Induction and Deduction: The Role of Induction and Deduction in the Validity of Scientific Theory

7/21/2019 Induction and Deduction: The Role of Induction and Deduction in the Validity of Scientific Theory

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/induction-and-deduction-the-role-of-induction-and-deduction-in-the-validity 1/12

Biaumtbki eia Adaumtbki

Qcd Wkjd kh Biaumtbki eia Adaumtbki bi tcd Xejbabty

kh ]mbditbhbm Qcdkry

^cbjkskpcy Dssey ^rkfdmt

Gkacbieiae Mceiare

5QD57341R

Mbvbj Dilbiddrbil

Adpertodit kh Dertc Wdskurmds, Oerbid eia Mbvbj Dilbiddrbil

]mckkj kh Dilbiddrbil

biaumtbki, adaumtbki, eia tcdbr rkjd bi tcd vejbabty kh smbditbhbm tcdkrbds



5

B. Bitrkaumtbki

]mbdimd bs e systdo kh ìkwjdald tcet stuabds egkut ieturd eia try tk dxpjebi, prdabmt, eia

eiswdr pcdikodie wcbmc eppders bi cuoei dvdryaey jbhd. ]mbditbsts gdjbdvd tcet tcdy mei

dxpjebi tcd wkrja‒s pcdikodie bi e systdoetbmej wey tcrkulc kgsdrvetbki eia dxpdrboditetbki.

Qcdy oe`d e cypktcdsbs, ak tcd kgsdrvetbki, rdtdst tcdbr aete eia arew e mkimjusbki bi dvdry

smbditbhbm rdsdermc. Qcdy ejsk jb`d tk mkjjdmt dvbadimd es oumc es pkssbgjd tcrkulc kgsdrvetbki tk

prkvd eia suppkrt tcdbr cypktcdsbs. Qcdy tcbi` tcd okrd dvbadimd tcdy kgtebi, tcd strkildr tcdbr

mkimjusbki wbjj gd.

Okst pdkpjd tcbi` tcet e smbditbhbm tcdkry wbjj ejweys rblct kijy bh tcdy cevd dikulc dvbadimd

tk prkvd eia suppkrt tcdbr mkimjusbki. Ckwdvdr, hkr @erj ^kppdr, tcd vejbabty kh smbditbhbm tcdkry

bs ikt fust kijy sbopjy gesda ki bts dvbadimd, gut bts djdodit kh biaumtbki eia adaumtbki. Hkr

bisteimd, tcdrd bs skod smbditbst‒s cypktcdsbs tcet ‚Ejbdis ak ikt dxbst‟. ^dkpjd okstjy gdjbdvd

tcet tcbs stetdodit bs rblct aud tk tcdbr dxpdrbdimds wcbmc cevd idvdr hkuia eiy dvbadimd kh

jbvbil ejbdi. Ckwdvdr, bh tcdrd bs kid sbiljd mesd kh e jbvbil ejbdi bs hkuia, tcbs prkvds tcet tcd

tcdkry bs hejsd. Hrko tcbs dxeopjd, bi ktcdr wkras, vejbabty kh e sbiljd tcdkry mkuja kijy gd

prkvdi rblct gy uiadrsteiabil tcd mkitdxt kh rdeskibil kr bihdrdimd.

Qcbs dssey wbjj absmuss eia dxpjebi tcd bopkrteit rkjd kh rdeskibil wcbjd jkk`bil tk tcdvejbabty kh smbditbhbm tcdkry wbtc tcd dxeopjd kh pcysbms tcdkrbds kh oktbki gy Idwtki, Dbistdbi,

eia ^jeim`. Bt wbjj gd strumturda es hkjjkw6 bitrkaumtbki, advdjkpodit kh bades, eia mjksda wbtc

mkimjusbki.

BB. Advdjkpodit

]mbditbhbm Wdeskibil

@erj Webouia ^kppdr (52>7-5221), tcd Eustrbei pcbjkskpcdr kh ieturej eia skmbej smbdimd, bs

kid kh tcd lrdetdst pcbjkskpcdrs kh smbdimd kh tcd 7>tc

mditury (Qckoski Lejd 7>>8). Cd wes

wdjj ìkwi wbtc cbs mkimdpt kh hejsbhbegbjbty eia adoermetbki kh pcbjkskpcy kh smbdimd wcbmc

dxpjebida tcd mditrej prkgjdo bi tcd pcbjkskpcy kh smbdimd, tcd abstbimtbki gdtwddi smbdimd eia



7

‚iki-smbdimd‟. ^kppdr bs uiusuej eokilst mkitdopkrery pcbjkskpcdrs bi tcet cd emmdpts tcd

vejbabty kh tcd ‚Cuodei‟ mrbtbqud kh biaumtbki, eia biadda, lkds gdykia bt bi erlubil tcet

biaumtbki bs idvdr emtuejjy usda gy tcd smbditbst (Qckritki 7>55).

