotaok Nhromn, okmfucok` okhgrjnf survovnf-fivif mfustirs ns wiff ns kgktrn-

cotogknf, jgri cyknjom mfustirs suma ns n`rg-prgmissok`, tgurosj, nkc

okhgrjntogk timakgfg`y (OS) mfustirs.

Saos manptir prisikts n taigritomnf hrnjiwgrb hgr cosmussok` tai rgfi

tant taisi ìg`rnpaom n``fgjirntogks gh okcustronf nmtovotois–okcustronf

mfustirs–pfny ok ikankmok` eusokiss pirhgrjnkmi nkc jnrbit pnrtomopn-

togk hgr jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis nkc citirjokok` tai mgkstrnokts tant

ixost oksoci mfustirs. Nftaguà stnrtic ns agrozgktnf nssgmontogks gh tai

snji okcustrois, sgji spgktnkigusfy hgrjic okcustronf mfustirs ok Nhromn

anvi summiicic ok ixpnkcok` tai smgpi gh taior nmtovotois ey nttrnmtok`

rifntic okcustrois nkc sirvomis targuà enmbwnrc nkc hgrwnrc fokbnìs,taus civifgpok` virtomnf vnfui manoks.

Saos stucy hgmusis gk spgktnkigusfy `rgwk knturnf okcustronf mfustirs,

jgstfy ok foàt jnkuhnmturok`, rntair tank pgfomy-ensic mgkstrumtic zgkis

gr pgfomy-crovik mfustir civifgpjikt okotontovis tant nri kgt kimissnrofy

ensic gk ìg`rnpaom mgkmiktrntogks. Sairi nri twg jnok typis gh okcus-

tronf n``fgjirntogks nrgukc tai wgrfc. Gki typi os mrintic cifoeirntify ey

`gvirkjikt pgfomois, suma ns tai istnefosajikt gh okcustronf pnrbs, tg

nttrnmt mirtnok okcustrois, okmfucok` hgrio`k okvistgrs, tg spimohom fgmntogks.Sai gtair hgrjs nkc `rgws spgktnkigusfy ey tai knturnf n``fgjirntogk

hgrmi gh provnti okcustrois ensic gk taior mgjjirmonf okmiktovis. Saos

ripgrt hgmusis gk tai fnttir typi gh okcustronf n``fgjirntogk. Jnky mfus-

tirs hnff ok eitwiik spgktnkigusfy hgrjic knturnf mfustirs nkc pgfomy-

crovik nrtohomonf mfustirs, nkc ot os kgt insy tg costokùosa gki mfinrfy hrgj

tai gtair. Gur ijporomnf hgmus os gk spgktnkigusfy `rgwk knturnf mfustirs

tant anvi rimiovic gkfy fojotic `gvirkjikt suppgrt.

Sai jimankosj targuà waoma n``fgjirntogk gmmurs ans ghtik eiikcosmussic ok tai imgkgjom ìg`rnpay fotirnturi. Ns ixpfnokic fntir ok taos

manptir, n``fgjirntogk mnk risuft ok pgsotovi ihhimts waik horjs n``fgj-

irnti ok mirtnok fgmntogks cui tg timakomnf spoffgvirs, fnegr jnrbit pggfok`,

nkc nvnofneofoty gh spimonfozic okputs nkc sirvomis nkc taus hgrj enmbwnrc

nkc hgrwnrc fokbnìs. Saisi ixtirknfotois nri ghtik mnffic Jnrsanffonk

ixtirknfotois, eimnusi taiy wiri horst oktrgcumic ok Nfhric Jnrsanff‟s sij-

oknf wgrb \rokmopfis gh Imgkgjoms (Jnrsanff >?5<). Horjs pirmiovi taisi

ixtirknfotois ns risuftok` ok prghotneofoty, nkc prghotneofoty nttrnmts ivik

jgri horjs.Ok nccotogk tg taisi n``fgjirntogk ixtirknfotois, okcustronf mfustirs mgufc

ei n jimankosj hgr jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis ok Nhromn tg mguktir tai

winb ìkirnf eusokiss ikvorgkjikt ok waoma trnksnmtogk mgsts nkc rosbs

nri aoà. Sai prgxojoty gh gtair horjs ricumis tai trnksnmtogk mgsts hgr

Okcustronf Mfustirs ns Knturnf N``fgjirntogks gh Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosis 3=





Okcustronf Mfustirs ns Knturnf N``fgjirntogks gh Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosis 39

Egx =.>

Sypgfg`y gh Okcustronf Mfustirs

Okcustronf mfustirs nri hgrjic ok tarii wnys (sii tnefi E=.>). ]gji nri ‖mgkstrumtic‚ ey

cifoeirnti `gvirkjikt ihhgrts tg suppgrt civifgpjikt gh cgjistom okcustrois gr tg

nttrnmt hgrio`k okvistjikt ok tai imgkgjy. ]uma mgkstrumtic mfustirs jny ei hgrjic

ns ixpgrt-prgmissok` zgkis (I\Ts) nkc okcustronf pnrbs. Okcustronf pnrbs nkc I\Ts,

waofi kgt kimissnrofy tai snji ns okcustronf mfustirs, mnk ei mgksociric okcustronf

mfustirs oh taiy nttrnmt eusokissis nkc rifntic `ggcs nkc sirvomis ok spimohom simtgrs.

Ok sgji mnsis, suma ns tai @iriznko jitnfwgrb mfustir ok Cnr is ]nfnnj, Snkznkon,mfustirs wiri hgrjic ey cifoeirnti gvirkjikt nmtogk tg ijpgwir fgmnf prgcumtogk

ey jomrg, sjnff, nkc jicouj iktirprosis. Agwivir, jgst mfustirs ok civifgpok`

mguktrois nri spgktnkigus n``fgjirntogks gh iktirprosis. ]gjitojis n``fgjirn-

togk gmmurs ns n ey-prgcumt gh pgfomy mankìs (hgr ixnjpfi, ]unji Jn`nzoki ok

Bujnso, @ankn), ns n fgmnf rispgksi tg fnrì hgrio`k okvistjikts, gr ns n risuft gh

ixgìkgusfy oktrgcumic tro`ìrs, jgst kgtnefy kiw hgrio`k corimt okvistjikt (HCO)2

hgr ixnjpfi, tai Sonkdok mfustir ok Maokn civifgpic nrgukc n kiw Sgygtn pfnkt.

Snefi E=.> Ixnjpfis gh Mfustirs ok Nhromn

Cojiksogk nkc typi Ixnjpfis

Groòk

Mgkstrumtic zgkis Sixtofi nkc `nrjikt I\T (Jnurotous), Asokmau ]moikmi \nrb

(Snownk, Maokn), Mnsnefnkmn Simakg \nrb (Jgrgmmg), okcus-

tronf pnrbs (Xoitknj), nutgjgeofi okcustry (Maokn)

]pgktnkigus ]unji Jn`nzoki (Bujnso, @ankn), Knorgeo mut-hfgwir

mfustir (Bikyn), Gtoèn mgjputir mfustir (Koìron), ]okgs

Xnffiy sagi mfustir (Ernzof), ]onfbgt suròmnf okstrujiktmfustir (\nbostnk)

Ixgìkgus tro`ìr

(hgr ixnjpfi, HCO)

Enk`nfgri OS mfustir (Okcon), Sonkdok mfustir (Maokn)

Okstotutogknf suppgrt

@gvirkjikt crovik @unk`zagu nutgjgeofi okcustry mfustir (Maokn)

\rovnti simtgr crovik Enk`nfgri OS mfustir (Okcon)

Jox (puefom-provnti

pnrtkirsaop)

Kujirgus ixnjpfis

]pntonf mgkmiktrntogk

Mgkhokic nkc toàtfy

mgkmiktrntic

(ìg`rnpaomnffy oktnmt)

Dun Bnfo jnkuhnmturok` mfustirs (Bikyn)

(mgktokuic kixt pnì)




Okcustronf mfustirs mnk nfsg ei mnti`grozic ey tai typi gh okstotutogknf suppgrt

rimiovic. Okcustronf mfustirs ghtik rimiovi ixtirknf nkc oktirknf okstotutogknf sup-

pgrt, waoma mnk mgji hrgj tai gvirkjikt, tai provnti simtgr, gr egta. Hgr ixnj-

pfi, Sixns Okstrujikts pfnyic n biy rgfi ok sittok` up okhrnstrumturi (n sntiffoti

mnefi systij) ok tai OS mfustir ok Enk`nfgri, Okcon, nkc `gvirkjikt ihhgrts hgf-

fgwic tai tnbi-ghh gh tai simtgr (\nmb nkc ]n`ò 5<<8). Ok sgji mnsis, mfustirs

rimiovi suppgrt ensic gk n puefom-provnti pnrtkirsaop eitwiik gvirkjikt nkcfgmnf provnti simtgr nssgmontogks.

]gji mfustirs mgktnok iktirprosis wotaok mgkhokic nrins gr zgkis. Iktirprosis

ok suma mfustirs anvi pfnkts nkc ghhomis wotaok jnrbic gr ukjnrbic egukcnrois

nkc nri issiktonffy mgktoùgus. Ok gtair mfustirs, iktirprosis mgixost wota gtair

istnefosajikts (hgr ixnjpfi, risociktonf euofcok`s) ok joxic fnkc usi nrins nkc

nri kgt kimissnrofy mgktoùgus. ]gji mfustirs anvi fggsify cihokic egukcnrois,

eut nri stoff ìg`rnpaomnffy oktnmt. Jnky spntonffy mgkhokic mfustirs nri cihokic ey

`gvirkjikt oktirviktogk, hgr ixnjpfi, ey istnefosaok` zgkok` pgfomois ns wiff nsprgvocok` nt finst sgji puefom suppgrt hgr okhrnstrumturi (hgr ixnjpfi, `gvirk-

jikt-prgvocic sojpfi hnmtgry rgghs ok Bikyn‟s Dun Bnfo ). Agwivir, ok sgji mfustirs,

waoma usunffy mgvir wocir ìg`rnpaom nrins, pnrtomopntok` iktirprosis nri jgri

Snefi E=.> Ixnjpfis gh Mfustirs ok Nhromn

Cojiksogk nkc typi Ixnjpfis

Kgt mgkhokic

(rifntovify woci

ìg`rnpaom sprinc)

Sixtofi nkc `nrjikt I\T (Jnurotous), Pistirk Mnpi woki

mfustir (]guta Nhromn)

@ig`rnpaom sprinc

\rgvokmonf (juftopfi

jukomopnfotois)

Pistirk Mnpi woki mfustir (]guta Nhromn)

Jukomopnfoty Nrusan hurkoturi mfustir (Snkznkon)Costromt (wotaok n

jukomopnfoty)

]unji Jn`nzoki (@ankn), Dun Bnfo (Bikyn)

Jnrbit

Fgmnf Kujirgus ixnjpfis

Ixpgrt (riògknf) ]unji Jn`nzoki (Bujnso, @ankn), Yauru Jnrbit

(Knorgeo, Bikyn)

Ixpgrt (`fgenf,

civifgpic

mguktrois)

Fnbi Xomtgron hosaok` mfustir (Bikyn), Knorgeo mut-hfgwir mfus-

tir (Bikyn), ]okgs Xnffiy sagi mfustir (Ernzof), ]onfbgt suròmnf

okstrujikt mfustir (\nbostnk)

]gurmi4 _gsaokg 5<<?.

Egx =.> (mgktokuic)



pricgjoknktfy tg cgjistom jnrbits. Saos typi gh spgktnkigus survovnf

mfustir os quoti privnfikt ok ]ue-]nanrnk Nhromn.

Imgkgjom @ig`rnpay gh Okcustronf Mfustirs

Iktirprosis nri nttrnmtic tg okcustronf n``fgjirntogks eimnusi prghotneof-

oty os aoàir oksoci taij. N``fgjirntogk fincs tg ojprgvic prgcumtovoty–

aikmi aoàir prghotneofoty–tant risufts hrgj tai hgffgwok` tarii typis gh pgsotovi Jnrsanffonk ixtirknfotois (Jnrsanff >?5<)4

• Simakgfgòmnf spoffgvir. @ig`rnpaom prgxojoty njgk` iktirprosis hnmofo-

tntis hgrjnf nkc okhgrjnf oktirnmtogks targuà waoma okcustry-spimohom

nkc fgmntogk-spimohom bkgwficì nkc sboffs nri sanric njgk` iktir-

prosis ok iotair ixpfomot gr tnmot wnys. ]uma cohhusogk gh okcustronf

bkgwficì jny tnbi pfnmi agrozgktnffy eitwiik prgcumirs gr virto-

mnffy eitwiik prgcumirs nkc okput suppfoirs, trncirs, nkc gtair sirvomi

prgvocirs.

• Fnegr jnrbit pggfok . N mgkmiktrntogk gh iktirprosis ik`nìc ok tai

snji gr sojofnr okcustrois mrintis n pggf gh fnegr wota sboffs spimohom

tg tagsi okcustrois. ]uma pggfok` nttrnmts nccotogknf fnegr wota rifi-

vnkt sboffs hrgj gutsoci. N typomnf ixnjpfi os tai nvnofneofoty gh

wocify costroeutic. Sai typi gh okcustry gr simtgr ghtik okhfuikmis tai ig`rnpaom

smnfi gh mfustirs. Hgr ixnjpfi, mfustirs gh n`rg-prgmissok` prgcumts tikc tg mgvir

fnrìr ìg`rnpaom nrins cui tg taior fokbnì wota fnkc-ensic n`romufturi (hgr

ixnjpfi, tai Pistirk Mnpi woki mfustir ok ]guta Nhromn).

Uifntic tg spntonf okti`roty nkc mgktoùoty, tai ìg`rnpaom smnfi gh mfustirs

vnrois hrgj tai fivif gh prgvokmi, moty, tgwk, nkc voffnì tg okkir-moty costromt, kioà-

egraggc, nkc striit. Hgr tai fnrìr ìg`rnpaom smnfi, mfustir-ensic horjs nri kgt

mgkhokic tg nk ixmfusovi nrin, eut nri sprinc nmrgss tai prgvokmi gr tai moty.

Paofi tai jndgroty gh mfustirs ok civifgpok` mguktrois prgcumi prgcumts sgfc

gkfy ok fgmnf gr kntogknf jnrbits, sgji prgcumi prgcumts hgr ixpgrt tg riògknf nkc`fgenf jnrbits. Ok sgji mnsis, suma ns ]unji Jn`nzoki ok Bujnso, @ankn, mgk-

sujirs gh sirvomis prgvocic ey tai mfustir mgji kgt gkfy hrgj ifsiwairi ok @ankn

eut nfsg hrgj kioàegrok` mguktrois suma ns Eurbokn Hnsg nkc ivik Koìron.





aujnk risgurmis ok tai hofj nkc iktirtnokjikt okcustrois ok Agffy-

wggc, Mnfohgrkon.

• ]pimonfozic oktirjiconti okputs nkc sirvomis. N``fgjirntogk gh okcustrois

nfsg nttrnmts spimonfozic suppfoirs gh okputs nkc sirvomis. ]ojofnr tg tai

fnegr jnrbit pggfok` ihhimt, spimonfozic suppfoirs gh okputs nkc sirvomis

ijirì egta oktirknffy (hgr ixnjpfi, sgji mfustir-ensic iktirprikiurs

saohtok` hrgj prgcumirs tg prgvocirs gh eusokiss suppgrt sirvomis) nkc

ixtirknffy (nttrnmtok` gutsoci suppfoirs nkc sirvomis).

Sai imgkgjom ìg`rnpay jgcif (jgri primosify ‖kiw imgkgjom ìg`-

rnpay‚ jgcif) prgvocis n hrnjiwgrb hgr ukcirstnkcok` agw imgkgjomnmtovotois mnk mgkmiktrnti ok mirtnok nrins.5 Sai jgcif nssirts tant trnks-

pgrtntogk mgsts mnk finc okcustrois tg n``fgjirnti ok mirtnok fgmntogks tg

mnpturi tai n``fgjirntogk ixtirknfotois cosmussic negvi.= Pota prgaoeo-

tovify aoà trnkspgrtntogk mgsts, n progro, okcustrois nri cospirsic nmrgss vnr-

ogus fgmntogks, eimnusi ot os gptojnf hgr horjs tg ei fgmntic mfgsi tg

mgksujirs. Sai ixtriji gppgsoti gmmurs waik tairi nri kg trnkspgrtntogk

mgsts. Pota kg trnkspgrtntogk mgsts, okcustrois nri n`nok cospirsic nmrgss

vnrogus fgmntogks eimnusi fgmntogk pir si cgis kgt mrinti nky prgcumtovotycohhiriktonf. Pota nk oktirjiconti fivif gh trnkspgrtntogk mgsts, mg-fgmntogk

wota fgmnf mgksujirs erok`s sjnffir eikihots tg horjs tank mg-fgmntogk wota

gtair horjs eimnusi gh n``fgjirntogk ixtirknfotois njgk` horjs. Saos os

pnrtomufnrfy trui waik prgcumt cohhiriktontogk (nkc covosogk gh tnsbs)

ikmgurnìs horjs tg euofc oktirhorj kitwgrbs gh oktirjiconti okput suppfo-

irs nkc euyirs. Saisi oktirhorj fokbnìs, ns wiff ns trnkspgrtntogk mgst snv-

ok`s ok horj-tg-horj saoppok` gh jntironfs, finc tg paysomnf n``fgjirntogk

gh okcustrois ok spimohom fgmntogks.Issiktonffy, tai pgsotovi ixtirknfotois crovi n``fgjirntogk. \rgcumt coh-

hiriktontogk iknefis horjs tg euofc euyir-suppfoir rifntogksaops gh oktir-

jiconti okputs (egta `ggcs nkc sirvomis) fgmnffy wotaok mfustirs. Saos

jnbis mg-fgmntok` wota gtair horjs prgcumok` cohhiriktontic prgcumts

nttrnmtovi. N sboffic fnegr hgrmi tant jgvis oktg fgmntogks wairi okcus-

trois n``fgjirnti nfsg ikankmis tai eikihots gh mg-fgmntok` wota gtair

horjs. Sai okmrinsic suppfy gh sboffic fnegr nkc prgvocirs gh oktirjiconti

okputs (egta `ggcs nkc sirvomis) ìkirntis `noks ok ihhomoikmy nkc prgcum-

tovoty njgk` prgcumirs gh hoknf `ggcs ok tai mfustir (enmbwnrc fokbnìihhimt ). Sai aoàir prgcumtovoty nttrnmts jgri horjs tg tai mfustir, waoma

mrintis kiw cijnkc hgr sboffic fnegr nkc spimonfozic oktirjiconti okputs

gh egta `ggcs nkc sirvomis ( hgrwnrc fokbnì ihhimt ). Sai enmbwnrc nkc hgr-

wnrc fokbnì ihhimts wotaok mfustirs nri offustrntic ok hoùri =.>.3




Nmmgrcok` tg tai imgkgjom ìg`rnpay jgcif, tai pnttirk gh cospirsogk

nkc n``fgjirntogk gh okcustrois ok ìg`rnpaom spnmi rists gk tai enfnkmi

eitwiik n``fgjirntogk hgrmis (jgri timakomnffy, miktropitnf hgrmis) nkc

cospirsogk hgrmis (miktrohu`nf hgrmis). N``fgjirntogk hgrmis nttrnmt horjs tg

fgmnti mfgsi tg gki nkgtair, waofi cospirsogk hgrmis jnbi horjs fgmnti

npnrt hrgj gki nkgtair. Sai jgst typomnf cospirsogk hgrmi mgjis hrgjki`ntovi ixtirknfotois risuftok` hrgj mgkìstogk. Mgkmiktrntogk gh img-

kgjom nmtovotois jny nfsg ricumi prgcumtovoty ey mrgwcok` gut paysomnf

spnmi (fotirnffy mrintok` mgkìstogk) ns wiff ns jnrbit spnmi (okmrinsok`

wnìs nkc tai promi gh fnkc), risuftok` ok fgwir prghotneofoty hgr tai

n``fgjirntic horjs. Sagsi ki`ntovi ojpfomntogks gh paysomnf mgkmiktrn-

togks nri mgffimtovify mnffic mgkìstogk ihhimts.

Eiygkc Srnkspgrtntogk Mgsts4 Jnrbit nkc @gvirkjiktHnofuris, Srnksnmtogk Mgsts, nkc Okcustronf Mfustirs

Ok tai mgktixt gh civifgpjikt, tai imgkgjom ìg`rnpay hrnjiwgrb gh

okcustronf n``fgjirntogk kiics tg ei nu`jiktic wota gtair hnmtgrs, tai

jgst ojpgrtnkt eiok` trnksnmtogk mgsts ìkirntic ey jnrbit hnofuris nkc

`gvirkjikt hnofuris. Srnksnmtogk mgsts nri aoà ok civifgpok` imgkgjois

ok Nhromn, ns wiff ns ok gtair riògks, eimnusi gh okairikt jnrbit hnofuris

hrgj okmgjpfiti mgktrnmts, okhgrjntogk nsyjjitry, nkc fnmb gh prgpir

jnrbit okstotutogks tg joto`nti suma jnrbit hnofuris. @gvirkjikt hnofuris,suma ns okihhomoikt nkc eurciksgji riùfntogks, nfsg mgktroeuti tg tai

aoà trnksnmtogk mgsts gh cgok` eusokiss ok Nhromn. Ok nk ikvorgkjikt gh

aoà trnksnmtogk mgsts, okhgrjnf sgmonf kitwgrbs, suma ns itakom kitwgrbs, mnk

ricumi trnksnmtogk mgsts, okmfucok` sinrma mgsts, nkc hnmofotnti okhgrjntogk

Okcustronf Mfustirs ns Knturnf N``fgjirntogks gh Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosis 3?

Hoùri =.> Enmbwnrc nkc Hgrwnrc Fokbnìs nkc N``fgjirntogk


sboffic fnegr pggfok` nkc

n``fgjirntogk gh

oktirjiconti okput

prgvocirs

prgcumtovoty `nok ok

hoknf `ggcs

prgcumtogk

hgrwnrc fokbnì enmbwnrc fokbnì

n``fgjirntogk gh hoknf `ggcs prgcumirs



hfgws ensic gk n trust rifntogksaop njgk` jijeirs.9 Itakom kitwgrbs aifp

iktriprikiurs wotaok nk itakom `rgup tg getnok hoknkmi nkc euofc euyir-

suppfoir rifntogksaops wota gtair jijeirs gh tai `rgup.

Nkgtair typi gh okhgrjnf kitwgrb os ensic gk n trust rifntogksaop

civifgpic ok fgmntogk-ensic mgjjukotois, waoma os nkgtair rinsgk way

horjs, pnrtomufnrfy jomrg nkc sjnff horjs, n``fgjirnti ok civifgpok` mguk-

trois. ]gkgei nkc Gtsubn (5<<8n) nrùi tant okcustronf mfustirs hnmofotnti

jnrbit trnksnmtogks ey ricumok` trnksnmtogk mgsts. Gwok` tg tai iktir-

prosis‟ ìg`rnpaom prgxojoty, okhgrjntogk negut tai timakgfgòmnf mnpnm-

otois gh okcovocunf iktirprosis, taior jnrbitok` eianvogr, nkc tai mgkcumt

nkc pirsgknfoty gh taior jnknìrs os puefom bkgwficì wotaok tai mfustir.Nt n jomrg fivif, itakomoty pfnys n spimohom rgfi ok mfustir hgrjntogk ns

wiff. Cntn hrgj tai Dnpnk Oktirkntogknf Mggpirntogk Nìkmy stucy gh n

hurkoturi mfustir ok Nrusan, Snkznkon, prisiktic ok manptir 9, sagw tant

gwkirs gh hurkoturi wgrbsagps maggsi tg fgmnti ok n suemfustir gh wgrb-

sagps gwkic ey pigpfi hrgj tai snji itakom `rgup.

Sai strgk` bkgwficì-sanrok` ikvorgkjikt gh mfustirs hgstirs trust

rifntogksaops njgk` mfustir-ensic iktriprikiurs eimnusi civontogks hrgj

mgjjukoty kgrjs ok eusokiss mgkcumt nri cosmgurnìc ey tai riputn-togknf rosbs tant iktriprikiurs hnmi ok suma nk ikvorgkjikt. Oh nk gwkir‟s

riputntogk os quistogknefi, tai iktirprosi woff fgsi mustgjirs nkc jny

iviktunffy hnmi enkbruptmy. Jgrgsoko (5<<3) manrnmtirozis okcustronf mfus-

tirs ns ‖sgmonf mgjjukotois.‚ ]jnff-smnfi iktriprikiurs hgrj mfustirs ns n

jimankosj hgr mgpok` wota aoà trnksnmtogk mgsts tant nri nssgmontic wota

okhgrjntogk nsyjjitry nkc okmgjpfiti mgktrnmts ok tai ìkirnf jnrbit

ikvorgkjikt.

Mfustirs nfsg prgvoci n jimankosj hgr mgrrimtok` mggrcokntogk hnofurisnjgk` horjs ey nvgocok` tai ‖agfc-up‚ prgefij ok jnbok` okvistjikts

tant eikihot juftopfi horjs targuà euyir-suppfoir rifntogksaops. Ok tai fot-

irnturi gk okcustronf mfustirs, taos ‖mgrrimtogk‚ os rifntic tg tai mgkmipt gh

‖mgffimtovi ihhomoikmy,‚ waoma ]majotz nkc Kncvo (>???) cihoki ns tai

‖mgjpitotovi ncvnktnì cirovic hrgj ixtirknf imgkgjois nkc dgokt nmtogk‚

ok okcustronf mfustirs. Ok taior mgkmipt gh mgffimtovi ihhomoikmy, pgsotovi

n``fgjirntogk ixtirknfotois riprisikt ‖pnssovi‚ mgffimtovi ihhomoikmy, waofi

dgokt nmtogk riprisikts ‖nmtovi‚ ihhomoikmy. Dgokt nmtogk os tai kgtogk tant

horjs jny mgksmogusfy maggsi tg mggpirnti nkc mgffnegrnti. ]majotz nkc

Kncvo nrùi tant mfustirs ijirì nkc taior `rgwta cipikcs gk waitair

pnrtomopntok` horjs anvi n`riic tg mggpirnti wota inma gtair ok prgvocok`

oktrn-mfustir puefom `ggcs (hgr ixnjpfi, sanrok` okhrnstrumturi suma ns

stgrnì gr trnokok` hnmofotois), mggrcokntok` taior nmtogks, nkc oktirknfozok`




n``fgjirntogk ixtirknfotois. Dgokt nmtogks mnk nfsg nffivonti ki`ntovi mgkìs-

togk ihhimts (hgr ixnjpfi, pgffutogk mgktrgfs). Ok n hiw ixnjpfis gh okcus-

tronf mfustirs, suma dgokt nmtogks nri ergbiric targuà mfustir nssgmontogks

nkc fincirsaop ey sikogr iktriprikiurs wag anvi eiik gpirntok` ok tai

mfustirs fgkìr tank gtairs. Ok sgji mnsis fincok` iktirprosis ok tai mfustirs

vgfuktnrofy prgvoci puefom `ggcs tant nri kgt rifntic corimtfy tg mgjjirmonf

trnksnmtogks, suma ns jiitok` spnmi hgr mfustir nssgmontogks, waoma hnmofotnti

tai ixmankì gh bkgwficì njgk` mfustir-ensic iktriprikiurs.

Ixtirknf Fokbnìs nkc Mfustir MgjpitotovikissSai stnkcnrc imgkgjom ig`rnpay jgcif cismroeic inrfoir prgvocis n `ggc

hrnjiwgrb hgr ukcirstnkcok` tai mfustirok` gh okcustrois hrgj n `fgenf

(ìkirnf iquofoerouj) pgokt gh voiw. Sai tarii biy hinturis gh tai hrnji-

wgrb nri (>) ikcgìkgus n``fgjirntogk hgrmis nkc enfnkmi eitwiik

n``fgjirntogk nkc cospirsogk hgrmis, (5) tai sifh-riokhgrmok` jimankosj gh

n``fgjirntogk targuà enmbwnrc nkc hgrwnrc fokbnìs wota mfustirs, nkc

(=) jnrbit nmmiss eiygkc tai mfustir gr tai fgmnf jnrbit targuà ricumic

hromtogk ok trncok` gr, jgri spimohomnffy, ricumic trnkspgrtntogk nkc trnksnm-togk mgsts. Sai spntonf imgkgjoms hrnjiwgrb gh okcustronf mfustirs os, ok hnmt,

quoti sojofnr tg tai ‖conjgkc jgcif‚ gh mgjpitotovi ncvnktnì civifgpic

ey Jomanif \grtir (sii hoùri =.5).

Gki gh tai jgst so`kohomnkt ojpfomntogks gh taos hrnjiwgrb gh okcus-

tronf mfustirs hrgj n spntonf imgkgjom pgokt gh voiw os tant tai ixtirknf

jnrbit fokbnìs gh mfustir-ensic horjs nri ns ojpgrtnkt ns oktrn-mfustir

kitwgrbs gh horjs (tant os, jnrbit nmmiss eiygkc tai mfustir gr tai fgmnf

jnrbit). Nftaguà fgmnfozic n``fgjirntogk ixtirknfotois, ok mgkdukmtogkwota snvok`s hrgj trnkspgrtntogk nkc trnksnmtogk mgsts wotaok n fgmntogk,

suppgrt okotonf mfustir hgrjntogk, n mfustir woff kgt `rgw ukfiss jijeir

horjs anvi `ggc fokbnìs wota ixtirknf jnrbits (mgksujirs), gtair horjs

oksoci nkc gutsoci tai mfustir (okput prgvocirs), nkc hnmtgrs gh prgcumtogk

(sboffic fnegr nkc timakgfg`y).

N``fgjirntogk hgrmis prgcumi n strgk` fgmb-ok ihhimt, ritnokok` horjs

nfrincy ok tai mfustir nkc nttrnmtok` gtairs hrgj gutsoci. Saos fgmb-ok

ihhimt wgrbs pgsotovify tg ikmgurnì tai `rgwta gh mfustirs ok taior okotonf

stnì, eut eimgjis ki`ntovi ok tai fgk` ruk ey citirrok` okkgvntogk nkcsustnokic `rgwta. Oktirknf systijs nkc mufturi eimgji fiss hfixoefi ok

ncgptok` kiw ocins nkc systijs ns n``fgjirntogk mgktokuis. Eimnusi gh

tai sifh-riokhgrmok` jimankosj gh n``fgjirntogk targuà enmbwnrc nkc

hgrwnrc fokbnì ihhimts, mfustirs mnk fgmb ok suegptojnf fivifs gh sboffs

Okcustronf Mfustirs ns Knturnf N``fgjirntogks gh Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosis 9>







jnrbit. Ok jinsurok` tai pirhgrjnkmi `np eitwiik mfustiric nkc cos-

pirsic sjnff nkc jicouj iktirprosis ok Fojn, Xossir (>???) gesirvis tant

mfustiric prgcumirs ok @njnrrn cipikc fiss gk hnjofy fnegr tank horjs

gutsoci tai mfustir, nkc oh taiy cg cipikc gk hnjofy jijeirs, tai rifntovis

rimiovi pnyjikt. Kgt gkfy wiri tagsi mfustirs euoft gk ixostok` mgkmiktrn-

togks gh sboffic fnegr, eut taiy nfsg nttrnmt jo`rnkt wgrbirs hrgj ifsiwairi.

Yp`rncok` tai fivif gh sboffs wotaok n mfustir os viry ojpgrtnkt.

JmMgrjomb (>???) gesirvis tant sgji mfustirs ok ]ue-]nanrnk Nhromn

ixpiroikmi n fnegr ‖cosnefok`‚ ihhimt, wairi tai kiw pggf gh fnegr eiok`

nttrnmtic tg tai mfustir cgis kgt pgssiss suhhomoikt sboffs ix nkti, wota tai

risuft tant tai n``fgjirntogk gh fnegr cgis kgt up`rnci tai mfustir.?

N``fgjirntogk hgrmi nttrnmts kgt gkfy wgrbirs wota spimonfozic sboffs, eut

nfsg wgrbirs wotagut suma sboffs oh tairi os nk oksuhhomoikt suppfy gh tai

hgrjir. ]boff up`rncok` wotaok n mfustir os ojpgrtnkt kgt gkfy hgr nvgocok`

taos typi gh cosnefok` ihhimt eut nfsg hgr suppgrtok` tai mfustir‟s `rgwta

nkc survovnf (hrgj ixtirknf mgjpitotogk). Fobi gtair Nhromnk mfustirs pgp-

ufntic ey jomrg iktirprosis, tai vnst jndgroty gh wgrbirs ok tai mfustir gh

]unji Jn`nzoki cg kgt anvi pgstsimgkcnry icumntogk nkc nri ijpfgyic

targuà okhgrjnf hnjofy mgkkimtogks. Tik` (5<<1) kgtis tant tai mfustiros hnmok` nk gvirsuppfy gh kiw iktrnkts ns n risuft gh fgw iktry enrroirs

nkc fgw fivif timakgfg`y. ]ojofnrfy, tai fnmb gh sboffs njgk` wgrbirs ok tai

Fnbi Xomtgron hosaok` mfustirs (ok Y`nkcn ns wiff ns Bikyn) ans eiik n mrot-

omnf egttfikimb hgr up`rncok` tai timakgfgòmnf fivif gh mfustir gpirntogks

(Gyifnrnk-Gyiyokbn nkc JmMgrjomb 5<<0).

Jnky stucois sagw tant tai ixostikmi gh n suhhomoikt pggf gh sboffic fnegr

nt tai fgmnf fivif os n primgkcotogk hgr n mfustir‟s summiss. Sai summiss gh OS

mfustirs suma ns tai gki ok Enk`nfgri os mrotomnffy cipikcikt gk tai fgmnfpggf gh icumntic wgrbirs (Bumaobo nkc Ssudo 5<<9). Saos riquorijikt

nppfois tg HCO-crovik mfustirs suma ns tagsi ok Xoitknj, eimnusi hgrio`k

okvistgrs‟ magomi gh fgmntogk os so`kohomnktfy okhfuikmic ey tai fgmnf nvnof-

neofoty gh sboffic wgrbirs nt rifntovify fgw mgst. ]ojofnrfy, n priixostok`

sboffic fnegr jnrbit os nk ojpgrtnkt mgkcotogk hgr ixpgrt-groiktic mfus-

tirs suma ns ok ]onfbgt, \nbostnk.

Bkgwficì ]poffgvir nkc Okkgvntogk

Sai viry knturi gh okcustronf mfustirs–paysomnf prgxojoty nkc mgjjgk(gr sojofnr) okcustronf nmtovotois njgk` horjs–jnbis bkgwficì nkc

timakgfgòmnf spoffgvirs njgk` horjs rifntovify insy. Ok tai Fucaonkn

wggfik bkotwinr mfustir ok Okcon, Siwnro (>???) cgmujikts agw jnrbit-

spimohom bkgwficì aifc njgk` n `rgup gh ixpgrtirs tg Pistirk Iurgpi




ans cohhusic tg gtair horjs ok tai mfustir, aifpok` tai mfustir tg ojprgvi

ots ixpgrt mgjpitotovikiss nhtir imgkgjom foeirnfozntogk ok >??>. Sai

Gtoèn mgjputir mfustir ok Koìron ans eiik summisshuf ok ixpnkcok` tai

mgri timakgfg`y gh horjs targuà nppriktomisaops nkc bkgwficì sanrok`.

Ok jnky mfustirs ok civifgpok` mguktrois, ixtirknf bkgwficì nkc

timakgfgòis pfny nk ojpgrtnkt rgfi ok prgvocok` tai okotonf stip tgwnrc

okkgvntogk. Sai jgst offustrntovi ixtirknf sgurmi os HCO, ns siik ok jnky

mfustirs ok Inst Nson, suma ns okcustronf mfustirs ok Maokn nkc Xoitknj.

Ok sgji mnsis, oktirknf sgurmis pfny n jgri so`kohomnkt rgfi ok okkg-

vntogk. Hgr ixnjpfi, ok tai Fucaonkn jitnfwgrbok` mfustir, horjs‟

mgst-muttok` ojprgvijikts nkc fgw-mgst ncnptntogk nkc ripfomntogk gh jnmaokiry nffgwic sjnff horjs tg up`rnci taior prgcumtogk prgmissis

nt n rifntovify rnpoc rnti nkc fgw mgst. Ns wota tai fnegr hgrmi, tai pri-

ixostok` qunfoty gh horjs‟ bkgwficì mgufc ei nk ojpgrtnkt hnmtgr ok

citirjokok` waitair okkgvntogk trufy wgrbs wotaok n mfustir. Ok gtair

wgrcs, want nk iktriprikiur nfrincy bkgws os ojpgrtnkt (Gyifnrnk-

Gyiyokbn nkc JmMgrjomb 5<<0).

Agw mnk horjs up`rnci sboffs wotaok n mfustir7 Ok sgji mfustirs, pnrtom-

ufnrfy tagsi ok aoà-tima okcustrois suma ns tai OS mfustir ok Enk`nfgri,horjs trnok taior ijpfgyiis tg ei mgjpitotovi wotaok tai mfustir (Bumaobo

nkc Ssudo 5<<9). Jnky mfustirs anvi trnokok` hnmofotois nkc prg`rnjs tant

nri puefom `ggcs prgvocic ey fgmnf jnkuhnmturok` nssgmontogks gr mggpir-

ntovis, nk ixnjpfi gh tai ‖dgokt nmtogk‚ kgtogk gh ]majotz nkc Kncvo

(>???). Jnky suma trnokok` hnmofotois nkc prg`rnjs rimiovi hoknkmonf sup-

pgrt hrgj oktirkntogknf cgkgrs, okmfucok` eofntirnf nkc juftofntirnf civif-

gpjikt nìkmois nkc kgk`gvirkjiktnf gr`nkozntogks. Paitair suma

okstotutogks finc tg timakgfgòmnf up`rncok` vnrois njgk` mfustirs. Sai mnsistucois gh Nhromnk okcustronf mfustirs mgjpofic ey Gyifnrnk-Gyiyokbn nkc

JmMgrjomb (5<<0) su`ìst tant trnokok` okstotutogks cg kgt jnbi juma

ihhgrt tg ghhir prg`rnjs rifivnkt tg tai eusokissis ok kinrey mfustirs.><

Ui`nrcfiss gh waitair bkgwficì nkc timakgfgòis nri nmquoric ixtir-

knffy gr oktirknffy, tai jimankosj gh okkgvntogk os mrotomnf hgr mfustir

`rgwta. Nbgtik, Gtsubn, nkc ]gkgei (5<<8), ok tai mgktixt gh n sagi mfus-

tir ok Nccos Nenen, Itaogpon, gesirvi tant tai mfustir‟s `rgwta ans eiik

crovik kgt gkfy ey tai iktry gh kiw iktirprosis, eut nfsg ey tai `rgwta gh

okkgvntovi iktirprosis nkc hgffgwirs2 jgrigvir, aoàfy icumntic iktripri-kiurs oktrgcumi kiw ocins gk prgcumt ciso`k, prgcumtogk jitagcs, prg-

cumtogk nkc fnegr jnknìjikt, prgmurijikt, nkc jnrbitok`, eimnusi

taiy hnmi hoirmi mgjpitotogk hrgj n swnrj gh jomrg iktirprosis tant nri

aoàfy ihhomoikt prgcumirs gh stnkcnrc prgcumts.




Ensic gk n sirois gh ijporomnf stucois gh spimohom okcustronf mfustirs ok Nson

(Maokn, Okcon, Dnpnk, nkc Snownk, Maokn ) ns wiff ns ok Nhromn (Itaogpon,

@ankn, nkc Bikyn), ]gkgei nkc Gtsubn (5<<8e) sujjnrozi want taiy mnff

nk ‖ikcgìkgus jgcif‚ gh okcustronf civifgpjikt targuà okcustronf mfus-

tirs (sii tnefi =.>).

