Indoor Environmental Quality and HVAC Survey of Small and …ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic/research/... · 2020. 8. 24. · Indoor Environmental Quality and HVAC Survey

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0~:r;~E;O~~~~~BOARD ---------- LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY ----------■

Indoor Environmental Quality and HVAC Survey of Small and Medium Size Commercial Buildings:

Phase I

Michael Apte 1

David Faulkner 1, Robert Lee 2, Michael Spears 1, Thomas Piazza 2

1Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 2 Survey Research Center, UC Berkeley

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LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

Acknowledgements

This presentation was prepared as a result of work sponsored by

the Air Resources Board (ARB) and the California Energy

Commission (the Commission).

This presentation does not necessarily represent the views of ARB, the Commission, their employees, or the State

of California. The mention of commercial products, their source, or their use in connection with material reported

herein is not to be construed as actual or implied endorsement of such products. The ARB, the Commission, the

State of California, its employees, contractors, and subcontractors make no warranty, express or implied, and

assume no legal liability for the information in this report; nor does any party represent that the use of this

information will not infringe upon privately owned rights. This presentation has not been approved or

disapproved by the ARB or the Commission, nor has the ARB or the Commission passed upon its accuracy or

adequacy of this information in this presentation.

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Summary and Importance

• Small and medium-sized commercial buildings (SMCBs)

• ~96% of Commercial Buildings are <50,000 ft 2

• ~10% of US Commercial Buildings in California

• Almost no information information on SMCB operation, maintenance, condition, HVAC systems, etc.

• SMCBs an important part of building sector, influences energy use, human comfort, health, and productivity.

• SMCB construction, operation and maintenance of interest to CEC from policy perspective: Title 24

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SMCB Definition This Study

• Constructed after 1978

• Floor area between 1,000 and 50,000 ft 2

(93m2 – 4650m2)

• Fewer than four stories

• Roof-top ventilation and air conditioning

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Phase 1 Objectives Phase 1: Telephone Survey to SMCBs

• Develop statewide survey information on: – ventilation characteristics of SMCBs – The operation and maintenance characteristics of SMCBs – basic construction details of SMCBs

• Obtain statewide survey data on indoor air quality (IAQ) characteristics

• Characterize remedial actions in response to IAQ issues

• Assess correlation of building/equipment characteristics with potential for poor ventilation and IAQ

• Obtain data to identify frequency distribution of: – various building use types – indoor occupancy – source types – ventilation types

• Recruit study Buildings for SMCB Phase 2 Project

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Recruitment

• Challenges: – Locate CA SMCBs built 1978 on – Obtain complex set of building information

• Identify key contacts with knowledge of physical plant, operations, maintenance, etc.

• Sample Frames – DataQuick (building database)

• Poor access to owners

– Dun & Bradstreet (D&B, business database) • Time consuming, but contacts accessible

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Survey Strategy

• Survey using D&B database – Telephone Survey – D&B has no building age data – Necessary to increase probability of reaching

newer buildings • Selected fastest growing CA counties

– Difficulty obtaining HVAC characteristics on phone

• Mailback supplementary HVAC equipment survey

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Counties Surveyed

• Coast – North – Alameda – Sonoma

• Inland – North – Placer – Solano

• Inland – Central – Fresno – Kern

• Coast – South – San Luis Obispo – San Diego

• Inland – South – Riverside – San Bernardino – Imperial

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Table 4. Distribution of Sample by Region and Size Strata

Put into field Eligible Completed

Region / Size

1. Coast-South / Small 312 115 21 Medium 312 123 47 Large 156 40 15

2. Coast-North / Small 396 100 32 Medium 330 95 38 Large 99 22 10

3. Inland-South/ Small 354 112 33 Medium 312 119 56

Large 114 33 13

4. Inland-Central/ Small 405 148 50 Medium 312 130 53 Large 63 17 7

5. Inland-North/ Small 608 215 62 Medium 189 78 35 Large 24 6 4

TOTAL 3,986 1,353 ~ LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

Survey Statistics by Region and Size

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HVAC Survey

• A supplementary HVAC Survey was mailed out to willing participants.