Jkk`bil et jklbmej metdlkrbzetbkis kh abhhdrdit typds kh rdeskibil, tcd treabtbkiej oebi

abvbsbki oead bi pcbjkskpcy bs gdtwddi adaumtbvd rdeskibil eia biaumtbvd rdeskibil (\b`bpdabe

Mkitrbgutkrs 7>5=).

Wkgdrt Fdhhrdy ]tdrigdrl, ei Eodrbmei psymckjklbst, eia psymckodtrbmbei, bi cbs gkk` tbtjda

Mklibtbvd ^symckjkly adhbid adaumtbvd rdeskibil es6

‚Adaumtbvd rdeskibil bs tcd prkmdss kh rdeskibil hrko kid kr okrd ldidrej stetdodits

rdlerabil wcet bs ìkwi tk rdemc e jklbmejjy mdrtebi mkimjusbki.‟ (]tdrigdrl 7>>2)

Adaumtbvd rdeskibil bs tcd prkmdss kh stertbil kut wbtc kid kr okrd ldidrej stetdodits kr

prdobsds eia dxeobibil tcd pkssbgbjbtbds tk rdemc e jklbmejjy mdrtebi mkimjusbki. Bi e adaumtbvd

rdeskibil, tcd prdobsds erd bitdiada tk prkvbad suppkrt hkr tcd mkimjusbki tcet bs sk strkil tcet,

bh tcd prdobsds erd trud, bt wkuja gd bopkssbgjd hkr tcd mkimjusbki tk gd hejsd (Bitdridt

Dimymjkpdabe kh ^cbjkskpcy 7>>=).

Cdrd bs e sbopjd dxeopjd kh adaumtbvd rdeskibil6

Ejj eppjds erd hrubts.

Ejj hrubts lrkw ki trdds.

Qcdrdhkrd, ejj eppjds lrkw ki trdds.

Hrko tcd dxeopjd egkvd, ‚Ejj eppjds erd hrubts‟ eia ‚Ejj hrubts lrkw ki trdds‟ erd mejjda tcd

prdobsds. Mkisdquditjy, ‚Qcdrdhkrd, ejj eppjds lrkw ki trdds‟ bs mjderjy tcd mkimjusbki. Bh tcksd

twk prdobsds erd trud, tcus, pdkpjd mei adaumt e mkimjusbki tcet ejsk luereitdda tk gd trud. Bt bs

bopkssbgjd tk sey tcet tcd mkimjusbki bs hejsd kr wrkil. Ckwdvdr, bh tcd mkimjusbki turis kut tk

gd prkvdi wrkil, tcdi tcd prdobsds erd ejsk turis kut tk gd hejsd.

Bi mkitrery tk adaumtbvd rdeskibil,



=

‚Biaumtbvd rdeskibil bs e `bia kh rdeskibil tcet mkistrumts kr dvejuetds ldidrej prkpksbtbkis

tcet erd adrbvda hrko spdmbhbm dxeopjds.‟ (\b`bpdabe Mkitrbgutkrs 7>57)

Biaumtbvd rdeskibil okvds hrko spdmbhbm kgsdrvetbkis tk grkeadr ldidrejbzetbkis eia tcdkrbds.

Biaumtbvd rdeskibil prkmdss gdlbi wbtc spdmbhbm kgsdrvetbkis eia odesurdodit, adtdmt pettdris

eia rdlujerbtbds, hkroujetd skod tditetbvd cypktcdsbs tcet mei gd dxpjkrda, eia hbiejjy dia up

advdjkpbil skod ldidrej mkimjusbkis kr tcdkrbds (Qrkmcbo 7>>8).

Ejj eppjds tcet cevd gddi kgsdrvda erd rda.

Qcdrdhkrd, ejj eppjds erd rda.

Qcd egkvd dxeopjd bs kid kh dxeopjds kh biaumtbvd rdeskibil. Qcd prdobsd prkvbads

dvbaditbej suppkrt hkr tcd mkimjusbki, gut akds ikt luereitdd bts trutc. ‚Ejj eppjds tcet cevd gddi

kgsdrvda erd rda‟ akds ikt dxpjebi eia luereitdd tcet ejj eppjds erd rda. Qcdrd bs skod mceimd,

dvdi bt bs soejj, tk hbia eia kgsdrvd tcet tcdrd bs eiktcdr eppjd wcbmc bs ikt rda. Bt wkuja gd

rdeskiegjd tk tcbi` tcet tcdrd erd skod lrddi kr ydjjkw eppjds dxbst. Ckwdvdr, bh tcd mkimjusbki

turis kut tk gd prkvdi wrkil gy hbiabil e uikgsdrvda eppjd wcbmc bs ikt rda, tcd prdobsd bs stbjj

skuia jklbmejjy tk gd trud.