Oktirhorj Fokbnìs nkc Jnrbit Nmmiss

Enmbwnrc nkc hgrwnrc fokbnìs nri ìkirnffy vosoefi ok tai vnst jndgroty

gh mfustirs. Tik` (5<<1) cgmujikts tai mnsis gh cohhirikt mfustirs ok

Nhromn (hgr ixnjpfi, Fnbi Xomtgron hosaok`, Gtoèn mgjputir voffnì,

]unji Jn`nzoki) ok hgrjok` mfustir-ensic vnfui manoks ok waoma horjssanri jnss mfoiktifi, sykiròis, bkgwficì kitwgrbs, nkc okhrnstrumturi

(okmfucok` hnmofotois nkc sirvomis). Ok hnmt, mfustirs prgvoci n jimankosj

hgr mgrrimtok` mggrcokntogk hnofuris njgk` horjs ey hnmofotntok` kimissnry

okvistjikts tant eikihot juftopfi horjs nt tai snji toji. Mfustir-ensic

iktirprosis tant anvi civifgpic n trust rifntogksaop mnk tnbi dgokt nmtogk

ey maggsok` tg mggpirnti nkc mgffnegrnti gk okvistok` ok puefom `ggcs (hgr

ixnjpfi, sanrok` okhrnstrumturi suma ns stgrnì gr trnokok` hnmofotois) nkc

joto`ntok` mgjjgk prgefijs suma ns pgffutogk (sii egx =.5). Mfustirsnrgukc tai wgrfc gwi taior summiss tg strgk` dgokt nmtogk njgk` pnrtomo-

pntok` iktriprikiurs.


Snefi =.> Nk Ikcgìkgus Jgcif gh Okcustronf Civifgpjikt

\ansi

\rogr ixpiroikmi

gh jnknìrs Icumntogk

Okkgvntogk,

ojotntogk,

prgcumtovoty `rgwta Okstotutogk

Okotontogk Jirmankts nkcikòkiirs

Fgw Ojotntic hgrio`ktimakgfg`y corimtfy

gr okcorimtfy

Oktirknf prgcumtogk gh pnrts, mgjpgkikts,

nkc hoknf prgcumts

ûnktoty

ixpnksogk

]pokghhs nkc

iktry hrgj

vnrogus hoifcs

Joxic Ojotntic timakgfg`y,

stn`knkt

prgcumtovoty, nkc

cimfokok`

prghotneofoty

Jnrbit trnksnmtogks,

covosogk gh fnegr, nkc

hgrjntogk gh okcus-

tronf mfustir

ûnfoty

ojprgvijikt

]imgkc

ìkirntogk gh hgukcirs nkc

kiwmgjirs

wota kiw ocins

Xiry ao a Juftohnmitic

okkgvntogks, ixotgh jnky

iktirprosis, nkc

okmrinsok`

prgcumtovoty

Uiputntogk nkc ernkc

knjis, corimt snfis,suemgktrnmts gr

virtomnf okti`rntogk,

nkc ijirìkmi gh

fnrì iktirprosis

]gurmi4 ]gkgei nkc Gtsubn 5<<8e.



Oktirhorj fokbnìs targuà euyir-suppfoir rifntogks nkc suemgktrnmtok`,

waoma nri tai mgri hnmtgr ok taombikok` enmbwnrc nkc hgrwnrc fokbnìs ns

wiff ns hnmofotntok` bkgwficì spoffgvirs wotaok mfustirs, nri nfsg vosoefi ok

sgji mfustirs ok ]ue-]nanrnk Nhromn ns wiff ns ifsiwairi. ]uemgktrnmtok`

os tai jgst vosoefi hgrj gh ‖dgokt nmtogk‚ njgk` horjs wotaok mfustirs. Hgr

ixnjpfi, suemgktrnmtok` os privnfikt ok ]unji Jn`nzoki ok @ankn, ok

mut-hfgwir mfustirs ok Bikyn, nkc ok ankcomrnhts mfustirs ok Jwikì nkc

hurkoturi mfustirs ok Bibg, egta ok Snkznkon, nmmgrcok` tg Tik` (5<<1).

Sai ixtikt tg waoma gpirntogknf kitwgrbs nri civifgpic wotaok n

mfustir cipikcs gk tai ci`rii gh spimonfozntogk gh tnsbs wotaok ot. Ok


Egx =.5

Mfustirs nkc tai Ikvorgkjikt

Sai spntonf mgkmiktrntogk gh okcustronf mfustirs ans ki`ntovi ikvorgkjiktnf ixtir-

knfotois, suma ns fgmnf pgffutogk. Ok fnrì-smnfi okcustronf mfustirs ok Nsonk mguktrois,

pgffutogk ok okcustronf mfustirs os n sirogus nkc rgwok` mgkmirk hgr pgfomy jnbirs.

Ok Okcon tai Miktrnf \gffutogk nkc Mgktrgf Egnrc ok mgksuftntogk wota tai Jokostry

gh Ikvorgkjikt nkc Hgrist rimiktfy mgkcumtic n stucy tg nssiss tai fivif gh pgf-

futogk njgk` 3= okcustronf mfustirs ok tai mguktry, nppfyok` tai mgjpriaiksovi

ikvorgkjiktnf pgffutogk okcix. \gffutogk os nfsg n prgefij ok okcustronf mfustirs okNhromn. N hurkoturi mfustir ok Bujnso, @ankn, ans rimiovic n `rgwok` kujeir gh

mgjpfnokts gh wntir pgffutogk ok tai kioàegrok` nrins. Dgokt nmtogk wotaok mfus-

tirs tg nccriss tai prgefij os okmrinsok`fy ojpgrtnkt, nkc prgpir puefom pgfomy

oktirviktogks jny ei kimissnry.

Nt tai snji toji, okcustronf mfustirs mgufc tnbi okkgvntovi npprgnmais tg

nccrissok` ikvorgkjiktnf prgefijs ey fivirnòk` dgokt nmtogks njgk` iktir-

prosis. Hgr ixnjpfi, okcustronf wnsti ìkirntic wotaok mfustirs mgufc ei usic tg

mrinti kiw gppgrtukotois hgr eusokissis, ns gesirvic ok tai civifgpjikt gh okcustrois usok` smrnp jitnfs ok ]unji Jn`nzoki (Nryiitiy, Gwusu, nkc ûnrtiy

5<<?). Horjs mgufc nfsg snvi mgsts ey mgffnegrntok` gk wnsti cospgsnf nkc rimy-

mfok`. ]gji mfustirs anvi tnbik mgffimtovi nmtogk tg jgcirkozi iquopjikt (suma

ns tistok` tggfs) tg mgjpfy wota snkotnry nkc paytgsnkotnry stnkcnrcs ok tai Iurg-

pink Ykogk jnrbit, ns ok tai hosa-prgmissok` mfustir ok Bosuju, Bikyn, hgr taior

ixpgrts gh Kofi pirma hrgj Fnbi Xomtgron.

]gurmi4 Nutagrs.



Okcon‟s Fucaonkn mfustir, horjs try tg imgkgjozi taior gpirntogks ey

civifgpok` nk ixtiksovi systij gh fgmnf suemgktrnmtok` nkc tnsb-ensic

spimonfozntogks tant aifp tg fgwir mgsts nkc sprinc rosbs. Saos ixtiksovi

covosogk gh fnegr nttrnmts upstrinj nkc cgwkstrinj okcustrois tg tai

riògk, suma ns hokosaok` sirvomis, costroeutogk prgvocirs, nkc mnpotnf

`ggcs prgcumirs, waoma gvir toji anvi ciipikic tai riògk‟s okcustronf

strumturi (Siwnro >???).

Mfustirs ok jgri jnturi stnìs prgcumi timakgfgòmnffy jgri ncvnkmic

prgcumts tank mfustirs ok okmopoikt stnìs, nkc taior prgcumts nri ghtik

ixpgrtic tg oktirkntogknf jnrbits, wairi taiy hnmi `fgenf mgjpitotgrs.

Sagsi mfustirs nri nhhimtic corimtfy ey civifgpjikts ok trnci pgfomois, sumans ojpgrt foeirnfozntogk nkc okmrinsic mgjpitotogk wota ojpgrtic prgc-

umts. Mgjpitotovikiss ok ixpgrt jnrbits os mrumonf hgr tagsi mfustirs wota

ri`nrc tg egta promi nkc qunfoty. Paofi prgcumok` timakgfgòmnffy jgri

ncvnkmic prgcumts gr aoàir-qunfoty prgcumts nffgws horjs ok mfustirs tg

ixpnkc taior jnrbit nmmiss tg kgkfgmnf jnrbits, okmfucok` ixpgrt jnrbits,

sgji nspimts gh okcustronf gr`nkozntogk rifntic tg enmbwnrc nkc hgrwnrc

fokbnìs pfny n povgtnf rgfi ok hnmofotntok` jnrbit ixpnksogk.

Ns kgtic ey ]gkgei nkc Gtsubn (5<<8n) hgr Nsonk mfustirs gr eyGyifnrnk-Gyiyokbn nkc JmMgrjomb (5<<0) hgr Nhromnk mfustirs, trncir-

jnkuhnmturir kitwgrbs pfny n povgtnf rgfi ok fokbok` mfustir-ensic prgc-

umts nkc kgkfgmnf jnrbits. ]gkgei nkc Gtsubn (5<<8n) kgti tant sgji

mfustir-ensic okkgvntogk os crovik ey jirmankts (ns gppgsic tg prgcumirs

gr ikòkiirs). N trncir kitwgrb os pnrtomufnrfy ihhimtovi waik mfustir-

ensic prgcumirs nri fgmntic ok spimohomnffy mgkhokic gr zgkic nrins

(Nbgtik nkc Gtsubn 5<<0). Ysok` surviy cntn gh fgmnf jomrg nkc sjnff

`nrjikt prgcumirs ok sivirnf mfustirs ok Knorgeo, Nbgtik nkc Gtsubn(5<<0) sagw tant wiff-icumntic nkc aoàfy sgmonffy kitwgrbic tnofgrs

wag nri mnpnefi gh prgcumok` n mirtnok qunfoty gh prgcumt nri fobify tg

fokb up wota trncirs tg eimgji jomrg jnkuhnmturirs gvir toji, su`ìst-

ok` tant trnksnmtogks wota trncirs iknefi jomrg jnkuhnmturirs tg gutpir-

hgrj tnofgrs, aifpok` tg trnkshgrj tai jgci gh okcustronf prgcumtogk ok

civifgpok` imgkgjois.

Ykfobi mfustirs ok tai inrfy stnì gh okcustronfozntogk, jgri jnturi

mfustirs–tai ]onfbgt suròmnf okstrujikt mfustir ok \nbostnk, ]okgs sagi

mfustir ok Ernzof, nkc tai sagi mfustir ok @uncnfndnrn, Jixomg–tikc tgei hgrmic tg pirhgrj tg `fgenf stnkcnrcs ok jnttirs kgt dust gh mgsts, eut

nfsg gh qunfoty, okmfucok` tojify rispgksis tg kiw civifgpjikts ok jnr-

bit nmmiss (ok pnrtomufnr, kgktnrohh enrroirs) ok ixpgrt jnrbits. Ok taisi




mfustirs, ihhimtovi dgokt nmtogks, agrozgktnf nmtogks njgk` mfustir-ensic

horjs, ns wiff ns virtomnf nmtogks eitwiik mfustir-ensic horjs nkc oktir-

jiconrois nkc euyirs ok ixpgrt jnrbits anvi eiik nk ojpgrtnkt hnmtgr

ok hnmofotntok` nkc sustnokok` taior jnrbit nmmiss ok tai ivikt gh mankìs

ok jnrbit mgkcotogks nergnc. Ok tai mnsi gh ixpgrt-groiktic mfustirs suma

ns ]onfbgt, horjs nmquori ojpgrtnkt bkgwficì hrgj hgrio`k euyirs gh

taior prgcumts. Ok tai ]onfbgt mfustir, @irjnk horjs sikt jitnffuròmnf

ikòkiirs tg trnok tai ]onfbgt pnrtkir horj ok qunfoty mgktrgf nkc prgcum-

togk ikòkiirok` (Kncvo >??8, >???).>> Ok @uncnfndnrn, trnci foeirnfozn-

togk (hgr ixnjpfi, Jixomg‟s nmmissogk tg tai @ikirnf N`riijikt gk

Snrohhs nkc Srnci ok tai fnti >?1<s) ojprgvic egta agrozgktnf nkc virto-mnf mggpirntogk njgk` mfustir-ensic horjs ok okhgrjntogk ixmankì,

timakgfgòmnf nssostnkmi, qunfoty mgktrgf, ki`gtontogk gk pnyjikt nkc

cifoviry mgkcotogks, nkc sittok` gh prgcumt spimohomntogks.

]gji mfustirs ok Inst Nson wiri mnrihuffy fgmntic ok nrins tant mgufc

sojuftnkigusfy pursui ikankmic oktirhorj fokbnìs nkc kiw ncvnktnìs

ok jnrbit nmmiss. Sai civifgpjikt gh Instirk ]inegnrc ok Sanofnkc,

waoma stnrtic wota n jnssovi okhrnstrumturi okvistjikt tg nttrnmt ixpgrt-

groiktic HCO, wns nmmgjpnkoic ey nk ixtiksovi ihhgrt fokbok` HCO horjswota cgjistom suppfoirs (‖rivirsi trnci hnor‚ ey tai Dnpnk Ixtirknf Srnci

Gr`nkozntogk). Ns n risuft, Instirk ]inegnrc ans eimgji tai aue gh nk

nutgjgeofi vnfui manok kitwgrb ok Inst Nson okvgfvok` n woci vnroity gh

cgjistom suppfoirs ihhimtovify fokbic tg tai ixpgrt jnrbit. ]ojofnr jima-

nkosjs nri gesirvic ok Cnfonk, Maokn, nkc kgrtairk Xoitknj (Jutg,

Snbiumao, nkc Bgobi 5<<0).

Ugfi gh Mfustirs ok Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosi Civifgpjikt

Sai mgkmiptunf hrnjiwgrb gh okcustronf mfustirs nkc tai sujjnry gh

ijporomnf ivocikmi prisiktic negvi aoàfoàt tai hgffgwok` aypgtaisis

gk tai rgfi gh okcustronf mfustirs ok aifpok` jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis tg

gvirmgji taior sozi mgkstrnokts nkc ikankmi taior eusokiss pirhgrjnkmi

ok Nhromn.

• Mfustir-fivif imgkgjois gh smnfi. Ns n jimankosj tg gvirmgji sozi mgk-

strnokts, tairi mgufc ei mfustir-fivif imgkgjois gh smnfi ok ikankmok`horj-fivif eusokiss pirhgrjnkmi ns gppgsic tg horj-fivif imgkgjois gh

smnfi. Pant nri tai pgtiktonf rgfis gh kitwgrbs njgk` jnkuhnmturirs

(hgr ixnjpfi, suemgktrnmtok`) oksoci nkc gutsoci gh mfustirs7

Okcustronf Mfustirs ns Knturnf N``fgjirntogks gh Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosis 9?





Kgtis

>. Pgrfc Enkb (5<<?) ans n usihuf sujjnry gh agw okcustronf mfustirs cohhirhrgj okcustronf pnrbs, I\Ts, nkc okcustronf pgfomois.

5. Sai kiw imgkgjom ìg`rnpay jgcif (okmfucok` ots vnronkts) os n ìkirnf-

iquofoerouj jgcif tant ixpfnoks n``fgjirntogk gh okcustrois nkc fnegr

hgrmi. Sai mgri-piropairy jgcif, civifgpic ey \nuf Bru`jnk (>??>), ans

biy hinturis gh tai sg-mnffic ‖kiw trnci taigry‚ ensic gk tai Coxot-]to`fotz

hrnjiwgrb (Coxot nkc ]to`fotz >?00). Saisi okmfuci okmrinsok` riturks tg

smnfi, jgkgpgfostom mgjpitotogk gk cohhiriktontic prgcumts, nkc mgkstnkt

ifnstomoty gh suestotutogk cijnkc. Sai jgcif os ghtik nppfoic tg nccriss img-

kgjom quistogks ok tai ìkirnf-iquofoerouj nknfysos gh trnci eitwiik riògksgr mguktrois2 hgr ixnjpfi, Bru`jnk nkc Xiknefis (>??9) ixpfnok agw jnk-

uhnmturok` nmtovotois (nkc aikmi winfta) nri mgkmiktrntic ok tai kgrta ok n

kgrta-sguta comagtgjozic wgrfc sittok`. Hudotn, Bru`jnk, nkc Xiknefis

(>???), Hudotn nkc Saossi (5<<5), nkc Enfcwok nkc gtairs (5<<=) prgvoci n

`ggc syktaisos gh tai jgcif, ots vnronkts, nkc ots nppfomntogks.

=. Saos os ghtik cismroeic ok tai mgri-piropairy jgcif, n suesit gh imgkgjom

ìg`rnpay fotirnturi tant nknfyzis agw imgkgjom nmtovotois cg gr cg kgt

mgkmiktrnti.

3. Sai mgkmipt gh enmbwnrc nkc hgrwnrc fokbnìs wns horst civifgpic ey

Aorsmajnk (>?91). Enmbwnrc fokbnìs ixost waik okmrinsic prgcumtogk ey

cgwkstrinj horjs prgvocis pgsotovi pimukonry ixtirknfotois tg upstrinj horjs.

Saisi fokbnìs nri ‖enmbwnrc‚ eimnusi mankìs nri trnksjottic enmb tg n pri-

vogus stnì gh prgcumtogk. Nk okmrinsi ok prgcumtogk ey cgwkstrinj horjs

ìkirntis nk okmrinsi ok cijnkc hgr upstrinj horjs. Hgrwnrc fokbnìs ixost

waik okmrinsic prgcumtogk ey upstrinj horjs prgvocis pgsotovi pimukonry

ixtirknfotois tg cgwkstrinj horjs.

9. Jnky risinrmairs anvi cosmussic tai rgfi gh kitwgrb ihhimts ok hrnmtogknfoz-ok` jnrbits ok Nhromn. Ysok` cntn hrgj Bikyn nkc Tojenewi, Hnhmanjps

(5<<<) nkc Eo``s, Unturo, nkc ]rovnstnvn (5<<5) hokc kg ivocikmi tant efnmbs

nri cosncvnktnìc ok tai nttroeutogk gh enkb mricot, waofi nk itakom eons os

kgtominefi ok tai nttroeutogk gh suppfoir mricot. Ykfobi mricot hrgj hoknkmonf

okstotutogks, suppfoir mricot rifois kgt gk hgrjnf mgffntirnf, eut gk trust nkc

riputntogk. Paofi ricumok` trnksnmtogk mgsts nkc hnmofotntok` okhgrjntogk

hfgw njgk` taijsifvis, itakom kitwgrbs anvi n ki`ntovi ojpnmt gk gtair

pnrtois, suma ns okcoìkgus iktriprikiurs wag nri ixmfucic hrgj tai kit-

wgrb. Eo``s nkc ]ana (5<<8) nrùi tant kitwgrbs rnosi tai pirhgrjnkmi gh ‖oksocirs‚ nkc, ok tai spnrsi eusokiss ikvorgkjikts ok Nhromn, anvi ki`ntovi

mgksiquikmis hgr jnrbit pnrtomopntogk gh ‖gutsocirs,‚ suma ns sjnff, okcoì-

kgus iktirprosis.

8. Gkfy n hiw stucois anvi nppfoic ro`grgus imgkgjitrom jitagcs tg istojnti

tai pirhgrjnkmi gh mfustir-ensic iktirprosis. Hgr ixnjpfi, Nbgtik, Gtsubn,

Okcustronf Mfustirs ns Knturnf N``fgjirntogks gh Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosis 8>





Okcustronf Mfustirs ns Knturnf N``fgjirntogks gh Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosis 8=

Coxot, Nvoknsa, nkc Dgsipa I. ]to`fotz. >?00. ‖Jgkgpgfostom Mgjpitotogk nkc

Gptojuj \rgcumt Covirsoty.‚ Njiromnk Imgkgjom Uivoiw 80 (=)4 5?0”=<1.

Hnhmanjps, Jnrmif. 5<<<. ‖Itakomoty nkc Mricot ok Nhromnk Jnkuhnmturok`.‚

Dgurknf gh Civifgpjikt Imgkgjoms 8> (>)4 5<9”=8.

Hudotn, Jnsnaosn. 5<<=. ‖Ojpfomntogks nkc Ossuis hgr Mfustir \gfomois hrgj tai \gokt

gh Xoiw gh ]pntonf Imgkgjy Rok DnpnkisiZ.‚ Uisinrma Okstotuti gh Imgkgjy,

Srnci, nkc Okcustry, Sgbyg.

Hudotn, Jnsnaosn, \nuf Bru`jnk, nkc Nktagky D. Xiknefis. >???. Sai ]pntonf

Imgkgjy4 Motois, Uiògks, nkc Oktirkntogknf Srnci. Mnjerocì, JN4 JOS \riss.

Hudotn, Jnsnaosn, nkc Dnmquis-Hrnkàgos Saossi. 5<<5. Imgkgjoms gh N``fgjirntogk4

Motois, Okcustronf Fgmntogk, nkc Uiògknf @rgwta. Mnjerocì, Y.B.4 Mnjerocì

Ykovirsoty \riss.

@ukkok`, Dnk Poffij, nkc Snyi Jikòstni. 5<<>. ‖Citirjoknkts gh Nhromnk

Jnkuhnmturok` Okvistjikt4 Sai Jomrgimgkgjom Ivocikmi.‚ Dgurknf gh Nhromnk

Imgkgjois >< (suppfijikt 5)4 31”1<.

Aorsmajnk, Nfeirt G. >?91. Sai ]trnti`y gh Imgkgjom Civifgpjikt. Kiw Anvik,

MS4 _nfi Ykovirsoty \riss.

Bru`jnk, \nuf. >??>. ‖Okmrinsok` Uiturks nkc Imgkgjom @ig`rnpay.‚ Dgurknf gh

\gfotomnf Imgkgjy ?? (=)4 31=”??.

Bumaobo, Nbohujo, nkc Jnsntsu`g Ssudo, ics. 5<<9. Okcustronf Mfustirs ok Nson4

Nknfysos gh Saior Mgjpitotogk nkc Mggpirntogk. Kiw _grb4 \nf`rnvi

Jnmjoffnk.

Jnrsanff, Nfhric. >?5<. \rokmopfis gh Imgkgjoms. Fgkcgk4 Jnmjoffnk.

JmMgrjomb, Cgrgtay. >???. ‖Nhromnk Iktirprosi Mfustirs nkc Okcustronfozntogk4

Saigry nkc Uinfoty.‚ Pgrfc Civifgpjikt 50 (?)4 >9=>”9>.

Jm\airsgk, Jomanif N. >??8. ‖@rgwta gh Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosis ok

]gutairk Nhromn.‚ Dgurknf gh Civifgpjikt Imgkgjoms 31 (5>)4 =>”93.

Jikòstni, Snyi. 5<<8. ‖Mgjpitotogk nkc Iktriprikiurs‟ Aujnk Mnpotnf ok ]jnff

Eusokiss Fgkìvoty nkc @rgwta.‚ Dgurknf gh Civifgpjikt ]tucois 35 (9)4

1>5”=8.

Jgrgsoko, \oirg. 5<<3. ‖Okcustronf Mfustirs, Bkgwficì Okti`rntogk, nkc

\irhgrjnkmi.‚ Pgrfc Civifgpjikt =5 (5)4 =<9”58.

Jutg, Jiùjo, Snburg Snbiumao, nkc Kgroeujo Bgobi. 5<<0. ‖\gfomy Mgairikmi

ok Civifgpjikt4 Mnsi ]tucy gh Inst Nson.‚ Pgrbok` \npir 53. Dnpnk Enkb hgr

Oktirkntogknf Mggpirntogk, Sgbyg (Gmtgeir).

Kncvo, Banfoc. >??8. ‖]jnff Horj Okcustronf Costromts ok \nbostnk.‚ C.\aof. taisos,

Ykovirsoty gh ]ussix.

–––. >???. ‖Mgffimtovi Ihhomoikmy nkc Mgffimtovi Hnofuri4 Sai Uispgksi gh tai

]onfbgt ]uròmnf Okstrujikt Mfustir tg @fgenf ûnfoty \rissuris.‚ Pgrfc

Civifgpjikt 50 (?)4 >8<9”58.



Gyifnrnk-Gyiyokbn, Enkdo, nkc Cgrgtay JmMgrjomb, ics. 5<<0. Okcustronf

Mfustirs nkc Okkgvntogk ]ystijs ok Nhromn. Sgbyg4 Ykotic Kntogks Ykovirsoty

\riss.

\nmb, Agwnrc, nkc Bnjnf ]n`ò. 5<<8. ‖Os Sairi n Mnsi hgr Okcustronf \gfomy7

N Mrotomnf ]urviy.‚ Pgrfc Enkb Uisinrma Gesirvir 5> (5)4 580”?0.

\grtir, Jomanif I. >?19. Mgjpitotovi Ncvnktnì. Kiw _grb4 Hrii \riss.

Unjnmankcrnk, Xodnyn, Nfnk @ife, nkc Jnkdu ]ana. 5<<?. Nhromn‟s \rovnti ]imtgr4

Pant‟s Prgk` wota tai Eusokiss Ikvorgkjikt nkc Pant tg Cg negut Ot.


Unjnmankcrnk, Xodnyn, nkc Jnkdu B. ]ana. >???. ‖Jokgroty Iktriprikiurs nkc

Horj \irhgrjnkmi ok ]ue-]nanrnk Nhromn.‚ Dgurknf gh Civifgpjikt ]tucois

=8 (5)4 0>”10.

]majotz, Aueirt, nkc Banfoc Kncvo. >???. ‖Mfustirok` nkc Okcustronfozntogk4

Oktrgcumtogk.‚ Pgrfc Civifgpjikt 50 (?)4 >9<=”>3.

]gkgei, Sitsusao, nkc Biodorg Gtsubn. 5<<8n. Mfustir-Ensic Okcustronf

Civifgpjikt4 Nk Inst Nsonk Jgcif. Kiw _grb4 \nf`rnvi Jnmjoffnk.

–––. 5<<8e. ‖]trnti`y hgr Mfustir-Ensic Okcustronf Civifgpjikt ok Civifgpok`

Mguktrois.‚ Ykpuefosaic jss., HN]OC, Sgbyg.

Siwnro, Jiiku. >???. ‖]ummisshuf Ncdustjikt ok Okconk Okcustry4 Sai Mnsi gh

Fucaonkn‟s Pggfik Bkotwinr Mfustir.‚ Pgrfc Civifgpjikt 50 (?)4 >89>”0>.

Xossir, Ivirt-Dnk. >???. ‖N Mgjpnrosgk gh Mfustiric nkc Cospirsic Horjs ok tai

]jnff-]mnfi Mfgtaok` Okcustry ok Fojn.‚ Pgrfc Civifgpjikt 50 (?)4 >99=”0<.

Pgrfc Enkb. 5<<?. Mfustir Okotontovis hgr Mgjpitotovikiss4 N \rnmtomnf @uoci nkc

Sggfbot. Pnsaok tgk, CM4 Pgrfc Enkb.

_gsaokg, _utnbn. 5<<?. ‖Okcustronf Mfustirs ok Civifgpok` Mguktrois4 N

Mgkmiptunf Hrnjiwgrb hrgj ]pntonf Imgkgjoms \irspimtovi.‚ Enmb`rgukc

nknfytomnf kgti pripnric hgr tai stucy.

Tik`, Cgu`fns Taoaun. 5<<1. Bkgwficì, Simakgfg`y, nkc Mfustir-Ensic @rgwta ok

Nhromn. Pnsaok`tgk, CM4 Pgrfc Enkb Okstotuti.




89

Mnk okcustronf mfustirs prgvoci nk ikvorgkjikt hgr jomrg nkc sjnff iktir-

prosis tg ojprgvi taior eusokissis7 Ok mgffnegrntogk wota risinrmairs nhhof-

ontic wota tai Nhromnk Imgkgjom Uisinrma Mgksgrtouj, tai Pgrfc Enkb

tinj mgkcumtic mnsi stucois gh sifimt okcustronf mfustirs ok hovi mguk-

trois ok ]ue-]nanrnk Nhromn–Mnjirggk, @ankn, Bikyn, Jnurotous, nkc

Uwnkcn–nkc mgffimtic qunktotntovi nkc qunfotntovi cntn hrgj tagsi mfus-

tirs.> Saisi hovi mguktrois wiri sifimtic ensic gk bkgwficì negut tai

ixostikmi gh okcustronf mfustirs ns wiff ns okmgji, ìg`rnpaom, nkc fokùos-tom vnrontogks njgk` mguktrois. Ok tgtnf, >9 mfustirs wiri mgviric hrgj

taisi hovi mguktrois. Sagsi >9 mfustirs nri prisiktic ok tnefi 3.>.5

Hgffgwok` tai cihokotogk gh okcustronf mfustirs cosmussic ok manptir =,

tai mfustirs mgviric ey tai mnsi stucois wiri magsik gk tai ensos gh ìg-

`rnpaom mgkmiktrntogk gh tai snji gr rifntic okcustronf gr mgjjirmonf

nmtovotois, wota n hgmus gk spgktnkigusfy `rgwk knturnf okcustronf mfustirs.

Sai cimosogk gh agw knrrgwfy tg cihoki ìg`rnpaom mgkmiktrntogk vnrois

cipikcok` gk tai ìg`rnpaom sittok` gh tai mguktry ns wiff ns tai okcus-try. Ok Mnjirggk, @ankn, Bikyn, nkc Uwnkcn, nff mfustirs ok jnkuhnmtur-

ok` simtgrs nri vosoefi paysomnf mgkmiktrntogks gh iktirprosis fgmntic ok

rifntovify knrrgwfy cihokic ìg`rnpaom nrins, suma ns efgmbs, striits, nkc

M A N \ S I U 3

Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Eusokiss

\irhgrjnkmi gh Jomrg nkc ]jnff

Iktirprosis ok Nhromn



kioàegraggcs wotaok n moty. Ok jgst mnsis, tairi nri kg roòcfy cihokic

egukcnrois, eut tai mgri nrins gh taisi mfustirs nri pgpufntic nfjgst

ixmfusovify ey iktirprosis ik`nìc ok tai snji gr sojofnr prgcumtovi gr

mgjjirmonf nmtovotois2 ey nkc fnrì taiy nri mgktoùgus tg gki nkgtair.

Sai pirmiovic egukcnrois gh taisi mfustirs nri usunffy cihokic ns tai

gutir roj gh tai mgktokuuj gh iktirprosis.=

]pgktnkigusfy `rgwk knturnf mfustirs, jgstfy pgpufntic ey jomrg nkcsjnff iktirprosis, nri tai jgst mgjjgk typi gh mfustir ok Nhromn. ]gji gh

taisi stnrtic waik iktirprosis sittfic ok n mirtnok fgmntogk ok rispgksi tg

`gvirkjikt zgkok` riùfntogks nkc pgfomois gr gtair puefom oktirviktogks.

Kivirtaifiss, tai mfustirs n``fgjirntic nkc `riw spgktnkigusfy. Sai


Snefi 3.> Fost gh Mfustirs Mgviric ey tai Hovi-Mguktry Mnsi ]tucois

Sypi gh mfustir

nkc fgmntogk Nrin gr rgup Horj sozi rnkì Okcustry

n. Foàt jnkuhnmturok` okcustrois

]pgktnkigus n``fgjirntogks gh jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis ok sjnff nrins

_ngukcï, Mnjirggk Gfïzgn Jomrg-sjnff Hurkoturi

_ngukcï, Mnjirggk Eroquitiroi Jomrg-sjnff Sixtofis nkc nrjikts

Cgunfn, Mnjirggk Egkneïro Jomrg Hurkoturi

Cgunfn, Mnjirggk Jnrmaï Mgk`g Jomrg Sixtofis nkc nrjikts

Bujnso, @ankn ]unji Jn`nzoki Jomrg-sjnff Jitnfwgrb nkc

jnmaokiry

Bujnso, @ankn Hurkoturi mfustir Jomrg-sjnff HurkoturiKnorgeo, Bikyn Bnrogenkò Foàt

Okcustry

Jomrg-sjnff Jitnfwgrb nkc

jnmaokiry

Knorgeo, Bikyn Yauru Jnrbit Jomrg-sjnff @nrjikts

Knburu, Bikyn Mnkgk ]triit ]jnff Hurkoturi

Bo`nfo, Uwnkcn @nbokdorg Jomrg-sjnff Jitnfwgrb

e. Kgkjnkuhnmturok` kgktrncotogknf mfustirs

Xnfui manok”crovik mfustirs gh ixpgrt mrgps

Ksnwnk, @ankn ]uppfoirs tg n

pokinppfi ixpgrtir

]jnff-jicouj \okinppfi

Eutnri, Uwnkcn ]uppfoirs tg n mghhii

ernkc

]jnff-jicouj Mghhii

OS zgkis

Ieikn Moty, Jnurotous Ieikn Myeir Sgwir ]jnff-jicouj-

fnrì

OS

Bo`nfo, Uwnkcn OMS \nrb OS

Sgurosj mfustir

Uuaikìro, Uwnkcn Xoruk`n Jguktnok

@groffn \nrb

Jomrg-sjnff Agtif nkc ristnurnkt

]gurmi4 Nutagrs.





mgkmiktrntogks gh jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis gwkic nkc jnknìc ey

cgjistom Nhromnk iktriprikiurs wag nri gpirntok` ok nk okhgrjnf sittok`.

Gut gh =<= mfustir-ensic iktirprosis ok tai snjpfi, 00 pirmikt nri mgk-

sociric jomrg (hiwir tank hovi ijpfgyiis) gr sjnff (hovi gr jgri ijpfgy-

iis, eut hiwir tank 5<).9 Negut >< pirmikt gh tai iktirprosis ok tai oksoci

nkc gutsoci `rgup nri gwkic ey hgrio`k kntogknfs.

Mfustirok` nkc Eusokiss \irhgrjnkmi4 Knturnf OkcustronfMfustirs ok Foàt Jnkuhnmturok` Okcustrois

Agw cg mfustir-ensic iktirprosis pirhgrj rifntovi tg taior mgjpnrntgrsgutsoci gh tai mfustirs7 Ysok` tai iktirprosi cntn mgffimtic hrgj oksoci

nkc gutsoci tai >< foàt jnkuhnmturok` mfustirs, wi nknfyzi agw mfustir-

ensic iktirprosis pirhgrj wota ri`nrc tg prgcumtovoty nkc jnrbit ixpnk-

sogk mgjpnric wota gutsoci iktirprosis.

Sai ensom manrnmtirostoms gh tai iktirprosis stucoic nri prisiktic ok

nppikcox 5. Sai vnst jndgroty gh iktirprosis ok tai cntn sit nri gwkic

ey jnfis4 13 pirmikt oksoci nkc 01 pirmikt gutsoci tai mfustirs.

Iktriprikiurs oksoci tai mfustirs tikc tg anvi fiss icumntogk tank tagsigutsoci. Oksoci mfustirs, 3> pirmikt gh iktriprikiurs anvi sgji ukovir-

soty icumntogk nkc = pirmikt anvi n ukovirsoty ci`rii, mgjpnric wota

95 nkc ? pirmikt, rispimtovify, gh tagsi gutsoci tai mfustirs.8

\rgcumtovoty

Mfustir-ensic iktirprosis anvi aoàir fnegr prgcumtovoty tank gutsoci

mgjpnrntgrs, gk nvirnì. Iktirprosis oksoci tai mfustirs sagw aoàir snfis

pir wgrbir, gk nvirnì, tank mgjpnrntgr iktirprosis ok tai snji moty nkctai snji okcustry, eut kgt ok n mfustir (sii hoùri 3.>). Mfustir-ensic

iktirprosis nri, gk nvirnì, jgri mnpotnf oktiksovi tank taior gutsoci mgj-

pnrntgrs, su`ìstok` n mgrrifntogk eitwiik snfis pirhgrjnkmi nkc mnpotnf

oktiksoty. Nftaguà ensic gk cohhirikt cntn sits, tai ixostikmi gh n mfustir

prijouj os nfsg gesirvic hgr vnfui nccic pir wgrbir (sii egx 3.>).

Ns ok manptir 5, wi nppfy tai Efokcir-Gnxnmn cimgjpgsotogk jitagc

tg nknfyzi waoma hnmtgrs mgktroeuti tg tai cohhirikmi ok prgcumtovoty

eitwiik mfustir-ensic iktirprosis nkc taior gutsoci mgjpnrntgrs–

tai mfustir prijouj gk prgcumtovoty. Ns sagwk ok tnefi 3.5, wi nknfyzi,sipnrntify hgr mfustir-ensic iktirprosis nkc taior gutsoci mgjpnrntgrs,

agw taior prgcumtovoty jinsuric ey snfis pir wgrbir os nhhimtic ey

mnpotnf ikcgwjikt, sozi, sboff fivif gh fnegr, nkc jnknìr‟s icumntogk.








Ensic gk tagsi hnmtgrs, tai mfustir-ensic iktirprosis nri pricomtic tg ei

59 pirmikt jgri prgcumtovi tank gutsoci mgjpnrntgrs ensic gk tagsi

hnmtgrs (tnefi 3.=).Mfustir-ensic iktirprosis anvi aoàir mnpotnf ikcgwjikt tank taior

mgjpnrntgrs gutsoci tai mfustirs, nkc taos os tai projnry sgurmi gh taior

aoàir nvirnì prgcumtovoty. Ns sagwk ok tnefi 3.5, tai prokmopnf mgk-

troeutgr tg tai mfustir prijouj os aoàir mnpotnf oktiksoty, ns jinsuric

ey mnpotnf pir wgrbir njgk` mfustir-ensic iktirprosis.0 Mfustir-ensic

iktirprosis anvi eittir nmmiss tg paysomnf mnpotnf òvik tai ixostikmi ok

mfustirs gh n simgkc-ankc jnrbit hgr jnmaokis nkc tggfs. Paik sgji

iktirprosis euy kiw jnmaokis nkc tggfs, taiy siff taior gfc gkis tg gtair

iktirprosis ok tai mfustir.

Iktirprosis wota jgri wgrbirs nri fiss prgcumtovi pnrtfy eimnusi taior

rntog gh uksboffic nppriktomis tg pirjnkikt wgrbirs os aoàir. Sai pnttirk

os pnrtomufnrfy cosmirkoefi njgk` mfustir-ensic iktirprosis. Sai sozi gh

iktirprosis, ensic gk tai tgtnf kujeir gh wgrbirs, ok tai cntn sit os

Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Eusokiss \irhgrjnkmi gh Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosis ok Nhromn 0>

Snefi 3.5 Efokcir-Gnxnmn Cimgjpgsotogk gh tai Mfustir \rijouj gk \rgcumtovoty

cipikcikt vnronefi : snfis pir wgrbir (fg`)


GF]

Efokcir-Gnxnmn cimgjpgsotogk

(mgktrgf4 fgmntic ok mfustir)

Oksoci

gh mfustir

Gutsoci

gh mfustir

Ikcgwjikt

ihhimt

Mgihhomoikt

ihhimt

Oktirnmtogk

ihhimt

Mnpotnf pir wgrbir

(fg`)

<.533*** <.5>=*** <.>>8** <.5<8 ”<.<>9

(<.<99) (<.<0=) (<.<3?) (<.8>=) (<.<33)

]ozi (cujjy4 jgri

tank 9 wgrbirs)

”<.=08** ”<.>15 ”<.<11* ”<.5?5 <.<38

(<.>09) (<.5>9) (<.<38) (<.3>0) (<.<88)

Kujeir gh nppriktomis

(rntog tg pirjnkikt

wgrbirs)

”<.<18* ”<.<03 <.<<? ”<.<>3 ”<.<<>

(<.<30) (<.<99) (<.<5<) (<.<1?) (<.<<1)

Jnknìr‟s icumntogk

(pgstsimgkcnry)

”<.<95< <.>9? ”<.<<1 ”<.<11 ”<.<=<

(<.>15) (<.5<>) (<.<50) (<.>>=) (<.<3>)

Kujeir gh

gesirvntogks >88 >=5 5?1

U5 <.=55 <.5=8



gh okcustronf mfustirs.Kgti4 Okcustry, riògknf, nkc mfustir cujjois ns wiff ns mgkstnkt nri okmfucic eut kgt ripgrtic. ]tnkcnrc irrgrs

nri ok pnriktaisis.

*** p 6 <.<>.

** p 6 <.<9.

* p 6 <.><.



okvirsify mgrrifntic wota snfis pir wgrbir, pnrtomufnrfy njgk` mfustir-

ensic iktirprosis. Saos hokcok` os mgktrnry tg want os kgrjnffy gesirvic

waik fnrì iktirprosis nri okmfucic ok tai nknfysos. Saisi ‖cosimgkgjoisgh smnfi‚ nri fobify n risuft gh tai aoà prgpgrtogk gh uksboffic nppriktomis

ok tai wgrbhgrmi gh jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis ok tai cntn sit. Ok hnmt,

snfis pirhgrjnkmi os ki`ntovify nssgmontic wota tai rntog gh nppriktomis tg

pirjnkikt wgrbirs, ns sagwk ok tai so`kohomnkt, ki`ntovi mgihhomoikt hgr

tai rntog njgk` mfustir-ensic iktirprosis.

