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Indus River Valley. Global History I: Spiconardi. Geography & It’s Impact. Location: Northernmost part of the Indian subcontinent & modern day Pakistan. The Monsoons Seasonal winds in the winter and summer. If easterly winter winds prevailed, then there was drought - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Indus River Valley
Global History I: Spiconardi
Geography & It’s Impact
Location: Northernmost part of the Indian subcontinent & modern day Pakistan
Geography & It’s Impact
The Monsoons• Seasonal winds in the
winter and summer.
• If easterly winter winds prevailed, then there was drought
• If westerly summer winds prevailed, then there was severe flooding
Monsoons
Monsoons
Geography & It’s Impact Geographic Isolation
• The Indus River runs between the Himalayan and Hindu Kush mountains
• The mountain ranges often limited contact with other cultures
• Protected Harappan civilization from invasion (until Aryans in 1500 B.C.E.)
Planned Cities on the Indus
Planned urban centers of Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa• Cities laid out on a grid
(Like Manhattan above 14th Street)
• Both cities’ blocks, structures, and buildings were almost identical
• What does this suggest?
Mohenjo-Daro
Citadel
Mohenjo-Daro
Harappa
Planned Cities on the Indus
Layout of Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro• Homes
• At least two stories
• All had a courtyard with a balcony
• Most had a small well and bathtub
• Water• In Mohenjo-Daro a basin known as the Great Bath
was built
• Running water
• Shows emphasis on cleanliness & purification
Achievements & Contributions
Sewers & baths• Almost every home
had a small bathroom
• Drainage in the streets to clear waste
Achievements & Contributions
First to weave cotton Used bricks to build
structures• Mud bricks
• Wood bricks
Standard size weights and
measurements
Government Rulers within the cities of the Indus Valley
governed through the control of trade and religion rather than military strength.
The rulers carried seals with animal symbols
No monuments built to rulers; no palaces Believed to be an egalitarian society
• City-states were controlled by a small number of merchants, landowners and religious leaders
Priest-King Statue
Bull seal
Interesting Tidbit
Archaeologists have uncovered more TOYS than WEAPONS in their excavations of Harappan cultures.
Aryan Invasion
Aryans nomads who most likely originated in modern Iran• Eventually many
Aryan tribes settled in the Indus Valley forgoing their nomadic ways
Aryan Invasion
Religion• Not much is known about Indus religion
• Seals that cannot be deciphered suggest a polytheistic & nature worshipping religion
• Fertility was of paramount concern
• Under Aryans, the religion is mixed with the Aryan and Indus beliefs and Hinduism forms over a period of time
Aryan Invasion
The Vedic Period (1900 – 500 BCE)• The Vedas books in which Aryans record
their beliefs
• Development of a caste system• Emerged to subjugate the native people of India to
Aryan rule
• Term Aryan comes from the Sanskrit word “Arya,” which means “noble”