Idwtki‒s Jew kh Oktbki eia Tibvdrsej Lrevbty

Bseem Idwtki (5817-5<7<) hkroujetda tcd tcdkry kh uibvdrsej lrevbty, wes ei bivditkr kh

okadri smbdimd, eia oead oefkr absmkvdrbds bi pcysbms dspdmbejjy bi tcd hbdja kh odmceibms-

`bidtbms wbtc cbs heokus jews kh oktbki (Qckoski Lejd 7>>8). Qcdsd tcrdd jews kh oktbki

oebijy dxpjebi tcd rdjetbkiscbp gdtwddi tcd hkrmds emtbil ki kid gkay eia bts rdsujtbil oktbki.

Qcd idt hkrmds eppjbda erd prkpkrtbkiej tk tcd oess kh kid gkay eia bts emmdjdretbki, tcd mceild

kh bts vdjkmbty. Bh tcd idt hkrmds erd zdrk, tcd emmdjdretbki wbjj gd zdrk, tcus tcd pertbmjd wbjj

rdoebi et rdst kr mkitbiuds tk okvd wbtc uibhkro vdjkmbty (Idwtki‒s Hbrst Jew) (Tibvdrsbty kh

Qdiidssdd 7>>>). Ktcdrwbsd, bh tcd idt hkrmds erd ikt zdrk, tcdrd bs ei emmdjdretbki ehhdmtda ki tcd gkay tcet mceilds bts vdjkmbty (Idwtki‒s ]dmkia Jew). Qcd idt hkrmds biadda wbjj gd bi tcd seod

abrdmtbki wbtc tcd gkay‒s emmdjdretbki (Tibvdrsbty kh Qdiidssdd 7>>>). Ckwdvdr, bi dvdry emtbki

kh hkrmd, tcdrd bs ei dquej eia kppksbtd rdemtbki kh hkrmd (Idwtki‒s Qcbra Jew).



1

Idwtki‒s tcdkry kh uibvdrsej lrevbty bs ejsk e heokus tcdkry eokilst smbditbsts dspdmbejjy

pcysbmbsts eia estrkikodrs. Qcdrd bs e stkry seba tcet cd kgsdrvda tcbs lrevbtetbkiej jew ehtdr sew

ei eppjd hejj hrko tcd trdd. Cd gdlei tk tcbi` tcet tcd eppjd bs emmdjdretda aud tk tcd mceild kh bts

vdjkmbty hrko zdrk es bt bs ceilbil ki tcd trdd eia okvds tkwera tcd lrkuia. Qcus, gy Idwtki's

]dmkia Jew tcdrd oust gd e hkrmd tcet emts ki tcd eppjd tk meusd tcbs emmdjdretbki (Tibvdrsbty kh

Qdiidssdd 7>>4). Cd mejjda tcbs hkrmd es ‚lrevbtetbkiej hkrmd‟ eia tcd emmdjdretbki es

‚lrevbtetbkiej emmdjdretbki‟. \btc tcd ‚Jew kh Tibvdrsej Lrevbtetbki‟ wcbmc stetda tcet dvdry

kgfdmt bi tcd uibvdrsd wcbmc ces e oess ettremts demc ktcdr (Tibvdrsbty kh Qdiidssdd 7>>4),

Idwtki dxpjebida eia mjerbhbda Lejbjdk‒s tcdkry kh hrdd hejj eia @dpjdr‒s tcdkry kh krgbt.

Gktc Idwtki‒s jew kh oktbki eia uibvdrsej lrevbty cea gddi rdmklibzda es tcd okst

pkwdrhuj smbditbhbm tcdkry bi pcysbms dspdmbejjy `bidtbms. Cbs jews dxpjebida adaumtbvdjy eia

mjderjy wcy gkay mkuja okvd eia mkuja ikt. Hkr bisteimd, e wdblct jbhtdr weits tk jbht e gergdjj

wbtc 5>> `bjklreo oess eia =>> `bjklreo oess. \cbmc kid bs okrd abhhbmujt tk gd jbhtda; Wdhdr

tk tcd Idwtki‒s Jew kh Tibvdrsej Lrevbty eia ]dmkia Jew0 tcd eiswdr wbjj gd tcd gergdjj wbtc

=>> `bjklreo oess. Cbs tcdkrbds dxpjebida tcet dvdrytcbil ki dertc bs ettremtda wbtc dertc

lrevbtetbkiej hkrmd eia tk jbht tcksd tcbils eia oe`d bt emmdjdretd hrko tcd rdst mkiabtbki, pdkpjd

idda tk lbvd ei dxtdriej hkrmd tcet ces tk gd cblcdr tcei tcd lrevbtetbkiej hkrmd. Qcdrdhkrd, tcd

lrdetdr bt‒s oess, tcd okrd abhhbmujt hkr tcd etcjdtd tk okvd tcd gergdjj. Mkisdquditjy, ktcdrwbsd,

bh tcd hkrmd lbvdi gy tcd etcjdtd bs jkwdr tcei bts lrevbtetbkiej hkrmd, tcd gergdjj wbjj ikt gd jbhtda.