Sairi os fottfi cohhirikmi ok tai icumntogknf enmb`rgukc gh jnknìrs

nkc nmmiss tg hoknkmi eitwiik mfustir-ensic iktirprosis nkc taior mgj-

pnrntgrs. Mfustir-ensic iktirprosis cg kgt kimissnrofy anvi eittir nmmiss tghgrjnf hoknkmi tank horjs gutsoci n mfustir. Pota hiw ixmiptogks, suma ns

tai mfustir-ensic mricot ukogk tant privogusfy ixostic ok tai @nbokdorg

mfustir ok Bo`nfo, Uwnkcn, mfustirs anvi kgt yit nttrnmtic hoknkmonf sir-

vomis. Ok Bnrogenkò Foàt Okcustrois, sivirnf mgjjirmonf enkbs anvi

ernkma ghhomis ncdnmikt tg tai nrin gh okcustronf mgkmiktrntogk nkc

sirvi jnkuhnmturirs ok tai mfustir. Agwivir, tai sirvomis prgvocic ey

tagsi ernkmais nri nfjgst sgfify hgr mgksujir enkbok`, hnmofotntok`

cipgsots nkc trnkshirs hgr tagsi wag wgrb ok tai mfustir (Nbgtik 5<<?).

Njgk` iktirprosis surviyic hgr taos stucy, fnmb gh nmmiss tg hoknkmi osmgksociric n sirogus eusokiss mgkstrnokt ri`nrcfiss gh waitair gr kgt

taiy nri ensic ok nk okcustronf mfustir.

Nri mfustir-ensic iktirprosis jgri prgcumtovi eimnusi iktirprosis

eimgji jgri prgcumtovi ok tai mfustirs, gr eimnusi jgri prgcumtovi


Snefi 3.= \ricomtic \rgcumtovoty Fivif Oksoci nkc Gutsoci gh Mfustirs

Fgmntogk

\ricomtic snfis pir wgrbir

(fg`) hrgj GF]

Oksoci gh mfustir 0.1?5***

(<.<1?)

Gutsoci gh mfustir 0.835***

(<.<?5)

Cohhiriktonf <.59>*

(<.>51)



gh okcustronf mfustirs.Kgti4 \ricomtic fivif gh prgcumtovoty os istojntic ey ri`rissok` snfis pir wgrbir (fg`) gk mnpotnf pir wgrbir (fg`),

sozi (cujjy4 jgri tank 9 wgrbirs), kujeir gh nppriktomis (rntog tg pirjnkikt wgrbirs), nkc jnknìrs‟ icumn-

togk (pgstsimgkcnry). ]ii tnefi 3.5 hgr mgihhomoikt istojntis ey GF]. Okcustry, riògknf, nkc mfustir cujjois ns

wiff ns n mgkstnkt nri okmfucic eut kgt ripgrtic. ]tnkcnrc irrgrs nri ok pnriktaisis.

*** p 6 <.<>.

* p 6 <.><.



iktirprosis maggsi tg ei fgmntic ok tai mfustirs7 N sojpfi ri`rissogk nknfy-

sos, ns negvi, cgis kgt okcomnti n mnusnf rifntogksaop eitwiik tai fgmntogk

nkc tai prgcumtovoty fivif gh iktirprosis ok tai cntn sit. Sairihgri, tai risuft

cgis kgt nutgjntomnffy ojpfy tant mfustirok` mnusis iktirprosis tg anvi

aoàir prgcumtovoty. Gki jny nrùi tant tai rinsgk hgr aoàir nvirnì prg-

cumtovoty oksoci tai mfustirs os tant jgri prgcumtovi iktirprosis dgok n mfus-

tir. Ok gtair wgrcs, jgri prgcumtovi iktirprosis sifh-sifimt tg ei fgmntic ok

n mfustir. Saos jny ei tai mnsi hgr hgrjnf iktirprosis fgmntic ok nk okcus-

tronf zgki mgkstrumtic ey tai `gvirkjikt. Gkfy pgtiktonffy aoà-pirhgrj-

ok` iktirprosis nri fobify tg ei ncjottic tg suma fgmntogks. Agwivir, ok tai

mnsi gh spgktnkigusfy `rgwk knturnf okcustronf mfustirs, suma ns tagsigesirvic ok tai mnsi stucois, ot cgis kgt nppinr tant eittir pirhgrjirs nri

nttrnmtic tg tai mfustirs. Mfustirs nri hgrjic ns kiw iktirprosis siib tg mg-

fgmnti wota aoàfy prghotnefi iktirprosis. Agwivir, pgtiktonffy prgcumtovi

iktirprosis wgufc rntair kgt mg-fgmnti wota ixostok` iktirprosis ok mfustirs

eimnusi taiy wgufc ei eittir ghh maggsok` n fiss mgkìstic nrin nkc nvgoc-

ok` ainc-tg-ainc mgjpitotogk wota ixostok` iktirprosis. Saiy wgufc rntair

maggsi n fgmntogk gutsoci gh tai mfustirs.

\nrtomopntogk ok Kgkfgmnf Jnrbits

Sai cntn sagw tant jgri mfustir-ensic iktirprosis nri siffok` taior prgc-

umts tg kgkfgmnf jnrbits nkc cgok` sg jgri oktiksovify tank gutsoci iktir-

prosis. Nmrgss-tai-egnrc, hgr nff >< okcustronf mfustirs, jgri mfustir-ensic

iktirprosis pnrtomopnti ok siffok` taior prgcumts gutsoci tai fgmnf jnrbit,

iotair tg kntogknf gr tg oktirkntogknf jnrbits, tank gutsoci mgjpnrntgrs

(sii hoùri 3.5). Sai snji nppfois tg snfis oktiksoty ok kgkfgmnf jnrbits,

jinsuric ns tai pirmiktnì gh tgtnf snfis gutsoci gh fgmnf jnrbits. Ok jgst gh tai mfustirs, mfustir-ensic iktirprosis nfsg pnrtomopnti jgri ok ixpgrt

jnrbits, ok tirjs gh egta pnrtomopntogk rnti nkc snfis oktiksoty. Sai strgk`

ncvnktnì gh mfustir-ensic iktirprosis ok ixpnkcok` taior jnrbit sanri nkc

rinmaok` n wocir sit gh mustgjirs os mgrrgegrntic ey tai magomi gh fgmntogk

gh mfustir-ensic iktriprikiurs. Ns cosmussic jgri ok cipta ok tai kixt

manptir, eittir nmmiss tg mustgjirs os motic ns tai projnry rinsgk hgr tai

vnst jndgroty gh iktriprikiurs tg ei ensic ok n mfustir.

Mfustir-ensic iktirprosis nri groiktic tgwnrc kgkfgmnf jnrbits

nmrgss tai tarii foàt jnkuhnmturok` simtgrs mgviric ey taos stucy. Potari`nrc tg tai fokbnìs wota okput jnrbits, mfustir-ensic iktirprosis tikc

tg purmansi jgri okputs hrgj tai fgmnf kioàegraggc, waofi gutsoci

iktirprosis tikc tg purmansi jgri hrgj gutsoci kioàegraggcs ok tai

snji moty (sii hoùri 3.=). Saos pnttirk strgk`fy suppgrts tai aypgtaisos

Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Eusokiss \irhgrjnkmi gh Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosis ok Nhromn 0=




n. Kgkfgmnf jnrbits

e. Ixpgrt jnrbits

<

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=<

3<

9<

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1<

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59

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=9

K n b u r u 4 w g g c n k c h u r k o t u r i

K n o r g e o - Y a u

r u 4 t i x t o f i s n k c

` n r j i k t s

_ n g u k c ï 4 t i x t o f i s n k c

` n r j i k t s

C g u n f n 4

t i x t o f i s n k c

` n r j i k t s


B u j n s o 4 j

i t n f n k c j n m a o k i r y

B u j n s o 4 w

g g c n k c h u r k o t u r i

C g u n f n 4

w g g c n k c h u r k o t u r i

_ n g u k c ï 4 w g

g c n k c h u r k o t u r i


K n b u r u 4 w g g c n k c

h u r k o t u r i

K n o r g e o - Y a u

r u 4 t i x t o f i s n k c

` n r j i k t s

_ n g u k c ï 4 t i x t o f i s n k c

` n r j i k t s

C g u n f n 4

t i x t o f i s n k c

` n r j i k t s


B u j n s o 4 j

i t n f n k c j n m a o k i r y

B u j n s o 4 w

g g c n k c

h u r k o t u r i

C g u n f n 4

w g g c n k c

h u r k o t u r i

_ n g u k c ï 4 w g

g c n k c h u r k o t u r i


oksoci-gutsoci cohhiriktonf ok ixpgrt pnrtomopntogk

oksoci-gutsoci cohhiriktonf ok ixpgrt oktiksoty

oksoci-gutsoci cohhiriktonf ok kgkfgmnf snfis pnrtomopntogk

oksoci-gutsoci cohhiriktonf ok kgkfgmnf snfis oktiksoty

p

i r m i k t n ` i - p g o k t c o h h i r i k m i

p i r m i k t n

` i - p g o k t c o h h i r i k m i

Hoùri 3.5 Cohhiriktonf gh Jnrbit \nrtomopntogk Oksoci nkc Gutsoci gh ]pgktnkigus

Foàt Jnkuhnmturok` Mfustirs




Kgti4 Oksoci-gutsoci pirmiktnì-pgokt cohhiriktonf ok pnrtomopntogk nkc oktiksoty gh snfis ok kgkfgmnf jnrbits.





tant euyir-siffir kitwgrbs nri gpirntok` wotaok okcustronf mfustirs (ok tai

snji kioàegraggcs), waofi mfustirs hnmofotnti nmmiss tg ixtirknf jnrbits

hgr gutputs.

Gvirnff, mfustir-ensic iktirprosis siffok` tg kgkfgmnf jnrbits tikc tg

oktirnmt wota gtair iktirprosis targuà mgjjirmonf trnksnmtogks nkc euso-

kiss nssgmontogks. Ns sagwk ok hoùri 3.3, egta mfustir-ensic nkc gutsoci

iktirprosis tant pnrtomopnti ok kgkfgmnf jnrbits anvi n strgk` tikcikmy tg

siff prgcumts tg gtair eusokissis rntair tank tg ikc mgksujirs. Sai pnt-

tirk os jgri strgk`fy nssgmontic wota tai jnrbit groiktntogk gh iktirprosis

(waitair gr kgt taiy pnrtomopnti ok kgkfgmnf jnrbits) tank wota taior

fgmntogk (waitair gr kgt taiy nri fgmntic ok n mfustir). Agwivir, tai prnm-tomi gh siffok` prgcumts dgoktfy wota gtair iktirprosis gmmurs oksoci tai

mfustir, eut os rnri gutsoci, ri`nrcfiss gh tai jnrbit groiktntogk gh tai

iktirprosi. ]g tai dgokt snfis prnmtomi os rifntic jgri tg fgmntogk tank tg

jnrbit groiktntogk. Pota ri`nrc tg suemgktrnmtok` prnmtomis–iotair


<

><

5<

=<

3<

9<

8<

0<

s i f f s

t g g t a i r

i k t i r p r o s i s

d g o k t f y

s i f f s

p r g c u m t s

w o t a

g t a i r i k t i r p r o s i s

r i m i o v i s s u e m g k t r n m t s

h r g j g t a i r i k t i r p r o s i s

` o v i s s u e m g k t r n m t s

t g g t a i r i k t i r p r o s i s

j i j e i

r s a o p o k

e u s o k i s s n s s g m o n t o g k

kgkmfustir iktirprosi4 kg snfis gutsoci gh fgmnf jnrbits

kgkmfustir iktirprosi4 snfis tg kgkfgmnf jnrbits

mfustir iktirprosi4 kg snfis gutsoci gh fgmnf jnrbits

mfustir iktirprosi4 snfis tg kgkfgmnf jnrbits

p i r m i k t

Hoùri 3.3 Unti gh \nrtomopntogk ok Oktirhorj Srnksnmtogks






rimiovok` suemgktrnmts hrgj gtair iktirprosis gr òvok` taij tg gtairs–

tai pnttirk os njeoùgus. Eut tai prnmtomi nppinrs tg ei jgri mgjjgk

oksoci gh mfustirs tank gutsoci, nkc, njgk` mfustir-ensic iktirprosis, tagsi

tant siff gutsoci gh taior fgmnf jnrbit nri jgri nmtovify ik`nìc ok sue-

mgktrnmtok`. Jijeirsaop ok n eusokiss nssgmontogk os jgri privnfikt

njgk` mfustir-ensic iktirprosis nkc jgri privnfikt njgk` horjs siffok`

tg kgkfgmnf jnrbits, sagwok` n mgrrifntogk wota egta jnrbit groiktntogk

nkc fgmntogk gh tai iktirprosi.

N strgk` mfustir ihhimt gk snfis pnrtomopntogk ok kgkfgmnf jnrbits ok

ìkirnf nkc ixpgrt jnrbits ok pnrtomufnr os mgkhorjic ok n juftovnronti

nknfysos. Sg sii agw eiok` fgmntic ok n mfustir ikankmis nk iktirprosi‟sfobifoaggc gh siffok` ots prgcumts gutsoci gh fgmnf jnrbits, wi mgkcumt

n sit gh prgeot jgcif ri`rissogks tg ociktohy (n) waoma manrnmtirostoms,

okmfucok` oktirhorj trnksnmtogks, mgktroeuti tg tai prgeneofoty gh siffok`

ok kgkfgmnf jnrbits ok ìkirnf nkc ok ixpgrt jnrbits ok pnrtomufnr nkc

(e) agw tai risufts mankì wota nkc wotagut tnbok` oktg nmmgukt

waitair iktirprosis nri oksoci gr gutsoci n mfustir. Sai risufts gh mgih-

homoikt istojntogks hrgj tai prgeot jgcif nri sagwk ok tnefi 3.3.

Hoùri 3.9 prisikts tai jnròknf ihhimts ok tirjs gh prgeneofoty. Eiok`

Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Eusokiss \irhgrjnkmi gh Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosis ok Nhromn 00

Snefi 3.3 \rgeot Jgcif Istojntogk gh \nrtomopntogk ok Kgkfgmnf Jnrbit ]nfis

nkc Ixpgrt ]nfis


Kgkfgmnf snfis (cujjy) Ixpgrt snfis (cujjy)

Fgmntogk kgt

mgktrgffic

Fgmntogk

mgktrgffic

Fgmntogk kgt

mgktrgffic

Fgmntogk

mgktrgffic

Fgmntic ok mfustir k.n. >.>9<*** k.n. <.0<3*** (<.5>8) (<.53<)

Mnpotnf pir wgrbir (fg`) ”<.<<< ”<.<9> ”<.<<< ”<.<=<

(<.<8?) (<.<0>) (<.<8<) (<.<8>)

]ozi (cujjy4 jgri

tank 9 wgrbirs)

<.9<0*** <.=<< <.50< <.>3>

(<.>18) (<.>?=) (<.>?=) (<.>?0)

Kujeir gh nppriktomis

(rntog tg pirjnkikt

wgrbirs)

”<.<98

(<.<8?)

<.<>5=

(<.<05)

<.<91

(<.<9=)

<.<05

(<.<99)

Jnknìr‟s icumntogk ”<.=53 ”<.>33 <.3>=** <.905***

(pgstsimgkcnry) (<.>?0) (<.5<9) (<.5<0) (<.5>=)@ovok` suemgktrnmts tg <.<58 <.<?39 <.=35 <.=>=

gtair iktirprosis (<.58<) (<.508) (<.585) (<.581)






suemgktrnmts hrgj gtair iktirprosis nri fiss fobify tg ixpgrt eimnusi taiy

suppgrt tai prgcumtogk gh gtair iktirprosis tant jny ei ixpgrtok` rntair

tank ik`nòk` ok ixpgrts taijsifvis.

]gji gh tagsi oktirhorj trnksnmtogks, suma ns dgokt snfis prnmtomi nkc

eusokiss nssgmontogk jijeirsaop, siij tg ei nssgmontic wota mfustirok`,

ixpfnokok` way mfustir-ensic iktirprosis cg eittir ok siffok` tg kgkfgmnf

Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Eusokiss \irhgrjnkmi gh Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosis ok Nhromn 0?

”>9

”><

”9

<

9

><

>9

5<

jnknìr's

icumntogk

rimiovis

suemgktrnmts

hrgj gtair

iktirprosis

dgoktfy siffs

prgcumts

wota gtair

iktirprosis

fgmntic ok

mfustir

e. ]nfis tg ixpgrt jnrbits

<9

><>95<59=<=93<39

sozi siffs tg gtair

iktirprosis

jijeirsaop

ok eusokiss

nssgmontogk

fgmntic ok mfustir

n. ]nfis tg kgkfgmnf jnrbits

ï

eihgri mgktrgffok` hgr mfustir

mgktrgffok` hgr mfustir (stntostomnffy okso`kohomnkt)

mgktrgffok` hgr mfustir (stntostomnffy so`kohomnkt)

p i r m i k t

p i r m i k t

Hoùri 3.9 Jnròknf Ihhimts gk \rgeneofoty gh \nrtomopntok` ok Kgkfgmnf Jnrbit

]nfis nkc Ixpgrt ]nfis

]gurmi4 Egu`kn nkc _gsaokg 5<<?, ensic gk tai cntn gh jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis oksoci tai >< foàt jnku-

hnmturok` mfustirs nkc taior gutsoci mgjpnrntgrs mgffimtic ns pnrt gh tai groòknf hovi-mguktry mnsi stucois gh

okcustronf mfustirs.



jnrbits tank iktirprosis gutsoci gh tai mfustirs. Gkmi mfustirok` os mgk-

trgffic hgr, taos hnmtgr eimgjis okso`kohomnkt, okcomntok` tant mfustirok`

mgufc pfny n sojofnr rgfi tg tant gh eusokiss nssgmontogks ok hnmofotntok` dgokt

jnrbitok` gh prgcumts.1 Hgr ixpgrt jnrbits, tai prnmtomi gh dgokt snfis os

suestotutic ey mfustirok`, pgssoefy eimnusi gh tai ‖dgokt nmtogk‚ jiman-

kosj gh mfustirs. Saos ihhimt, agwivir, eimgjis winbir nkc okso`kohomnkt

waik mfustirok` os tnbik oktg nmmgukt ok tai prgeot jgcif nknfysos. Ok hnmt,

n sipnrnti prgeot jgcif nknfysos su`ìsts tant jijeirsaop ok n eusokiss

nssgmontogk ns wiff ns fgmntogk ok n mfustir tgìtair okmrinsi tai prgeneofoty

tant iktirprosis siff taior prgcumts dgoktfy. Saos ukcirsmgris tai jimankosj

gh ‖dgokt nmtogks‚ ok mfustirok` targuà waoma mfustir-ensic iktirprosis mgf-fimtovify civifgp jnrbits nkc prgjgti taior prgcumts, waoma gvirfnps

wota nssgmontogk jijeirsaop. ]uma mgffimtovi nmtogks nri pnrtomufnrfy

ojpgrtnkt waik horjs nri iktirok` n kiw jnrbit. Sai dgokt nmtogks hrgj

mfustirok` jny ei pnrtomufnrfy aifphuf hgr hijnfi iktriprikiurs pnrtomopnt-

ok` ok n kgkfgmnf jnrbit (sii egx 3.5).


Egx 3.5

Mfustirs nkc @ikcir

Sai ìkcir enfnkmi ok tai mfustirs os ainvofy ensic gk tai gvirnff ìkcir enfnkmi

gh tai eusokiss simtgr otsifh. ]imtgrs suma ns tixtofis nkc `nrjikts anvi aoàir

riprisiktntogk gh hijnfi iktriprikiurs tank jitnfwgrb nkc jnmaokiry. Mgksi-

quiktfy, njgk` tai mfustirs nknfyzic ok tai mnsi stucois, jik cgjoknti jitnf-prgmissok` mfustirs, wairins wgjik nri jgri vosoefi ok `nrjikt nkc ankcomrnht

mfustirs. Eusokissis ruk ey wgjik iktriprikiurs nri cgjoknkt ok tai Knorgeo-

Yauru Jnrbit, gki gh tai `nrjikt mfustirs mgviric ey tai mnsi stucois. Nmmgrc-

ok` tg cntn mgffimtic hrgj tai mnsi stucois, mfustir-ensic iktirprosis gwkic ey

hijnfis siff ok kgkfgmnf jnrbits rifntovify jgri tank mfustir-ensic iktirprosis

gwkic ey jik nkc horjs gwkic ey wgjik tant nri fgmntic gutsoci gh tai mfus-

tirs (sii hoùri E3.5). Hijnfi-gwkic, mfustir-ensic iktirprosis tikc tg ei jgri

fobify tg pnrtomopnti ok dgokt snfis prnmtomis gr tg ei jijeirs gh n eusokiss nssgmo-

ntogk. ]gji mfustirs ok Nhromn nri gr`nkozic pricgjoknktfy ey hijnfi iktripri-

kiurs ns n jimankosj hgr hgrjok` agrozgktnf eusokiss kitwgrbs. Ns taiy eimgji

jgri gr`nkozic, taiy jny tnbi mgffimtovi nmtogk suma ns fgeeyok` hgr puefom pgfo-

mois tg nccriss rifivnkt ossuis, ns sgji gr`nkozntogks ok tai `nrjikt okcustry ok

@ankn cg.





Mfustirok` siijs tg prgvoci n sozi ihhimt hgr pnrtomopntogk ok kgkfgmnf

jnrbits. Ykfobi tai mnsi gh fnegr prgcumtovoty, tairi os n pgsotovi smnfi

ihhimt hrgj mfustirok` tg pnrtomopntogk ok kgkfgmnf jnrbits. Iktirprosis

wota jgri tank hovi wgrbirs nri 5< pirmikt jgri fobify tg pnrtomopnti ok

kgkfgmnf jnrbit snfis tank iktirprosis wota hovi gr fiss wgrbirs waik

fgmntogk, waitair gr kgt ok n mfustir, os kgt tnbik oktg nmmgukt. Uinmaok`

costnkt jnrbits jny okvgfvi sgji hoxic mgsts, okmfucok` mgsts tg istnefosa

jnrbitok` mankkifs nkc mgsts tg trnkspgrt prgcumts, nkc gkfy iktirprosis

gh n mirtnok sozi jny ei nefi tg ixpnkc taior snfis tg costnkt jnrbits.

Agwivir, gkmi fgmntogk (oksoci gr gutsoci tai mfustirs) os mgktrgffic hgr, tai

cohhirikmi ok tai fobifoaggc os okso`kohomnkt. Ivik jomrg iktirprosis nri nefitg pnrtomopnti ok kgkfgmnf jnrbit snfis. Fgmntok` oksoci tai mfustirs jny

aifp iktirprosis tg ricumi tai hoxic mgsts. Hgr ixnjpfi, istnefosaok` jnrbit-

ok` mankkifs os fiss manffikòk` hgr mfustir-ensic jomrg iktirprosis eimnusi

mfustirs nttrnmt pgtiktonf mustgjirs hrgj gutsoci tai fgmnf jnrbits.

]gji hnmtgrs mgktokui tg ei so`kohomnkt ok hnmofotntok` pnrtomopntogk ok

kgkfgmnf jnrbit snfis ivik nhtir mgktrgffok` hgr fgmntogk. Mgksostikt wota

hoùri 3.3, ik`nìjikt ok eusokiss-tg-eusokiss snfis os n so`kohomnkt hnmtgr

ok hnmofotntok` kgkfgmnf jnrbit snfis ri`nrcfiss gh waitair tai iktirprosios fgmntic ok n mfustir gr kgt. Icumntogknf enmb`rgukc gh jnknìrs os nfsg

so`kohomnkt ok hnmofotntok` ixpgrt jnrbit snfis. Saos cgis kgt mankì waik

fgmntogk os tnbik oktg nmmgukt.

Kgktrncotogknf, Kgkjnkuhnmturok` Mfustirs ok Nhromn

Sai mnsi stucois kgt gkfy mnpturi tai trncotogknf typi gh okcustronf mfus-

tirs ok foàt jnkuhnmturok`, eut nfsg kgktrncotogknf, kgkjnkuhnmturokòkcustrois suma ns n`romufturi nkc n`roeusokiss, OS, nkc tgurosj. ]ojofnr tg

tai mnsi gh foàt jnkuhnmturok` mfustirs, tagsi kgktrncotogknf kgkjnku-

hnmturok` mfustirs anvi eiik sifimtic hrgj ìg`rnpaom mgkmiktrntogks gh

tai snji gr rifntic okcustrois ok spimohom fgmntogks.

Paofi tai sifimtogk gh mfustirs os n`nok ensic gk ìg`rnpaom mgkmik-

trntogks, tai ojpfomntogks gh ìg`rnpay hgr kgkjnkuhnmturok` mfustirs

covirì suestnktonffy hrgj tagsi hgr jnkuhnmturok`, ns sagw ok tai hgf-

fgwok` mnsis4

• N`romufturi. N`romufturnf mgkmiktrntogks nri hgukc ok mirtnok nrins

wotaok suekntogknf riògks gr prgvokmis. Hgr ixnjpfi, ok Eutnri, Uwnkcn,

sgji nrins anvi aoàir mgkmiktrntogks gh wnsaok` stntogks, waoma nri nff

mgkkimtic tg n spimohom mghhii ixpgrtir. Ok @ankn, n mgkmiktrntogk gh




pokinppfi rgwirs os hgukc ok Ksnwnk, nff gh waoma nri suppfyok` taior

prgcumts tg n spimohom pokinppfi ixpgrtir. Saus ig`rnpaom mgkmiktrn-

togks nri crovik ey vnfui manok fokbnìs.

• Okhgrjntogk timakgfg`y. Mgkmiktrntogk gh OS iktirprosis os crovik ey

puefom pgfomois tg nttrnmt civifgpjikt gh OS okcustry ey istnefosaok`

okcustronf pnrbs nkc prgvocok` okhrnstrumturi sirvomis wota suesocozic

rntis.

• Sgurosj. Sgurosj mfustirs nri usunffy strgk`fy egukc ey ìg`rnpay,

sokmi ot os euoft nrgukc knturnf ikcgwjikts nvnofnefi ok spimohom fgmn-

togks suma ns jguktnoks, fnbis, gminks, nkc aostgrom sotis. Jnrbit fokbnìs

gutsoci gh fgmnfotois nri mrumonf.

Saus tai eusokiss pirhgrjnkmi gh ìg`rnpay-ensic mfustirs os sue-

dimt tg hnmtgrs tant nri so`kohomnktfy cohhirikt njgk` simtgrs. Mfustirs ok

kgkjnkuhnmturok` simtgrs ghtik `g eiygkc ìg`rnpaom mgkmiktrntogks.

Cipikcok` gk agw mfustirs nri cihokic, horjs gutsoci gh tai ìg`rnpaom

mgkmiktrntogks mgufc nfsg ei pnrt gh tai mfustir.

Xnfui Manok”Crovik N`roeusokiss MfustirsEgta tai Ksnwnk pokinppfi mfustir ok @ankn nkc tai Eutnri mghhii mfus-

tir ok Uwnkcn nri cihokic ns ìg`rnpaom mgkmiktrntogks gh gut`rgwirs

tant suppfy tai snji mrgp tg tai snji ixpgrtirs. Sai mfustirs anvi eiik

civifgpic ensic gk tai vnfui manoks gh jnrbitok` ixpgrt mrgps. Ok tai

Eutnri mghhii mfustir, tai mgkmiktrntogk gh mghhii `rgwirs ok gki nrin

nttrnmts tai istnefosajikt gh prgmissok` hnmtgrois gr wnsaok` stntogks nkc

insis nmmiss tg tai `gvirkjikt‟s suppgrt nkc tg okput suppfois, okmfucok`

hirtofozirs (Jusnkn nkc Jurikzo 5<<?). Agwivir, ok egta mnsis, tai hgr-jufntogk gh mfustirs wns kgt ensic purify gk mgjjirmonf mgksocirntogks

eimnusi horjs wiri nfsg nttrnmtic tg tai nrins tg rimiovi ixtirknf suppgrt

hrgj cgkgrs siibok` tg suppgrt tai kgtogk gh hnor trnci.

Mfustir-ensic iktirprosis nri jgri strgk`fy mgkkimtic tg kgkfgmnf jnr-

bits. Saos os ixpimtic òvik tai strgk` ix nkti ixpgrt-groiktic knturi gh

mfustirs. Agwivir, ok tirjs gh snfis pirhgrjnkmi, tai risufts vnry eitwiik

tai twg mfustirs. Sai Ksnwnk pokinppfi mfustir ok @ankn nppinrs tg ei

quoti strgk` ok ots pirhgrjnkmi egta ok tirjs gh snfis pir wgrbir nkc kgk-

fgmnf jnrbit snfis vos-ì-vos gutsoci iktirprosis, waofi tai pirhgrjnkmi gh tai Eutnri mghhii mfustir ok Uwnkcn os kgt so`kohomnktfy cohhirikt hrgj tant

gh gutsoci mgjpnrntgrs.

Sai fokbnìs wota fnrìr cgwkstrinj gr`nkozntogks hnmofotnti nmmiss

tg hoknkmi njgk` mfustir-ensic iktirprosis. Jijeirs gh tai Ksnwnk

Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Eusokiss \irhgrjnkmi gh Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosis ok Nhromn 1=



pokinppfi mfustir nppinr tg ikdgy jgri hnvgrnefi nmmiss tg fgnks nkc

mricot hrgj mgjjirmonf enkbs tank gutsoci horjs (Nryiitiy, Gwusu,

nkc ûnrtiy 5<<?).

Sai hokcok`s hrgj qunktotntovi nknfysos cg kgt prgvoci mgkmfusovi

hokcok`s gk tai supirogr eusokiss pirhgrjnkmi gh mfustir-ensic iktir-

prosis ns gppgsic tg gutsoci iktirprosis. Ok tai mnsi gh vnfui manok”crovik

n`roeusokiss mfustirs, ìg`rnpay-ensic mgjpnrosgk gh oksoci nkc gutsoci

horjs jny kgt ei ns rifivnkt ns ot os hgr foàt jnkuhnmturok`. Ivik taguà

gutsoci gut`rgwirs nri kgt ìg`rnpaomnffy mgkmiktrntic ok nky gki nrin,

taiy jny ei mgkkimtic tg cgwkstrinj ixpgrtirs, waoma hnmofotntis taior

snfis pirhgrjnkmi.

OS Mfustirs

Sai mguktry mnsi stucois mgvir twg OS mfustirs4 Ieiki Myeir Sgwir Gki

ok Jnurotous nkc OMS \nrb ok Bo`nfo, Uwnkcn.

• Ieiki Myeir Sgwir Gki os n >5-stgry mgjjirmonf euofcok` fgmntic ok

Ieiki Myeir Moty, Jnurotous. Sai okti`rntic euofcok` jnknìjikt

systij wns mgkmiovic nkc ojpfijiktic ey n mgjpnky ensic ok Maik-kno, Okcon. Sai riokhgrmic mgkmriti tgwir, waoma wns mgjpfitic ok

gkfy >1 jgktas, os n huffy nor-mgkcotogkic euofcok` wota n surhnmi

nrin gh 35,509 squnri jitirs. ]otuntic ok n risociktonf zgki negut

>< bofgjitirs sguta gh \grt Fguos, tai mnpotnf gh Jnurotous, Ieiki

Myeir Sgwir Gki os pnrt gh n pfnk ey tai Jnurotous `gvirkjikt tg

civifgp okhgrjntogk nkc mgjjukomntogks timakgfg`y (OMS) ns n

hohta poffnr gh tai kntogk‟s imgkgjy.

• Sai Bo`nfo OMS \nrb wns mrintic ok inrfy 5<<8. Ot os nttnmaic tg tai

Uwnkcn Okhgrjntogk Simakgfg`y Nìkmy nkc siibs tg mrinti n miktir

gh okkgvntogk njc prgcumtogk ns wiff ns nk OMS sagwmnsi. Sai OMS

\nrb ans tnbik gvir Sifimgj Agusi Mgjpfix, sotuntic ok tai Bnmyoru

nrin gh tai moty gh Bo`nfo. Ot ans tarii mgjpgkikts4 timakgfg`y prg-

cumtogk nkc n sagwmnsi hgr istnefosaic OMS mgjpnkois (egta fgmnf

nkc oktirkntogknf), wairiey mgjpnkois nri ghhiric ghhomi spnmi nkc

gtair sirvomis nt jokojnf mgst2 nk okmuentgr, wairi `rint ocins nri

kurturic nkc `rgwk oktg OMS eusokissis (suppgrt sirvomis anvieiik put tgìtair, okmfucok` timakomnf, ncjokostrntovi, nkc fi`nf

sirvomis nkc nmmiss tg vikturi mnpotnf)2 nkc n juftocosmopfoknry mik-

tir gh ixmiffikmi ok OMS, wairi risinrma nkc civifgpjikt ok muttok`-

icì timakgfgòis os mgkcumtic. Sai tarii mgjpgkikts nri







Egx 3.=

OS nkc OS-Iknefic ]irvomis Mfustirs ok Nhromn nkc nrgukctai Pgrfc

]ivirnf Nhromnk mguktrois nri ijiròk` ixpgrtirs gh OS sirvomis nkc, ok pnrtomufnr,

OS-iknefic sirvomis. Hgr ixnjpfi, ok N.S. Binrkiy‟s 5<<? `fgenf sirvomis fgmntogk

okcix–n sijonkkunf rnkbok` gh mguktrois ensic gk taior pirmiovic nttrnmtovi-

kiss ns n aue gh sirvomis gutsgurmok`–tai Nrne Uipuefom gh I`ypt rnkbic 8, @ankn

rnkbic >9, Sukoson rnkbic >0, Jnurotous rnkbic 59, nkc ]iki`nf rnkbic 58. Nttrnmtic

ey nk okixpiksovi, aoàfy icumntic, nkc fnkùnì-prghomoikt wgrbhgrmi, cgjistomiktriprikiurs nkc hgrio`k juftokntogknfs nfobi nri istnefosaok` ixpgrt-groiktic

eusokissis tg sirvomi jnrbits ok okcustronf mguktrois. Nhromnk ixpgrts gh OS-iknefic

sirvomis nri ixpimtic tg `rgw rnpocfy ns tai mgktokikt eimgjis okmrinsok`fy okti-

`rntic ok fgenf OMS kitwgrbs, eggstok` Oktirkit ergncenkc mnpnmoty nkc ricumok`

promis.

OS mgjpnkois anvi n strgk` tikcikmy tg n``fgjirnti4 OS os n bkgwficì-

oktiksovi okcustry, nkc mgjpnkois fgmnti ok mfgsi prgxojoty tg miktirs gh aoàir

icumntogk ok jitrgpgfotnk nrins wota nmmiss tg ifimtromoty, OMS okhrnstrumturi, nkcoktirkntogknf trnkspgrt kitwgrbs. Hgr ixnjpfi, I`ypt agsts n ]jnrt Xoffnì Euso-

kiss \nrb wota jgcirk okhrnstrumturi gutsoci Mnorg, nkc `fgenf fincirs suma ns

Aiwfitt \nmbnrc, OEJ, Okhgsys, Jomrgsght, Grnmfi, nkc Poprg anvi aues ok Mnorg tant

civifgp sghtwnri nppfomntogks nkc prgvoci timakomnf suppgrt tg hgrio`k jnrbits.

Sai I`yptonk `gvirkjikt ikmgurnìs mgjpnkois kgt gkfy ey hnmofotntok` okvist-

jikts ok tai rijgvnf gh okhrnstrumturi egttfikimbs eut nfsg ey ikankmok` tai

eusokiss ikvorgkjikt4 hgr ixnjpfi, ot rimiktfy strinjfokic ncjokostrntovi prgmi-

curis hgr riòstirok` n mgjpnky hrgj hgur jgktas tg fiss tank tarii cnys. @ankn‟s

OS-iknefic sirvomis okcustry ikdgys nmmiss tg sivirnf kiw puefom nkc provnti trnokok`

okstotutis, hnvgrnefi ixpntronti njikotois, okmuentogk hnmofotois, nkc nmtovi suppgrt

ey tai @ankn ]ghtwnri nkc ]irvomis Nssgmontogk (@nssmgj). @ankn‟s OS-iknefic

sirvomis mfustir woff `rgw strgkìr ns ot civifgps jgri prghissogknf rimruotjikt

nkc rinf istnti nìkmois ns wiff ns jgri trnokok` prg`rnjs spimohomnffy ìnric tg

OS-iknefic sirvomis.

Nttrnmtok` strntiòm nkmagr okvistgrs tg nok tai mrotomnf jnss kimissnry hgr cy-

knjom mfustir ihhimts os n biy progroty hgr prgnmtovi `gvirkjikts siibok` tg prg-

jgti fgmnf OS sirvomis nkc OS-iknefic sirvomis okcustrois. Jnky mguktrois wota uk-

circivifgpic okhrnstrumturi anvi nfsg istnefosaic OS pnrbs tg mfustir eusokissis

nkc insi tai prgvosogk gh okhrnstrumturi sirvomis. Sai summiss gh tai ]tnkhgrc







mfustirs, waoma nri cihokic knrrgwfy ns eiok` wotaok n spimohom kioàegraggc

wotaok n moty. Eusokiss nssgmontogks nri usunffy hgrjic nt juma wocir ìg-

`rnpaom fivifs, suma ns kntogknf, prgvokmonf, gr jukomopnf fivifs. ]gji okcustronf

mfustirs cg anvi mfustir-ensic nssgmontogks, eut sgji cg kgt. ]gji mfustirs

anvi jgri tank gki nssgmontogk, cohhiriktontic ey spimohom suesimtgrs suma ns

`nrnìs nkc jitnfwgrb gr prghissogks suma ns jnmaokosts nkc mnrpiktirs.

Uihirikmis

Nbgtik, Dgak. 5<<?. ‖Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Okcoìkgus \rovnti ]imtgr ok Nhromn4

Sai Mnsi gh Bikyn.‚ Enmb`rgukc timakomnf pnpir pripnric hgr tai stucy.Nryiitiy, Irkist, @igrì Gwusu, nkc \itir ûnrtiy. 5<<?. ‖Okcustronf Mfustirs

nkc Okcoìkgus \rovnti ]imtgr ok Nhromn4 @ankn Mnsi ]tucy.‚ Enmb`rgukc tima-

komnf pnpir pripnric hgr tai stucy.

N. S. Binrkiy. 5<<?. Sai ]aohtok` @ig`rnpay gh Ghhsagrok`4 Sai 5<<? N. S.

Binrkiy @fgenf ]irvomis Okcix. Nvnofnefi gkfoki nt www.ntbinrkiy.mgj

Egu`kn, Saigpaofi, nkc _utnbn _gsaokg. 5<<?. ‖Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Jomrg- nkc

]jnff Foàt Jnkuhnmturok` Iktirprosis ok Nhromn4 Hokcok`s hrgj Mguktry Mnsi

]tucois.‚ Nknfytomnf enmb`rgukc kgti pripnric hgr tai stucy.

Cgkòir, \aoffopi, nkc Unkciip ]ucgj. 5<<?. ‖Uinfozok` tai Gppgrtukotois

\risiktic ey tai @fgenf Srnci ok OS-Ensic ]irvomis.‚ Ok Okhgrjntogk nkc

Mgjjukomntogks ok Civifgpjikt 5<<?4 Ixtikcok` Uinma nkc Okmrinsok` Ojpnmt,

><=-55. Pnsaok`tgk, CM4 Pgrfc Enkb.

Aiwott Nssgmontis. 5<<8. Ojprgvok` Eusokiss Mgjpitotovikiss nkc Okmrinsok`

Imgkgjom @rgwta ok @ankn4 Sai Ugfi gh Okhgrjntogk nkc Mgjjukomntogks

Simakgfgòis.

Jusnkn, ]irì, nkc Ovnk Jurikzo. 5<<?. ‖Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Okcoìkgus

\rovnti ]imtgr ok Nhromn4 Sai Mnsi gh Uwnkcn.‚ Enmb`rgukc timakomnf pnpirpripnric hgr tai stucy.

Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Eusokiss \irhgrjnkmi gh Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosis ok Nhromn 1?