• Focus on: – Equipment – Maintenance – Filtrations – Setpoints – Schedules – Ventilation settings

• 71 Completed mail out HVAC Surveys completed

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§fl Table 11. Building Characteristics Stratified by Business Type. (Data are presented as percent of respondents answering "yes')

Non- Health Food Retail Medical Care Restaurant store store Lodging Pubic Assy. Services Misc. Other

Question/survey Strata {%) {%) {%) {%) {%) {%) {%) {%) {%) {%) Indoor Contaminant Sources

1st fir. : type of finish-carpet 94.0 83.7 46.0 18.2 61 .7 100.0 100.0 78.7 89.6 90.5 1st fir.: type of finish-vinyl flooring 38.8 51 .0 7.8 27.3 27.1 47.4 33.3 27.1 31.0 1st fir.: any fire damage 2.2 7.8 1.7 5.6 2.7 2.1 1st fir.: any interior painting 34.5 55.3 49.0 40.0 28.8 40.0 55.6 46.7 34.8 61.9 1st fir.: any new carpet installed 18.3 19.1 11.8 6.8 16.7 18.7 21 .3 33.3 1st fir.: new carpet type-natural fiber 1st fir. : new carpet type-nylon 81 .8 100.0 100.0 75.0 100.0 60.0 1st fir.: new carpet type-olefin 9.1 100.0 100.0 14.3 40.0 1st fir.: any new furniture installed 27.4 19.6 17.6 7.1 40.0 16.7 24.0 28.9 25.0 1st fir.: new furniture type-solid wood 48.1 44.4 44.4 25.0 100.0 33.3 50.0 33.3 40.0 1st fir. : new furniture type-comp. w/ veneer 33.3 44.4 55.6 75.0 61.1 50.0 55.6 1st fir. : new furniture type-encapsulated comp. 14.8 14.3 25.0 25.0 22.~ 1st fir.: new furniture type-metal/plastic 55.6 88.9 33.3 50.0 66.7 61.1 50.0 66.7 1st fir.: new furniture type-other 14.8 33.3 11.1 50.0 50.0 33.3 11 .1

Natural Ventilation Space has windows that open 18.3 26.5 17.6 15.0 80.0 33.3 21.3 31 .3 11.9 Windows are opened regu larly 47.6 46.2 77.8 44.4 75.0 66.7 37.5 53.3 40.0 Doors are kept open 19.0 16.3 9.8 40.0 28.8 20.0 26.3 29.3 27.1 33.3

Evidence of indoor contamination Space has visible condensation 1.7 6.4 11 .8 10.0 5.3 2.7 2.1 Visible condensation on windows 100.0 66.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Visible condensation on walls 33.3 Space has water damage or mold 6.9 2.1 9.8 6.8 20.0 5.3 5.3 10.4 7.1

HVAC related questions 1st fir.: air cleaners used 10.3 14.0 14.3 8.8 5.6 9.9 8.7 14.3 1st fir.: space heaters used 30.1 22.7 4.0 20.0 12.1 11 .1 35.1 26.1 31 .0 1st fir.: humidifiers used 1.8 6.8 2.0 3.5 2.4


Building Characteristics

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§fl Table 11. Continued.

Non- Health Food Retai l Medical Care Restaurant store store Lodging Pubic Assy. Services Misc. Other

Question/survey Strata (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) 1st fir.: dehumidifiers used 0.9 2.3 2.0 11.1 3.4 2.7 2.2 2.4 Number of AC settings when occup. 49.1 42.9 66.0 70.0 56.7 25.0 47.4 58.1 56.3 55.3 Number of AC settings when unoccup. 30.1 28.6 44.0 25.0 38.6 40.0 11.1 32.9 32.6 17.1 Number of heating settings when occup. 62.1 52.1 69.4 66.7 52.5 75.0 52.6 62.2 66.7 64.1 Number of heating settings when unoccup. 26.8 22.4 30.0 37.5 31.6 50.0 11.1 36.6 25.0 17.5

Maintenance/cleaning 1st fir.: cleaned on regular schedule 98.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 97.3 95.7 100.0 Cleaning when occupants present 27.9 40.4 54.9 66.7 46.6 80.0 55.6 46.6 61 .4 52.4 1st fir.: cleaned by outside contractor 76.8 53.2 30.0 55.6 58.6 40.0 38.9 67.1 54.5 61 .9 1st fir.: cleaned with wet mop 80.6 97.9 96.1 100.0 78.9 100.0 88.2 89.7 90.9 79.5 1st fir.: cleaned with dry mop 27.3 45.2 44.0 77.8 48.1 40.0 50.0 49.2 48.8 50.0 1st fir.: cleaned with vacuum 98.2 93.6 56.0 55.6 82.8 100.0 100.0 84.5 90.7 95.2 1st fir. : window cleaner used 84.2 89.1 96.0 100.0 86.2 100.0 77.8 92.9 92.7 85.0 1st fir.: flr./furniture wax used 39.0 53.3 24.0 66.7 47.3 40.0 38.9 41.8 39.0 25.0 1st fir.: bleach used 25.6 52.4 52.0 44.4 19.2 80.0 33.3 34.5 36.6 40.5 1st fir. : carpet cleaner used 63.8 66.7 38.0 33.3 48.2 100.0 88.9 58.2 42.9 57.5 1st fir.: pesticide regularly applied 61 .9 72.7 77.1 55.6 42.9 80.0 61 .1 58.3 55.6 57.1