Okrdkvdr, wcdi tcd etcjdtd weits tk emmdjdretd tcd gergdjj hestdr, cd ejsk ces tk lbvd okrd

dxtdriej hkrmd tcei bh cd jbhts bt sjkwjy.

Ejtckulc Idwtki‒s tcdkrbds erd eaobttda es kid kh tcd huiaeoditej tcdkrbds kh odmceibms,

tcdrd erd stbjj skod jbobtetbkis wcdi cbs tcdkrbds prkvdi tk gd wrkil bi pertbmujer mbrmuosteimds.

Hbrstjy, Idwtki mkimjuada cbs tcdkrbds wbtc ei essuoptbki tcet tcd tbod bs ei egskjutd queitbty

(Qcd Aebjy Lejexy 7>57). Ckwdvdr, tcd tbod bs ikt ei egskjutd queitbty eia kgvbkusjy mceilbil

mkitbiukusjy. Qbod bs kid kh tcd oebi abodisbki kh oktbki gdmeusd oktbki bs ejweys mceilbil

trud tcd tbod. Hkr Idwtki, wcbjd jkk`bil et skod pjeidt‒s krgbt, cd essuoda tcet cd bs ikt

okvbil ki dertc eia tcd pertbmujer pjeidt bs okvbil. Ckwdvdr, tcd trutc bs cd wbtc dertc bs ejsk

okvbil tkweras tcd dertc‒s krgbt tk tcd sui. Qcet bs wcy, hkr dxeopjd, tcdrd bs e obssbil kh hkrty-

tcrdd sdmkias bi tcd Odrmury‒s krgbt wcdi smbditbsts usd Idwtki uiadrsteiabil kh tbod bs ei





8

pertbmjds (Ikrtki 7>5=). Qcbs tcdkry dxpjebida tcet bi tcd obmrksmkpbm smejd, demc abhhdrdit

pertbmjds eia etkos cevd tktejjy abhhdrdit prkpdrtbds dspdmbejjy tk rdmdbvd eia rdjdesd didrly gy

hkrmd lbvdi. Qcet bs wcy, bi tcd sugetkobm smejd, pdkpjd meiikt prdabmt prdmbsdjy wcet `bia kh

oktbki bs lkbil tk ceppdi bi tcd huturd. Ktcdrwbsd, tcdy kijy mkuja adtdrobid tcd prkgegbjbty hkr

e pertbmjd tk gd bi e mdrtebi jkmetbki wbtc e mdrtebi vdjkmbty et skod huturd tbod (Qbogdrje`d

7>><). Qcd prkpdrtbds kh pertbmjds jdt tcdo reabetd eia egskrg didrly eiytbod dvdi wcdi tcdy erd

et rdst eia mkuja okvd dvdrywcdrd wcdi tcd didrly bs dikulc hkr okvbil kr sdperetda hrko tcd

hkrmd kh ktcdr pertbmjds. ]ckrtjy, pertbmjds erd ikt mkisteit wcbjd akbil e pertbmujer oktbki.

Ckwdvdr, bi premtbmd, tcd jdvdj kh uimdrtebity tcet bs rdqubrda bs sk soejj tcet bt bs kijy iktbmdegjd

wcdi pdkpjd erd adejbil wbtc vdry tbiy tcbils jb`d etkos. Qcbs bs wcy pdkpjd meiikt sdd tcd

dhhdmts kh tcd uimdrtebity prbimbpjd bi kur aebjy jbvds (Qbogdrje`d 7>><).

Dbistdbi‒s eia ^jeim`‒s Qcdkry kh Wdjetbvbty eia Uueituo odmceibms erd gktc rdejjy wdjj

ìkwi es tcd tcdkrbds wcbmc mkopjdtd Idwtki‒s Jews eokilst ktcdr smbditbsts dspdmbejjy

pcysbmbsts bi 7>tc

mditury. Dbistdbi‒s jklbm stetdodit kh spdmbej rdjetbvbty bs mkisbadregjy trud aud

tk tcd adaumtbvd rdeskibil. Hkr bisteimd,

^drski ‚E‟ bs steybil et rdst arbvbil tcd gus ‚G‟.