?>

Manptir 3 cosmussis tai eusokiss pirhgrjnkmi gh mfustir-ensic jomrg nkc

sjnff iktirprosis gk tai ensos gh tai cntn mgffimtic hrgj sifimt okcustronf

mfustirs ok Nhromn, mgjpnrok` taij wota iktirprosis ok tai snji okcustrois

nkc motois eut gutsoci n paysomnf mgkmiktrntogk. Sai risufts sagw tai pris-

ikmi gh mfustir prijoujs, egta gk prgcumtovoty nkc gk pnrtomopntogk ok

kgkfgmnf jnrbits, ns hnr ns jomrg nkc sjnff foàt jnkuhnmturok` iktirprosis

nri mgkmirkic. Paofi manptir 3 okvisto`ntis agw knturnf mfustirok` os qunk-

totntovify nssgmontic wota aoàir fivifs gh prgcumtovoty nkc pnrtomopntogk okkgkfgmnf jnrbits ok n mrgss-simtogknf siksi, ot os iqunffy ojpgrtnkt tg cosmuss

tai cyknjom nspimts gh mfustir civifgpjikt nkc horj eianvogr ok grcir tg

anvi n eittir ukcirstnkcok` gh tai `rgwta gh tagsi knturnf okcustronf mfus-

tirs nkc tai manffikìs hnmok` mfustir-ensic jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis.

Saos manptir cosmussis agw jomrg nkc sjnff foàt jnkuhnmturok`

iktirprosis maggsi taior fgmntogk ok rifntogk tg mfustirs–egta waitair gr

kgt taiy dgok n mfustir ns wiff ns wairi taiy nri fgmntic wotaok gki–nkc

agw taior magomi gh fgmntogk nhhimts taior eusokiss pirhgrjnkmi. Ok cgok`sg, wi usi tai snji cntn prisiktic ok manptir 3, waoma nri hrgj tai groò-

knf hovi-mguktry mnsi stucois gh mfustirs mgkcumtic ey tai Pgrfc Enkb nkc

risinrmairs nhhofontic wota tai Nhromnk Imgkgjom Uisinrma Mgksgrtouj,

suppfijiktic ey tai mnsi stucy gh tai Nrusan hurkoturi mfustir ok Snkznkon

M A N \ S I U 9

Fgmntogk, Jnrbit Nmmiss, nkc

Eusokiss \irhgrjnkmi gh

Mfustir-Ensic Iktirprosis





gutsoci iktirprosis, hgr waoma mgst nkc nvnofneofoty gh fnkc nkc euofcok`s

nri ns ojpgrtnkt ns jnrbit nmmiss ok ixpfnokok` taior murrikt fgmntogk.

@ovik tai mfustir prijouj gk jnrbit ixpnksogk, ns cosmussic ok manptir

3, ot os ukcirstnkcnefi tant iktirprosis nri nttrnmtic tg mfustirs eimnusi gh

taior ikankmic nmmissoeofoty tg ìg`rnpaomnffy wocir snfis nrins.

Fgmntogks tant nttrnmt jgri mustgjirs nri jgri ojpgrtnkt tank fgmn-

togks tant nri mfgsi tg mustgjirs. Hgr iktirprosis biik gk nmmissoeofoty gh

jnrbits egta oksoci nkc gutsoci gh tai mfustirs, nmmiss tg snfis jnrbits

(mustgjirs) nppinrs tg ei jgri so`kohomnkt tank nmmissoeofoty tg suppfoirs

gh okputs. Hgr mfustir-ensic iktirprosis ok pnrtomufnr, fgmntogks tant nffgw

iktirprosis tg nttrnmt mustgjirs hrgj n wocir ìg`rnpaom nrin nri jgriojpgrtnkt tank sojpfi paysomnf prgxojoty tg mustgjirs. Untair tank

jgvok` tg wairi tai mustgjirs nri, iktirprosis maggsi tg ei fgmntic

wairi mustgjirs mnk insofy mgji. Saos os quoti oktuotovi oh wi mgksocir n

mnsi wairi iktirprosis wgufc prihir tg sit up n wgrbsagp mfgsi tg n jndgr

rgnc rntair tank ok tai joccfi gh n risociktonf nrin gr ghhomi costromt.

]pgktnkigusfy `rgwk okcustronf mfustirs nri jgstfy fgmntic wairi tairi os

rifntovify insy nmmiss tg rgnc kitwgrbs.

Nmmiss tg jnrbits os nfsg n projnry hnmtgr hgr mgksocirok` rifgmntogktg nk nftirkntovi fgmntogk. Kgt nff iktirprosis nri sntoshoic wota taior mur-

rikt fgmntogk, nkc jnky okcomntic tant taiy wgufc jgvi tg n cohhirikt

fgmntogk oh òvik tai mankmi (sii tnefi 9.5). Egta oksoci nkc gutsoci tai

Fgmntogk, Jnrbit Nmmiss, nkc Eusokiss \irhgrjnkmi gh Mfustir-Ensic Iktirprosis ?=

Snefi 9.5 Sgp Uinsgk hgr Pnktok` tg Jgvi tg Kiw Fgmntogk, ey Uinsgk hgr

Maggsok` Murrikt Fgmntogk

% gh rispgkcikts òvok` tai rinsgk

Uinsgk hgr maggsok`

murrikt fgmntogk

Uinsgk hgr wnktok` tg jgvi tg n kiw fgmntogk

Hnmtgr Fnkc Jnrbit Gtair Sgtnf

Oksoci gh mfustirs

Hnmtgr <.< <.< <.< 5.? 5.?

Fnkc <.< 3.= >1.1 0.5 =<.=

Jnrbit >.3 >9.? =3.1 1.0 8<.1

Gtair <.< <.< >.3 3.= 9.0

Sgtnf >.3 5<.5 99.< 5=.> ??.0

Gutsoci gh mfustirs

Hnmtgr >.0 >.0 >.0 <.< 9.>Fnkc <.< =.3 5<.= >=.8 =0.=

Jnrbit 9.> 9.> =<.9 1.9 3?.5

Gtair <.< >.0 9.> >.0 1.9

Sgtnf 8.1 >>.? 90.8 5=.1 ><<.>

]gurmi4 Egu`kn nkc _gsaokg 5<<?, ensic gk tai cntn gh jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis oksoci tai >< fo at jnkuhnmturok`

mfustirs nkc taior gutsoci mgjpnrntgrs mgffimtic ns pnrt gh tai groòknf hovi-mguktry mnsi stucois gh okcustronf mfustirs.



mfustirs, jgri tank =< pirmikt gh iktirprosis wgufc prihir tg jgvi tg n

kiw fgmntogk. Sai jndgroty gh mfustir-ensic iktirprosis prihirrok` tg

jgvi snoc tant taiy wgufc siib eittir nmmissoeofoty tg pgtiktonf mus-

tgjirs (99 pirmikt). ]gji gh tagsi (=9 pirmikt) magsi taior murrikt

fgmntogk ensic gk eittir nmmiss tg mustgjirs, waoma ojpfois n strgk`

jgtovntogk tg ixpnkc taior jnrbits hurtair ey jgvok` tg nftirkntovi

fgmntogks. N hiw iktirprosis sagwic oktirist ok simurok` eittir nmmiss tg

fnkc nkc euofcok` hnmofotois. Saos jgtovi nppinrs tg ei strgkìr njgk`

mfustir-ensic iktirprosis tank gutsoci iktirprosis, pnrtomufnrfy njgk`

tagsi wag magsi taior murrikt fgmntogk ensic gk jnrbit nmmiss. Saos

gesirvntogk su`ìsts n pgssoefi sagrtnì gh fnkc nkc euofcok` hnmofotoisoksoci tai murrikt okcustronf mfustir.

Jomrg-Fivif Magomi gh Fgmntogk nkc Eusokiss \irhgrjnkmi4Hokcok`s hrgj tai Nrusan Hurkoturi Mfustir Mnsi ]tucy

Kiw iktry tg mfustirs os tai jgst gevogus jimankosj hgr mfustir

`rgwta. Paofi tai negvi cntn sagw agw iktriprikiurs cismroei taior

fgmntogknf prihirikmis ix pgst nkc taior prihirikmis hgr nftirkntovifgmntogks, agw cg iktriprikiurs nmtunffy maggsi taior spimohom fgmntogk

nt n jgri jomrg fivif7 Magomi gh fgmntogk nt n viry jomrg fivif–hgr

ixnjpfi, agw okcovocunf iktriprikiurs maggsi n spimohom fgmntogk

wotaok n mfustir–wgufc rivinf jgri ojpfomot rinsgks hgr n``fgjirn-

togks ok nccotogk tg ixpfomot imgkgjom rinsgks, ns cosmussic negvi. Ok

taos mgktixt, DOMN‟s mnsi stucy gk tai Nrusan hurkoturi mfustir ok

Snkznkon, waoma mgjprosis sivirnf suemfustirs wotaok tai jnok mfustir,

prgvocis oksoàts gk agw okhgrjnf sgmonf kitwgrbs, suma ns itakom kit-wgrbs, nkc jnrbit nmmissoeofoty aifp iktirprosis tg maggsi taior spimohom

fgmntogk wotaok n mfustir nkc agw tai magomi gh n spimohom fgmntogk

nhhimts taior prgcumtovoty.

Ok tai voiw gh imgkgjom ìg`rnpay, ixostok` mgkmiktrntogks gh iktir-

prosis gr ciksoty gh imgkgjom nmtovotois sagufc nttrnmt hurtair iktrnkts. Nt

tai snji toji, privogus stucois ijpansozi tant Nhromnk iktriprikiurs

prihir cgok` eusokiss wota jijeirs gh taior gwk itakom `rgup eimnusi

taos aifps taij tg fgwir tai gtairwosi aoà trnksnmtogk mgsts hrgj jnr-

bit hnofuris (sii manptir =). Ns n risuft gh kitwgrb ixtirknfotois nfgk` ita-kom fokis, jnrbit iktry os insoir hgr jijeirs gh n pnrtomufnr `rgup, wag

mnk ei rimgjjikcic tg istnefosaic horjs gh tai snji `rgup (Hnhmanjps

5<<<). Gtair stucois su`ìst tant mfustirs mnk mgjpfijikt tai jnrbit ey

prgvocok` pgsotovi ixtirknfotois, okmfucok` (>) okhgrjntogk spoffgvirs,

?3 Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosis ok Nhromn



(5) spimonfozntogk nkc covosogk gh fnegr njgk` horjs, nkc (=) civifgpjikt

gh sboffic fnegr jnrbits (]gkgei nkc Gtsubn 5<<8). Saos os pnrtomufnrfy

rifivnkt ok Nhromnk jnrbits wairi trnksnmtogk mgsts nri aoà. Sairihgri, ns

n pgtiktonf citirjoknkt gh tai magomi gh fgmntogk nkc prgcumtovoty gh

horjs, ot wgufc ei oktiristok` tg bkgw agw itakomoty, waoma ixpfnoks kit-

wgrb ihhimts, nkc ciksoty, waoma ixpfnoks mfustir ihhimts, oktirpfny ok okhfu-

ikmok` tai magomi gh fgmntogk gh jomrg iktirprosis nkc agw tant cimosogk

nhhimts taior eusokiss pirhgrjnkmi.

Ok 5<<0 DOMN mgkcumtic n cggr-tg-cggr miksus gh jomrg nkc sjnff

wgrbsagps ok tai wggcik hurkoturi okcustry ok Nrusan, Snkznkon, waoma

ixpiroikmic n wnvi gh kiw iktrois ok tai 5<<9”<0 pirogc (waoma oscismroeic ok egx 9.>).

Itakom kitwgrbs hnmofotnti tai okotonf magomi gh fgmntogk gh kiw iktrnkts.

N mgkcotogknf fgòt jgcif os usic tg ukcirstnkc tai hnmtgrs eiaokc nk

iktriprikiur‟s cimosogk tg sit up n wgrbsagp ok n spimohom suemfustir. Sai

risufts nri sagwk ok tnefi 9.=. N sit gh wgrbsagp manrnmtirostoms nkc sue-

mfustir manrnmtirostoms os mgksociric.> Hurkoturi wgrbsagps maggsi tg

fgmnti ok tai suemfustir wairi tai wgrbsagps gh gwkirs hrgj tai snji

itakom `rgup nri fgmntic. Kiw iktrnkts jny jnbi taos cimosogk eimnusitaiy pirmiovi tant itakom kitwgrbs prgvoci n aoàir prgeneofoty gh hokc-

ok` prijosis hgr taior gpirntogks ns wiff ns ìttok` oktrgcumic tg n wggc-

prgmissok` wgrbsagp. Sai risuft os mgksostikt wota tai aypgtaisos tant

itakom kitwgrbs pricomt suemfustir magomi gh hurkoturi wgrbsagps wotaok

tai mfustir.

Saombkiss gh tai jnrbit nttrnmts kiw iktrnkts, eut kgt kimissnrofy tai

paysomnf ciksoty. Hurkoturi wgrbsagps jny maggsi tg fgmnti ok suemfustirs

wairi ciksoty, jinsuric ey tai kujeir gh hurkoturi wgrbsagps pir bofg-jitir, os fgwir. Saos os mgktrnry tg tai pricomtogk hrgj imgkgjom ìg`rn-

pay gh mfustirs tant ciksoty nttrnmts hurtair iktrnkts. Iktriprikiurs

okstinc maggsi tg nvgoc ciksify pgpufntic suemfustirs. Untair, tai gwk-

irs gh wgrbsagps tikc tg fgmnti wairi tai jnrbit os fnrì gr wairi mus-

tgjirs nri ixpnkcok`. Mustgjirs nri ixpnkcok` nfgk` tai oktirkntogknf

rgnc, waoma os mgkkimtic tg tai Bikynk rgnc kitwgrb gr nfgk` tai rgnc

tant mgkkimts Nrusan wota okfnkc urenk miktirs. Saos os mgksostikt wota

tai ijporomnf risufts gh FnHguktnok (5<<9) usok` Y.]. cntn. Ot jny ei rin-

sgknefi tg nrùi tant okhgrjntogk spoffgvir nkc sanrok` gh fnegr jnrbitsnri gmmurrok` nt tai mfustir fivif. Saik, ok maggsok` njgk` suemfustirs, n

enfnkmi eitwiik siibok` prgxojoty tg mustgjirs waofi nvgocok` paysomnf

mgkìstogk os tai rntogknf magomi gh kiw iktrnkts. Ok hnmt, tai okmrinsi ok

cijnkc mgjis hrgj tai hnst pnmi gh urenkozntogk nkc okmrinsi ok trnhhom.5

Fgmntogk, Jnrbit Nmmiss, nkc Eusokiss \irhgrjnkmi gh Mfustir-Ensic Iktirprosis ?9



?8 Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosis ok Nhromn

Egx 9.>

]uemfustirs wotaok tai Nrusan Hurkoturi Mfustir ok Snkznkon

Sai hurkoturi simtgr ok Nrusan, Snkznkon, ans `rgwk rnpocfy ok rimikt yinrs (sii

hoùri E9.>), wota n wnvi gh kiw iktrnkts ok 5<<9”<0. Sai 5=3 hurkoturi iktir-

prosis ok gur snjpfi nri fgmntic ok hovi suemfustirs gh Nrusan Jukomopnfoty4

00 nri fgmntic ok Knorgeo-Jgsao Ugnc Nrin, 39 ok Cgcgjn-Gfdgrg Ugnc, 33 ok

Moty Miktir, =1 ok Okcustronf Nrin, nkc =< ok ]gbgoki Ugnc”Nrusan Sima.

Knorgeo-Jgsao Ugnc Nrin rihirs tg n suemfustir nfgk` tai oktirkntogknf rgnc

hrgj Jgsao tg Knorgeo. Eiygkc Jgsao, ot os mgkkimtic wota Cnr is ]nfnnj, tai mnp-

otnf gh Snkznkon.

<

><

5<

=<

3<

9

>9

59

=9

39

# g h h o r j s

> ? 1

<

> ? 1 >

” 1 9

> ? 1 8

” ? <

> ? ? >

” ? 9

> ? ? 8

” 5 < <

<

5 < < >

” < 3

5 < < 9

” < 0

yinr istnefosic

Okcustronf Nrin Knorgeo-Jgsao Ugnc

]gbgoki Ugnc-Nrusan Sima Cgcgjn-Gfodgrg Ugnc

Moty Miktir

Hoùri E9.> Kujeir gh Horjs ok tai Nrusan Hurkoturi Mfustir, Snkznkon,>?1<”5<<0, ey _inr Istnefosaic

]gurmi4 Jutg, Mauk`, nkc ]aojgbgsao 5<<?.



Ot siijs rntogknf hgr kiw iktrnkts tg maggsi n suemfustir wairi pgtiktonf

kiw mustgjirs nri ixpnkcok` nkc wairi fnkc os stoff neukcnkt.

Pi taik nssiss tai pirhgrjnkmi gh n wgrbsagp, jinsuric ey twg okco-

mntgrs4 tgtnf ihhomoikmy nkc prgcumt qunfoty. Sgtnf ihhomoikmy os jinsuric

ey cntn ikvifgpjikt nknfysos nkc hurtair cimgjpgsic oktg twg ihho-

moikmy mgjpgkikts4 timakomnf ihhomoikmy nkc nffgmntovi ihhomoikmy (sii

nppikcox =). Sai fivif gh timakomnf ihhomoikmy os ixtrijify fgw ok tai

Fgmntogk, Jnrbit Nmmiss, nkc Eusokiss \irhgrjnkmi gh Mfustir-Ensic Iktirprosis ?0

Njgk` tai jnok rgncs nrgukc Nrusan Jukomopnfoty, ot os tai rgnc wota tai jgst

trnhhom. Saos os tai nrin wota tai fnrìst kujeir gh wgrbsagps, 31 pirmikt gh taij

gwkic ey tai Man``n itakom `rgup. Sai fnrìst kujeir gh iktrnkts ok 5<<3”<0,

tai fnrìst kujeir gh wgrbsagps wota n jgtgrozic prgmissok` jnmaoki, nkc tai

sagrtist wnotok` toji hgr wggc prgmissok` wiri ok taos suesimtgr.

Cgcgjn-Gfdgrg Ugnc rihirs tg n suemfustir tant stritmais nfgk` tai Cgcgjn

Ugnc tant mgkkimts Nrusan Jukomopnfoty wota tai miktrnf okfnkc nrin gh Snkznkon.

Saos nrin nttrnmts mustgjirs hrgj kiwfy civifgpic risociktonf nrins wotaok

Nrusan Jukomopnfoty ns wiff ns hrgj rurnf tgwks ok okfnkc Snkznkon. Saos suemfustir

anc tai simgkc aoàist kujeir gh iktrnkts ok 5<<3”<0.Moty Miktir rihirs tg n suemfustir nrgukc tai gfc moty miktir jnrbit, wota sjnff-

smnfi wgrbsagps smnttiric wotaok risociktonf nkc mgjjirmonf nrins.

Okcustronf Nrin rihirs tg tai suemfustir nrgukc tai okcustronf zgki privogusfy

mgkstrumtic ey tai gvirkjikt kinr tai gfc rnof stntogk. Sai okcustronf zgki agsts

n vnroity gh okcustrois, hrgj hggc prgmissok` tg maijomnfs. ]gji fnrì hurkoturi

wgrbsagps nri fgmntic gk soznefi fgts, waofi jnky kiw wgrbsagps hokc taior pfnmi

ok sjnff mgrkirs. Sai suemfustir cgis kgt hnmi corimtfy gktg n jnok rgnc, eut

tai rgnc kitwgrb wotaok tai suemfustir nkc nmmiss tg tai jnok rgnc nri `ggc. Saos suemfustir anc rifntovify aoà hriquikmois gh grcir sanrok` nkc fnegr sanrok`

eitwiik wgrbsagps nkc tai aoàist pirmiktnì gh wgrbsagps nmmiptok` okstnff-

jikt pnyjikts ns gppgsic tg mnsa ok ncvnkmi.

]gbgoki Ugnc”Nrusan Sima rihirs tg tai suemfustir mgkkimtok` n mgrkir gh

Knorgeo”Jgsao Ugnc (nk oktirkntogknf rgnc) wota ]gbgoki Ugnc (n jnok rgnc pnss-

ok` tai miktir gh Nrusan Jukomopnfoty). Saos nrin nttrnmts mustgjirs usok` egta

Knorgeo-Jgsao Ugnc nkc ]gbgoki Ugnc, nkc ot os tai suemfustir tant wns jgst

ciksify pgpufntic wota hurkoturi wgrbsagps ok 5<<0. Ot anc tai aoàist pirmikt-

nì gh wgrbsagps usok` tai mnsa ok ncvnkmi jitagc nkc tai fgkìst wnotok`

toji hgr wggc prgmissok`.






prgcumts, os okhfuikmic jgri ey tai ìg`rnpaom mgkcotogk hgr vnfui manok

fokbnìs. Pggc-prgmissok` wnotok` toji os ki`ntovify nssgmontic wota

nffgmntovi ihhomoikmy nkc prgcumt qunfoty. Saos su`ìsts tant upstrinj sup-

pgrtok` nmtovoty ok tai vnfui manok gh hurkoturi prgcumtogk os mrumonf tg tai

pirhgrjnkmi gh hurkoturi wgrbsagps ok Nrusan Jukomopnfoty. Paofi

Fgmntogk, Jnrbit Nmmiss, nkc Eusokiss \irhgrjnkmi gh Mfustir-Ensic Iktirprosis ??

Snefi 9.3 Citirjoknkts gh \irhgrjnkmi ok tai Nrusan Hurkoturi Mfustir

Xnronefi

Sgtnf

ihhomoikmy

Simakomnf

ihhomoikmy

Nffgmntovi

ihhomoikmy

ûnfoty4crykiss

gh wggc

Nì gh gwkir <.<=

(<.89)

”<.<>

(”<.?=)

<.<<

(<.<>)

<.<53

(<.?0)

Nì gh gwkir, squnric <.<<

(”<.8<)

<.<<

(>.>1)

<.<<

(”<.98)

<.<<

(”<.1?)

\rivogus hurkoturi snfis ”<.<1**

(”5.<?)

”<.<0*

(”>.88)

”<.>8**

(”5.59)

<.53**

(5.5<)

Hurkoturi jnbir eihgri

(cujjy)

”<.<3*

(”>.?=)

”<.<9*

(”>.81)

<.<8

(<.?0)

<.>5**

(5.<1)Jnknìr‟s projnry smaggf

icumntogk

<.<>

(”<.91)

<.<5

<.0?)

”<.>**

(”>.?0)

<.<0

(>.98)

\rgcumtogk trnokok` <.<<<=

(<.<=)

<.<<<1

(”<.<9)

”<.<5=

(”<.89)

<.<1

(>.99)

% gh gwk itakomoty ”<.<9

(”>.9<)

”<.<=9

(”<.?=)

”<.<<8

(”<.<0)

<.<0

(<.91)

_inrs gh ixpiroikmi gh

sboffic wgrbir

”<.<<>

(”<.1>)

”<.<<=**

(”5.>>)

<.<<9*

(>.18)

”<.<<9

(”>.3>)

_inrs ok gpirntogk ”<.<<3**

(”5.51)

”<.<8***

(”=.>3)

<.<<>

(<.53)

”<.<<8

(”<.83)

Njgukt gh prgcumtogk

gh inma iktirprosi

<.<8=***

(9.==)

<.<?9***

(1.5=)

”<.<>

(”<.8=)

<.<>

(<.38)

Iquopjikt ”<.<>

(”<.38)

<.<5

(<.89)

”<.<>

(”<.8=)

<.<?*

(>.0=)

Njgukt gh prgcumtogk ok

tai suemfustir

<.<>=

(<.05)

<.<5?

(>.=3)

”<.<>

(”<.>8)

”<.<1

(”>.><)

Pggc-prgmissok` wnotok`

toji

”<.<<=**

(”5.3>)

”<.<<5

(>.8<)”

<.<3

(<.1?)

”<.<5*

(”>.10)

Ciksoty ”<.<<5

(”>.90)

”<.<<>

(”<.?=)

”<.>=***

(”5.?3)

<.<<<=

(<.<8)

Kujeir gh gesirvntogks 5>9 5>9 5>9 5>?

U5 <.=0 <.95 <.>9 <.>


Kgti4 Ugeust z stntostoms nri ok pnriktaisis.

*** p 6 <.<>.

** p 6 <.<9.

* p 6 <.><.





><>

N``fgjirntogk okcumis jgri mgjpitotogk nkc fgwirs prghotneofoty oksoci

gh mfustirs. Sai prisikmi gh n mfustir prijouj gk eusokiss pirhgrjnkmi

nttrnmts kiw iktirprosis tg mfustirs, ìkirntok` hurtair n``fgjirntogk. Ns

sagwk vovocfy ok hoùri 8.> hgr ]unji Jn`nzoki, kiw iktrnkts tg tai mfus-

tir pfnmi cgwkwnrc prissuri gk tai prghotneofoty gh nvirnì horjs wotaok

tai mfustir ns tai fivif gh mgjpitotogk `rgws. Sai jgri agjgìkigus tai

prgcumts nri, tai jgri fobify ot os tant tai okmrinsi ok tai kujeir gh horjs

ok tai mfustir woff corimtfy nhhimt taior prghot jnròk. Ykfiss iktriprikiursbkgw agw tg hokc kiw jnrbits, nk okmrinsi ok tai kujeir gh mgjpito-

tgrs woff risuft ok sjnffir snfis pir iktirprosi nkc n sjnffir prghot jnròk.

Paofi okmrinsic oktirknf mgjpitotogk os tai projnry rinsgk hgr tai

ricumtogk ok prghot jnròk, sivirnf nccotogknf hnmtgrs pgtiktonffy mgktroeuti

tg tai cimfoki ok prghotneofoty hrgj tai iktrnkmi gh kiw iktirprosis.

• Kiw iktrnkts nri fobify tg ei fiss prgcumtovi tank okmujeikts, ovik

tant jgst iktrnkts nri spokghhs ey tai `rncuntok` nppriktomis gh ixost-ok` horjs nkc stoff anvi fojotic mnpnmoty.

• Ns ok ]unji Jn`nzoki, jnstirs siib tg cosmgurnì rncuntok` npprik-

tomis hrgj eimgjok` mgjpitotgrs ey rnosok` taior snfnry nkc biipok`

taij ijpfgyic ok tai groòknf wgrbsagp. Ns siik ok manptir 3, n aoà

M A N \ S I U 8

N``fgjirntogk nkc @rgwta

Manffikìs hgr Iktirprosis ok

]urvovnf Mfustirs ok Nhromn





iktirprosis tg purmansi sjnff njgukts gh okputs ns taiy rimiovi grcirs

rntair tank tg stgmb n fnrì njgukt gh okputs (sii egx 8.>).

@rgwta Egttfikimbs ok ]urvovnf Mfustirs

Okmrinsic mgjpitotogk nkc cgwkwnrc prissuri gk prghot jnròks mgk-troeuti tg imgkgjom ihhomoikmy. Sai quistogk os waitair mgjpitotogk os

gpikok` up n `rgwta pnta egta hgr iktirprosis ensic ok suma mfustirs nkc

hgr tai mfustirs taijsifvis. Os mgjpitotogk sgrtok` gut `ggc pirhgrjirs

nkc hgrmok` gut enc pirhgrjirs wotaok mfustirs7 Swg strumturnf ossuis mgk-

mirkok` okcustronf mfustirs nri rifivnkt tg taos quistogk. Agw cg iktir-

prosis mgjpiti ok tai mfustirs7 Nkc os tairi nk ihhimtovi ixot jimankosj

hgr iktirprosis wosaok` tg finvi n mfustir7 Egttfikimbs tg `rgwta mnk mgji

hrgj fnmb gh okkgvntogk nkc prgcumt cohhiriktontogk gr hrgj fnmb gh spn-

tonf jgeofoty. Saos simtogk cinfs wota inma ok turk.

Fnmb gh Okkgvntogk nkc \rgcumt CohhiriktontogkSai knturnffy hgrjic okcustronf mfustirs ok Nhromn nri stoff fnrìfy nt nk

inrfy ‖survovnf‚ stnì, wairi mfustir hgrjntogk sojpfy fincs tg nk okmrinsic

N``fgjirntogk nkc @rgwta Manffikìs hgr Iktirprosis ok ]urvovnf Mfustirs ok Nhromn ><=

nvirnì siviroty rntok` njgk` mfustir-ensic iktirprosis

”<.3 ”<.5 < <.5 <.3 <.8 <.1

tnx rntis

oknciquntify icumntic wgrbhgrmi

tnx ncjokostrntogk

nmmiss tg hoknkmi (nvnofneofoty nkc mgst)

mustgjs nkc trnci riùfntogks

eusokiss fomiksok` nkc pirjots

fnegr riùfntogks

hukmtogkok` gh tai mgurts

trnkspgrtntogk

pgfotomnf okstneofoty

ifimtromoty

tifimgjjukomntogks

nmmiss tg fnkc

prnmtomis gh mgjpitotgrs

mgrruptogk

mroji, taiht, nkc cosgrcir

Hoùri 8.5 Cohhiriktonf ok ]iviroty gh Okvistjikt Mfojnti Mgkstrnokts njgk`

Mfustir-ensic nkc Gutsoci Iktirprosis


hnmturok` mfustirs nkc taior gutsoci mgjpnrntgrs mgffimtic ns pnrt gh tai groòknf hovi-mguktry mnsi stucois gh ok-

custronf mfustirs.

Kgti4 Iktirprosis wiri nsbic tg rnti tai siviroty gh vnrogus okvistjikt mgkstrnokts ensic gk n >-tg-9 smnfi, wota

> eiok` tai finst siviri (kg gestnmfi) nkc 9 eiok` tai jgst siviri (viry siviri gestnmfi). Sai nvirnì siviroty

rntok` njgk` mfustir-ensic iktirprosis cohhirs hrgj tai nvirnì siviroty rntok` njgk` gutsoci iktirprosis.



qunktoty gh prgcumtogk, eut kgt kimissnrofy tg ojprgvic prgcumt qunfoty

targuà okkgvntogk nkc prgcumt cohhiriktontogk. Sai mnsi gh Nrusan hur-

koturi mfustir cosmussic ok manptir 9 hokcs tant imgkgjois gh smnfi iknefi

mfustir-ensic iktirprosis tg prgcumi jgri hurkoturi poimis, eut tai

nesgfuti fivif gh mgst ihhomoikmy os stoff ixtrijify fgw. Sai ikankmic pir-

hgrjnkmi ensic sojpfy gk smnfi jny wgrb waik jnrbit cijnkc cgis kgt

anvi n strgk` tnsti hgr qunfoty. Agwivir, ns tai pgpufntogk gh Nrusan

Jukomopnfoty nkc gtair rurnf tgwks ok Snkznkon `rgws, mgksujirs jny

stnrt cijnkcok` jgri vnroity nkc aoàir-qunfoty prgcumts nt n fgwir mgst tank eihgri. Nt tant stnì, ot os ukmfinr agw tai `rgwta strnti`y hgr n hur-

koturi wgrbsagp woff mankì. \nrtomufnrfy ns Nrusan ojprgvis ots rgnc

mgkkimtovoty wota gtair jndgr motois ok Snkznkon nkc Bikyn nkc ikankmic

okhgrjntogk timakgfg`y nffgws insoir hfgw gh jnrbit okhgrjntogk hrgj

><3 Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosis ok Nhromn

Egx 8.>

Sai Gfizgn Hurkoturi Mfustir ok _ngukcï

Sai Gfizgn hurkoturi mfustir wns stnrtic ok >??= ey Xokmikt Eujn, waik tai pris-

ikt soti wns n eusay nrin. Ai ei`nk ey prgcumok` hurkoturi nkc trnkspgrtok` ot tg

Jnrmaï Jgkconf (kg fgkìr ok ixostikmi), wairi n hurkoturi jnrbit anc civif-

gpic. Ns aos eusokiss riw, ai erguàt ok rifntovis hrgj tai kgrtawist, aos riògk

gh groòk. Saisi rifntovis iviktunffy erguàt ok gtair rifntovis nkc hroikcs, nkc tai

soti sggk eimnji kgt gkfy nk ojpgrtnkt prgcumtogk soti, eut nfsg n wiff-bkgwk

hurkoturi jnrbit ok tai moty. Sai mfustir ans sokmi `rgwk nkc os ripgrtic tg anvinegut >9< horjs nkc negut >,<<< wgrbirs, okmfucok` horj gwkirs, ijpfgyiis, nkc

nppriktomis. Ot ruks negut >.9 bofgjitirs nfgk` n striit, hrgj \ristoì Agtif tg

Srgos ]tntus.

Sai mfustir ans nttrnmtic jnky gtair spimonfozic oktirjiconti okputs nkc sir-

vomi prgvocirs. \rgjokikt njgk` taij nri snwjoffs. Saisi snwjoffs nri issiktonf

hgr tai wgrb gh hurkoturi prgcumirs, eut taior mgst nkc mnpnmoty nri tgg aoà hgr

okcovocunf gwkirsaop. N typomnf hurkoturi jnbir cgis kgt usi tai snwjoff iviry

cny, nkc ivik waik ai usis ot, n hiw agurs nri ikguà tg sntoshy aos kiics. Saijnrbit hgr tai jnok rnw jntironf–tojeir–os dust = bofgjitirs hrgj tai mfustir nt

Jissn. Jgst gh tai horjs euy tojeir ns ot os riquoric. Saiy cg kgt stgri ot. Saior foj-

otic mnpotnf nkc fnmb gh stgrnì spnmi cgis kgt pirjot taij tg euy tojeir ok fnrì

qunktotois.

]gurmi4 Bank 5<<?.







Ixpiroikmis hrgj gtair riògks sagw tant urenkozntogk hnmofotntis tai

`rgwta gh okcustronf mfustirs. Ok taior stucy gh tai fgmntogk pnttirks gh

okcustronf mfustirs wota juftopfi jnkuhnmturok` simtgrs wotaok tarii jit-rgpgfotnk motois ok Okcon (Maikkno, Bgfbntn, nkc Jujeno), Manbrnvgrty,

Bgg, nkc Fnff (5<<=) hokc tant urenkozntogk imgkgjois crovi tai hgrjntogk

gh okcustronf mfustirs rntair tank fgmnfozntogk imgkgjois. Sai nmtunf fgmn-

togk gh cohhirikt okcustrois cipikcs gk n mgjpfix sit gh hnmtgrs, okmfucok`

nmmocikts gh aostgry, jitrgpgfotnk ixpnksogk, stnti riùfntogks, ispimonffy

gkis tant nhhimt tai fnkc jnrbit, nkc okcustry manrnmtirostoms. ]ok`fi-

simtgr okcustronf costromts, ispimonffy tagsi tant mnkkgt eikihot hrgj urenk-

ozntogk imgkgjois, nri ukfobify tg summiic. Fnkc usi pgfomois ciipfy

okhfuikmi okcustry fgmntogk. N pgfomy riòji tant cgis kgt nffgw fnkc usitg mankì–sny, hrgj risociktonf tg okcustronf usi–mrintis so`kohomnkt okih-

homoikmois ok okcustronf fgmntogk, fincok` tg nc agm mg-fgmntogk wotagut

enmbwnrc nkc hgrwnrc fokbnìs gr finp-hfg`òk`.

N``fgjirntogk nkc @rgwta Manffikìs hgr Iktirprosis ok ]urvovnf Mfustirs ok Nhromn ><0

”5<

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Hoùri 8.= Jnròknf Ihhimts gk tai \rgeneofoty gh ]iibok` nk Nftirkntovi Fgmntogk

njgk` Mfustir-ensic nkc Gutsoci Iktirprosis

]gurmi4 Egu`kn nkc _gsaokg 5<<?, ensic gk tai cntn gh jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis oksoci tai >< foàt jnku-hnmturok` mfustirs nkc taior gutsoci mgjpnrntgrs mgffimtic ns pnrt gh tai groòknf hovi-mguktry mnsi stucois gh


Kgti4 Ensic gk mgihhomoikt istojntis gk tai prgeot jgcif istojntogk gh agw n sit gh hnmtgrs os rifntic tg tai

prgeneofoty tant iktirprosis woff siib nk nftirkntovi fgmntogk. Gkfy so`kohomnkt hnmtgrs nri ripgrtic.





fgmntogk wotaok tai snji moty wns n kimissnry mgkcotogk hgr taior trnkshgr-

jntogk hrgj survovnf-fivif tg hgrjnf iktirprosis.

Ojpfomntogks gh Mfustir @rgwta hgr Ijpfgyjikt

Sai `rgwta gh okcustronf mfustirs ans pgtiktonffy pgsotovi ojpfomntogks hgr

tai fnegr jnrbit. Fnegr pggfok` os ivocikt ok tai cntn, wota mfustir-ensic

iktirprosis nesgreok` jgri pirjnkikt wgrbirs nkc gutsoci iktirprosis

nesgreok` jgri nppriktomis wag nri uksboffic (sii hoùri 8.3). Ijpfgy-

jikt `rgwta os nkgtair cojiksogk gh mfustir `rgwta. Okcustronf mfustirs

anvi eiik n so`kohomnkt sgurmi gh urenk ijpfgyjikt hgr tai fgmnf fnegrhgrmi ok Nhromn.

Potaok mfustirs, rifntovify fnrì iktirprosis tant mnk ixpnkc taior jnrbits

nri nesgreok` jgri wgrbirs. Ivik taguà okcustronf mfustirs nri cihokic ns

mgkmiktrntogks gh iktirprosis ok tai snji gr mfgsify rifntic okcustrois, iktir-

prosis nri aitirgìkigus ok jnky rispimts (sii hoùri 8.9). Saos ojpfois tant

iktirprosis wotaok tai mfustirs nri eimgjok` jgri cohhiriktontic. ]gji

N``fgjirntogk nkc @rgwta Manffikìs hgr Iktirprosis ok ]urvovnf Mfustirs ok Nhromn ><?

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gutsoci gh mfustir

p i r m i k t

oksoci gh mfustir

nvirnì mankì ok # gh pirjnkikt wgrbirs (fiht nxos)

nvirnì mankì ok # gh nppriktomis (fiht nxos)

nppriktomi tg pirjnkikt wgrbir rntog (roàt nxos)

Hoùri 8.3 @rgwta ok Fnegr Hgrmi njgk` Mfustir-ensic nkc Gutsoci Iktirprosis,

5<<9”<1






mfustir-ensic iktirprosis nri rifntovify fnrì. Saiy nri nefi tg siff taior prgc-

umts gutsoci gh tai fgmnf jnrbits. Saiy anvi `rgwk juma hnstir tank gtair

iktirprosis nkc ijpfgy jgri pirjnkikt wgrbirs. Gk tai gki ankc, taos

ukcirsmgris agw eittir jnrbit nmmiss nkc `rgwta nri rifntic. Gk tai gtairankc, ot okcomntis n pgssoefi wocikok` gh tai sozi `np eitwiik tagsi tant

pnrtomopnti ok kgkfgmnf jnrbits nkc tagsi tant cg kgt, ns iktirprosis tant nri

mnpnefi gh siffok` taior prgcumts ok kgkfgmnf jnrbits nri `rgwok` hnstir.

Kgti

>. Ns cosmussic ok tai kixt simtogk, ok Bnrogenkò Foàt Okcustrois, n hiw horjs

anvi rifgmntic hrgj tai mfustir tg hgrjnf okcustronf nrins wotaok Knorgeo.

Uihirikmis

Egu`kn, Saigpaofi, nkc _utnbn _gsaokg. 5<<?. ‖Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Jomrg- nkc

]jnff Foàt Jnkuhnmturok` Iktirprosis ok Nhromn4 Hokcok`s hrgj Mguktry Mnsi

]tucois.‚ Nknfytomnf enmb`rgukc kgti pripnric hgr tai stucy.

>>< Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosis ok Nhromn

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9<

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5<<

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jomrg sjnff jomrg sjnff

siffs tg fgmnf jnrbits gkfy siffs tg kntogknf nkc

oktirkntogknf jnrbits

p i r m i k t

nvirnì mankì ok # gh pirjnkikt wgrbirs

nvirnì mankì ok # gh nppriktomis

Hoùri 8.9 @rgwta ok Ijpfgyjikt ok Mfustir-ensic Iktirprosis, ey \rokmopnf ]nfis

Jnrbit, 5<<9”<1












nkc jnknì fnrìr kujeirs gh pigpfi, tg jnoktnok nmmgukts nkc

rimgrcs, nkc tg nmmiss kiw timakgfg`y. Nmmiss tg icumntogk iknefis

okcoìkgus iktriprikiurs tg civifgp jnknìronf sboffs tant suestotuti

hgr tai okhgrjntogk nkc hoknkmonf kitwgrbs mrintic ey kgkokcoìkgus

iktriprikiurs. Ijporomnf pnpirs gk spimohom okcustronf mfustirs ok Nhromn

(hgr ixnjpfi, Nbgtik, Gtsubn, nkc ]gkgei 5<<82 Occrosu, Jnkg, nkc

]gkgei 5<<?2 ]gkgei, Nbgtik, nkc Gtsubn 5<<?) nfsg ociktohy tai fnmb

gh jnknìjikt nkc jnrbitok` bkgwficì njgk` mfustir-ensic iktri-

prikiurs ns tai jgst sirogus mgkstrnokt gk ìkirntok` spokghhs.

N sjnff kujeir gh stucois anvi sg hnr ixpfomotfy istojntic tai ojpnmt

gh jnknìronf aujnk mnpotnf civifgpjikt gk horj pirhgrjnkmi ok n civif-gpjikt mgktixt. Paofi jnky stucois anvi sguàt tg rifnti prgcumtovoty tg

tai mgkmipt gh iktriprikiursaop, gkfy n hiw anvi ixpfomotfy ociktohoic tai

mgktroeutogk gh jnknìronf sboffs tg horjs‟ pirhgrjnkmi. Bnrfnk nkc Xnfcovon

(5<<?) prisikt n vnfunefi poimi gh ixpirojikt-ensic ivocikmi4 n prg`rnj

ciso`kic tg tinma jnknìronf sboffs tg sjnff-eusokiss iktriprikiurs ok \iru

tant ojprgvic eusokiss prnmtomis nkc pirhgrjnkmi. Ok tai mgktixt gh

Nhromn, Occrosu, Jnkg, nkc ]gkgei (5<<?) hokc tant iktriprikiurs ok n mnr

ripnor nkc jitnfwgrbok` mfustir ok @ankn wag anc hgrjnf jnknìronftrnokok` nmaoivic eittir eusokiss risufts, gk nvirnì, tank tagsi wag anc

kg hgrjnf trnokok`. Sairi os nfsg nk okmrinsok` kujeir gh risinrma prgdimts

ivnfuntok` tai ojpnmts gh ixostok` eusokiss civifgpjikt sirvomis (EC]),

pnrtomufnrfy ok tai mgktixt gh prgjgtok` iktriprikiursaop ey wgjik.

Mfustir-Ensic \ofgt Jnknìronf ]boff Srnokok` \rg`rnjsok Bujnso nkc Knorgeo

N`nokst taos enmbcrgp, tai Pgrfc Enkb nkc tai Hgukcntogk hgr Ncvnkmic

]tucois gk Oktirkntogknf Civifgpjikt (HN]OC) ojpfijiktic pofgt trnok-

ok` prg`rnjs gk jnknìronf sboffs hgr mfustir-ensic iktriprikiurs. Sai

trnokok` prg`rnjs wiri ojpfijiktic ok twg okcustronf mfustirs ok Nhromn,

egta ok tai jitnfwgrb simtgr4 gki ok ]unji Jn`nzoki ok Bujnso, @ankn,

nkc tai gtair ok Bnrogenkò Foàt Okcustrois ok Knorgeo, Bikyn. Saisi twg

fgmntogks wiri magsik eimnusi gh tai nvnofneofoty gh ensifoki surviy cntn

mgkcumtic ok 5<<8 ey tai HN]OC tinj. Egxis 0.> nkc 0.5 prgvoci n eroih

oktrgcumtogk tg taisi twg mfustirs.Sai tarii-wiib-fgk` trnokok` prg`rnj ok inma fgmntogk mgviric tarii

ensom tgpoms4 iktriprikiursaop, eusokiss strnti`y, nkc jnrbitok`2 prgcum-

togk jnknìjikt nkc qunfoty nssurnkmi2 nkc rimgrc biipok` nkc eusokiss

hoknkmonf cgmujikts. N cismroptogk gh tai hgrjnt gh tai trnokok` os

>>3 Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosis ok Nhromn



Euofcok` Jnknìronf Aujnk Mnpotnf ok Nhromn‟s ]urvovnf Okcustronf Mfustirs >>9

Egx 0.>

Aostgry gh ]unji Jn`nzoki

Fgmntic ok tai ]unji nrin ok Bujnso, tai simgkc fnrìst moty ok @ankn nkc tai mik-

tir gh tai Nsankto riògk, ]unji Jn`nzoki os pgssoefy tai fnrìst jnkuhnmturok`

mfustir ok Nhromn, wota npprgxojntify ><,<<< iktirprosis nkc wgrbsagps ok nutgjg-

eofi ripnor sirvomis (`nrnìs), nutgjgeofi pnrts prgcumtogk, nkc ritnof sirvomis, ns

wiff ns jitnfwgrbok`, ijpfgyok` nk istojntic ><<,<<< wgrbirs. Saisi iktirprosis

nkc wgrbsagps nri fgmntic ok n ?<<,<<< squnri jitir nrin. Sai mfustir groòkntic

ok tai >?=<s waik osgfntic mrnhtsjik sit up wgrbsagps nt tai soti gh tai prisiktBujnso Tgg, n hgrjir nrjy cipgt mnffic Jn`nzoki curok` mgfgkonf tojis. Paik tai

wgrbsagps risittfic ok tai murrikt fgmntogk, taiy bipt tai knji. Sai mfustir ans

ixpnkcic ivir sokmi ok nrin, kujeir gh iktirprosis, nkc sozi gh ijpfgyjikt.

Sai `nrnìs nri ey hnr tai fnrìst nkc hnstist `rgwok` simtgr. Ok civifgpic

mguktrois, `nrnìs nri smnttiric hnr nkc woci tg sirvi cospirsic mnr gwkirs. Ok

civifgpok` mguktrois, jgst viaomfis nri pnrt gh eusokiss hfiits. Ok @ankn, trnofirs

nkc trumbs nri mgkmiktrntic gk tai nrtiry rgncs mgkkimtok` jndgr sgutairk motois,

suma ns Nmmrn nkc pgrt motois, wota tai jndgr motois ok tai kgrta, suma ns Snjnfinkc Gun`ncgu`gu, tai mnpotnf gh Eurbokn Hnsg. Bujnso os tai jgst ojpgrtnkt

dukmtogk gh taisi nrtirois. Sai kujeir gh viaomfis gk taisi nrtirois ans `rgwk

mgktokugusfy gvir tai yinrs, nkc tai cijnkc hgr `nrnì sirvomis ans okmrinsic

nmmgrcok`fy. Paofi `nrnìs nri mfustiric kgt gkfy ok Bujnso eut nfsg ok Nmmrn nkc

gtair motois, ]unji Jn`nzoki os snoc tg ei fnrìr nkc tg anvi aoàir timakomnf

sboffs nkc eittir iquopjikt tank nky gtair mfustir ok Pist Nhromn.

Snsbs nri aoàfy spimonfozic. Inma jnstir spimonfozis ok n pnrtomufnr typi gh

sirvomi (hgr ixnjpfi, nutgjgtovi ifimtromonks nkc ikòki ri-egrirs) nkc ok n

pnrtomufnr typi gh viaomfi (hgr ixnjpfi, fnrì trumbs) gh n pnrtomufnr ernkc (hgr

ixnjpfi, Jirmicis-Eikz). Mgffnegrntogk njgk` spimonfosts os mggrcokntic ey

ìkirnfost jimankoms mnffic hottirs, wag rimiovi grcirs hrgj mnr gwkirs, citir-

joki tai mnusi gh tai trguefi, cimoci wag sagufc ei okvgfvic ok tai ripnor wgrb

nkc agw juma taiy sagufc ei pnoc, nkc mgffimt nkc costroeuti pnyjikts ey tai

mustgjirs. ]uma mggrcokntogk os nmtovify pursuic, prgenefy eimnusi tai ìg-

`rnpaom prgxojoty njgk` trnksnmtok` pnrtois cosmgurnìs gppgrtukostom eianvogr

nkc ricumis trnksnmtogk mgsts.

]unji Jn`nzoki os iquoppic wota n fnrì kujeir gh jnmaoki tggfs, suma ns

fntais nkc joffok` jnmaokis, nkc spimonfozic jnmaokis. ]boffic jnmaokosts gpirnt-

ok` taisi jnmaokis gviranuf ikòkis, ìnrs, nkc mrnkbsanhts. ]uma sirvomis nri




>>8 Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosis ok Nhromn

rifntovify ixpiksovi nkc ghtik uknvnofnefi nt sjnffir mfustirs gh `nrnìs. Ok ncco-

togk tg wgrbok` wota hottirs, jnmaokosts prgcumi sojpfi nutg pnrts, suma ns miktir

egfts, Y-egfts, nkc kuts, waoma trncirs euy ok eufb. Jnmaokosts nfsg ripnor wgrk

ìnrs nkc gtair pnrts hgr fnrì horjs fgmntic gutsoci tai mfustir, suma ns fujeir

joffs nkc jokok` mgjpnkois. Jgrigvir, taiy prgmiss pnrts hgr jitnf prgcumts,

suma ns hfgur joxok` jnmaokis, wntir pujps, nkc mnsa snhis, waoma jnkuhnmtur-

irs hneromnti usok` smrnp jitnf.

Sai kujeir gh taisi jnmaoki sagps ans okmrinsic sokmi tai >?1<s, waik tai

Oktirjiconti Simakgfg`y Srnkshir Ykot, n trnokok` okstotutogk istnefosaic ok >?1<

ey tai Bujnso Kbrujna Ykovirsoty gh ]moikmi nkc Simakgfg`y, nssostic prgjosok`

iktirprosis ok nmquorok` jnmaoki tggfs.

Paofi tai `nrnì simtgr os cgjoknkt ok ]unji Jn`nzoki, taos mgkmiktrntogk gh

`nrnìs ans nttrnmtic gtair jnkuhnmturok` nmtovotois suma ns efnmbsjotas, jnmaok-

osts, nkc pnrts jnkuhnmturirs. Knturnf enmbwnrc nkc hgrwnrc fokbnìs anvi hgrjic

eitwiik taisi iktirprosis nkc tai `nrnì simtgr. Jnkuhnmturirs nri sboffic

wifcirs wag mgufc usi wifcok` jnmaokis tg hneromnti nkytaok` eut usunffy spi-

monfozi ok spimohom jitnf prgcumts. ]okmi taiy cg kgt gwk jnmaoki tggfs, taiy ghtik

mgktrnmt gut prgmissok` wgrb tg jnmaokosts wotaok ]unji Jn`nzoki. Sai nvnofneof-

oty gh smrnp jitnf ns n rnw jntironf wotaok tai mfustir os nkgtair ojpgrtnkt sgurmi

gh n``fgjirntogk gh juftopfi simtgrs, waoma nri oktirfokbic ok suppfy manoks.

]gurmi4 Occrosu, Jnkg, nkc ]gkgei 5<<?.

Egx 0.> (mgktokuic)

Egx 0.5

Aostgry gh Bnrogenkò Foàt Okcustrois

Bnrogenkò Foàt Okcustrois os n mgkmiktrntogk gh jomrg nkc sjnff jitnfwgrb

iktirprosis, ns wiff ns anrcwnri ritnof sagps nkc jnmaokiry ripnor sirvomi wgrb-

sagps, fgmntic ok kgrtainstirk Knorgeo (npprgxojntify >< bofgjitirs hrgj

Knorgeo‟s miktrnf eusokiss costromt). Sairi nri npprgxojntify =<< iktirprosis nkc

wgrbsagps ok Bnrogenkò Foàt Okcustrois, anfh gh waoma nri jitnfwgrb iktirprosis.

Sai fnkc wns groòknffy nmquoric ok >?01 ey n fgmnf jijeir gh \nrfonjikt wag

wosaic tg nffivonti jguktok` prissuri hgr eusokiss fnkc ey dgefiss pigpfi ok aos

mgkstotuikmy. Sai fnkc wns cijnrmntic oktg pfgts nkc ciso`kntic ns n foàt okcustry

nrin. Sai pfgts wiri prgvocic tg nrtosnknf iktriprikiurs wag fgst taior ijpfgyjikt



Euofcok` Jnknìronf Aujnk Mnpotnf ok Nhromn‟s ]urvovnf Okcustronf Mfustirs >>0

ok tai hgrjnf simtgr ns n mgksiquikmi gh tai mguktry ‟s ]trumturnf Ncdustjikt \rg-

`rnj ok tai >?1<s. ]uma okhgrjnf nrtosnknf iktriprikiurs mnff taijsifvis Dun Bnfo ,

waoma fotirnffy jinks ‖agt suk‚ ok Boswnaofo. Sai okcustronf nrin os cijnrmntic ey

striits nkc surrgukcic ey fgw-okmgji risociktonf nrins mgjprosok` joc-rosi

npnrtjikt euofcok`s nkc sfuj cwiffok`s.

Ok >?15 mgkstrumtogk gh hnmtgrois ei`nk, wota Enrnbn Ikòkiirok` nkc Bon-

jnro`n Ikòkiirok`, egta kgw mfgsic, njgk` tai pogkiirs. Istnefosajikt gh

`nrnìs hgffgwic kixt. Saik ok >?13, Efui Uok`s Citirìkts wns istnefosaic. ]toff

ok gpirntogk, taos os gki gh tai hnmtgrois tant `rncuntic hrgj Bnrogenkò Foàt

Okcustrois nkc rimiktfy jgvic tg Okcustronf Nrin. Nrgukc >?18 anrcwnri sagpswiri oktrgcumic. Sai sirvomi okcustry mgufc kgt ei fiht eiaokc. Ns tai pgpufntogk

gh eusokiss gwkirs nkc wgrbirs `riw, nk iktriprikiur wnktic tg stnrt n agtif,

eut kg jgri fnkc wns nvnofnefi. Nt tant toji, n sfuj anc civifgpic nfgk` tai

jnok rgnc nt gki mgrkir gh Bnrogenkò Foàt Okcustrois. Sai iktriprikiur eguàt

taos fnkc, eurkic cgwk tai sfuj, nkc cospfnmic tai sfuj cwiffirs. Ai mgk-

strumtic tai Jnrpaom Nrm Agtif nrgukc >?18. \nrt gh tai sfuj wns nfsg eguàt ey

eusokiss pirsgks wag anc jossic tai okotonf nffgmntogk gh fnkc.

Ey >?10 tairi wns prissuri tg mgkstrumt risociktonf agusok` eimnusi gh tai ros-ok` pgpufntogk ok tai mfustir ns wiff ns tai kiics gh tagsi cospfnmic ey sfuj cij-

gfotogk. Saos fic tg tai euofcok` gh agusis gk tgp gh tai hnmtgrois, waoma gmmupoic

tai `rgukc hfggr. Ok tant yinr, tai nrin wns mgkkimtic tg tai ifimtromnf `roc.

Ok tai inrfy >??<s jgri wgrbirs wag anc fgst dges ok tai hgrjnf simtgr ns n

risuft gh tai ]trumturnf Ncdustjikt \rg`rnj stnrtic strinjok` oktg Bnrogenkò

Foàt Okcustrois tg istnefosa iktirprosis gr siib ijpfgyjikt. Ns n risuft, jnmaok-

ok` hnmtgrois wiri istnefosaic, hgffgwic ey smrnp jitnf cinfirs nkc gtair hnmtg-

rois. Sai gwkir gh Cnkfnkc Ikòkiirok` wns gki gh tai eikihomonrois, anvok`

nmquoric fnkc hgffgwok` tai cospfnmijikt gh sfuj cwiffirs.

Sg cnti, tai nmtovotois tant anvi ijirìc ok taos mfustir okmfuci `nrnìs, jit-

nfwgrb, hgukcrois, nkc ritnof sagps. Sai iktirprosis kujeir negut =<<, anfh gh

taij rifntic tg jitnfwgrbok`. Sai prgcumts jnkuhnmturic okmfuci hgukcry

prgcumts (suma ns mnr spnmirs)2 fntai wgrbs, wifcok`, nkc jitnf hneromntogk (stiif

cggrs, wokcgws, hurkoturi, mggbok` stgvis)2 nkc jimankomnf jnmaokis (hfgur

joffirs, hiic joxirs, efgmb jnbirs, mguktirwioàt enfnkmis, enkc snws, mnkcfi

jnbirs, enbiry jnmaokis, nkc maop muttirs, njgk` gtairs). ]gji mgjpnkois nri

nfsg eiòkkok` tg prgcumi sprok` nkc en`-wioàok` smnfis. Sai ciso`k hgr mguk-

tirwioàt smnfis wns mgpoic hrgj Nviry, n Erotosa mgjpnky tant jnci taisi

smnfis eihgri mfgsok` cgwk, waofi tai ciso`k hgr sprok` smnfis wns mgpoic hrgj n

ciso`k ojpgrtic hrgj Maokn.

]gurmi4 Nbgtik 5<<?.





Pota ri`nrc tg horj pirhgrjnkmi progr tg tai trnokok` prg`rnj, pnrtom-

opnkts ok ]unji Jn`nzoki anc sfoàtfy aoàir vnfui nccic nkc prgcumir

surpfus tank kgkpnrtomopnkts.5 Sai cohhirikmis wiri kgt suestnktonf.

Ok mgktrnst, pnrtomopnkts ok Bnrogenkò Foàt Okcustrois anc so`koho-

mnktfy fgwir vnfui nccic nkc prgcumir surpfus tank kgkpnrtomopnkts

(sii hoùri 0.>). Sai fnrì civontogk ok prgcumtovoty eitwiik pnrtomo-

pnkts nkc kgkpnrtomopnkts ok Bnrogenkò su`ìsts pgssoefi sifimtogk

eons ok pnrtomopntogk2 tant os, iktriprikiurs wota fgw prgcumtovoty sifh-

sifimtic tg pnrtomopnti ok tai trnokok . ]okmi pnrtomopntogk wns vgfuktnry,

ot wns suedimt tg tai gppgrtukoty mgst gh iktriprikiurs. Ivik taguà tai

trnokok` sissogk wns smaicufic hgr fnti nhtirkggk tg inrfy ivikok` nkc foj-otic tg twg tg tarii agurs n cny, pnrtomopntogk sagrtikic tai agurs gh

gpirntogk hgr pnrtomopntok` iktriprikiurs. Sai toji mgst gh pnrtomopntogk

wns kgt ki`foòefi hgr eusy iktriprikiurs. Jgrigvir, cispoti ihhgrts tg

siksotozi tai mfustir-ensic iktriprikiurs ok ncvnkmi, iktriprikiurs mgufc

kgt huffy npprimonti tai smgpi gh ixpimtic eikihots hrgj tai prg`rnj cui

tg tai pgst-prisociktonf-ifimtogk vogfikmi hrgj fnti 5<<0 tg inrfy 5<<1,

waoma gmmurric nhtir tai siksotozntogk ivikt wns aifc ok tai mfustir tg

okhgrj pgtiktonf pnrtomopnkts gh tai pfnkkic trnokok` prg`rnj.

\rnmtomi gh Ensom Eusokiss Ugutokis gh \nrtomopnkts

Ensic gk oktirvoiws mgkcumtic curok` soti vosots tg tai pnrtomopnkts‟

wgrbsagps, tai iktriprikiurs hnmic manffikìs suma ns pggr agusi-

biipok`, fnmb gh nciqunti spnmi hgr taior gpirntogk, fnmb gh npprgpronti

nkc suotnefi tggfs hgr tai dge, pggr-qunfoty rnw jntironfs, gesgfiti

jnmaoki tggfs nkc iquopjikt, pggr rimgrc biipok`, fgw snfis, nkc foj-

otic prgjgtogknf nmtovotois. Eimnusi jnky iktriprikiurs coc kgt biiprimgrcs gh eusokiss trnksnmtogks, taiy coc kgt biip prgpir trnmb gh

grcirs taiy rimiovic gr fgssis nkc prghots taiy jnci. ]okmi taiy coc kgt

mfink gr gr`nkozi taior wgrbsagp, taiy wiri ghtik uknefi tg hokc jnti-

ronfs tant wiri eguàt gkfy n hiw cnys eihgri, eguàt ukkimissnry

jntironfs, nkc hnmic gmmupntogknf anznrcs. Snefi 0.5 nkc egx 0.= pris-

ikt sgji mnsis gh nmtunf iktriprikiurs nkc tai mgkstrnokts taiy hnmic

progr tg tai trnokok` prg`rnjs.

Iktriprikiurs ok tai twg mfustirs anc viry winb bkgwficì gh ensom

jnknìronf prnmtomis tant nri tnbik hgr `rnktic ok tai hgrjnf simtgr. Saisiokmfuci eggbbiipok` (hoknkmonf jnknìjikt), jnrbitok`, nkc ihhgrts tg

ojprgvi tai gr`nkozntogk gh wgrbsagps (prgcumtogk jnknìjikt). Ns

sagwk ok tnefi 0.=, ok ]unji Jn`nzoki, progr tg tai trnokok` prg`rnjs, fiss

tank gki-taorc gh tai iktriprikiurs prnmtomic eggbbiipok`, ncvirtosic

Euofcok` Jnknìronf Aujnk Mnpotnf ok Nhromn‟s ]urvovnf Okcustronf Mfustirs >>?









Euofcok` Jnknìronf Aujnk Mnpotnf ok Nhromn‟s ]urvovnf Okcustronf Mfustirs >5=

ok ]unji Jn`nzoki. Aos jnok manffikìs wiri ‖hnbi‚ einrok`s usic ok sirvomok`

mrnkbsanhts nkc mgjpitotogk hrgj simgkcankc mnr ikòki cinfirs nkc gtair

mrnkbsanht prgcumirs. Cgjokom wns ncvosic tg stucy aos mgjpitotgrs tg mgji up

wota strntiòis tg pirhgrj eittir tank taiy cg. Ai wns nfsg ikmgurnìc tg ixpfgri

gtair jnrbits, suma ns mgrpgrnti egcois tant anvi fnrì hfiits gh viaomfis, ns

gppgsic tg rifyok` gk wnfb-ok mustgjirs.

\itir, n prgcumir gh miktir egfts nkc Y-mfnjps. \itir anc eiik ok eusokiss hgr

jgri tank 59 yinrs, nftaguà aos eusokiss anc yit tg ei riòstiric. Ai sgfc

Y-mfnjps nkc miktir egfts tg ritnofirs ok ]unji Jn`nzoki nkc tg ixpgrtirs tg

Fn`gs, Koìron. Aos jnok manffikì wns promok`. Ai coc kgt hnmtgr ok gvirainc okpromok` aos prgcumts. Aos promis wiri kgt hoxic nkc vnroic cipikcok` gk tai qunk-

toty eiok` sgfc nkc tai mustgjir‟s enr`nokok` pgwir. Ai nfsg sgfc gk mricot, waoma

sgjitojis nhhimtic aos wgrbok` mnpotnf. \itir wns mgnmaic gk agw tg okmfuci

gvirainc mgsts ok aos mgstok` nkc promok`. Ai wns nfsg ncvosic tg biip `ggc

rimgrcs gh aos stgmb.

Juktnro, n prgcumir gh mgjjirmonf `ns mggbirs. Juktnro anc eiik ok euso-

kiss hgr jgri tank >9 yinrs. Ai anc >1 nppriktomis. Aos jnok manffikìs wiri

aos okneofoty tg ìt nk nìkt tg costroeuti aos prgcumts nkc aos fnmb gh n sagw-rggj. Aos hoknkmonf mgktrgfs wiri winb, waoma anc risuftic ok fgssis hrgj

hrnuc. Juktnro sirvic ns tai maoih ikòkiir, ìkirnf jnknìr, aujnk risgurmi

jnknìr, nkc eggbbiipir ok tai iktirprosi, taus fojotok` tai toji ai mgufc

civgti tg jnrbitok` aos prgcumts nkc ìkirntok` kiw snfis. Juktnro wns

ncvosic tg mgksocir aorok` n snfispirsgk tg okmrinsi aos jnrbitok` mnpnmoty.

Ai wns nfsg ncvosic tg aori nk nssostnkt tg nssuji sgji gh aos rispgksoeofotois.

Bwnbu, n prgcumir gh jgkiy snhis. Bwnbu prgcumic egta jgkiy snhis nkc

strgk`-rggj stiif cggrs, jnokfy hgr enkbs nkc gtair hoknkmonf okstotutogks. Bwnbu‟s

eo`ìst manffikì wns hokcok` hukcok` sgurmis tg ixpnkc aos eusokiss. Ai wns

ncvosic tg jnoktnok prgpir rimgrcs nkc tg civifgp n eusokiss pfnk.

Najic, n fokok` myfokcir prgcumir. Najic wns ok pnrtkirsaop wota aos ifcir

ergtair. Ai wns okvgfvic ok cny-tg-cny rukkok` gh tai eusokiss nkc rijottic n

sanri gh prghots tg aos ergtair, wag anc prgvocic tai mnpotnf usic tg nquori tai

jnmaokis. Najic‟s jnok manffikì wns aos okneofoty tg rnosi mnpotnf tg ripfnmi aos

gesgfiti jnmaokis. Ai wns ncvosic tg civifgp n eusokiss pfnk, gpik nk nmmgukt,

nkc snvi jgkiy tgwnrc ripfnmok` tai gfc jnmaokiry.

]gurmi4 ICM Fojotic 5<<0.





mankìs ok eusokiss pirhgrjnkmi nkc prnmtomis njgk` trnokok` pnrtomo-

pnkts nkc kgkpnrtomopnkts rifntovi tg tai ensifoki surviy cntn mgffimtic

progr tg tai trnokok`. Sai ojpnmts gh tai trnokok` prg`rnjs nri nssissic

egta ok `rgss ns wiff ns ok kit, sipnrntok` gut hnmtgrs gtair tank tai trnok-

ok` prg`rnjs tant jny anvi mgktroeutic tg tai mankìs.

@rgss Ojpnmts

Sai trnokok` prg`rnjs anc n vosoefi, ojjiconti ojpnmt gk tai `rgukc.

Ivocikmi su`ìsts tant tai pnrtomopnkts‟ eusokiss rgutokis mankìc ojjico-

ntify nhtir tai trnokok`, nkc taior eusokiss pirhgrjnkmi ojprgvic. Hgrjnf

ojpnmt ivnfuntogk ok tai hgrj gh ix pgst surviys wns mgkcumtic ok tai twgmfustirs npprgxojntify gki yinr nhtir tai pofgt trnokok` prg`rnjs. Sai sur-

viy ok ]unji Jn`nzoki mgviric nff pnrtomopnkts (31) ns wiff ns kgkpnrtomo-

pnkts (1<). Sai surviy ok Bnrogenkò Foàt Okcustrois mgufc kgt mgvir nff

pnrtomopnkts. Gut gh 99 pnrtomopnkts, ioàt rihusic tg mggpirnti, anc mfgsic

cgwk, mgufc kgt ei rinmaic, gr anc rifgmntic gutsoci tai mfustir. Saus tai

surviy mgviric tai rijnokok` 30 pnrtomopnkts ns wiff ns 05 kgkpnrtomopnkts.

Ok n mgjpnrosgk gh twg biy okcomntgrs gh eusokiss pirhgrjnkmi–vnfui

nccic nkc `rgss prghot–eihgri nkc nhtir tai trnokok` prg`rnjs, pnrtomo-pnkts (trintjikt `rgup) rimgrcic aoàir rntis gh `rgwta ok eusokiss pir-

hgrjnkmi nhtir tai trnokok` tank kgkpnrtomopnkts (mgktrgf `rgup2 sii

hoùri 0.5).= Ok Bnrogenkò Foàt Okcustrois, tai cohhirikmi eitwiik pnrtom-

opnkts nkc kgkpnrtomopnkts os viry mfinr. Ok tai mnsi gh ]unji Jn`nzoki,

tai cohhirikmi eitwiik pnrtomopnkts nkc kgkpnrtomopnkts os viry mfinr gkfy

njgk` jnkuhnmturirs. Sai jnkuhnmturirs wag pnrtomopntic ok tai trnokok`

rimgrcic pgsotovi `rgwta ok vnfui nccic ns wiff ns ok `rgss prghot, waofi

kgkpnrtomopntok` jnkuhnmturirs ixpiroikmic ki`ntovi `rgwta ok egta.Egta pnrtomopnkts nkc kgkpnrtomopnkts njgk` jnmaokosts ixpiroikmic n

ricumtogk ok vnfui nccic nkc `rgss prghot ok tai pirogc nhtir tai trnokok`,

wota pnrtomopntok` jnmaokosts ixpiroikmok` gkfy sfoàtfy sjnffir cimfokis

tank kgkpnrtomopntok` jnmaokosts. Sai jndgroty gh jnmaokosts ok ]unji

Jn`nzoki ruk taior gpirntogks usok` jnmaokiry nkc wgrbspnmi taiy rikt

hrgj tai gwkirs. Sai hnmt tant tairi wiri gkfy n hiw gwkirs njgk` pnr-

tomopnkts jny ixpfnok tai winb `rgss ojpnmts gh tai trnokok` njgk`

jnmaokosts ok mgktrnst tg tai vosoefi ojpnmts njgk` jnkuhnmturirs.

Pota ri`nrc tg eusokiss rgutokis, tagsi wag pnrtomopntic ok tai trnok-

ok` prg`rnjs sagwic n strgkìr tikcikmy tg ncgpt kiw eusokiss rgutokis

ok hoknkmonf jnknìjikt (eggbbiipok`), prgcumtogk jnknìjikt (gr`n-

kozntogk gh wgrbsagps), nkc jnrbitok` (sii hoùri 0.=). Ok ]unji

Jn`nzoki, tai ncgptogk gh eusokiss rgutokis wns iqunffy vosoefi njgk`

jnmaokosts nkc jnkuhnmturirs wag pnrtomopntic ok tai trnokok`.

Euofcok` Jnknìronf Aujnk Mnpotnf ok Nhromn‟s ]urvovnf Okcustronf Mfustirs >59





]unji Jn`nzoki. Ok ]unji Jn`nzoki, kgt nff iktriprikiurs okotonffy pnr-

tomopntok` mgjpfitic tai tarii-wiib prg`rnj. Egta tai trintjikt-

rimiovic nknfysos (mgjpnrok` pnrtomopnkts nkc kgkpnrtomopnkts) nkc tai

oktiktogk-tg-trint nknfysos (mgjpnrok` tai okotonf pnrtomopnkts, okmfucok`

tagsi wag crgppic gut, nkc tagsi wag coc kgt pnrtomopnti hrgj tai gut-

sit) wiri ijpfgyic tg cinf wota tai cosmripnkmy eitwiik tai nsso`kic

trintjikt nkc tai nmtunf trnokok` rimiovic.

Euofcok` Jnknìronf Aujnk Mnpotnf ok Nhromn‟s ]urvovnf Okcustronf Mfustirs >50

Hoùri 0.= Unti gh \rnmtomok` Eusokiss Ugutokis eihgri nkc nhtir tai Srnokok`

\rg`rnjs

<><

5<

=<

3<

9<

8<

0<

r i m g

r c b i i

p o k `

v o s o t

m u s t g j

i r s

h g r j

n r b i

t o k `

n c v i

r t o s i

g w k

e u s o k

i s s

a n v i

p f n

k e n

s i c g k

e u s o k

i s s r i m g r c s

n. ]unji Jn`nzoki

<

5<

3<

8<

1<

><<

r i m g

r c b i i

p o k `

c i j g k

s t r n t o k

`

p r g c u

m t

e r n k c

g w

k

p r g c u m t s

o j p r g v o k

` w g

r b s a g p

g r ` n

k o z n

t o g k

e. Bnrogenkò Foàt Okcustrois

p i r m i k t

p i r m i k t

pnrtomopnkts, eihgri pnrtomopnkts, nhtir

kgkpnrtomopnkts, eihgri kgkpnrtomopnkts, nhtir

]gurmis4 Jnkg nkc gtairs 5<<?, 5<><.







Snefi 0.3 Ojpnmt gh tai Jnknìronf ]boff Srnokok` gk Eusokiss \irhgrjnkmi ok ]unji Jn`nzoki4 Cohhir

nkc Hoxic-Ihhimt Jgcifs (Srintjikt-Uimiovic Nknfysos)

Cipikcikt vnronefi ]nfis rivikui Xnfui nccic @rgss prghot

Xosotok`

mustgjirs

e4 Hoxic-ihhimt OX jgcif

\nrtomopnktÐ jnkuhnmturir

Ð yinr 5<<1

59.=3* >1.<9** >9.<9** <.555**

(>.08) (5.>8) (>.??) (5.<>)

\nrtomopnktÐ jnmaokost

Ð yinr 5<<1

”0.<93 8.35 >.?03 <.581***

(”<.59) (<.=<) (<.><) (5.?=)

Anusjnk tist π5 ( p vnfui) † <.35 <.=9 †

(>.<<<) (>.<<<)

]gurmi4 Jnkg nkc gtairs 5<><.

Kgti4 Sai kujeir gh gesirvntogks os 35?. \nkif n ripgrts nff tai istojntis gh tai mgihhomoikts gh tai rnkcgj-ihhimt jgcif. Sai oktirnmtogks e

jnmaokost nkc tai yinr cujjois (5<<5, 5<<3, nkc 5<<1) nri okmfucic ok tai istojntogk, eut nri kgt ripgrtic. \nkif e aoàfoàts tai COC isto

ensic gk rgeust stnkcnrc irrgrs nri ok pnriktaisis.

*** p 6 <.<>.

** p 6<.<9.

* p 6<.><.

† Jgcif hottic gk tai cntn hnofs tg jiit tai nsyjptgtom nssujptogks gh tai Anusjnk spimohomntogk tist.

(mgktokuic)

> = <





Sai trnokok` prg`rnj anc pgsotovi ojpnmts gk jnknìjikt eianvogr

njgk` pnrtomopnkts eimnusi ot `gt taij tg oktrgcumi hgrjnf jnknìjikt

timakoquis. Ok Bnrogenkò Foàt Okcustrois, tai trnokok` okmrinsic tai

prgeneofoty tant pnrtomopnkts jnci ojprgvijikts ok taior eggbbiipok`

nkc wgrbspnmi gr`nkozntogk n pnrt gh taior rgutoki ey >1 nkc =< pirmikt,

rispimtovify.

Cg ojprgvijikts ok eusokiss rgutokis ojprgvi eusokiss pirhgrjnkmi7

Ok tai murrikt cntn, ot os kgt hinsoefi tg pirhgrj n cyknjom nknfysos gh agw

ojprgvijikts ok eusokiss rgutokis, suma ns rimgrc biipok` gr eittir

gr`nkozntogk gh wgrbsagps, finc tg `rgwta ok vnfui nccic gr prghotneofoty.

Agwivir, ns fgk` ns wi nknfyzi tai mrgss-simtogknf cntn, tairi os n mgrri-fntogk eitwiik eusokiss rgutokis nkc eusokiss pirhgrjnkmi. Snefi 0.8

prisikts tai risufts gh grcoknry finst squnris (GF]) ri`rissogks gk vnfui

nccic nkc prgcumir surpfus ensic gk tai mrgss-simtogk cntn ok Bnrogenkò

Foàt Okcustrois. Ok taos ixirmosi, wi usi cntn gk tai pritrnokok` sotuntogk

nkc cg kgt costokùosa eitwiik pnrtomopnkts nkc kgkpnrtomopnkts. Ot turks

gut tant tagsi iktriprikiurs wag bipt rimgrcs anc `rintir vnfui nccic

nkc prgcumir surpfus nt taior wgrbsagps tank coc tai gtair iktripri-

kiurs, ey 9< nkc 08 pirmikt, rispimtovify.0 Ojprgvijikts ok wgrbsagpgr`nkozntogk anvi pgsotovi mgihhomoikts, ns ixpimtic, eut tai nssgmontogk

wota eusokiss pirhgrjnkmi os kgt stntostomnffy so`kohomnkt.

Ojpfomntogks gh tai Uisufts

Sai risufts gh tai okotonf ojpnmt ivnfuntogk gh tai pofgt trnokok` prg`rnj

mgkcumtic ok tai twg mfustirs gvirnff suppgrt tai aypgtaisos tant

up`rncok` jnknìronf bkgwficì nkc sboffs njgk` mfustir-ensic iktri-prikiurs fincs tg ojprgvijikts ok taior eusokiss pirhgrjnkmi nkc euso-

kiss rgutokis. \nrtomopntogk ok tai ixpirojiktnf jnknìronf trnokok`

prg`rnj wns nssgmontic wota fnrìr rgwta ok snfis rivikui, vnfui nccic,

nkc `rgss prghot. Ok egta fgmntogks, pnrtomopntogk ok tai trnokok` prg`rnj

jgri tank cguefic tai vnfui nccic nkc `rgss prghot gh pnrtomopnkts ok kit

tirjs. \nrtomopntogk ok tai trnokok` prg`rnj wns nfsg nssgmontic wota

ojprgvijikts ok jnknìronf prnmtomis, suma ns rimgrc biipok`, nmtovi

jnrbitok`, nkc wgrbsagp rigr`nkozntogk tg ojprgvi tai paysomnf ihho-

moikmy ok prgcumtogk.Sai ojpgrtnkmi gh jnknìronf sboff civifgpjikt njgk` jomrg nkc

sjnff iktirprosis os okmrinsok`fy rimg`kozic ey civifgpjikt pnrtkirs. Sai

Pgrfc Enkb @rgup‟s Dgokt Oktirkntogknf Civifgpjikt Nssgmontogk (OCN)

nkc Oktirkntogknf Hoknkmi Mgrpgrntogk (OHM) Jomrg, ]jnff nkc Jicouj

>=5 Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosis ok Nhromn





prgjgti ojprgvic jnknìjikt nkc prgcumtovoty gh sjnff nkc jicouj

iktirprosis ok Itaogpon.

Sai ukoquikiss gh tai hokcok`s hrgj tai pofgt trnokok` prg`rnjs os n

risuft gh crnwok` gk tai pgsotovi ojpnmts gh tnrìtic jnknìronf sboffs

trnokok` ok twg ìg`rnpaomnffy hgmusic okcustronf mfustirs hgr iktripri-

kiurs jnknòk` jomrg nkc okhgrjnf iktirprosis wota viry fojotic eusokiss

fotirnmy. Jgst gtair prg`rnjs nri oktikcic hgr hgrjnf iktirprosis nkc

mgvir n ergnc ìg`rnpaom nrin.?

N sojpfi mgjpnrosgk gh mgsts nkc eikihots hrgj tai Bnrogenkò Foàt

Okcustrois mfustir su`ìsts n pgtiktonffy aoà imgkgjom riturk hrgj jnk-

nìronf sboffs trnokok` tnrìtic tg iktriprikiurs gpirntok` jomrg nkc sjnffiktirprosis ok okcustronf mfustirs ok Nhromn.>< Sai pgtiktonf eikihots nri

ivik fnrìr gkmi wi tnbi oktg nmmgukt fobify pgsotovi ixtirknfotois hrgj

bkgwficì spoffgvirs hrgj pnrtomopnkts tg kgkpnrtomopnkts wotaok mfustirs.

Paofi vnfui manok”ensic virtomnf mfustirs gr vortunffy mgkkimtic okcustry

nssgmontogks mgufc nfsg ikmgurnì suma spoffgvirs, ìg`rnpaomnffy ensic

okcustronf mfustirs joàt hnmofotnti suma bkgwficì spoffgvir jgri insofy

nkc quombfy eimnusi gh tai paysomnf prgxojoty gh iktriprikiurs. Sai ensom

fivif gh bkgwficì nkc sboffs joàt ei insoir tg ripfomnti ey gesirvok` nkcojotntok` kioàegrs‟ prgcumts nkc prnmtomis.>>

Paofi taos hokcok` jny prgvoci n ensos hgr dustohyok` n puefom pgfomy tg

prgvoci jnknìronf sboffs trnokok` tg iktriprikiurs ok tai mgktixt gh pro-

vnti simtgr civifgpjikt ok Nhromn, tai sustnokneofoty gh suma n puefom pgf-

omy kiics tg ei nccrissic. Ok tai fgk` ruk, jnknìronf sboffs trnokok` mnk

ei prgvocic gk n jnrbit ensos targuà provnti EC] prgvocirs, rntair

tank targuà `rnkts ns n risuft gh puefom pgfomois. Oh tai riturk gk jnkn-

ìronf trnokok` os aoà nt tai horj fivif, iktriprikiurs okcovocunffy gr mgf-fimtovify sagufc wnkt tg okvist ok trnokok` gppgrtukotois. Gki rinsgk way

taiy cg kgt os tai prisikmi gh sinrma mgsts hgr iktriprikiurs nmtok` okco-

vocunffy. Sai sinrma mgsts hgr okcovocunf iktriprikiurs mgufc ei fgwiric

oh taiy wgufc nmt mgffimtovify wotaok mfustirs. Eut tairi os n mggrcokntogk

hnofuri ok mgffimtovify siibok` trnokok` gppgrtukotois. Ivik taguà okcustronf

mfustirs sgfvi tai ‖agfc-up‚ prgefij ok euofcok` euyir-suppfoir rifntogks

(sii manptir =), okvistjikt ok mgffimtovi trnokok` joàt stoff suhhir hrgj

tai hrii-rocir prgefij. Os tai dgokt nmtogk nspimt gh okcustronf mfustirs

suhhomoikt tg nvgoc suma mggrcokntogk hnofuris7 Ok grcir tg civifgp sus-tnoknefi jnrbits hgr EC] nkc jgri mfinrfy cihoki tai eikihots gh puefom

pgfomy oktirviktogk ok jnknìronf trnokok`, hurtair okquorois gk egta tai

cijnkc nkc tai suppfy socis gh EC] ok tai mgktixt gh okcustronf mfustirs

nri kimissnry.