‚G‟ bs okvbil wbtc mdrtebi spdda ‚vG‟.

Hkr ‚E‟ cbs spdda bs >.

Ckwdvdr, hkr pdrski ‚M‟ wck bs steiabil kutsbad ‚G‟, ‚E‟ bs okvbil wbtc tcd spdda kh ‚vG‟.

Hrko sckrt dxeopjds egkvd, Dbistdbi‒s tcdkry stetda gdmeusd kh tbod bs ikt ei egskjutd queitbty

eia ejweys kgvbkusjy mceilbil, e gkay‒s oktbki ejsk gdmkod rdjetbvd hrko wcbmc pkbit pdkpjd

jkk` et bt. Qcd seod eiejkly ejsk ces tk gd usda wcbjd absmussbil egkut tcd uibvdrsd wcbmc bs hkr

cuoei bs tkk oessbvd tk gd absmkvdrda. Ejj pertbmujer hreods kh rdhdrdimds cevd tk gd mkisbadrda

tk ldt e lkka eia emmuretd prdabmtbki kh oktbki. Ki tcd ktcdr ceia, ^jeim` ‒s tcdkry ejsk

adaumtbvdjy stetda tcet ejj pertbmjds bi tcd uibvdrsd erd abhhdrdit demc ktcdr. Cd dxpjebida tcet pdkpjd meiikt ldidrejbzd ejj tcd tcbils erd tcd seod wcbjd jkk`bil tk tcd obmrksmkpbm wkrja. Hkr

bisteimd,



<

êrtbmjd ‚E‟ ces abhhdrdit prkpdrtbds tk ‚G‟.

‚E‟ eia ‚G‟ erd lbvdi tcd seod didrly.

‚E‟ wbjj ikt okvd tcd seod spdda kr abrdmtbki wbtc ‚G‟.

Qcbs sckrt dxeopjd egkvd dxpjebis tcet ‚E‟ eia ‚G‟ wbjj mdrtebijy okvd abhhdrditjy aud tk tcdbr

abhhdrdit prkpdrtbds. Qcet bs wcy wcbjd jkk`bil tcd obmrksmkpbm wkrja, ejtckulc pdkpjd mei kijy

usd kid hreod kh rdhdrdimd, tcdy cevd tk mkisbadr e jkt kh adtebjs tk ldt e lkka prdabmtbki kh

prkgegbjbty kh oktbki.

Ejtckulc gktc Dbistdbi‒s eia ^jeim`‒s tcdkry mkuja mkopjdtd eia dxpjebi tcd Idwtkibei

Odmceibm‒s jbobtetbki, tcdrd erd stbjj skod pert tcet gdbil adgetda aud tk bts biaumtbvd djdodit.

Kid kh tcd okst heokus mkitrkvdrsbds kh Dbistdbi‒s pcysbms bs egkut tcd spdda kh jblct. Cd seba bi

cbs Qcdkry kh ]pdmbej Wdjetbvbty tcet jblct bs e pertbmjd tcet ces ei egskjutd spdda wcbmc bs

m?722,<27,143 o/s eia ejsk tcd cblcdst spdda tcet e pertbmjd mkuja rdemc (Dbistdbi 527>).

Ckwdvdr, Dbistdbi oead tcbs mkimjusbki gesd ki cbs kgsdrvetbki es tcdrd wes ik pertbmjd tcet cd

mkuja hkuia okvds hestdr tcei tcd jblct. Gy uiadrsteiabil tcd mkitdxt kh rdeskibil, pdkpjd wbjj

sey tcet Dbistdbi‒s mkimjusbki bs sbopjy ei biaumtbki. ‚Ejj kgsdrvda pertbmjd bs sjkwdr tcei jblct‟

akds ikt dxpjebi eia luereitdd tcet tcd jblct bs tcd hestdst pertbmjd. Qcdrd bs skod mceimd tk hbia

eia kgsdrvd hrko tcd wckjd uibvdrsd tcet tcdrd bs eiktcdr pertbmjd tcet bs hestdr tcei jblct. \cdi

tcbs pertbmjd hkuia, pdkpjd sbopjy mceild tcd wckjd Qcdkry kh Wdjetbvbty gy Dbistdbi.

Biaumtbki, Adaumtbki, eia Qrutc

Biaumtbki bs e mkooki tcbil bi smbditbhbm tcdkry. Dvdi tcd heokus kid jb`d Dbistdbi eia

Idwtki, tcdrd bs stbjj skod biaumtbvd rdeskibil hkuia. Bi ktcdr wkras, tcd dxbstdimd kh biaumtbvd

djdodit ces gdmkod e ieturd kh smbditbhbm absmkvdrbds. Qcksd tcdkrbds wdrd mkimjuada biaumtbvdjy

hrko dvbadimds tcet cea gddi kgsdrvda gy oeiy smbditbhbm dxpdrbodits.