Kgtis

>. Iktriprikiurs ok tai twg mfustirs wiri pricgjoknktfy jnfi. Ok ]unjiJn`nzoki, taiy wiri nfjgst ixmfusovify jnfi. Saos os mgksostikt wota tai hokc-

ok`s hrgj tai gk`gok` riògknf stucy gh tai Pgrfc Enkb gk ìkcir nkc iktri-

prikiursaop, waoma ans hgukc strgk` okcustry sgrtok` vos-ì-vos ìkcir gh

iktriprikiurs. Pgjik iktriprikiurs nri aoàfy mgkmiktrntic ok tixtofis nkc

nppnrif ns wiff ns hggc, eut rnri ok gtair okcustrois.

5. \rgcumir surpfus os snfis rivikui jokus vnronefi mgsts, waoma nri jinsuric ns

tai suj gh tai mgsts gh jntironfs, fnegr, suemgktrnmtok`, nkc ifimtromoty.

=. Ok ]unji Jn`nzoki, tai ojpnmt ivnfuntogk wns mgkcumtic ey mgjpnrok` pnr-

tomopnkts nkc kgkpnrtomopnkts (trintjikt-rimiovic nknfysos) ns wiff ns ey mgj-

pnrok` tai okotonf pnrtomopnkts, okmfucok` tagsi wag crgppic gut, nkc tagsi

wag coc kgt pnrtomopnti hrgj tai gutsit (oktiktogk-tg-trint nknfysos).

3. COC prgvocis ukeonsic istojntis gh trnokok` ojpnmt gk, sny, vnfui nccic, oh

tai gutmgjis hgr pnrtomopnkts nkc kgkpnrtomopnkts cg kgt cohhir ok tai neofoty

tg okmrinsi vnfui nccic, ok n aypgtaitomnf mnsi. Oh pnrtomopnkts tikc tg anvi kgt

dust sjnffir eusokissis eut nfsg fiss neofoty tg ixpnkc taij tank kgkpnrtomo-

pnkts ok tai nesikmi gh tai trnokok`, tai COC jitagc hnofs tg ifojoknti tai

sifimtogk eons.9. Aimbjnk, Omaojurn, nkc Sgcc (>??0, >??1) nkc ]jota nkc Sgcc (5<<9) hokc

tant COC-jntmaok` istojntgrs pirhgrj eittir tank mrgss-simtogk-jntmaok`

istojntgrs.

8. COC‟s \]J istojntgr os ensic gk fgmnf fokinr jntmaok` prgpgsic ey

Aimbjnk, Omaojurn, nkc Sgcc (>??0, >??1). Hgffgwok` Aimbjnk, Omaojurn,

nkc Sgcc (>??0), wi ricumi pgtiktonf eons ns juma ns pgssoefi ey jntmaok`

pnrtomopnkts wota kgkpnrtomopnkts gpirntok` tai snji typi gh jnkuhnmtur-

ok` eusokiss ok tai snji ìg`rnpaom nrin nkc ey usok` cntn hrgj tai pgst-

trnokok` surviy ok waoma tai snji quistogkknori wns usic hgr pnrtomopnktsnkc kgkpnrtomopnkts. Sai mgvnrontis usic hgr jntmaok` nri toji-okvnronkt gr

mgji hrgj tai pritrnokok` pirogc, tant os, yinrs gh gpirntogk, nì, yinrs gh

smaggfok`, wgrbok` ixpiroikmi ok tai hgrjnf simtgr, nkc pnrtomopntogk ok

pnst hgrjnf trnokok .

0. Saisi kujeirs nri getnokic ey mgkvirtok` tai istojntic mgihhomoikts gh

rimgrc biipok` ok tai horst nkc simgkc mgfujks ns hgffgws4 ixp(<.3>9) : >.9>

nkc ixp(<.981) : >.08.

1. Sai sivik mguktrois ok tai pofgt prg`rnj nri @ankn, Bikyn, Jncn`nsmnr, Jnfo,Koìron, Snkznkon, nkc Y`nkcn. Sai horst nssostnkmi prgdimts wiri npprgvic ok

Cimijeir 5<<=.

?. Sai OCN mgjpitotovikiss prgdimts, fobi tai gki ok Bikyn, cg, ok sgji mnsis,

okmfuci mgjpgkikts gh mnpnmoty-euofcok` jomrg iktirprosis ok tai okhgrjnf

simtgr. Nssostnkmi os prgvocic targuà jntmaok`-`rnkt smaijis.

Euofcok` Jnknìronf Aujnk Mnpotnf ok Nhromn‟s ]urvovnf Okcustronf Mfustirs >=9



><. Sai risufts hrgj tai ojpnmt ivnfuntogk gh tai prg`rnj ok Bnrogenkò Foàt

Okcustrois, hgr ixnjpfi, su`ìst tant tai kit ihhimt gh tai trnokok` prg`rnj gk

pnrtomopnkts wns nk okmrinsi ok prghot gh B ]a 39,<<< n jgkta inma gk nvir-

nì, waoma os iquovnfikt tg Y]$8<< n jgkta. Pota nff 30 pnrtomopnkts, taos

jinkt Y]$51,5<< nccotogknf prghot n jgkta gr Y]$==1,3<< n yinr. Saos os

jgri tank tarii tojis aoàir tank tai tgtnf mgst gh tai trnokok` prg`rnj ok

Bnrogenkò, okmfucok` tai gppgrtukoty mgst hgr pnrtomopnkts ok tirjs gh hgr`gki

prghot curok` tai tarii wiibs gh trnokok`.

>>. Nftaguà kgt imgkgjitromnffy tistic, tairi nri so`ks gh bkgwficì spoffgvir

hrgj pnrtomopnkts tg kgkpnrtomopnkts ri`nrcok` jnknìjikt timakoquis. Kgt

gkfy pnrtomopnkts eut nfsg kgkpnrtomopnkts stnrtic ncgptok` kiw eusokiss rgu-tokis, suma ns rimgrc biipok`, gvir tai snji pirogc.

Uihirikmis

Nbgtik, Dgak. 5<<?. ‖Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Okcoìkgus \rovnti ]imtgr ok Nhromn4

Sai Mnsi gh Bikyn.‚ Enmb`rgukc timakomnf pnpir pripnric hgr tai stucy.

Nbgtik, Dgak, Biodorg Gtsubn, nkc Sitsusao ]gkgei. 5<<8. ‖Sai Civifgpjikt gh

tai Hggtwinr Okcustry ok Itaogpon4 Agw Cohhirikt Os Ot hrgj tai Inst Nsonk

Ixpiroikmi7‚ HN]OC Cosmussogk \npir, HN]OC, Sgbyg.ICM Fojotic. 5<<0. ‖Srnokok` Uipgrt4 Ojpfijiktntogk gh \ofgt Mfustir Eusokiss

Jnknìjikt Srnokok` \rg`rnjs ok @ankn (Bujnso).‚ Mgksuftnkmy ripgrt,

Pgrfc Enkb, Pnsaok`tgk, CM.

–––. 5<<1. ‖Srnokok` Uipgrt4 Ojpfijiktntogk gh \ofgt Mfustir Eusokiss

Jnknìjikt Srnokok` \rg`rnjs ok Bikyn (Knorgeo).‚ Mgksuftnkmy ripgrt,


Aimbjnk, Dnjis D., Aociaobg Omaojurn, nkc \itrn Sgcc. >??0. ‖Jntmaok` ns nk

Imgkgjitrom Ivnfuntogk Istojntgr4 Ivocikmi hrgj Ivnfuntok` n Dge Srnokok`\rg`rnjji.‚ Uivoiw gh Imgkgjom ]tucois 83 (3)4 8<9”93.

–––. >??1. ‖Jntmaok` ns nk Imgkgjitrom Ivnfuntogk Istojntgr.‚ Uivoiw gh

Imgkgjom ]tucois 89 (5)4 58>”?3.

Occrosu, Nfanssnk, _ubomao Jnkg, nkc Sitsusao ]gkgei. 5<<?. ‖Iktriprikiuronf

]boffs nkc Okcustronf Civifgpjikt4 Sai Mnsi gh n Mnr Uipnor nkc Jitnfwgrb-

ok` Mfustir ok @ankn.‚ Miktri hgr tai ]tucy gh Nhromnk Imgkgjois, Cipnrt-

jikt gh Imgkgjoms, Gxhgrc Ykovirsoty (Hierunry 50).

Bnrfnk, Cink, nkc Jnrtok Xnfcovon. 5<<?. ‖Sinmaok` Iktriprikiursaop4 Ojpnmt gh

Eusokiss Srnokok` gk Jomrghoknkmi Mfoikts nkc Okstotutogks.‚ Pgrbok` \npir

><0, _nfi Ykovirsoty, Kiw Anvik, MS.

Jnkg, _ubomao, Dgak Nbgtik, Biodorg Gtsubn, nkc Sitsusao ]gkgei. 5<<?. ‖Ojpnmts

gh Jnknìronf Srnokok`4 Sai Mnsi gh n Jitnfwgrbok` Mfustir ok Knorgeo.‚

Enmb`rgukc timakomnf pnpir pripnric hgr tai stucy.




Jnkg, _ubomao, Nfanssnk Occrosu, _utnbn _gsaokg, nkc Sitsusao ]gkgei. 5<><. ‖Nk

Ojpnmt Ivnfuntogk gh Jnknìronf Srnokok` ok ]ue-]nanrnk Nhromn4 N Mnsi

]tucy gh n Jitnfwgrbok` Mfustir ok Bujnso.‚ Enmb`rgukc timakomnf pnpir pri-

pnric hgr tai stucy.

Unjnmankcrnk, Xodnyn, Nfnk @ife, nkc Jnkdu ]ana. 5<<?. Nhromn‟s \rovnti ]imtgr4

Pant‟s Prgk` wota tai Eusokiss Ikvorgkjikt nkc Pant tg Cg negut Ot.


]majotz, Aueirt, nkc Banfoc Kncvo. >???. ‖Mfustirok` nkc Okcustronfozntogk4

Oktrgcumtogk.‚ Pgrfc Civifgpjikt 50 (?)4 >9<=”>3.

]jota, D. N., nkc \itrn Sgcc. 5<<9. ‖Cgis Jntmaok` Gvirmgji FnFgkci‟s

Mrotoqui gh Kgkixpirojiktnf Istojntgrs7‚ Dgurknf gh Imgkgjitroms >59 (>-5)4=<9”9=.

]gkgei, Sitsusao, Dgak I. Nbgtik, nkc Biodorg Gtsubn. 5<<?. ‖Sai @rgwta \rgmiss

gh Okhgrjnf Iktirprosis ok ]ue-]nanrnk Nhromn4 N Mnsi ]tucy gh n Jitnfwgrbok`

Mfustir ok Knorgeo.‚ ]jnff Eusokiss Imgkgjoms Rgkfoki puefomntogkZ, Dufy >9.

]gkgei, Sitsusao, nkc Biodorg Gtsubn. 5<<8. Mfustir-Ensic Okcustronf Civifgpjikt4

Nk Inst Nsonk Jgcif. Kiw _grb4 \nf`rnvi Jnmjoffnk.

Euofcok` Jnknìronf Aujnk Mnpotnf ok Nhromn‟s ]urvovnf Okcustronf Mfustirs >=0





>=?

Unosok` survovnf-fivif okcustronf mfustirs tg n jgri cyknjom, okkgvntok`

stnti os nk ojpgrtnkt nvikui hgr hgstirok` tai `rgwta gh jomrg nkc sjnff

iktirprosis nkc euofcok` n jgri vonefi cgjistom provnti simtgr ok Nhromn.

]pgktnkigusfy hgrjic okcustronf mfustirs anvi tai pgtiktonf tg ei knturnf

okmuentgrs hgr jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis. Agwivir, taior fgw mnpnmoty

hgr okkgvntogk ans bipt taij nt tai suesostikmi fivif sg hnr.

Sai mgkstrnokts woff stohfi taior `rgwta ukfiss kntogknf ihhgrts nri

ukcirtnbik tg ojprgvi tai eusokiss ikvorgkjikt nkc tai okvistjikt mfojnti. Nk ojprgvic eusokiss ikvorgkjikt os n primgkcotogk hgr jgri

joccfi-sozi iktirprosis tg ijirì ok tai provnti simtgr, n `rgup tant os

murriktfy jossok` ok Nhromn. Nk ojprgvic okvistjikt mfojnti nt tai

kntogknf fivif wgufc okmfuci ojprgvic nmmiss tg hoknkmi, istnefosajikt

gh prgpir jnrbit okstotutogks nkc okhrnstrumturi, nkc ricumtogk gh tai

trnksnmtogk mgsts gh cgok` eusokiss ey rijgvok` ncjokostrntovi enrroirs

nkc okihhomoikt riùfntogks.

Saisi ìkirnf ojprgvijikts, agwivir, kiic tg ei mgjpfijiktic eyjgri spimohom pgfomois rifivnkt tg survovnf-typi knturnf okcustronf mfustirs

ok Nhromn nkc tai jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis wotaok taij. Ok cosmussok`

tai pgfomy ojpfomntogks gh tai ijporomnf hokcok`s prisiktic ok tai primic-

ok` manptirs, taos manptir aoàfoàts tarii mgri pgfomy nrins tant nri corimtfy

M A N \ S I U 1

\gfomy Ojpfomntogks4 Surkok`

]urvovnf oktg @rgwta









gh fnkc hgr cohhirikt usis (Pgrfc Enkb 5<<?e). Hfixoeofoty ok zgkok` pgfo-

mois cgis kgt jink nk nesikmi gh pgfomy. Ok hnmt, urenk pfnkkok` ok Nhromn

os ìkirnffy winb nkc ghtik kgkixostikt. Sai nesikmi gh hgrjnf strumturis

nffgws n``fgjirntogk gh hggtfggsi iktirprosis, suma ns gki-pirsgk iktir-

prosis, pnrtomufnrfy ok fiss mnpotnf-oktiksovi simtgrs suma ns sirvomis, tg

ijirì quoti knturnffy. Ok suma mnsis, iktriprikiurs cg maggsi gptojnf

fgmntogks. Agwivir, fnmb gh n hgrjnf pgfomy hrnjiwgrb fincs tai `gvirk-

jikt tg tnbi nc agm gr okhgrjnf jinsuris ok nk ihhgrt tg insi mgkìstogk.

]pntonffy mgrrimtovi okhrnstrumturi tg ricumi costnkmi (hgr ixnjpfi,

kiw rgncs) nkc mrinti ciksoty os ojpgrtnkt hgr urenkozntogk eimnusi ot

ukohois fnegr jnrbits nkc hnmofotntis fnegr jgeofoty. Agwivir, taos sagufcei mgjpfijiktic ey civifgpjikt gh spntonffy efokc okstotutogks suma ns

n fnkc riòstrntogk systij. ]ummisshuf urenkozntogk ans sagwk tant hfuoc

fnkc jnrbits nkc ijpgwiric fgmnf `gvirkjikts ghtik primici okvist-

jikt ok suma okhrnstrumturi (Pgrfc Enkb 5<<?e).

]uppgrtok` Jnrbit Ixpnksogk targuà Uiògknf Okti`rntogk

\ikitrntogk oktg `fgenf jnrbits gutsoci gh Nhromn mgktokuis tg ei n eo`manffikì hgr jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis ok Nhromn. Agwivir, ciipir

riògknf imgkgjom okti`rntogk nkc ojprgvic mrgss-egrcir trnci hnmofotn-

togk nt tai riògknf fivif prgvoci n jgri ojjiconti nvikui hgr cgjistom

iktriprikiurs tg hgrj fokbs wota ixtirknf jnrbits. \gfomois mnk nfsg prg-

voci nk ikvorgkjikt ok waoma mfustir-ensic jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis

mnk ei eittir fokbic wota fnrìr iktirprosis tant anvi nmmiss tg `fgenf jnr-

bits, okmfucok` hgrio`k-gwkic iktirprosis.

Uiògknf ixpgrts nri fgw-ankòk` hruots ivik hgr tagsi iktirprosis. Nskgtic ey ]gkgei nkc Gtsubn (5<<8) hgr Nsonk mfustirs nkc ey Nbgtik nkc

Gtsubn (5<<0) nkc Gyifnrnk-Gyiyokbn nkc JmMgrjomb (5<<0) hgr

Nhromnk mfustirs, trncir-jnkuhnmturir kitwgrbs pfny n povgtnf rgfi ok fokb-

ok` mfustir-ensic prgcumts nkc kgkfgmnf jnrbits, okmfucok` mrgss-egrcir

riògknf jnrbits. ]gkgei nkc Gtsubn (5<<8) kgti tant sgji mfustir-

ensic okkgvntogk os crovik ey jirmankts nkc trncirs (ns gppgsic tg prg-

cumirs nkc ikòkiirs).

Uiògknf okti`rntogk nkc ojprgvic ihhomoikmy ok mrgss-egrcir trnci

prgvocis nk ojjiconti mankkif hgr ixtirknf jnrbit fokbnìs targuàwaoma jomrg nkc sjnff iktriprikiurs mnk ojprgvi taior nmmiss tg hgrjnf

trnci mankkifs. Sai cgjistom okvistjikt mfojnti os ojpgrtnkt hgr riògknf

okti`rntogk. Horj-fivif cntn sagw tant, waofi hgrio`k gwkirsaop os n hnmtgr

crovok` tai oktiksoty gh `fgenf ixpgrts, riògknf ixpgrts, wairi Nhromnk

\gfomy Ojpfomntogks4 Surkok` ]urvovnf oktg @rgwta >3=



cgjistom iktirprosis nri jgri nmtovi, nri rifntovify jgri siksotovi tg

eiaokc-tai-egrcir cgjistom mgkstrnokts suma ns okhirogr pgwir sirvomis

nkc mustgjs cifnys (_gsaokg 5<<1). Uicumok` eiaokc-tai-egrcir cgjis-

tom mgkstrnokts ikmgurnìs jgri riògknf jnkuhnmturok` trnci.

Ciipikic riògknf okti`rntogk prgvocis gppgrtukotois hgr jomrg nkc

sjnff iktirprosis tg ixpnkc taior jnrbit spnmi. Cntn hrgj tai hovi-mguktry

mnsi stucois su`ìst tant, hgr jomrg nkc sjnff foàt jnkuhnmturirs, tai vnst

jndgroty gh ixpgrt cistokntogks nri kioàegrok` mguktrois suma ns tai

Miktrnf Nhromnk Uipuefom, Manc, Iquntgronf @uokin, @negk, nkc Koìron

hgr Mnjirggkonk iktirprosis2 Eurbokn Hnsg, Móti c‟Ovgori, Jnfo, Koìr,

Koìron, nkc Sg`g hgr @anknonk iktirprosis2 nkc tai Cijgmrntom Uipuefomgh Mgk`g, Uwnkcn, ]gjnfon, ]ucnk, Snkznkon, nkc Y`nkcn hgr Bikynk

iktirprosis. Kgt gkfy foàt jnkuhnmturok` eut nfsg sirvomi prgvocirs ixpgrt

riògknffy. Hgr ixnjpfi, okhgrjntogk timakgfg`y iktirprosis ok Uwnkcn

prgvoci sirvomis tg Eurukco nkc tai Cijgmrntom Uipuefom gh Mgk`g. Cntn

sagw tant jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis tant siff ok tagsi jnrbits tikc tg

anvi `rgwk jgri ok tai pnst tarii yinrs tank tagsi tant cg kgt.

Saus riògknf trnci hnmofotntogk mnk ikankmi tai neofoty gh jomrg nkc

sjnff iktirprosis tg ergncik taior jnrbit gppgrtukotois. Ok jnky mguk-trois, pnrtomufnrfy fnkcfgmbic mguktrois, mrgss-egrcir trnci wota kioàegr-

ok` mguktrois os ghtik mgkcumtic okhgrjnffy, wotagut eiok` rimgrcic ok tai

ghhomonf mustgjs cntn. Sai mgsts gh trncok` ok tai hgrjnf simtgr just ei

ricumic ey nffgwok` eittir nmmiss tg jnrbit okhgrjntogk, eittir nmmiss tg

trnci hoknkmi nkc oksurnkmi, eittir mrgss-egrcir okhrnstrumturi okmfucok`

rgncs nkc stgrnì hnmofotois, nkc jgri ihhomoikt trnksnmtogks targuà mus-

tgjs. Ojprgvijikts ok taisi nrins wgufc ikmgurnì pnrtomopntogk ok hgr-

jnf trnci ns gppgsic tg okhgrjnf trnksnmtogks.Srnci ok sirvomis os nkgtair nrin wairi gppgrtukotois ixost tg ixpnkc

riògknf trnci. @rgwta gh trnci ok sirvomis ans n spoffgvir ihhimt gk trnci

ok `ggcs ey ricumok` vnrogus mgsts rifntic tg trncok`. Hgr ixnjpfi, n

hrnjiwgrb hgr trnci ok hoknkmonf sirvomis woff kgt gkfy suppgrt tai ixpnk-

sogk gh ixpgrts hrgj tagsi mguktrois wota jgri ncvnkmic hoknkmonf sir-

vomis simtgrs, eut nfsg ojprgvi nmmiss tg hoknkmi nkc oksurnkmi ns wiff ns

suppgrt tai ixpnksogk gh ixpgrts gh `ggcs nkc sirvomis hrgj mguktrois

nkc riògks wotaok mguktrois tant anvi fojotic nmmiss tg suma sirvomis.

]ojofnrfy, n ricumtogk ok enrroirs tg mrgss-egrcir prgvosogk gh trnkspgrt sirvomis mgufc finc tg ojpgrtnkt imgkgjois gh smnfi nkc ojprgvic nmmiss

tg aoàir-qunfoty nkc mainpir trnkspgrt sirvomis hgr ixpgrtirs gh `ggcs.

Uiògknf trnci ok EC] woff prgvoci jgri gppgrtukotois hgr jomrg nkc

sjnff iktirprosis tg nmquori timakomnf jnknìjikt sboffs.












\gfomy Ojpfomntogks4 Surkok` ]urvovnf oktg @rgwta >3?

• Ijpfgyjikt. ]JIs wgrb tgìtair tg prgjgti fgmnf ijpfgyjikt, trnok fgmnf

pigpfi, civifgp mgjjukoty `rgups, nkc prgjgti risinrma nkc civifgpjikt

gk sustnoknefi civifgpjikt ok ukovirsotois.

• Srnkspgrt. Eusokissis mggpirnti ey pggfok` mnr pnrbok`, foht-sanrok` smaijis,

sanrok` rnof gr rgnc hrioàt, gr mgffimtovify ki`gtontok` eittir puefom trnkspgrt

systijs hgr tai eikihot gh taior ijpfgyiis nkc fgmnf mgjjukoty.

]gurmi4 Nryiitiy, Gwusu, nkc ûnrtiy 5<<?.

Egx 1.3

Oktirhnmi eitwiik @gvirkjikt \gfomois tg ]uppgrt Jomrg,]jnff, nkc Jicouj Iktirprosis nkc ]trntiòis tg CivifgpMfustirs ok Uwnkcn

]jnff eusokissis nri gki gh tai jgst ojpgrtnkt ojpitusis hgr Uwnkcn‟s provnti

simtgr civifgpjikt. ]JIs nmmgukt hgr 8< pirmikt gh @C\, ?0 pirmikt gh horjs, nkc

0< pirmikt gh ijpfgyjikt ok Uwnkcn. Jgst gh taisi provnti iktirprosis nri ok tai

mgjjirmi nkc sirvomi simtgrs. Okcustronf nmtovotois nri jnokfy ojpgrt suestotutogk,

groiktic tgwnrc tai fgmnf jnrbit hgr ensom prgcumts.

Ok grcir hgr sjnff nkc jicouj iktirprosis nkc okcustry tg `rgw, gki gh tai biy

pgfomy strntiòis os tg prgjgti fokbnìs njgk` iktirprosis ns wiff ns eitwiik iktir-

prosis nkc taior okstotutogknf ikvorgkjikt. Uisinrma ivocikmi hrgj civifgpok` nkc

civifgpic mguktrois sagws tant mgjpitotovi rifntogks nkc dgokt nmtogk nri kimissnry

waik iktirprosis gpirnti ok prgxojoty. Mfgsi prgxojoty iknefis horjs tg sanri

eusokiss oktirists suma ns jnrbits hgr prgcumts, okhrnstrumturi, nkc aujnk mnpnm-

oty. Potaok suma `rgups, gr mfustirs, dgokt okotontovis nri strgkìr eimnusi tairi os n

mrotomnf jnss gh oktiristic pnrtois, jgri mgst-ihhimtovi eimnusi taiy sanri hoxic

mgsts, nkc insoir tg mggrcoknti eimnusi prgxojoty hgstirs jutunf bkgwficì nkc

trust. Sai `gvirkjikt gh Uwnkcn, tairihgri, ans fnukmaic nk ojpgrtnkt strnti`y

wota tai noj gh civifgpok` mnpneofotois nt egta tai fgmnf nkc tai kntogknf fivifs tg

prgjgti kitwgrbok` nkc mfustir civifgpjikt njgk` sjnff nkc jicouj iktir-

prosis nkc okcustry. Ok taos ri`nrc, tai \rovnti ]imtgr Hicirntogk os uròk` provnti

simtgr jijeirs nkc stnbiagfcirs tg mgksocir agw taiy mnk aifp gki nkgtairstrntiòmnffy nkc timakomnffy tg ojprgvi taior eusokissis nkc strik`taik tai sporot

gh mgjpitotovikiss ey wgrbok` ok n mfustir systij.









hgr puefom pgfomy eimnusi taiy wiri ghtik gr`nkozic ok oktrgvirtic wnys nkc

jnbi fottfi mgktroeutogk tg okti`rntok` tai fgmnf nkc `fgenf imgkgjois. Enkirdii

nkc Koaofn (>???) anvi mgjpnric tai fintair mfustirs ok N`rn nkc Maikkno tg cos-

muss tai ci`rii gh oktrgvirsogk nkc ixtrgvirsogk ok Okconk okcustronf mfustirs. Saiy

mgkmfuci tant, ivik waik mfustirs nri ixtrgvirtic, ns ok tai mnsi gh tai Maikkno

fintair mfustir, taiy rify fottfi gk puefom pgfomy okputs. ]ojofnr mgkmfusogks mnk ei

crnwk hrgj tai hgrjocnefi Okconk OMS mfustir ok ]guta Okcon, waoma os nttroeutic

jgri tg tai timakgfgòmnf sboffs nkc nstutikiss gh OS iktriprikiurs tank tg tai

ihhimtovikiss gh puefom pgfomois, nt finst ok tai mfustir‟s hgrjntovi stnì.

Sai Enk`fncisao rincy-jnci `nrjikt mfustir nfsg `riw cispoti `gvirkjikt

okcohhirikmi, nftaguà ot eikihotic hrgj tai Jufto-Hoeri Nrrnkìjikt, waoma nvi

Enk`fncisao `nrjikts provofiìc nmmiss tg tai Y.]. jnrbit. Nftaguà tai twg

spimonf imgkgjom zgkis ok Canbn nkc Maottn`gk` nri ojpgrtnkt okcustronf mfus-

tirs, sivirnf gtair okcustronf mfustirs nrgukc Canbn nri kgt mgkhokic tg mgjjgk

prijosis ns spimonf imgkgjom zgkis eut stoff ukcirtnbi ojpgrtnkt dgokt nmtogks

nkc jnbi ojpgrtnkt mgktroeutogks tg tai `fgenf nkc fgmnf imgkgjois. ]gji gh

taisi mfustirs–hgr ixnjpfi, tai gki ok Knrnynkùkd–anvi eikihotic `rintfy

hrgj dgokt nmtogks ukcirtnbik tg siksotozi puefom pgfomois tg taior okcustronf kiics.

Eut tai rgfi gh tai provnti simtgr os stoff jgri ojpgrtnkt tank tant gh tai puefom

simtgr ok tai hgrjntogk nkc jnoktiknkmi gh mfustirs.

Sai ]guta Nsonk ixpiroikmi mgktrnsts wota tant gh Inst Nson. @gvirkjikts ok

Inst Nson okmfucok` Maokn anvi n aoà-prghofi rgfi ok tai okotonf stnìs gh mfustir

pfnkkok`, suma ns ùocok` tai mfustir jnppok`, nkc ok tai hoknf stnìs, suma ns

fincok` puefom-provnti confgùi gk pgfomy nkc okstotutogknf egttfikimbs tant okaoeot

okcustry civifgpjikt nkc tai eusokiss ikvorgkjikt. Sai `gvirkjikts ghtik nssuji n fgwir prghofi curok` oktirjiconti stnìs, suma ns tai nknfysos gh horj-

fivif mgjpitotovikiss nkc jnrbit nkc prgcumt si`jiktntogk. Eut tai rgfi gh gv-

irkjikts os pnrnjgukt ok tai civifgpjikt gh puefom `ggcs tant hgrj tai ensos

hgr okcustronf mfustirs, suma ns timakgfg`y ikankmijikt, sboff civifgpjikt, nkc

okhrnstrumturi civifgpjikt.

]gurmi4 Jnffobn ]anbyn mgktroeutic taos egx.

Egx 1.9 (mgktokuic)

nkc anvi fic tai provnti simtgr ok civifgpok` mfustirs. Ok gtair mnsis, `gv-

irkjikts anvi prgvocic suppgrt tg ixostok` mfustirs tant wiri hgrjic ns

n risuft gh provnti simtgr okotontovis. Sairi os kg gki-sozi-hots-nff hgrjufn ns

tg agw `gvirkjikts nkc tai provnti simtgr sagufc oktirpfny nkc tagsi

ixnjpfis sagufc ei oktirpritic ok spimohom mguktry nkc simtgrnf mgktixts.



\gfomy Ojpfomntogks4 Surkok` ]urvovnf oktg @rgwta >9=

Egx 1.8

Ugfi gh \uefom \gfomois ok Okcustronf Mfustirs ok Fntok Njiromn

Ok jnky gh tai Fntok Njiromnk mguktrois wairi mfustirs anvi summisshuffy civif-

gpic nkc rinmaic wgrfcwoci prisikmi, tai rgfi gh tai puefom simtgr ans eiik so`-

kohomnkt. Ok Ernzof, hgr ixnjpfi, ok gki gh tai jgst cyknjom nkc prgcumtovi hruot

mfustirs, tai `gvirkjikt ans eiik n mntnfyst ok aifpok` tg mrinti tai okhrnstrum-

turi kimissnry hgr tai mfustir tg civifgp ns wiff ns ok prgvocok` fgnks targuà tai

kntogknf civifgpjikt enkb hgr tai prgjgtogk gh horjs ok tai riògk. Mgstn Uomn,

waoma sagwmnsis gki gh tai jgst cyknjom mfustirs ok ifimtrgkoms nkc OS ok tairiògk, eikihotic hrgj n `rint pusa ey \risocikt Dgsï Jnrên Hoùiris, wagsi

`gvirkjikt mgjjottic tg n sustnoknefi civifgpjikt strnti`y ok waoma mfustir

civifgpjikt pfnyic n jndgr rgfi. Sai strnti`y iviktunffy erguàt Oktif tg tai

mguktry, aifpok` tg hgstir tai ifimtrgkoms nkc OS mfustir.

Agwivir, tairi os nfsg sgji aitirgìkioty ok tai civifgpjikt gh mfustirs ok

tai riògk. Hgr ixnjpfi, tai snfjgk mfustir ok Maofi civifgpic wota fiss prg-

kgukmic `gvirkjikt okhfuikmi, nkc tai jnquofn simtgr ok Maoaunaun, Jixomg,

civifgpic jnokfy targuà tai mgjjotjikt gh tai provnti simtgr. Sai mfustir okMaoaunaun iviktunffy ivgfvic oktg n puefom-provnti pnrtkirsaop. Agwivir, mfustir

civifgpjikt ok tai riògk ans ìkirnffy eiùk wota n puefom simtgr okotontovi,

sgjitojis ok n jgri suesoconry wny nkc ok gtair mnsis ok n jgri fincok` jnkkir.

Jgst mfustirs ok Fntok Njiromn, wota n hiw ixmiptogks hgukc ok joccfi-okmgji

mguktrois, nfsg cohhir tg vnrogus ci`riis hrgj tai mgjpfix nkc okkgvntovi mfustirs

gh civifgpic mguktrois, ns jnky nutagrs anvi aoàfoàtic. Ok jgst mfustirs ok tai

okcustronf wgrfc, ]JIs pfny nk ojpgrtnkt rgfi ns prgvocirs gh spimonfozic okputs

nkc sirvomis. Ok mgktrnst, ok Fntok Njiromnk mfustirs, tai vnst jndgroty gh ]JIs nri

kgt mgjpitotovi. Jgcirk fnrì horjs jny mgixost wota ]JIs, eut tai mggpirntogk

eitwiik pnrtois os juma fiss prgkgukmic, cui ok fnrì pnrt tg n timakgfgòmnf

`np. Srnokok` os kgt ncvnkmic, nkc horjs nt tai snji fivif mggpirnti ok n ristromt-

ic jnkkir, ghtik eimnusi mufturnf ossuis fojot taior neofoty tg mggpirnti. Pota

so`kohomnkt ixmiptogks ok joccfi-okmgji mguktrois, tai riògk stoff stru``fis tg

mrinti fgmnffy gwkic, okkgvntovi okcustrois ensic gk smoiktohom nkc timakgfgò-

mnf bkgwficì.

Fntify, wotaok tai riògk, kgk`gvirkjiktnf stnbiagfcirs okvgfvic ok mfustirs,

mgjpitotovikiss, nkc okkgvntogk prg`rnjs nri okmrinsok`fy pusaok` tai nìkcn

nkc mgktroeutok` tg nk gpik confgùi nkc cossijokntogk gh eist prnmtomis wotaok

tai riògk. Gki mfinr okotontovi gk taos pnta os tai Fntok Njiromnk Mfustir Kitwgrb










>90

N \ \ I K C O Q >

Okstrujiktnf Xnronefi Jgcif

Istojntogk gk Cgjistom Gwkirsaop

Ihhimt gk \rgcumtovoty

Cipikcikt vnronefi4 vnfui nccic pir wgrbir (fg`)

Okcipikcikt vnronefi (O) (OO) (OOO) (OX) (X)

Cgjistom gwkirsaop ”<.8<?*** ”<.99>*** ”<.=09*** ”<.=9<*** ”<.551***

(<.<98) (<.<90) (<.<13) (<.<03) (<.<03)

Jnknìr‟s pgstsimgkcnry

icumntogk

<.=39***

(<.<33)

<.<?>

(<.<05)

<.<98

(<.<8=)

<.<09

(<.<98)

Nmmiss tg hgrjnf hoknkmi 5.890*** 5.>>=*** >.513**

(<.3=3) (<.355) (<.910)

Mnpotnf oktiksoty <.>90*** <.>85***(<.<>?) (<.<>1)

Kgkfgmnf jnrbit snfis <.1<?***

(<.=<1)

Kujeir gh gesirvntogks =,080 =,083 =,=>1 =,=>1 =,>9?

U5 <.=83 <.=03 ”<.>91 M <.><3 M <.510 M

<.?>3 Y <.?== Y <.?31 Y

(XO) (XOO) (XOOO) (OQ) (Q)

Cgjistom gwkirsaop ”<.35>*** ”<.=?8*** ”<.=18*** ”<.=35*** ”<.>8=*

(<.<9?) (<.<8<) (<.<89) (<.<8>) (<.<?=)

]ozi (sjnff) ”<.589*** ”<.555*** ”<.<1? ”<.<?9 <.50>*

(<.<35) (<.<3=) (<.<18) (<.<08) (<.>93)

]ozi (fnrì) <.589*** <.59<*** <.>95* <.>99** ”<.=?=**

(<.<83) (<.<83) (<.<19) (<.<08) (<.>??)



Uihirikmi

Hik`, Dunk, Snyi Jikòstni, nkc _utnbn _gsaokg. 5<<?. ‖Hgrio`k \rijouj gk

\rgcumtovoty njgk` Iktirprosis ok Nhromn.‚ Nknfytomnf enmb`rgukc kgti

pripnric hgr tai stucy.


(XO) (XOO) (XOOO) (OQ) (Q)

Jnknìr‟s pgstsimgkcnryicumntogk

<.593***(<.<39)

<.5>=***(<.<98)

<.>3>***(<.<9<)

<.<8=(<.<0<)

Nmmiss tg hgrjnf hoknkmi >.<<* <.8>> >.<==

(<.950) (<.313) (<.88?)

Mnpotnf oktiksoty <.>?0*** <.>38***

(<.<>0) (<.<50)

Kgkfgmnf jnrbit snfis 5.><5***

(<.8?3)

Kujeir gh gesirvntogks =,983 =,985 =,=>1 =,=>1 =,>9?

U5 <.=13 <.=?< <.==0 M <.33? M ”<.<=8 M

<.?9> Y <.?9? Y <.?53 Y]gurmi4 Hik`, Jikòstni, nkc _gsaokg 5<<?.

Kgti4 Mguktry nkc simtgr cujjois nri okmfucic, eut kgt ripgrtic. M : miktiric U5. Y : ukmiktiric U5.

*** p 6 <.<>.

** p 6 <.<9.

* p 6 <.><.



>9?

N \ \ I K C O Q 5

Ensom Manrnmtirostoms gh ]njpfic

Jomrg nkc ]jnff Foàt

Jnkuhnmturok` Iktirprosis Oksoci

nkc Gutsoci tai Mfustirs



Manrnmtirostom

Nff tarii okcustrois Jitnf nkc jnmaokiry Sixtofis nkc `n

Oksoci Gutsoci Oksoci Gutsoci Oksoci

Kujeir gh gesirvntogks >?1 >91 3= =9 83Jiconk snfis pir wgrbir

($ purmansok` pgwir pnroty) 3,>53.9 5,988.0 5,08<.< 5,383.< 5,=?5.>

Jiconk mnpotnf pir wgrbir

($ purmansok` pgwir pnroty ) >,<89.9 0??.> 5,988.0 >,><<.< ??1.?

% gh iktirprosis wota

jnknìrs wota pgstsimgkcnry

icumntogk 3>.3 95.9 8?.1 0>.3 =?.>

% gh iktirprosis wota jnknìrs

wota n ukovirsoty ci`rii 5.9 ?.9 <.< <.< 8.=

Jink nì gh iktirprosis >5.> ><.5 >>.9 >5.9 >>.1% gh iktirprosis wota n

hijnfi gwkir >9.0 55.5 5.= 5.? =9.?

% gh iktirprosis wota n

hgrio`k gwkir 5.9 >.? <.< 5.? 0.1

> 8 <



% gh iktirprosis wota nmmiss

tg hgrjnf hoknkmi >?.0 >3.8 0.< >>.3 5>.?

% gh iktirprosis purmansok`

okputs gutsoci gh

fgmnf jnrbits >=.8 9.0 0.< >3.= ><.?% gh iktirprosis siffok`

prgcumts gutsoci gh

fgmnf jnrbits 09.= 3>.> 11.3 8<.< 15.1

% gh iktirprosis ixpgrtok`

taior prgcumts 55.5 1.? =<.5 9.0 >3.>

Jink % gh snfis sgfc gutsoci

gh fgmnf jnrbits 58.0 1.1 =3.> >5.3 58.9

Jink % gh snfis ixpgrtic =.< <.9 5.8 >.3 5.5

Jink kujeir gh tgtnf wgrbirs 3.3 =.9 9.9 3.> =.1

Jink rntog gh nppriktomis

tg pirjnkikt wgrbirs >.3 >.1 5.3 >.1 <.?

]gurmi4 Nutagrs.

> 8 >





>8=

Swg vnronefis nri usic tg mnpturi tai pirhgrjnkmi gh iktirprosis. Saos

stucy usis n kgkpnrnjitrom hrgktoir jgcif–cntn ikvifgpjikt nknfysos

(CIN)–tg jinsuri tai mgst ihhomoikmy gh nk okcovocunf iktirprosi. Sai

mgst ihhomoikmy os hurtair cimgjpgsic oktg twg mgjpgkikts4 timakomnf

ihhomoikmy nkc nffgmntovi ihhomoikmy. Gk tai ensos gh nk okput-snvok` ihho-

moikmy jinsuri, CIN os ixprissic ns hgffgws4

(M.>)

wairi q : ihhomoikmy smgri, riprisiktok` tai hrnmtogk ey waoma nk gesir-

vntogk mnk juftopfy ots okput vimtgr nkc stoff prgcumi kg fiss gh nky gut-

put, y : gutput vimtgrs, x : okput vimtgrs, nkc f : oktiksoty vimtgr hgrjok`

mgkvix mgjeokntogks gh gutput vimtgrs nkc okput vimtgrs.

β β o s

s

]

≩ :

:

∞< >>

,

β α s os

s

]

s os x x d k:

∞ ≣ :

>

>,..., ,

Jok st y o j s ] s s os

s

]

osα β y

:∞ ; : :

>

> >,..., , ,..., ,

N \ \ I K C O Q =

Cntn Ikvifgpjikt Nknfysos



Sai ensom mgkmipt os offustrntic gk tai ensos gh tai costnkmi hukmtogk, ns

sagwk ok hoùri N=.>. Sai ukots J' fyok` gk tai osgqunkt riprisiktic ey

O O' nri tai huffy ihhomoikt iktirprosis, okcomntok` tant tai horj usis hiwir

okputs tg prgcumi tai snji njgukt gh gutput. Oh n òvik iktirprosi usis

qunktotois gh okputs, cihokic ey pgokt J , tg prgcumi n ukot gh gutput, tai

timakomnf okihhomoikmy gh tai horj os prisiktic ey tai costnkmi JJ', waoma

su`ìsts tant tai okputs mgufc ei ricumic wotagut tai ricumtogk ok gut-

put. Sai timakomnf ihhomoikmy (SI) gh nk iktirprosi os jinsuric ey tai

rntog gh tai costnkmi GJ‟ tg costnkmi GJ . Sairihgri, tai tgtnf ihhomoikmy

os ixprissic ns hgffgws4

SIo : GJ' / GJ (M.5)Sairihgri, SI tnbis n vnfui eitwiik < nkc >, wota > okcomntok` tant tai

iktirprosi os timakomnffy ihhomoikt. Ok nccotogk tg SI, Hnrriff (>?90) oktrg-

cumis nffgmntovi ihhomoikmy ( NI), jinsuric ns tai rntog gh tai costnkmi

GJ'' tg costnkmi GJ'4

NIo : GJ'' / GJ' (M.=)

Sgtnf ihhomoikmy (II) os mnfmufntic ey juftopfyok` timakomnf ihhomoikmy

ey nffgmntovi ihhomoikmy. Aikmi II os jinsuric ns hgffgws4II s : SI s Ð NI s : GJ'' / GJ (M.3)

Uihirikmi

Hnrriff, J. D. >?90. ‖Sai Jinsurijikt gh \rgcumtovi Ihhomoikmy.‚ Dgurknf gh tai

Ugynf ]tntostomnf ]gmoity >5< (=)4 59=”1>.


Hoùri N=.> Cntn Ikvifgpjikt Nknfysos nkc tai Costnkmi Hukmtogk

]gurmi4Nutagrs.

o k p u t 5 / g u t p u t

okput >/gutput

O

J

O'

J'

J''

G N'

N



>89

Ok inma mfustir ok tai stucy, tai jnknìronf trnokok` prg`rnj mgjprosic

tarii wiibs gh mfnssrggj okstrumtogk ok twg- tg tarii-agur sissogks pir

cny hrgj Jgkcny tg Hrocny. Sai prg`rnj wns ghhiric stromtfy tg gwkirs

nkc jnknìrs gh iktirprosis ok tai mfustir. Kg wgrbirs gr nppriktomis

wiri nffgwic tg pnrtomopnti. Sai sissogks wiri gr`nkozic nhtir kgrjnf

eusokiss agurs (fnti nhtirkggk tg ivikok` agurs) tg nmmgjjgcnti jnk-

nìrs‟ wgrb smaicufis.

Inma prg`rnj mgksostic gh tarii jgcufis4 (>) iktriprikiursaop, euso-kiss strnti`y, nkc jnrbitok` (jgcufi >)2 (5) prgcumtogk jnknìjikt nkc

qunfoty nssurnkmi (jgcufi 5)2 nkc (=) rimgrc biipok` nkc eusokiss hoknk-

monf cgmujikts (jgcufi =). ]ii egx N3.> hgr tai fost gh tgpoms mgviric ok

inma jgcufi. Sai timakomnf fivif wns viry ifijiktnry nkc tnofgric tg pnr-

tomopnkts wotagut progr bkgwficì gh jgcirk jnknìjikt timakoquis. N

jgri mrotomnf pririquosoti hgr taos trnokok` prg`rnj wns ixpiroikmi ok

iktirprosi jnknìjikt.

Sai snji hgrjnt nkc trnokok` jntironfs wiri nppfoic ok egta mfustirswota sfoàt fgmnf mustgjozntogk gh tai mgktikts (hgr ixnjpfi, typis gh

ixnjpfis usic ok tai oktirnmtovi sissogks).> Sai trnokok` sissogks wiri mgk-

cumtic ok Ik`fosa ensic gk tai trnokok` jntironfs, okmfucok` \gwir\gokt

prisiktntogks ok Ik`fosa. Oktirpritirs wiri aoric hgr tai trnokok` tg

N \ \ I K C O Q 3

Hgrjnt gh Jnknìronf ]boffs

Srnokok` \rg`rnjs




Egx N3.>

Gutfoki gh tai Jnknìronf Srnokok` \rg`rnjs

Jgcufi >. Iktriprikiursaop, eusokiss strnti`y, nkc jnrbitok`

Cny >. Oktrgcumtogk4 ixprissogk gh ixpimtntogks, mgursi gvirvoiw, iktripri-

kiuronf mgjpitikmois

Cny 5. Iktriprikiuronf mgjpitikmois nkc mfustir `rgups4 mgkmipt gh mgffnegrn-

togk ok n mfustir `rgup, eusokiss‟s rgfi ok tai suppfy manok nkc nccok` vnfui

Cny =. Mgjpitotovikiss4 agw tg euofc n mgjpitotovi eusokiss, want ot tnbis tg

euofc n mgjpitotovi eusokissCny 3. Jnrbitok`4 ociktohy euyir progrotois (sirvi tai cijnkc), si`jikt tai

jnrbit, pgsotogk tai ghhir

Cny 9. Eusokiss strnti`y4 puttok` n strnti`y tgìtair, crnhtok` n strnti`y ifi-

jikt hgr n eusokiss pfnk

Jgcufi 5. \rgcumtogk jnknìjikt nkc qunfoty nssurnkmi

Cny >. Gvirvoiw gh prgcumtogk jnknìjikt nkc qunfoty nssurnkmi4 gvirvoiw gh

tai jgcufi, istnefosaok` want os prgcumtogk nkc jnknìjikt, oktrgcumtogk tg

prgcumtogk jnknìjikt nkc qunfoty jnknìjikt, istnefosaok` tai purpgsi

nkc kiic, crnhtok` nk ifijikt gh tai eusokiss pfnk (eusokiss hgmus)

Cny 5. \rgcumtogk pfnkkok`4 agw tg gr`nkozi tai prgcumtogk prgmiss2 pfnkkok`

hgr riquorijikts ok prgcumtogk, fnegr, jntironfs, nkc iquopjikt2 nffgmntok` toji

nkc toji jnknìjikt

Cny =. ûnfoty nssurnkmi4 ciso`kok` timakoquis nkc stips tg hgffgw ok prgcum-

togk, iquopjikt, fnegr, nkc want ot tnbis tg nssuri qunfoty, mgktroeutogk gh tai

mfustir tg qunfoty (stnkcnrcs nkc piir riùfntogk)

Cny 3. \rgcumtovoty ojprgvijikt4 prgefij sgfvok`, tinj euofcok`, rijgvok`hnmtgrs tant fgwir prgcumtovoty, ricumok` wnsti

Cny 9. Sai hovi ]s gh qunfoty jnknìjikt4 sgrt, systijozi, swiip, stnkcnrcozi,

sifh-cosmopfoki

Jgcufi =. Uimgrc biipok` nkc eusokiss hoknkmonf cgmujikts

Cny >. Ojpgrtnkmi nkc usis gh rimgrc biipok`4 gvirvoiw gh tai jgcufi, ojpgr-

tnkmi nkc typis gh rimgrc biipok` nkc hoknkmonf cgmujiktntogk, fokbok` taos jgc-

ufi tg tai inrfoir jgcufis

Cny 5. Sypis gh rimgrc biipok`4 ociktohomntogk gh cohhirikt typis gh mgsts, ociktoho-mntogk gh cohhirikt typis gh rimgrcs tg biip, agw tg biip prgpir rimgrcs

Cny =. Mgstok` nkc promok` gh prgcumts nkc sirvomis4 ociktohyok` nkc mnfmufntok`

cohhirikt typis gh mgsts promok`, civifgpok` mfustir purmansok` pgwir (pgwir tg



rispgkc tg gmmnsogknf riquists hrgj pnrtomopnkts hgr trnksfntogk sirvomis

eitwiik Ik`fosa nkc tai fgmnf fnkùnì (tant os, Boswnaofo ok Bnrogenkò

Foàt Okcustrois nkc Swo ok ]unji Jn`nzoki).

Sai trnokok` prg`rnj wns nfsg viry pnrtomopntgry nkc oktirnmtovi. Inma

cny‟s prisiktntogk wns primicic ey hiicenmb hrgj pnrtomopnkts gk nrins

kiicok` ojprgvijikt nkc mgrrimtogks wota rispimt tg ìkirnf gr`nkozn-

togk. Saos wns hgffgwic ey n rimnp gh tai privogus cny‟s fissgk nojic nt istnefosaok` pnrtomopnkts‟ ukcirstnkcok` gh tai suedimts tnuàt. Sai cny‟s

fissgks wiri taik prisiktic ok n pnrtomopntgry sissogk gh ixirmosis, cosmus-

sogks, rivoiws, nkc quistogks. Saos npprgnma nffgwic nff pnrtomopnkts tg

sanri taior ixpiroikmis nkc gpokogks.5

Gvirnff, tai risufts gh taisi nssissjikts okcomnti tant pnrtomopnkts

ukcirstggc want wns eiok` tnuàt. Hgr ixnjpfi, tai nvirnì tist smgri wns

0> pirmikt ok Bnrogenkò nkc 89 pirmikt ok ]unji Jn`nzoki. Agwivir,

ukcirstnkcok` tai ojpgrtnkmi nkc tai wgrbok`s gh rimgrc biipok` nkcgtair eusokiss timakoquis os kgt ikguà tg ojprgvi eusokiss pirhgrjnkmi.

Saisi eusokiss nmtovotois nri ihhimtovi gkfy oh iktriprikiurs jnbi taij n

pnrt gh taior cnofy eusokiss rgutoki.

Ok inma mfustir, sfoàtfy hiwir tank 9< pnrtomopnkts mgjpfitic tai

iktori tarii-wiib prg`rnj. Sai nttikcnkmi rnti wns aoà (?= pirmikt gk

nvirnì ok Bnrogenkò nkc 1? pirmikt gk nvirnì ok ]unji Jn`nzoki).

Ok ]unji Jn`nzoki, rnkcgjozntogk wns rifntovify insy. Nff gh tai

iktriprikiurs, ixmipt mnr jimankoms nkc efnmbsjotas wag wiri mgviric

ey tai ensifoki surviy ns prisiktic ok Occrosu, Jnkg, nkc ]gkgei (5<<?),

wiri okhgrjic ey jinks gh n hfyir gh tai upmgjok` trnokok` prg`rnj

eihgri nkc curok` tai sujjir gh 5<<0. Gut gh 5<< iktriprikiurs ok tai

okotonf fost (fojotic tg jnmaokosts nkc jnkuhnmturirs), 90 wiri ncjottic

tg tai trnokok` ensic gk rnkcgj sifimtogk, gh waoma 31 nttikcic tai

Hgrjnt gh Jnknìronf ]boffs Srnokok` \rg`rnjs >80

ricumi okput mgsts), citirjokok` erinb-ivik promi gr qunktoty, crnhtok` hoknkmonfs

(ifijikts gh n eusokiss pfnk)

Cny 3. Mnsa hfgw jnknìjikt4 agw tg jnknì mnsa, agw tg civifgp n mnsa

hfgw eucìt (ifijikt gh n eusokiss pfnk), agw tg jnknì wgrbok` mnpotnf

Cny 9. Jiitok` fi`nf riquorijikts nkc ukcirstnkcok` hoknkmonf stntijikts4

okmgji stntijikt (ifijikt gh n eusokiss pfnk), enfnkmi saiit (ifijikt gh n

eusokiss pfnk), fi`nf riquorijikt gh pnyok` tnx nkc vnfui nccic tnx

]gurmis4 ICM Fojotic 5<<1, 5<<0.



prg`rnj uktof tai ikc. Unkcgjozntogk mgufc kgt ei cgki prgpirfy ok

Bnrogenkò. ]ojofnr tg ]unji Jn`nzoki, tai tnrìt `rgup gh iktripri-

kiurs wns okhgrjic gh tai trnokok` prg`rnj curok` tai sujjir gh 5<<0.

Agwivir, vogfikmi iruptic nhtir tai prisociktonf ifimtogk ok fnti

Cimijeir 5<<0, nkc ojpfijiktntogk gh tai trnokok` prg`rnj anc tg ei

cifnyic hrgj Dnkunry tg Nprof 5<<12 taos cifny ricumic nwnrikiss nkc

jgtovntogk njgk` tai tnrìt `rgup gh iktriprikiurs hgr tai prg`rnj. Sai

sifimtogk gh pnrtomopnkts, okmfucok` n ri-siksotozntogk ihhgrt, wns hurtair

cosruptic ey n sirois gh fgmnf simuroty okmocikts ok Knorgeo, okmfucok` sgji

ok Bnrogenkò otsifh, tant gmmurric ojjicontify eihgri tai stnrt cnti gh tai

trnokok` prg`rnj.= Gkfy 8< iktriprikiurs nppfoic tg tai prg`rnj okBnrogenkò (njgk` >50 iktriprikiurs pnrtomopntok` ok tai ensifoki surviy

wag wiri okhgrjic gh tai prg`rnj), nkc nff wiri ncjottic tg tai

prg`rnj. Saus pnrtomopntogk wns purify ey sifh-sifimtogk.

Kgtis

>. Sai gkfy ixmiptogk os tant n ùist spinbir hrgj n enkb wns okvotic tg spinb

tg pnrtomopnkts ok Bikyn, waofi kg ùist spinbir wns okvotic ok @ankn. Saispinbir wns hrgj tai Iquoty Enkb gh Bikyn nkc jnci n prisiktntogk gk tai

enkb‟s prgcumts nkc sirvomis nkc ots mricot npprnosnf prgmiss.

5. Ok-mfnss tinmaok` wns mgjpfijiktic ey gk-soti mgnmaok` prgvocic upgk

riquist. Ok inma mguktry, >9 iktriprikiurs wiri sifimtic tg rimiovi gk-soti

nssissjikt nkc mgnmaok`. Curok` tai jgcufi trnokok`, tai okstrumtgr gr

risgurmi pirsgk wgufc vosot iktirprosis tg cosmuss spimohom prgefijs nkc tg

mgnma jnknìrs tg civifgp sgfutogks.

=. Sai stnrt gh tai trnokok` prg`rnj otsifh wns nfsg cifnyic ey twg cnys.

Uihirikmis

ICM Fojotic. 5<<0. ‖Srnokok` Uipgrt4 Ojpfijiktntogk gh \ofgt Mfustir Eusokiss

Jnknìjikt Srnokok` \rg`rnjs ok @ankn (Bujnso).‚ Mgksuftnkmy ripgrt,


–––. 5<<1. ‖Srnokok` Uipgrt4 Ojpfijiktntogk gh \ofgt Mfustir Eusokiss

Jnknìjikt Srnokok` \rg`rnjs ok Bikyn (Knorgeo).‚ Mgksuftnkmy ripgrt,

Pgrfc Enkb, Pnsaok`tgk, CM.Occrosu, Nfanssnk, _ubomao Jnkg, nkc Sitsusao ]gkgei. 5<<?. ‖Iktriprikiuronf

]boffs nkc Okcustronf Civifgpjikt4 Sai Mnsi gh n Mnr Uipnor nkc

Jitnfwgrbok` Mfustir ok @ankn.‚ Miktri hgr tai ]tucy gh Nhromnk Imgkgjois,

Cipnrtjikt gh Imgkgjoms, Gxhgrc Ykovirsoty (Hierunry 50).




>8?

Fit Co ei n cujjy vnronefi okcomntok` waitair iktriprikiur o pnrtomo-

pntis ok tai trnokok` prg`rnj. Sai mankìs ok eusokiss rgutokis nkc pir-

hgrjnkmi gh iktriprikiur o nri cikgtic ey ∈_ o(Co) : _ on(Co) ” _ oe(Co),

wairi suesmropts n nkc e cikgti ‖nhtir‚ nkc ‖eihgri‚ tai iktriprikiur

trnokok`, rispimtovify. Sai gutmgji vnronefi ∈_ o(Co) cipikcs gk waitair

gr kgt tai iktriprikiur pnrtomopntis ok tai trnokok`. Sai okcovocunf ihhimt

gh tai iktriprikiur trnokok` gk tai mankìs ok eusokiss rgutokis nkc pir-

hgrjnkmi os òvik ey ∈_ o(>) ” ∈_ o(<).Sai jndgr cohhomufty ok ixnjokok` taos ihhimt os tant ∈_ o(<) os kgt

gesirvnefi oh iktriprikiur o pnrtomopntis ok tai trnokok`, nkc ∈_ o(>) os kgt

gesirvnefi oh iktriprikiur o cgis kgt pnrtomopnti ok tai trnokok`. Saus wi

hgmus gk istojntok` tai nvirnì ihhimt gh trintjikt gk tai trintic ( NSS ),

cihokic ns

NSS : I R∈_ o(>)|Co : >, Q o Z ” I R∈_ o(<)|Co : >, Q oZ (I.>)

wairi Q o cikgtis tai gesirvic manrnmtirostoms gh iktriprikiur o eihgri

tai trnokok`. Sai horst tirj gk tai roàt-ankc soci gh tai iquntogk mnk ei

istojntic ey tai nvirnì mankì ok nk gutmgji gh tai trnokok` pnrtomo-

pnkts, wairins tai simgkc tirj riprisikts tai mguktirhnmtunf mankì ok

N \ \ I K C O Q 9

Nvirnì Srintjikt gh Srintic

nkc COC Jntmaok` Istojntgr



nk gutmgji tant trnokok` pnrtomopnkt o wgufc anvi nmaoivic oh tai iktri-

prikiur anc kgt pnrtomopntic ok tai trnokok`. Oh pnrtomopntogk ok tai trnok-

ok` anc eiik rnkcgjozic, ot wgufc anvi eiik pgssoefi tg istojnti taos

mguktirhnmtunf ey nvirnòk` mankìs ok tai gutmgjis gh kgkpnrtomopnkts.

]okmi pnrtomopntogk ok tai trnokok` wns kgt rnkcgjozic, wi nri mgkmirkic

wota tai istojntogk eons cui tg sifh-sifimtogk oktg pnrtomopntogk. Sai sifh-

sifimtogk jny ei mgrrifntic wota tai gesirvic manrnmtirostoms gh tai

iktriprikiurs, ivik taguà ot jny nfsg ei mgrrifntic wota ukgesirvic

manrnmtirostoms. Agwivir, usok` tai cntn ikvifgpijikt nknfysos (COC)

jntmaok` istojntgr, NSS os iqunf tg

NSS : I R∈_ o(>)|Co : >, Q oZ ” I R∈_ o(<)|Co : <, Q oZ (I.5)

Swg cohhirikt COC jntmaok` jitagcs wiri ijpfgyic tg maimb tai

rgeustkiss gh tai istojntogk risufts4 gki os tai COC prgpiksoty smgri

jntmaok` (\]J) istojntgr ensic gk fgmnf fokinr jntmaok` prgpgsic

ey Aimbjnk, Omaojurn, nkc Sgcc (>??0, >??1), nkc tai gtair os n

COC virsogk gh tai eons-mgrrimtic jntmaok` (EMJ) istojntgr ensic

gk kinrist-kioàegr jntmaok` wota ripfnmijikt prgpgsic ey Nencoinkc gtairs (5<<3) nkc Nencoi nkc Ojeiks (5<<8, 5<<0). Saisi jntma-

ok` jitagcs anvi eiik wocify nppfoic tg kgkixpirojiktnf cntn hrgj

civifgpok` imgkgjois (Conz nkc Ankcn 5<<82 Jnkg nkc gtairs 5<<?).

Hgr ixnjpfi, Ugsagfj, Koifsik, nkc Cnenfik (5<<0) usi tai \]J tg

ivnfunti tai ojpnmts gk fnegr prgcumtovoty gh timakomnf trnokok` prg-

`rnjs hgr wgrbirs ok Bikyn nkc Tnjeon, nkc Eiarjnk, \nrbir, nkc

Sgcc (5<<?) usi egta COC-\]J nkc COC-EMJ tg ivnfunti tai

ojpnmts gk smaggfok` gh mgkcotogknf mnsa trnkshirs hgr yguk` maofcrikok Jixomg.

Sai COC-\]J istojntgr mnk ei ìkirnffy ixprissic ns

(I.=)

wairi O >

nkc O <

nri, rispimtovify, tai pnrtomopnkt nkc tai jntmaic kgkpnr-

tomopnkt `rgup, K > os tai kujeir gh pnrtomopnkts, p( Q o ) os tai prgpiksoty

smgri gr tai prgeneofoty gh trnokok` pnrtomopntogk mgkcotogknf gk manrnmtir-

ostoms Q o, nkc tai hukmtogk P òvis n `rintir wioàt tg kgkpnrtomopnkt d

wota tai prgpiksoty smgri mfgsir tg pnrtomopnkt o‟s prgpiksoty smgri nkc n

COC - \]J K

_ P p Q p Q _ o o d d

d O o O

:>

>

<

∈ ∈> <

>

( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

∁∁

∞∞ ” ,

>0< Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosis ok Nhromn



fgwir wioàt tg n kgkpnrtomopnkt nt n costnkmi. Nknfg`gusfy, tai COC-

EMJ mnk ei ixprissic ns hgffgws4

(I.3)

wairi , d cikgtis tai mfgsist jntma gk

mgvnrontis Q hgr ukot o. Sai hukmtogk j < os n hottic fokinr ri`rissogk hukm-

togk gh ∈_ gk mgvnrontis Q . Ot os usic tg ncdust tai mguktirhnmtunf isto-

jntis tg nmmgukt hgr cohhirikmis ok Q eitwiik inma pnrtomopnkt nkc tai

jntmaic kgkpnrtomopnkt, waoma gtairwosi finc tg eonsic istojntis (Nencoinkc Ojeiks 5<<8, 5<<0).

Hgffgwok` Aimbjnk, Omaojurn, nkc Sgcc (>??0), wi ricumi pgtiktonf

eons ns juma ns pgssoefi ey jntmaok` trnokok` pnrtomopnkts wota kgkpnr-

tomopnkts gpirntok` tai snji typi gh jnkuhnmturok` eusokiss ok tai snji

ìg`rnpaom nrin nkc usok` tai cntn hgr egta pnrtomopnkts nkc kgkpnrtomo-

pnkts ok tai snji surviy, ok waoma tai snji quistogkknori wns usic hgr

pnrtomopnkts nkc kgkpnrtomopnkts.

Sai mgvnrontis usic hgr jntmaok` nri toji-okvnronkt gr mgji hrgj taipritrnokok` pirogc, tant os, yinrs gh gpirntogk, nì, yinrs gh smaggfok`, wgrb-

ok` ixpiroikmi ok tai hgrjnf simtgr, nkc pnrtomopntogk ok pnst hgrjnf trnok-

ok`s. Ok istojntok` tai prgpiksoty smgri, wi pirhgrj tai enfnkmok` tists

prgpgsic ey Ciaidon nkc Pnaen (>???, 5<<5) tg ùoci tai spimohomntogk

gh tai prgeot jgcif. Saiy su`ìst nccok` oktirnmtogk nkc aoàir-grcir

tirjs tg gur ensi jgcif uktof tists hgr jink cohhirikmis ok mgvnrontis

eitwiik trnokok` pnrtomopnkts nkc jntmaic kgkpnrtomopnkts eimgji stntos-

tomnffy okso`kohomnkt. Pi ncc aoàir-grcir tirjs gh iktriprikiur‟s nì nkc

oktirnmtogk tirjs hgr pnrtomopntogk ok gtair trnokok`. Ok grcir tg ducì

waitair jntmaok` os summisshuf, wi rify gk tai t -tist gh iqunfoty ok tai jink

gh inma mgvnronti eitwiik tai pnrtomopnkts nkc kgkpnrtomopnkts nkc tai

psiucg U5 nkc fobifoaggc rntogs getnokic hrgj istojntok` tai prgeot jgcif

gh pnrtomopntogk. Oh jntmaok` os summisshuf, tai nhtir-jntmaok` prgeot sagufc

anvi kg ixpfnkntgry pgwir, wairins tai eihgri-jntmaok` prgeot sagufc

anvi ixpfnkntgry pgwir ns fgk` ns sifimtogk gk gesirvnefis ixosts.

Uihirikmis

Nencoi, Nfeirtg, Cnvoc Crubbir, Dnki Airr, nkc @uocg Ojeiks. 5<<3.

‖Ojpfijiktok` Jntmaok` Istojntgrs hgr Nvirnì Srintjikt Ihhimts ok ]tntn.‚

]tntn Dgurknf 3 (=)4 5?<”=>>.

∈ ( ) : ∈ ( ) ( ) ( )_ _ Q Q o d o d < < + ˈ ” ˈ¹ ¹ < <

COC - EMJ K

_ _ o o

o O

:>

>

∈ ( ) ∈ ( )

∁

∞ > <

>

Nvirnì Srintjikt gh Srintic nkc COC Jntmaok` Istojntgr >0>



Nencoi, Nfeirtg, nkc @uocg Ojeiks. 5<<8. ‖Fnrì ]njpfi \rgpirtois gh Jntmaok`

Istojntgrs hgr Nvirnì Srintjikt Ihhimts.‚ Imgkgjitromn 03 (>)4 5=9”80.

–––. 5<<0. ‖Eons Mgrrimtic Jntmaok` Istojntgrs hgr Nvirnì Srintjikt

Ihhimts.‚ Ykpuefosaic jss., Anrvnrc Ykovirsoty, Mnjerocì, JN.

Eiarjnk, Diri U., ]usnk P. \nrbir, nkc \itrn I. Sgcc. 5<<?. ‖]maggfok` Ojpnmts

gh Mgkcotogknf Mnsa Srnkshirs gk _guk` Maofcrik4 Ivocikmi hrgj Jixomg.‚

Imgkgjom Civifgpjikt nkc Mufturnf Mankì 90 (=)4 3=?”01.

Ciaidon, Undiiv, nkc ]ncib Pnaen. >???. ‖Mnusnf Ihhimts ok Kgk-Ixpirojiktnf

]tucois4 Ui-Ivnfuntok` tai Ivnfuntogk gh Srnokok` \rg`rnjs.‚ Dgurknf gh tai

Njiromnk ]tntostomnf Nssgmontogk ?3 (331)4 ><9=”85.

–––. 5<<5. ‖\rgpiksoty ]mgri Jntmaok` Jitagcs hgr Kgk-Ixpirojiktnf

Mnusnf ]tucois.‚ Uivoiw gh Imgkgjoms nkc ]tntostoms 13 (>)4 >9>”8>.

Conz, Dgsi D., nkc ]ucanksau Ankcn. 5<<8. ‖Nk Nssissjikt gh \rgpiksoty ]mgri

Jntmaok` ns n Kgkixpirojiktnf Ojpnmt Istojntgr4 Ivocikmi hrgj Jixomg‟s

\UG@UI]N \rg`rnj.‚ Dgurknf gh Aujnk Uisgurmis 3> (5)4 =>?”39.

Aimbjnk, Dnjis D., Aociaobg Omaojurn, nkc \itrn Sgcc. >??0. ‖Jntmaok` ns nk

Imgkgjitrom Ivnfuntogk Istojntgr4 Ivocikmi hrgj Ivnfuntok` n Dge Srnokok`

\rg`rnjji.‚ Uivoiw gh Imgkgjom ]tucois 83 (3)4 8<9”93.

–––. >??1. ‖Jntmaok` ns nk Imgkgjitrom Ivnfuntogk Istojntgr.‚ Uivoiw gh Imgkgjom ]tucois 89 (5)4 58>”?3.

Jnkg, _ubomao, Dgak Nbgtik, Biodorg Gtsubn, nkc Sitsusao ]gkgei. 5<<?. ‖Ojpnmts

gh Jnknìronf Srnokok`4 Sai Mnsi gh n Jitnfwgrbok` Mfustir ok Knorgeo.‚

Enmb`rgukc timakomnf pnpir pripnric hgr tai stucy.

Ugsagfj, Jomanif, Aifikn ]byt Koifsik, nkc Nkcriw Cnenfik. 5<<0. ‖Ivnfuntogk

gh Srnokok` ok Nhromnk Iktirprosis.‚ Dgurknf gh Civifgpjikt Imgkgjoms 13 (>)4

=><”5?.




>0=

N \ \ I K C O Q 8

Fost gh Enmb`rgukc \npirs nkc

Egxis Mgktroeutic hgr tai ]tucy

>0=



Sypi gh stucy nkc totfi

Nknfytomnf kgtis> Hgrio`k \rijouj gk \rgcumtovoty njgk` Iktirprosis ok Nhromn Dunk Hik`, Snyi Jik

5 Crovirs gh Jnrbit \nrtomopntogk4 Cgis Eiok` Okcoìkgus Jnttir7 Ugsnkkn Mank

= Okcustronf Mfustirs ok Civifgpok` Mguktrois4 N Mgkmiptunf Hrnjiwgrb hrgj]pntonf Imgkgjoms \irspimtovi

_utnbn _gsaokg

3 Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Jomrg- nkc ]jnff Foàt Jnkuhnmturok` Iktirprosis okNhromn4 Hokcok`s hrgj Mguktry Mnsi ]tucois

Saigpaofi Egu`kn, _

9 Fgmntogk Magomi nkc tai \irhgrjnkmi gh Hurkoturi Pgrbsagps ok Nrusan, Snkznkon Jiùjo Jutg, _issom8 Jnknìronf ]boffs nkc Jomrg- nkc ]jnff-]mnfi Iktirprosis ok Okcustronf Mfustirs

ok Nhromn4 Oksoàts hrgj Ixpirojiktnf Jnknìronf Srnokok` ok @ankn nkc BikynDgak Nbgtik, _ubomao

]gkgei, _utnbn _gsa

Simakomnf mgksuftnkmy ripgrts> Srnokok` Uipgrt4 Ojpfijiktntogk gh \ofgt Mfustir Eusokiss Jnknìjikt

Srnokok` \rg`rnjs ok @ankn (Bujnso)

ICM Fojotic

5 Srnokok` Uipgrt4 Ojpfijiktntogk gh \ofgt Mfustir Eusokiss Jnknìjikt

Srnokok` \rg`rnjs ok Bikyn (Knorgeo)

ICM Fojotic

= Nk Ojpnmt Ivnfuntogk gh Jnknìronf Srnokok` ok ]ue-]nanrnk Nhromn4 N Mnsi ]tucygh n Jitnfwgrbok` Mfustir ok Bujnso

_ubomao Jnkg, Nfanss Sitsusao ]gkgei

3 Ojpnmts gh Jnknìronf Srnokok`4 Sai Mnsi gh n Jitnfwgrbok` Mfustir ok Knorgeo _ubomao Jnkg, Dgak N9 Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Okco ikgus \rovnti ]imtgr ok Nhromn4 Sai Mnsi gh Bikyn Dgak Nbgtik (hgr Okst

Uisinrma Bikyn)8 Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Okcoìkgus \rovnti ]imtgr ok Nhromn4 Sai Mnsi gh Uwnkcn ]irì Jusnkn, Ovnk J

Nknfysos nkc Uisinr

0 Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Okco ikgus \rovnti ]imtgr ok Nhromn4 Mnjirggk MguktryMnsi ]tucy

]ukcny Bank

1 Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Okco ikgus \rovnti ]imtgr ok Nhromn4 @ankn Mnsi ]tucy Irkist Nryiitiy, @ig(hgr Okstotuti gh ]tntoGtair egxis

> OS nkc OS-Iknefic ]irvomis Mfustirs ok Nhromn nkc nrgukc tai Pgrfc Jomanif Ik`jnk

5 Ugfi gh \uefom \gfomois ok Okcustronf Mfustirs ok ]guta nkc Inst Nson Jnffobn ]anbyn= Ugfi gh \uefom \gfomois ok Okcustronf Mfustirs ok Fntok Njiromn Jnkuiffn Hrgtn

]gurmi4 Nutagrs.

> 0 3



>09

Egxis, hoùris, kgtis, nkc tnefis nri okcomntic ey e, h, k, nkc t , rispimtovify. Hgr spimohom

mfustirs, maimb ukcir tai mguktry knji–tai Nrusan hurkoturi mfustir woff ei hgukcukcir Snkznkon, hgr okstnkmi.

Okcix

N

nmmiss tg hoknkmi. ]ii hoknkmi, nmmiss tgnmmiss tg jnrbits. ]ii ixtirknf jnrbits,

nmmiss tgNhromn. ]ii ]ue-]nanrnk Nhromn, nkc spimohom

mguktroisNhromnk Imgkgjom Uisinrma Mgksgrtouj,

xov, 89, ?>Nhromnk @rgwta nkc Gppgrtukoty Nmt,

Y.]., =?k><n``fgjirntogk, imgkgjom ìg`rnpay gh,

3=, 30”3?, 3? h n`romufturnf mfustirs, 15”13Nbgtik, Dgak, 99, 91, ><1, >3=Nftikeur`, Sofjnk, 33, 9=Nk`gfn

n``ri`nti snfis nkc kujeir gh

iktirprosis ey sozi gh horj, 53k3fnegr prgcumtovoty ey snfis nkc vnfui

nccic pir wgrbir, 59Nrne Uipuefom gh I`ypt, ns sirvomis

gutsgurmok` aue, 18eNrtnco, Ifnsn, 35Nson. ]ii Inst Nson2 ]guta Nson2 spimohom

mguktrois

nvirnì trintjikt gh trintic nkc COCjntmaok` istojntgr, >8?”05

E

enmbwnrc fokbnì ihhimt, 31, 3? h, 98, 8>k3Enkirdii, Korjnfn, >95eEnk`fncisa, rincy-jnci `nrjikt mfustir

ok, >95eEC] (eusokiss civifgpjikt sirvomis), >>3,

>=3, >3>, >33, >99Eo``s, Syfir, 8>k9Efokcir-Gnxnmn cimgjpgsotogk timakoqui

mfustir virsus kgk-mfustir-ensiciktirprosis, 81, 0>t

cgjistom virsus hgrio`k horjs, =5”=3,=5e, ==”=3 h

Egtswnknn``ri`nti snfis nkc kujeir gh

iktirprosis ey sozi gh horj,53k3

fnegr prgcumtovoty ey snfis nkc vnfuinccic pir wgrbir, 59

Pgrfc Enkb Cgok` Eusokiss ripgrt,rnkbok` ok, 53k=

Ernzof, ]okgs sagi mfustir, 91



Eurbokn Hnsgns ixpgrt cistokntogk hgr kioàegrok`

mguktrois, >33fnegr prgcumtovoty ey snfis nkc vnfui

nccic pir wgrbir, 59Eurukco

n``ri`nti snfis nkc kujeir ghiktirprosis ey sozi gh horj, 53k3

ns ixpgrt cistokntogk hgr kioàegrok`mguktrois, >33


eusokiss nssgmontogks, 08”1<, 08 h, 0? h, 1<e,

11”1?k1, >99eusokiss civifgpjikt sirvomis (EC]), >>3,

>=3, >3>, >33, >99eusokiss pirhgrjnkmi. ]ii iktrois nt

pirhgrjnkmi

M

Mnjirggkmnsi stucois mgkcumtic ok, 9, 89ixpgrt cistokntogks, kioàegrok`

mguktrois ns, >33horj okvistjikt ok, 35`gvirkjikt mfustir civifgpjikt

pgfomois, >39”38efnegr prgcumtovoty ey snfis nkc vnfui

nccic pir wgrbir, 59Gfizgn hurkoturi mfustir, _ngukcï,

><5”=, ><3eMnpi Xirci, fnegr prgcumtovoty ey snfis nkc

vnfui nccic pir wgrbir ok, 59

mnpotnf oktiksotygh mfustir virsus kgk-mfustir-ensiciktirprosis, 0>, 11k0

gh cgjistom virsus hgrio`k horjs, 3,>?”5<, >? h, 5< h, 51, =>, =3

hnmofotntok` `rgwta gh jomrg nkc sjnffiktirprosis, 9

prgcumtovoty nhhimtic ey, 51, =>, =3Miktrnf Nhromnk Uipuefom, ns ixpgrt

cistokntogk hgr kioàegrok`mguktrois, >33

miktrohu`nf hgrmis ok imgkgjomìg`rnpay, 3?

miktropitnf hgrmis ok imgkgjomìg`rnpay, 3?