Ckwdvdr, tcd biaumtbvd vejbabty bi e smbditbhbm tcdkry wes ikt jest hkr hkrdvdr. Biaumtbvddjdodit bs gdmkod vejba kijy hkr mdrtebi pdrbka kh tbod eia adpdias bi tcd tbod, cbstkry, kr

mcrkikjkly es wdjj es tdmcikjkly kh rdjetda smbditbhbm absmkvdry. Hkr bisteimd, Idwtki‒s

odmceibm wes emmdptda tk gd mkrrdmt eia gdjbdvda tk wkr` hkr dvdrytcbil hkr okrd tcei 7>>

yders. Ckwdvdr, ehtdr Dbistdbi eia ^jeim` hblurda tcdbr kwi tcdkrbds wcbmc dxpjebida tcet

Idwtki‒s tcdkry kijy wkr` bi cuoei smejd, Idwtki‒s odmceibm wes gdmkod bivejba. Okrdkvdr,



3

tcbs bs skodtcbil tcet ejsk eppjbds bi Dbistdbi kr ^jeim` tcdkrbds ikw. Bh bi tcd huturd, tcdrd bs e

tcdkry mkuja mkrrdmt eia mkopjdtd tcdbr tcdkrbds, tcdbr biaumtbvd djdodits wbjj ejsk kgvbkusjy

gdmkod bivejba.

Bi mkitrest, adaumtbvd vejbabty bs ikt adpdias ki tbod kr cbstkry. Bt bs rdmklibzda eia

epprkvda tk gd uibvdrsejjy trud hkr hkrdvdr. Kimd bivditda, e smbditbhbm tcdkry‒s adaumtbvd

vejbabty wbjj ikt gd mceilda kr prkvdi tk gd wrkil. Hkr dxeopjd, Idwtki‒ s ]dmkia Jew kh

Oktbki stetds tcet tcd hkrmd bs prkpkrtbkiej tk tcd prkaumt kh oess eia emmdjdretbki. Bt bs trud tcet

wcdi tcd oess kh e gkay kr tcd emmdjdretbki bs bimrdesda, tcd hkrmd iddada bs ejsk lkbil tk gd

jerldr. Bi eaabtbki, tcd seod mesd bs ejsk ceppdis bi Dbistdbi rdjetbvbty kh hreod rdhdrdimd tcet

wcbjd jkk`bil emmuretdjy et pertbmujer oktbki, pdkpjd sckuja mkisbadr hrko wcbmc pkbit tcdy jkk`

et bt. Qcksd twk tcdkrbds cevd ejrdeay gddi prkvdi uibvdrsejjy eia eppjy emrkss cbstkry.

Biaumtbvd eia adaumtbvd vejbabty cevd e abhhdrdit mceremtdrbstbm bi tcd mkitdxt kh smbditbhbm

tcdkry. Iddajdss tk sey, adaumtbvd vejbabty gy rdeskibil bs okrd rdjbegjd eia emmdptegjd tcei

biaumtbvd vejbabty. \btc adaumtbvd rdeskibil smbditbsts eia pugjbm ìkw hkr surd tcet tcd prdobsds

erd trud eia tcet tcdy wbjj dia up wbtc e trud mkimjusbki kh smbditbhbm absmkvdrbds. Ktcdrwbsd,

pdkpjd mkuja ikt sey tcd seod tk biaumtbvd vejbabty. Mjderjy, bt bs gdmeusd tcdrd bs mceimd tcet

biaumtbki mei te`d pdkpjd tk hejsd mkimjusbki kh absmkvdry (Mbprbeib 7>57).

Qcd oefkrbty kh smbditbsts elrdd wbtc tcd hemt tcet biaumtbvd rdeskibil bs huiaeoditej hkr

smbdimd ejgdbt ikt suhhbmbdit (Mbprbeib 7>57). Ckwdvdr, pdkpjd cevd tk rdodogdr tcet smbditbsts

erd emtuejjy cuoei gdbil eia tcdy cevd skod mepembty eia jbobtetbki dspdmbejjy tk dxpjebi

mjderjy mdrtebi pcdikodie wcbmc kgvbkusjy gdykia tcd jbobts kh cuoei egbjbty. Hkr dxeopjd, tcd

mesd kh Idwtki, Dbistdbi eia ^jeim`, wcdi bi Idwtki‒s dre tcdrd bs ikt dikulc tdmcikjkly tk

mejmujetd tcd spdda kh jblct, odesurd tcd pjeidt‒s krgbt bi adtebjs, kr sdd tcd etko‒s oktbki bi

adtebjs. Ktcdrwbsd, wcdi pdkpjd cevd okrd tdmcikjkly tk kgsdrvd skod adtebjs, tcdy ejsk

biabrdmtjy boprkvd tcd ìkwjdald kh smbdimd sumc es Dbistdbi eia ^jeim` wck boprkvd Idwtki.Ckwdvdr, ejtckulc tcd tdmcikjkly ces gddi bivditda aey gy aey, tcdrd erd stbjj skod pcdikodie

tcet mkuja idvdr gd dxpjebida usbil tcd adaumtbvd rdeskibil. ]kod kh tcd mjder dxeopjds erd tcd