Manc, ns ixpgrt cistokntogk hgr kioàegrok`mguktrois, >33

Manbrnvgrty, ]nkdgy, ><0

Maofi, snfjgk mfustir ok, >9=eMaokn

Cnfonk mfustirs, 9?, 10eijporomnf stucois gh mfustirs ok, 98HCO-crovik mfustirs ok, 93, 99, 9?puefom pgfomy ok, >95esmrnp jitnf cijnkc ok, ><5Sonkdok mfustir, 39eurenkozntogk, >35Tank`donk` Ao-Sima \nrb, ]ankàno,

>9>, >99”98k>Taidonk`, `nrjikt iktirprosis ok, 5

mfustir prijouj, 9, 81, ><>

mfustirs. ]ii okcustronf mfustirs ok Nhromnmgffimtovi ihhomoikmy, 9<”9>, 95mgjpitotovikiss nkc mfustirs, ><>”5,

><5 h, ><9mgkmiptunf hrnjiwgrb hgr okcustronf

mfustirs, >5, 3>”83imgkgjom ìg`rnpay, 3=, 30”3?, 3? h,

9>, 8>k5ikcgìkgus jgcif gh okcustronf

civifgpjikt targuàmfustirs, 98t

ix pgst virsus ix nkti, 33ixtirknf fokbnìs, 9>”9=okmopoikt nkc jnturi mfustirs, 9=, 91oktirhorj fokbnìs nkc ixtirknf jnrbit

nmmiss, 98”9?, 90eoktirknf cyknjoms, 95”9=fnegr pggfok`, 30”31, 9=”93Jnrsanffonk ixtirknfotois, 3=, 30”31jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis,

rgfi gh mfustirs ok civifgpjikt

gh, 9?”8<spntonf imgkgjoms, 9>, 95 h spoffgvirs, 30, 93”98trnksnmtogk mgsts, mfustirs mguktirnmtok`,

35, 3?”9>typgfg`y, 33”=0, 39”30e

mgkìstogk ihhimts, 9>, ><5”=, ><3eMgk`g, Cijgmrntom Uipuefom gh


ns ixpgrt cistokntogk hgr kioàegrok`

mguktrois, >33fnegr prgcumtovoty ey snfis nkc vnfui

nccic pir wgrbir, 59mgri-piropairy jgcif, 8>k5”=mgst-eikihot nknfysos gh Bnrogenkò

jnknìronf trnokok` prg`rnj,>3<”3>

>08 Okcix



Mgstn Uomn, puefom pgfomy ok, >9=eMóti c‟Ovgori, ns ixpgrt cistokntogk hgr

kioàegrok` mguktrois, >33mricot, nmmiss tg. ]ii hoknkmi, nmmiss tgmustgjir nmmissoeofoty nkc fgmntogk magomi,

8”0, ?=”?3

C

cntn ikvifgpjikt nknfysos (CIN), ?0,>8=”83

Ciaidon, Undiiv, >0>Cijgmrntom Uipuefom gh Mgk`g. ]ii Mgk`g,

Cijgmrntom Uipuefom gh civifgpjikt gh jomrg nkc sjnff

iktirprosis, rgfi gh mfustirs ok,9?”8<

conjgkc jgcif gh mgjpitotovi ncvnktnì,9>, 95 h

cohhirikmi-ok-cohhirikmis (COC) npprgnmatg ojpnmt nssissjikt, >58, >51,>5?”=<t, >=>, >=9k3, >8?”05

Coxot-]to`fotz hrnjiwgrb, 8>k5cgjistom horjs

costroeutogk ey kntogknfoty nkc itakomotygh gwkir, >8, >0 h

pirhgrjnkmi `np eitwiik hgrio`k horjsnkc. ]ii pirhgrjnkmi `np eitwiikcgjistom nkc hgrio`k horjs

ok provnti simtgr, >, >3”>8

I

Inst Nson. ]ii nfsg spimohom mguktrois

HCO-crovik mfustirs ok, 99oktirhorj fokbnìs ok, 9?trnksnmtogk mgsts ok, 35

imgkgjom ìg`rnpay gh okcustronf mfustirs,3=, 30”3?, 3? h, 9>, 8>k5

icumntogk. ]ii sboff civifgpjikt, trnokok`,nkc icumntogk

I`ypt, Nrne Uipuefom gh, ns sirvomisgutsgurmok` aue, 18e

ijpfgyjikt ojpfomntogks gh mfustir `rgwta hgr,

><?”><, ><? h, >>< h gh yguta, >3<

ikcgìkgus jgcif gh okcustronfcivifgpjikt targuàmfustirs, 98t

ikvorgkjiktnf ossuis, 9>, 98, 90eI\Ts (ixpgrt-prgmissok` zgkis), 39e, >9>

Iquntgronf @uokin, ns ixpgrt cistokntogkhgr kioàegrok` mguktrois, >33

Itaogponixtirknf jnrbits, conspgrn prgvocok`

nmmiss tg, =?k><fnegr prgcumtovoty ey snfis nkc vnfui

nccic pir wgrbir, 59jnknìjikt pgfomois hgr sjnff nkc

jicouj iktirprosis ok, >=3prgcumtovoty nkc ixpgrt pirhgrjnkmi

ok, =9sagi mfustir, Nccos Nenen, 99

itakomoty

ixtirknf jnrbits, nmmiss tg, =8, =?k><`rgwta rntis nkc stnrt-up sozi, 55”5=fgmntogk magomi nkc, 8”0, ?3”?9, ?1trnksnmtogk mgsts, itakom kitwgrbs

ricumok`, 3?”9<, 8>k9ixpgrt-prgmissok` zgkis (I\Ts), 39e, >9>ixtirknf fokbnìs gh okcustronf mfustirs,

9>”9=ixtirknf jnrbits, nmmiss tg

mfustir virsus kgk-mfustir-ensiciktirprosis, 9, 0 h, 0=”15, 03”08 h,00”01t, 0? h, 1<”1>e

ok cgjistom virsus hgrio`k horjs,5, = h, 5<, 5> h, 55 h, 51, 5? h,=>, ==”=0, =0t

itakomoty nhhimtok`, =8, =?k><hnmofotntok` `rgwta gh jomrg nkc sjnff

iktirprosis, 9oktirhorj fokbnìs nkc, 98”9?, 90efinrkok`-ey-ixpgrtok` aypgtaisos, 51,

=?k1

fgmntogk magomi ensic gk, >5, ?5”?3prgcumtovoty nhhimtic ey, 51, 5? h, =>,==”=0, =0t

qunktotntovi nknfysos gh cgjistomgwkirsaop ihhimt, =8”=0, =0t

riògknf okti`rntogk, jnrbit ixpnksogktarguà, >3=”33

sifh-sifimtogk aypgtaisos, =1k1sozi gh horj nkc, =>”=5

H

Hnhmanjps, Jnrmif, 8>k9HN]OC (Hgukcntogk hgr Ncvnkmic ]tucois

gk Oktirkntogknf Civifgpjikt),xov, >>3

HCO. ]ii hgrio`k corimt okvistjikt hijnfi iktriprikiurs. ]ii ìkcir

Okcix >00



Hoùiris, Dgsï Jnrên, >9=ehoknkmi, nmmiss tg

mfustir virsus kgk-mfustir-ensiciktirprosis, 05

ok cgjistom virsus hgrio`k horjs, 3,58”50, =>, =3

horj okvistjikt nkc, 35ns `gvirkjikt mfustir civifgpjikt

pgfomy, >99`rgwta nhhimtic ey, 9, ><9”8prgcumtovoty nhhimtic ey, 58”50, =>, =3sozi gh horj nkc, =>”=5

hgrio`k corimt okvistjikt (HCO)

okcustronf mfustirs ns fgmnf rispgksi tg,39e, 93, 9?

spoffgvirs hrgj, 99hgrio`k horjs

cihokic, 53k9costroeutogk ey kntogknfoty nkc itakomoty

gh gwkir, >8, >0 h pirhgrjnkmi `np eitwiik cgjistom

horjs nkc. ]ii pirhgrjnkmi `npeitwiik cgjistom nkc hgrio`khorjs

ok provnti simtgr, >, >3”>8hgrwnrc fokbnì ihhimt, 8k3, 31, 3? h, 98Hgukcntogk hgr Ncvnkmic ]tucois gk

Oktirkntogknf Civifgpjikt (HN]OC), xov, >>3

hrii-rocir prgefij, >=3Hudotn, Jnsnaosn, 8<

@

@negk, ns ixpgrt cistokntogk hgrkioàegrok` mguktrois, >33Sai @njeon

n``ri`nti snfis nkc kujeir ghiktirprosis ey sozi ghhorj, 53k3


@C\. ]ii `rgss cgjistom prgcumt @ife, Nfnk, 55, 50, >>=ìkcir

EC] nkc, >>3mfustirs nkc, 1<”1>esimtgrnf nkc okcustry sgrtok` ey, 1<e,

>=9k>@ikirnf N`riijikt gk Snrohhs nkc Srnci

(@NSS), Jixomg‟s nmmissogktg, 9?

@anknn``ri`nti snfis nkc kujeir gh


mnsi stucois mgkcumtic ok, 9, 89ixpgrt cistokntogks, kioàegrok`

mguktrois ns, >33horj okvistjikt ok, 35hurkoturi mfustir, Bujnso, 90`gvirkjikt mfustir civifgpjikt

pgfomois, >31”3?efnegr prgcumtovoty ey snfis nkc vnfui

nccic pir wgrbir, 59

jnknìronf sboffs trnokok` prg`rnj, 1”?Ksnwnk pokinppfi mfustir, 80, 1=”13prgcumtovoty nkc ixpgrt pirhgrjnkmi

ok, =9ns sirvomis gutsgurmok` aue, 18e]unji Jn`nzoki, Bujnso, 1, >>9”>8e

`rgwta mgkstrnokts nkc okcomntgrs,><>”5, ><5 h

oktirknf cyknjoms nkc ixtirknffokbnìs, 9=”93, 98, 90e

jnknìronf sboffs pofgt trnokok`prg`rnj, >>3”=3. ]ii nfsg ukcir jnknìronf icumntogk nkc sboffcivifgpjikt

ok typgfg`y gh mfustirs, 39e, 30e Pgrfc Enkb Cgok` Eusokiss ripgrt,

rnkbok` ok, 53k=@gicauys, Jomaifoki, 55`gvirkjikt mfustir civifgpjikt pgfomois,

>39”99eusokiss nssgmontogks, >99

ok Mnjirggk, >39”38ehoknkmi, nmmiss tg, >99ok @ankn, >31”3?eokhrnstrumturi civifgpjikt, >93”99ok Bikyn, >38”30ejnknìronf icumntogk nkc sboffs, >93knturnf imgkgjom hgrmis, kgt oktirhirok`

wota, >9>puefom-provnti pnrtkirsaops, >9>”93ok Uwnkcn, >3?”9<e]guta nkc Inst Nson, puefom pgfomy

okvgfvijikt ok, >9>”95evnfui manok strntiòis, >9<”9>

`gvirkjikt hnofuris, 3?”9<`rgss cgjistom prgcumt (@C\)

jnkuhnmturok` ns pirmiktnì gh, xoooprovnti mricot tg @C\, rntog gh, 50provnti simtgr ns pirmiktnì gh, >, >=”>3

>01 Okcix



`rgwta mgkstrnokts nkc okcomntgrs, 9, 8”1,>5”>=, ><>”>>

eusokiss ikvorgkjikt nkc fgmntogk-rifntic ossuis, ><5”=, ><= h

mnpotnf oktiksoty, 9mgjpitotogk nkc prghotneofoty, ><>”5,

><5 h, ><9mgkìstogk ihhimts, 9>, ><5”=, ><3ecgjistom virsus hgrio`k horjs, 55”5=ijpfgyjikt, ojpfomntogks gh mfustir

`rgwta hgr, ><?”><, ><? h, >>< h itakomoty, 55”5=ixtirknf jnrbits, nmmiss tg, 9

hoknkmi, nmmiss tg, 9, ><9”8fnkc, eusokiss nmmiss tg, ?, 19, ><5, ><0,

>3>”3=jnknìronf icumntogk nkc sboff

civifgpjikt, 9, 55”5=, ><9”8pgfomois hgr turkok` survovnf oktg `rgwta.

]ii pgfomy ojpfomntogksprgcumt cohhiriktontogk nkc okkgvntogk,

fnmb gh, ><=”8spntonf jgeofoty ossuis, ><8”0, ><0 h,

>3>”3=summisshuf trnkshgrjntogk hrgj okhgrjnf

tg hgrjnf iktirprosis, ><1”?, ><1t ok survovnf mfustirs, ><=”?, ><0 h, ><1t urenkozntogk, ?, ><0, >3>”3=

@uokinn``ri`nti snfis nkc kujeir gh



@uokin-Eossnun``ri`nti snfis nkc kujeir ghiktirprosis ey sozi gh horj, 53k3


@ukkok`, Dnk Poffij, 51

A

Aimbjnk, Dnjis D., >=9k9”8, >0>Aorsmajnk, Nfeirt G., 8>k3

‖agfc-up‚ prgefij, 9<, >=3aujnk mnpotnf

ojpfomntogks gh mfustir `rgwta hgrijpfgyjikt, ><?”><, ><? h, >>< h

fnegr pggfok`, 30”31, 9=”93, 19, ><?fnegr prgcumtovoty. ]ii iktrois nt

prgcumtovoty

jnknìronf. ]ii jnknìronf icumntogknkc sboff civifgpjikt

sboffs, icumntogk, nkc trnokok`. ]ii sboffcivifgpjikt, trnokok`, nkcicumntogk

yguta ijpfgyjikt, >3<

O

Omaojurn, Aociaobg, >=9k9”8, >0>OCN (Oktirkntogknf Civifgpjikt

Nssgmontogk), >=5”==, >=9k?Occrosu, Nfanssnk, >>3

OHM (Oktirkntogknf Hoknkmi Mgrpgrntogk),>=5”==

okmopoikt mfustirs, 9=, 91Okcon

N`rn hggtwinr mfustir, 9=”93Enk`nfgri OS mfustir, 93, 99ijporomnf stucois gh mfustirs ok, 98Fucaonkn wggfik bkotwinr mfustir,

93”99, 91puefom pgfomy ok, >9>”95esmrnp jitnf cijnkc ok, ><5]ghtwnri \nrbs ok, 10eurenkozntogk, ><0, >35

okcustronf mfustirs ok Nhromn, xov, >”><enmb`rgukc pnpirs nkc stucois, >03eikihots gh, 35”33mgkmiptunf hrnjiwgrb hgr, >5, 3>”83.

]ii nfsg mgkmiptunf hrnjiwgrb hgrokcustronf mfustirs

cihokic, 9, 33ikvorgkjiktnf ossuis, 9>, 98, 90e

jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis ok, xov, >”5,9”8, >5”>=. ]ii nfsg jomrg nkcsjnff iktirprosis ok okcustronfmfustirs

knturnf virsus pgfomy-crovik, 3=,88”80

pgfomy ojpfomntogks hgr, ?”><, >=,>=?”98. ]ii nfsg pgfomyojpfomntogks

survovnf mfustirs. ]ii survovnf mfustirsokcustronf civifgpjikt targuà mfustirs,

ikcgìkgus jgcif gh, 98t okcustronf pnrbs, 39eokhgrjnf imgkgjy ok Nhromn

cgjoknkmi gh, >3, 33jnknìronf sboff civifgpjikt ns jinks

gh trnkshgrjok` okhgrjnfiktirprosis, >3<”3>

Okcix >0?



okhgrjnf imgkgjy ok Nhromn (mgktokuic )survovnf mfustirs, trnkshgrjok` hrgj

okhgrjnf tg hgrjnf iktirprosis,><1”?, ><1 h

okhgrjntogk timakgfg`y (OS) mfustirs, 93,99, 1=, 13”19, 18”10e

okhrnstrumturi civifgpjikt, >93”99okkgvntogk, survovnf mfustirs‟ fnmb gh, ><=”8okstrujiktnf vnronefi (OX) nknfysos

jnknìronf sboff trnokok` pofgt trnokok`prg`rnj ojpnmt nssissjikt, >51

pirhgrjnkmi `np eitwiik cgjistom nkchgrio`k horjs, 5?, =< h, =0t, >90”91t

oktiktogk-tg-trint nknfysos, >=9k=oktirhorj fokbnìs nkc ixtirknf jnrbit

nmmiss, 98”9?, 90eoktirknf cyknjoms gh okcustronf mfustirs,

95”9=Oktirkntogknf Civifgpjikt Nssgmontogk

(OCN), >=5”==, >=9k?Oktirkntogknf Hoknkmi Mgrpgrntogk (OHM),

>=5”==Oktirkntogknf Gr`nkozntogk hgr

]tnkcnrcozntogk (O]G)mirtohomntogk, =0

okvistjikt ey horjs, 35O]G (Oktirkntogknf Gr`nkozntogk hgr

]tnkcnrcozntogk) mirtohomntogk, =0OS (okhgrjntogk timakgfg`y) mfustirs, 93,

99, 1=, 13”19, 18”10eOX. ]ii okstrujiktnf vnronefi (OX) nknfysos

D

Dnpnk

ijporomnf stucois gh mfustirs ok, 98urenkozntogk, >35

Dnpnk Ixtirknf Srnci Gr`nkozntogk, 9?Dnpnk Oktirkntogknf Mggpirntogk Nìkmy

(DOMN), xov, 9<, ?5, ?3”?9, >==

B

Bnrfnk, Cink, >>3Bikyn


iktirprosis ey sozi gh horj, 53k3mnsi stucois mgkcumtic ok, 9, 89mut-hfgwir mfustirs ok, 90ixpgrt cistokntogks, kioàegrok`

mguktrois ns, >33horj okvistjikt ok, 35

hosa-prgmissok` mfustir, Bosuju, 90e`gvirkjikt mfustir civifgpjikt

pgfomois, >38”30eDun Bnfo, Boswnaofo, 38e, ><8, >35Bnrogenkò Foàt Okcustrois, Knorgeo, 1,

>>8”>0e`rgwta mgkstrnokts nkc okcomntgrs,

><8, ><1”?, ><1t jnknìronf sboffs pofgt trnokok`

prg`rnj, >>3”=3, >3<”3>.]ii nfsg ukcir jnknìronficumntogk nkc sboffcivifgpjikt

pirhgrjnkmi gh mfustir virsuskgk-mfustir-ensic okcustrois, 05

trnkshgrjntogk hrgj okhgrjnf tghgrjnf simtgr, >3<”3>


Fnbi Xomtgron hosaok` mfustirs, 9=, 93, 98,90e

jnknìronf sboffs trnokok` prg`rnj, 1”?Knorgeo `nrjikt mfustirs, 91prgcumtovoty nkc ixpgrt pirhgrjnkmi

ok, =9timakgfg`y pnrb, pfnks hgr, 10etrnksnmtogk mgsts, itakom kitwgrbs

ricumok`, 8>k9 Pgrfc Enkb Cgok` Eusokiss ripgrt,

rnkbok` ok, 53k=bkgwficì-sanrok` ikvorgkjikt ok

mfustirs, 9<bkgwficì spoffgvirs, 30, 93”98,

>=8k>>, >3<

Bgg, Duk, ><0Bru`jnk, \nuf, 8>k5

F

fnegr pggfok`, 30”31, 9=”93, 19, ><?fnegr prgcumtovoty. ]ii iktrois nt

prgcumtovotyFnHguktnok, Mgurtkiy, ?9Fnff, ]gjob D., ><0fnkc, eusokiss nmmiss tg, ?, 19, ><5, ><0,

>3>”3=

Fntok Njiromn, puefom pgfomy ok, >9>,>9=”93e. ]ii nfsg spimohommguktrois

finrkok`-ey-ixpgrtok` aypgtaisos, 51,=?k1

Fok, Dustok _ohu, xov

>1< Okcix



fgmntogk magomi, 8”0, ?>”><<mustgjir nmmissoeofoty, 8”0, ?=”?3

ciksoty, ?9”?0itakomoty, 8”0, ?3”?9, ?1ixtirknf jnrbit nmmiss, >5, ?5”?3`rgwta mgkstrnokts nkc okcomntgrs,

><5”=, ><= h jnok hnmtgrs ok, ?5”?=t, ?5”?3nt jomrg fivif, ?3”><<, ?8”?0e, ?1t, ??t pirhgrjnkmi gh wgrbsagps nkc, ?0”><<,

??t spntonf jgeofoty ossuis ok survovnf

mfustirs, ><8”0, ><0 h

trust rifntogksaops, 9<

J

Jnfnyson, Juftojicon ]upir Mgrrocgr ok,10e

Jnfo, ns ixpgrt cistokntogk hgr kioàegrok`mguktrois, >33

jnknìronf icumntogk nkc sboffcivifgpjikt, >=, >>=”=0

ok mfustir virsus kgk-mfustir-ensic

iktirprosis, 05ok cgjistom virsus hgrio`k horjs, 3,50”51, =<”=>, =3

ns `gvirkjikt mfustir civifgpjiktpgfomy, >93

`rgwta nhhimtic ey, 9, 55”5=, ><9”8bkgwficì spoffgvirs hrgj,

>=8k>>, >3<pofgt prg`rnj. ]ii jnknìronf sboff

trnokok` pofgt trnokok` prg`rnjpgfomy ojpfomntogks, >3<”3>

prgcumtovoty nhhimtic ey, 50”51, =<”=>,=3

so`kohomnkmi gh, 1”><jnknìronf sboff trnokok` pofgt trnokok`

prg`rnj, >>3”=3ensom manrnmtirostoms gh pnrtomopnkts,

>>1t mfustirs magsik hgr, >>9”>0emgst-eikihot nknfysos gh Bnrogenkò

trnokok` prg`rnj, >3<”3>hgrjnt nkc gutfoki, >89”81, >88”80e

ojpnmt nssissjikt, >53”=5COC npprgnma, usi gh, >58, >51,

>5?”=<t, >=>, >=9k3, >8?”05`rgss ojpnmt, >59, >58 h oktiktogk-tg-trint nknfysos, >=9k=OX nknfysos, >51

kit ojpnmts, >58”=5, >50 h, >5?”=<t,>=>t, >=8k><

trintjikt-rimiovic nknfysos, >=9k=ojpfomntogks gh, >=5”=3pirhgrjnkmi gh horjs

nhtir prg`rnj, >59, >58 h, >51,>5?”=>t, >=5, >==t, >=8k><

progr tg prg`rnj, >>?, >5< h prnmtomi gh ensom eusokiss rgutokis

nhtir prg`rnj, >59, >51, >=>t, >=5progr tg prg`rnj, >>?”53, >5>”55t,

>55”5=e, >53t Jnkg, _ubomao, >>3

jnrbit nmmiss. ]ii ixtirknf jnrbits,nmmiss tg

jnrbit hnofuris, 3?”9<Jnrsanff, Nfhric, 3=Jnrsanffonk ixtirknfotois, 3=, 30”31jnturi mfustirs, 9=, 91Jnurotnkon

n``ri`nti snfis nkc kujeir ghiktirprosis ey sozi ghhorj, 53k3


Jnurotousmnsi stucois mgkcumtic ok, 9, 89, 80Ieiki Myeir Sgwir Gki OS mfustir,

13, 19ns sirvomis gutsgurmok` aue, 18e Pgrfc Enkb Cgok` Eusokiss ripgrt,

rnkbok` ok, 53k=JmMgrjomb, Cgrgtay, 93, 99, 91, 8<, >3=Jikòstni, Snyi, 51, =9

JixomgMaoaunaun jnquofn mfustir, >9=e@NSS, nmmissogk tg, 9?@uncnfndnrn sagi mfustir, 91”9?

Jiyir-]tnjir, Dˈr`, 33, 9=jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis. ]ii nfsg

sozi gh horjn``ri`nti snfis nkc kujeir gh

iktirprosis, ey sozi, >, 5 h cgjistom gwkirsaop gh, >pirhgrjnkmi `np eitwiik (jgstfy

sjnff) cgjistom nkc (jgstfy fnrì)hgrio`k horjs, 5”9, >5,59”3<. ]ii nfsg pirhgrjnkmi`np eitwiik cgjistom nkchgrio`k horjs

pgtiktonf gh, xooo

Okcix >1>



jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis ok okcustronfmfustirs, xov, >”5, 9”8, >5”>=

enmb`rgukc pnpirs nkc stucois, >03mgkmiptunf hrnjiwgrb hgr, >5, 3>”83.

]ii nfsg mgkmiptunf hrnjiwgrb hgrokcustronf mfustirs

mustgjir nmmiss, 8”0civifgpjikt, rgfi gh mfustirs ok, 9?”8<`rgwta mgkstrnokts nkc okcomntgrs, 9,

8”1, >5”>=, ><>”>>. ]ii nfsg`rgwta mgkstrnokts nkcokcomntgrs

fgmntogk magomi, 8”0, ?>”><<. ]ii nfsg

fgmntogk magomijnknìronf aujnk mnpotnf, euofcok`, >=,

>>=”=0. ]ii nfsg jnknìronficumntogk nkc sboff civifgpjikt

pirhgrjnkmi gh, 89”1?. ]ii nfsgpirhgrjnkmi gh mfustir virsus kgk-mfustir-ensic iktirprosis

pgfomy ojpfomntogks hgr, ?”><, >=,>=?”98. ]ii nfsg pgfomyojpfomntogks

snfis pirhgrjnkmi mgjpnric tgkgk-mfustir iktirprosis, 9, 8 h

Jgrgmmg, Mnsn]agri Tgki ok, 10eJgrgsoko, \oirg, 9<Jufto-Hoeri Nrrnkìjikt, >95e

K

Kncvo, Banfoc, 9<, 95, 9=, 99Knjoeon


iktirprosis ey sozi gh horj, 53k3fnegr prgcumtovoty ey snfis nkc vnfuinccic pir wgrbir, 59

Pgrfc Enkb Cgok` Eusokiss ripgrt,rnkbok` ok, 53k=

knturnf imgkgjom hgrmis, kgt oktirhirok`wota, >9>

knturnf virsus pgfomy-crovik okcustronfmfustirs, 3=, 88”80

kitwgrb ihhimts, =8kiw imgkgjom ìg`rnpay, 91, 8>k5

Koìr, ns ixpgrt cistokntogk hgr kioàegrok`mguktrois, >33

Koìronn``ri`nti snfis nkc kujeir gh

iktirprosis ey sozi gh horj, 53k3ns ixpgrt cistokntogk hgr kioàegrok`

mguktrois, >33


Gtoèn mgjputir mfustir, 99, 98Koaofn, Joffoi, >95e

G

Gtsubn, Biodorg, 9<, 99, 98, 91, ><1, >3=Gyifnrnk-Gyiyokbn, Enkdo, 99, 91, 8<, >3=

\

\nbostnk, ]onfbgt suròmnf okstrujikt mfustirok, 9=”93, 91”9?, 85k>>

\nttoffg, Mntairoki N., =9pirhgrjnkmi nkc fgmntogk magomi, ?0”><<,

??t pirhgrjnkmi `np eitwiik cgjistom nkc

hgrio`k horjs, 5”9, >5, 59”3<Efokcir-Gnxnmn cimgjpgsotogk tima-

koqui, =5”=3, =5e, ==”=3 h eusokiss pirhgrjnkmi, >? h mnpotnf oktiksoty ns hnmtgr ok, 3, >?”5<,

>? h, 5< h, 51, =>, =3cunfostom knturi gh provnti simtgr

rihfimtic ok, >8”5=ixtirknf jnrbits, nmmiss tg, 5, = h, 5<, 5> h,

55 h, 51, 5? h, =>, ==”=0, =0t hnmtgrs mgktroeutok` tg, mgjpnric, 3 h hoknkmi, nmmiss tg, 3, 58”50, =>, =3horj okvistjikt, 35ìkcir enfnkmi, 1<”1>e`rgwta gh horj, 55”5=OX jgcif istojntogk, 5?, =< h, =0t,

>90”91t

jnknìrs, icumntogk nkc sboffs gh, 3,50”51, =<”=>, =3prgcumtovoty. ]ii ukcir prgcumtovotyri`rissogk nknfysos gh, 5?”=5, =< h, =1k8sozi gh horj ns hnmtgr ok, 5”3, = h, 55, 5= h,

=>”=5, 3>pirhgrjnkmi gh mfustir virsus kgk-

mfustir-ensic iktirprosis, 89”1?ensom manrnmtirostoms gh snjpfic

iktirprosis, >8<”8>t eusokiss nssgmontogks, 08”1<, 08 h, 0? h,

1<e, 11”1?k1mnsi stucy jitagcgfg`y, 89”81, 88t foàt jnkuhnmturok` okcustrois, 81”15

ixtirknf jnrbit nmmiss, 9, 0 h, 0=”15,03”08 h, 00”01t, 0? h, 1<”1>e

prgcumtovoty, 81”0=, 8?”0<e, 8? h,0>”05t

>15 Okcix



kntogknf nvirnìs, 8?”0<ekgktrncotogknf, kgkjnkuhnmturok`

okcustrois, 15”11, 18”10e\iru

@njnrrn `nrjikt mfustir, Fojn, 9=”93jnknìronf sboffs trnokok` ok, >>3

pgfomy-crovik virsus knturnf okcustronfmfustirs, 3=, 88”80

pgfomy ojpfomntogks, ?”><, >=, >=?”98`gvirkjikt strntiòis. ]ii `gvirkjikt

mfustir civifgpjikt pgfomoisfnkc nmmiss, spntonf jgeofoty, nkc

urenkozntogk, >3>”3=

jnknìronf icumntogk nkc sboffcivifgpjikt, >3<”3>

riògknf okti`rntogk, jnrbit ixpnksogktarguà, >3=”33

pggfok` gh fnegr, 30”31, 9=”93, 19, ><?\grtir, Jomanif, conjgkc jgcif

gh, 9>, 95 h \rokmopfis gh Imgkgjoms (Jnrsanff, >?5<), 3=provnti simtgr ok Nhromn, >, >>”53

n``ri`nti snfis nkc kujeir gh iktir-prosis, ey sozi, >, 5 h, >3”>8, >8 h

cunfostom strumturi gh, >3”>8hgrio`k virsus cgjistom horjs ok, >,

>3”>8pirhgrjnkmi `np ok. ]ii pirhgrjnkmi

`np eitwiik cgjistom nkchgrio`k horjs

pggr okvistjikt mfojnti hgr, >3, >9 h puefom-provnti pnrtkirsaops, >9>”93sjnffkiss gh, >, >=”>3

prgcumt cohhiriktontogk, survovnf mfustirs‟

fnmb gh, ><=”8prgcumtovotygh mfustir virsus kgk-mfustir-ensic

iktirprosis, 81”0=, 8?”0<e, 8? h,0>”05t

gh cgjistom virsus hgrio`k horjs, >8”>?,58”=3

Efokcir-Gnxnmn cimgjpgsotogktimakoqui, =5”=3, =5e, ==”=3 h

mnpotnf oktiksoty nkc, 51, =>, =3ey mguktry, >1 h

ixtirknf jnrbits, nmmiss tg, 51, 5? h,=>, ==”=0, =0t

hoknkmi, nmmiss tg, 58”50, =>, =3jnknìronf icumntogk nkc sboffs,

50”51, =<”=>, =3ri`rissogk nknfysos gh, 5?”=5, =< h,

=1k8

ey snfis nkc vnfui nccic pir wgrbir,>0”>1, >1 h, 59”58, 5?”=<, =< h,

==”=3 h ey simtgr, >? h sozi nkc prgcumtovoty, 55, 5= h, =>”=5

gh kiw iktrnkts virsus okmujeikts okmfustirs, ><>

prgcumtovoty ihhimts, =9prghotneofoty nkc mfustirs, ><>”5, ><5 h, ><9prgpiksoty smgri jntmaok` (\]J)

istojntgr, >=>, >=9k8puefom-provnti pnrtkirsaops, >9>”93

U

Unjnmankcrnk, Xodnyn, 55, 50, >>=Unkbok, Kiof, =9Unturo, Jnynkb, 8>k9UicFNM, >93eriògknf okti`rntogk, jnrbit ixpnksogk

targuà, >3=”33Uiògknf \rg`rnj gk Iktirprosi

Civifgpjikt, 3>”35Uwnkcn


Eutnri mghhii mfustir, 80, 15, 1=mnsi stucois mgkcumtic ok, 9, 89, 80ns ixpgrt cistokntogk hgr kioàegrok`

mguktrois, >33@nbokdorg mfustir, Bo`nfo, 05`gvirkjikt mfustir civifgpjikt

pgfomois, >3?”9<eBo`nfo OMS \nrb, 13”19fnegr prgcumtovoty ey snfis nkc vnfui

nccic pir wgrbir, 59tgurosj mfustir, 80, 1=, 19”11, 10e Pgrfc Enkb Cgok` Eusokiss ripgrt,

rnkbok` ok, 53k=

]

]nfn-o-Jnrtok, Qnvoir, 35snfis pir wgrbir, prgcumtovoty jinsuric ey

mfustir virsus kgk-mfustir-ensiciktirprosis, 81, 8? h

cgjistom virsus hgrio`k horjs, >0”>1,>1 h, 59”58, 5?”=<, =< h, ==”=3 h

]majotz, Aueirt, 9<, 95, 9=, 99sifh-sifimtogk aypgtaisos, =1k1]iki`nf, ns sirvomis gutsgurmok` aue, 18e]ana, Jnkdu, 55, 50, 8>k9, >>=]ofomgk Xnffiy, 18”10e

Okcix >1=



sozi gh horj. ]ii nfsg jomrg nkc sjnffiktirprosis

n``ri`nti snfis nkc kujeir ghiktirprosis ey, >, 5 h, >3”>8, >8 h

costroeutogk ey kntogknfoty nkc itakomotygh gwkir, >8, >0 h

itakom jokgrotois virsus okcoìkguspgpufntogks, 55”5=

hoknkmi nkc ixtirknf jnrbits, nmmiss tg,=>”=5

pirhgrjnkmi `np eitwiik cgjistom nkchgrio`k horjs, ns hnmtgr ok, 5”3, = h,55, 5= h, =>”=5, 3>

paysomnf n``fgjirntogk ok mfustirs nsjinks gh gvirmgjok` mgkstrnoktsgh, 35. ]ii nfsg okcustronf mfustirs

prgcumtovoty nkc, 55, 5= h, =>”=5, 05”0=sboff civifgpjikt, trnokok`, nkc icumntogk

ixpgrt-groiktic mfustirs, 9?gh fnegr pggfs, 93, 19gh jnknìrs. ]ii jnknìronf icumntogk

nkc sboff civifgpjikt spoffgvirs hrgj, 99

]fiuwniìk, F., 55sjnff iktirprosis. ]ii jomrg nkc sjnff

iktirprosissgmonf mgjjukotois, mfustirs ns, 3?”9>]øciregj, Jéks, =9]gjnfon, ns ixpgrt cistokntogk hgr

kioàegrok` mguktrois, >33]gkgei, Sitsusao, 9<, 99, 98, 91, ><1,

>>3, >3=]guta Nhromn


iktirprosis ey sozi gh horj, 53k3Curenk nutg mfustir, 85k><fnegr prgcumtovoty ey snfis nkc vnfui

nccic pir wgrbir, 59 Pistirk Mnpi woki mfustir, 30e Pgrfc Enkb Cgok` Eusokiss ripgrt,

rnkbok` ok, 53k=]guta Nson. ]ii nfsg spimohom mguktrois

provnti simtgr ok, >, >=”>3puefom pgfomy ok, >9>”95erntog gh provnti mricot tg @C\ ok, 50

spntonf imgkgjoms hrnjiwgrb gh okcustronfmfustirs, 9>, 95 h

spntonf jgeofoty ossuis, ><8”0, ><0 h, >3>”3=spimonfozic suppfoirs, nvnofneofoty gh, 31spoffgvirs, 30, 93”98, >=8k><]rovnstnvn, \rnciip, 8>k9

]tnkhgrc Okcustronf \nrb (]ofomgk Xnffiy),18”10e

]ue-]nanrnk Nhromn. ]ii nfsg spimohommguktrois

okcustronf mfustirs ok. ]ii okcustronfmfustirs ok Nhromn

okhgrjnf imgkgjy gh. ]ii okhgrjnfimgkgjy ok Nhromn

jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis ok. ]ii jomrgnkc sjnff iktirprosis

provnti simtgr ok. ]ii provnti simtgr okNhromn

riògknf okti`rntogk, jnrbit ixpnksogk

targuà, >3=”33]ucnk, ns ixpgrt cistokntogk hgr

kioàegrok` mguktrois, >33survovnf mfustirs

ns mgjjgk typi gh mfustir ok Nhromn,xov, 1, >5, 3=

`rgwta mgkstrnokts nkc okcomntgrs,><=”?, ><0 h, ><1t

oktirknf cyknjoms nkc ixtirknffokbnìs, 9=

jnknìronf aujnk mnpotnf, euofcok`. ]iijnknìronf icumntogk nkc sboffcivifgpjikt

summisshuf trnkshgrjntogk hrgjokhgrjnf tg hgrjnf iktirprosis,><1”?, ><1t

ok typgfg`y gh mfustirs, 3=, 33”30]wnzofnkc


fnegr prgcumtovoty ey snfis nkc vnfui

nccic pir wgrbir, 59S

Snownk, Maokn, ijporomnf stucois gh mfustirsok, 98

Snkznkonn``ri`nti snfis nkc kujeir gh

iktirprosis ey sozi gh horj, 53k3Nrusan hurkoturi mfustir, 9

`rgwta mgkstrnokts nkc okcomntgrs,><5, ><3”9

fgmntogk magomi, 8”0, ?>, ?5”?=t,?5”?3

trnksnmtogk mgsts, 9<itakomoty nkc okotonf magomi gh fgmntogk gh

kiw iktrnkts, 8”0itakomoty nkc stnrt-up sozi gh horj, 5=

>13 Okcix



ns ixpgrt cistokntogk hgr kioàegrok`mguktrois, >33

@iriznko jitnfwgrb mfustir, Cnr is]nfnnj, 39

Bibg hurkoturi mfustir, 90fnegr prgcumtovoty ey snfis nkc vnfui

nccic pir wgrbir, 59Jwikì ankcomrnhts mfustir, 90

SMO, >93eSinf, Hrnkmos, =9timakgfgòmnf spoffgvirs, 30, 93”98Siwnro, Jiiku, 93”99Sanofnkc, Instirk ]inegnrc mfustir ok, 5, 9?

Sgcc, \itrn, >=9k9”8, >0>Sg`g, ns ixpgrt cistokntogk hgr kioàegrok`

mguktrois, >33tgurosj mfustirs, 80, 1=, 19”11, 10etrnokok`. ]ii sboff civifgpjikt, trnokok`,

nkc icumntogktrnksnmtogk mgsts, 35, 3?”9>trintjikt-rimiovic nknfysos, >=9k=trust rifntogksaops ok fgmntogk-ensic

mgjjukotois, 9<Sukoson, ns sirvomis gutsgurmok` aue, 18etypgfg`y gh okcustronf mfustirs, 33”=0,

39”30e

Y

Y`nkcnn``ri`nti snfis nkc kujeir gh

iktirprosis ey sozi gh horj, 53k3ns ixpgrt cistokntogk hgr kioàegrok`

mguktrois, >33

fnegr prgcumtovoty ey snfis nkc vnfuinccic pir wgrbir, 59Fnbi Xomtgron hosaok` mfustirs, 9=, 93, 98,

90eYkotic ]tntis

Itaogponk conspgrn ok, nmmiss tg ixtirknfjnrbits prgvocic ey, =?k><

\nbostnk, ]onfbgt suròmnf okstrujikt mfustir, okvgfvijikt wota, 85k>>

]ofomgk Xnffiy, 18”10eurenkozntogk, ?, ><0, >3>”3=

X

Xnfcovon, Jnrtok, >>3vnfui manok strntiòis, >9<”9>vnfuic nccic pir wgrbir, prgcumtovoty

jinsuric eymfustir virsus kgk-mfustir-ensic

iktirprosis, 81, 8? h cgjistom virsus hgrio`k horjs, >0”>1,

>1 h, 59”58, 5?”=<, =< h, ==”=3 h

Xoitknj, HCO-crovik mfustirs ok, 93, 99, 9?Xossir, Ivirt-Dnk, 93

P

Pnaen, ]ncib, >0> PEI]s (Pgrfc Enkb Iktirprosi ]urviys),

>5, >8, 59, 58e, =8wgjik. ]ii ìkcir Pgrfc Enkb

Cgok` Eusokiss ripgrt (5<><), >3, >9 h hoknkmi, cntn gk nmmiss tg, 50jnknìronf sboffs pofgt trnokok` prg`rnj,

>>3, >=5”==suppgrt hgr stucy, xov, 89, ?>

Pgrfc Enkb Iktirprosi ]urviys (PEI]s),>5, >8, 59, 58e, =8

_

_gsaokg, _utnbn, =9yguta ijpfgyjikt, >3<

T

Tnjeon, rnbok` ok Pgrfc Enkb CgokÈusokiss ripgrt, 53k=

Tik`, Cgu`fns Taoaun, 93, 90Tojenewi

horj okvistjikt ok, 35trnksnmtogk mgsts, itakom kitwgrbs

ricumok`, 8>k9

Okcix >19







IMG-NYCOS

Ikvorgkjiktnf Eikihots ]tntijikt

Sai Pgrfc Enkb os mgjjottic tg prisirvok`

ikcnkìric hgrists nkc knturnf risgurmis.

Sai Ghhomi gh tai \uefosair ans magsik tg

prokt Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Jomrg nkc

]jnff Iktirprosis ok Nhromn gk rimymficpnpir wota 9< pirmikt pgstmgksujir hoeir ok

nmmgrcnkmi wota tai rimgjjikcic stnkcnrcs

hgr pnpir usnì sit ey tai @riik \riss

Okotontovi, n kgkprghot prg`rnj suppgrtok`

puefosairs ok usok` hoeir tant os kgt sgurmic

hrgj ikcnkìric hgrists. Hgr jgri okhgrjn-

togk, vosot www.`riikprissokotontovi.gr`.

]nvic4

• = triis

• > joffogk ESYs gh

tgtnf ikir`y

• 5?< pgukcs gh MG5

iquovnfikt gh

`riikagusi `nsis

• >,=?9 `nffgks gh

wnsti wntir

• 19 pgukcs gh sgfoc

wnsti





Ok Nhromn, tairi nri stnrb pirhgrjnkmi `nps eitwiik cgjistomnffy gwkic iktirprosis nkc

hgrio`k-gwkic iktirprosis, ok tirjs gh snfis pirhgrjnkmi, prgcumtovoty, nkc neofoty tg rinma

costnkt jnrbits. ]ozi nppinrs tg ei tai cgjoknkt hnmtgr tant ixpfnoks taisi `nps. N`nokst

taos enmb`rgukc, Okcustronf Mfustirs nkc Jomrg nkc ]jnff Iktirprosis ok Nhromn4 Hrgj

]urvovnf tg @rgwta nknfyzis agw knturnffy hgrjic okcustronf mfustirs–mgkmiktrntogks gh

iktirprosis ik`nìc ok tai snji gr mfgsify rifntic okcustronf nmtovotois ok spimohom fgmn-

togks–mgufc pgtiktonffy joto`nti tai mgkstrnokts Nhromn‟s jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis hnmi

nkc ikankmi taior eusokiss pirhgrjnkmi. Saos stucy os gki gh tai horst mgjpriaiksovi

qunktotntovi okquorois oktg tai okcustronf mfustirs ok Nhromn.

Unosok` tai murrikt survovnf-typi okcustronf mfustirs oktg jgri cyknjom, okkgvntovi mfustirs

woff ei nk ojpgrtnkt nvikui hgr hgstirok` tai `rgwta gh jomrg nkc sjnff iktirprosis ok

Nhromn. Snrìtic pgfomois nri kiicic tg suppgrt tai `rgwta gh jomrg nkc sjnff cgjistom

iktirprosis usok` ixostok` okcustronf mfustirs ns n knturnf sprokègnrc Ok tant mgktixt tai

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Industrial Clusters and Micro and Small Enterprise in Africa