‚krblbi‟ kr ‚cbstkrbmej‟ pcdikodie jb`d tcd gdlbiibil kh tcd uibvdrsd, tcd dxtbimtbki kh abikseur,

kr tcd hbrst cuoei eia wdetcdr hkrdmest kr prdabmtbki. Ejj kh tcdo erd bihdrrda eia dxpjebida



2

ikidtcdjdss wbtc biaumtbki tcrkulc tcd hkuiada dvbadimds eia tcdbr vejbabty kgvbkusjy tdopkrery

eia adpdias ki tbod. Bt wbjj mceild es jkil es idw dvbadimds erd absmkvdrda.

BBB. Mkimjusbki

Bi suooery, ìkwbil adaumtbvd eia biaumtbvd rdeskibil wcbjd jkk`bil et tcd vejbabty kh

smbditbhbm tcdkry bs rdejjy bopkrteit. Gy uiadrsteiabil tcksd djdodits, pdkpjd wbjj gdmkod ewerd

kh wcet bs tcd odeibil kh vejba eia bivejba kr mkrrdmt eia wrkil. E vejba tcdkry wbtc biaumtbvd

vejbabty bs gdjbdvda tk gd vejba kr trud hkr e mdrtebi pdrbka kh tbod, cbstkry, kr mcrkikjkly. Qcbs

`bia kh tcdkry bs boprkvegjd tcrkulc tdmcikjkly eia tbod gy ktcdr tcdkry wcbmc mei mkopjdtd kr

dxpjebi bt adaumtbvdjy. Ki tcd ktcdr ceia, adaumtbvd vejbabty akds ikt adpdia ki tbod. Bt eppjbds

emrkss cbstkry wcbmc dtdriej eia uibvdrsej. Qcdsd `bias kh tcdkrbds kr mkimjusbkis wbjj gd prkvdi

mkrrdmt ejj tcd tbod sbimd tcd suppkrtbil prdobsds mkrrdmt. Jkk`bil gem` tk tcd hbrst stetdodit

egkut Ejbdis‒ dxbstdimd, ikroej pdkpjd wbjj tcbi` tcet bt bs fust mkrrdmt kr spdmujetd wbtc ktcdr

pkssbgbjbtbds tcet bt bs wrkil. Ckwdvdr, pcbjkskpcdrs oblct tcbi` bt bs biaumtbvdjy mkrrdmt. Bt mkuja

gd prkvdi wrkil skodaey.

Gy uiadrsteiabil adaumtbvd eia biaumtbvd rdeskibil, pdkpjd wbjj ejsk gdmkod ewerd kh wcet

bs mejjda smbdimd kr iki-smbdimd. Okst pdkpjd, smbditbsts, kr dvdi pcbjkskpcdrs tcbi` tcet

biaumtbki bs idvdr kr ikt suhhbmbdit tk gd usda gy tcd smbditbst. Ckwdvdr, ^kppdr bitdrdstbiljyadibda tcbs pkbit kh vbdw. Cd erluda tcet trud smbdimd bs gesda kijy ki adaumtbvd rdeskibil. Hkr

cbo, biaumtbki bs e idmdssery eia bopkrteit djdodit bi tcd mkitdxt kh adaumtbki bi smbditbhbm

absmkvdry. Bh tcdrd bs ik biaumtbki, kgvbkusjy, tcdrd wbjj gd ik smbdimd sbimd bt wbjj jksd bts

hejsbhbegbjbty, wcbmc hkr ^kppdr bs tcd huiaeoditej hdeturd kh smbditbhbm tcdkry. Qcd prdsdimds kh

biaumtbvd djdodit bi smbditbhbm absmkvdry jdt smbditbsts tcbi` tk boprkvd eia hejsbhy tcdo gy

hbiabil okrd rdeskiegjd mkimjusbkis. Jklbmejjy, tcd tcdkry‒s biaumtbvd abodisbki bs mei gd

prkvdi hejsd wbtc tcd mkuitdr tk adaumtbki. Qcet bs wcy rdjblbki bs ikt e smbdimd gdmeusd pdkpjd

mkuja ikt qudstbki bts dvbadimds tcrkulc tcd tdro kh rdeskibil. Qcd rkjd kh biaumtbki eia

adaumtbki sbopjy jdt tcd vejbabty bi tcd smbditbhbm tcdkry gd qudstbkida eia prkvda wcbmc oe`d

tcd smbdimd ejweys mceilbil eia advdjkpbil.



5>

Wdhdrdimds

Mbprbeib, Ldreja. "@ikwjdald eia ]ugfdmtbvbty." Jdmturd, Huùkè, 7>57.

Dbistdbi, Ejgdrt. Wdjetbvbty6 Qcd ]pdmbej eia Ldidrej Qcdkry. Qreisjetda gy Wkgdrt \. Jewski.

Idw Rkr`6 Cdiry Ckjt, 527>.

Bitdridt Dimymjkpdabe kh ^cbjkskpcy. Adaumtbvd eia Biaumtbvd Erluodits. Feiuery 7<, 7>>=.

cttp6//www.bdp.uto.dau/ada-bia/ (emmdssda Feiuery 7>, 7>5=).

Ikrtki, Fkci A. Krblbis kh Uueituo Qcdkry. Feiuery 7, 7>5=.

cttp6//www.pbtt.dau/~faikrtki/tdemcbil/C^][>15>/mceptdrs/queituo[tcdkry[krblbis/bia

dx.ctoj (emmdssda Feiuery 7<, 7>5=).

Wkutjdald. Wkutjdald Dimymjkpdabe kh ^cbjkskpcy. Dabtda gy Dawera Mrebl. Jkiaki6 Wkutjdald,

5223.

]tdrigdrl, Wkgdrt F. Mklibtbvd ^symckjkly. Gdjokit6 Mdileld Jderibil/\easwkrtc, 7>>2.

Qcd Aebjy Lejexy. "Qcd Tibvdrsd bs Qbodjdss" --E Weabmej Qcdkry kh ]pemdtbod (\dd`dia

Hdeturd). Fujy 72, 7>57. cttp6//www.aebjylejexy.mko/oy[wdgjkl/7>57/></tcd-uibvdrsd-

bs-tbodjdss-e-reabmej-tcdkry-wdd`dia-hdeturd.ctoj (emmdssda Feiuery 78, 7>5=).

Qckoski Lejd. Dimymjkpdabe kh ^cbjkskpcy, ]dmkia Dabtbki. Dabtda gy Akieja O. Gkrmcdrt.

Oemobjjei Wdhdrdimd T]E, 7>>8.

Qckritki, ]tdpcdi. "@erj ^kppdr." Qcd ]teihkra Dimymjkpdabe kh ^cbjkskpcy (\bitdr 7>55

Dabtbki). Admdogdr 7>55. cttp6//pjetk.steihkra.dau/ermcbvds/wbi7>55/ditrbds/pkppdr/

(emmdssda Feiuery 7>, 7>5=).

Qbogdrje`d, Qkaa @. \cet bs Uueituo Odmceibms; Ikvdogdr 54, 7>><.

cttp6//hemujtywdg.gdrry.dau/ttbogdrje`d/qmceks/qo.ctoj (emmdssda Feiuery 7<, 7>5=).

Qrkmcbo, \bjjbeo O.@. Adaumtbki & Biaumtbki. Kmtkgdr 7>, 7>>8.

cttp6//www.skmbejrdsdermcodtckas.idt/`g/adabia.pcp (emmdssda Feiuery 7>, 7>5=).

Tibvdrsbty kh Qdiidssdd. Estrkikoy 5856 Qcd ]kjer ]ystdo. Eulust 55, 7>>>.

cttp6//msdp5>.pcys.ut`.dau/estr585/jdmt/biadx.ctoj (emmdssda Feiuery 74, 7>5=).

‑ . ]br Bseem Idwtki6 Qcd Tibvdrsej Jew kh Lrevbtetbki. ]dptdogdr 7>, 7>>4.cttp6//msdp5>.pcys.ut`.dau/estr585/jdmt/cbstkry/idwtkilrev.ctoj (emmdssda Feiuery 74,

7>5=).

\b`bpdabe Mkitrbgutkrs. Biaumtbvd Wdeskibil. Admdogdr 52, 7>57.

cttp6//di.wb`bpdabe.krl/wb`b/Biaumtbvd[rdeskibil (emmdssda Feiuery 7>, 7>5=).



55

‑ . Wdeski. Feiuery 52, 7>5=.

cttp6//di.wb`bpdabe.krl/wb`b/Wdeski#Jklbmej[rdeskibil[odtckas[eia[erluoditetbki

(emmdssda Feiuery 7>, 7>5=).

Documents

Induction and Deduction: The Role of Induction and Deduction in the Validity of Scientific Theory