Occupant feedback Occupant complaints: too hot 55.2 61.7 44.9 11 .1 39.7 60.0 55.6 50.7 45.7 61 .9 Occupant complaints: too cold 57.8 63.8 44.9 44.4 39.7 60.0 72.2 56.2 43.5 59.5 Occupant complaints: too drafty 4.3 13.0 4.1 11 .1 5.6 11 .0 2.2 11 .9 Occupant complaints : no air movement 10.3 17.0 6.1 5.2 16.7 16.4 17.4 11 .9 Occupant complaints : odors 7.8 19.1 8.2 10.3 20.0 11 .1 23.3 21.7 11.9 Occupant complaints: something else 2.6 1.7 5.6 1.4 2.2 2.4

Locale Surrounding area: rural , etc. 34.5 44.9 40.8 10.0 40.7 25.0 26.3 34.7 43.8 36.6 Surrounding area: industrial , etc. 30.2 10.2 2.0 10.0 10.0 5.3 24.0 29.2 23.8


Bld. Characteristics (2)

9%

Main type of business ci3 ,----~~~--------, □ Food store 0 Lodging □ Non-medical D Public assembly □ Retail st ore

■ Health Care ■ Miscellaneous ■ Other D Rest.IF ood seiv. __ _, ----------'

2%

13%

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Building Year Completed Cate or bd1

21%

23%

18%

■ < 5 years □ 5 to 10 years D 11 to 20 years D 21 to 30 years □ na


Sample by Main Business Type

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Maximum employees present (bo9) ■ 1 to 50 □ 51 t o 1 oo □ 101 to 200 □ 201 to 500 □ 501 to 1000

Maximum customers present (bo10) ■ None ■ 51 t o 100 □ 201 to 500 □ Over1 ,000

7%


□ 1 to 50 D 101 t o 200 □ 501 to 1 ooo

8%

2% 1%

Occupancy

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§fl First AC setting when occu ied os1b 1

■ Below 60 degrees O 61 - 64 ■ 65 - 68 0 69 - 72 0 73 - 76 0 77 - 80 0 81- 84

21---------~

5%

5%

First AC setting when unoccu ied os2b 1 ■ Below 60 degrees □ 61 - 64 0 NA/always open O One setting ■ 65 - 68 0 69 - 72 □ Turned off/Not used □ Two or more ■ 73 - 76 0 77 - 80 0 81 - 84 0 85 - 88

1 0 89- 92 31%

9% 10%

5% 18% 8%

14% 9% 51%


Thermal Conditioning: AC

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§fl First heating setting when occupied (os3b_1)

□ Below 60 degrees ■ 61 - 64

□ 65 - 68 ■ 69 - 72 □ 73 - 76 □ 77 - 80

17% □ 81 - 84 □ 85 - 88

9%

4%

17%

Number of heating settings when unoccu ied os4 □ NII/always open □ Turned off/Not used

□ One setting □ Two or more

en unoccup1e ■ Below 60 degrees ■ 65- 68 ■ 73 - 76

□ 61- 64 □ 69- 72 □ 77- 80

□ 81 - 84 □ 85- 88 28% □ 89- 92

10% 13% 9%

6% 4%

56% 4%

17%


Thermal Conditioning: Heating

Space has windows that open (be~2_,_) __ ~ I □ No □ Yes I

79%

oors are ep open I D No D Yes I

77%

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Windows are opened regularly (be2b) ~I -□-N'-o-□-Y-es---,1

49%

51%

Number of doors left open (be4a -------, ■ 1 □ 2 ■ 3 0 4 ■ 5 D 6 ■ 7 D B ■ 9 □ 10 □ 14 □ 15 □ 50

30%

11% 8%


Natural Ventilation

1st floor: primary floor finish sifA7a

57%

15%

■ Carpet D Ceramic Ti le ■ Concrete D Linoleum D Other D Vinyl Flooring 0 Wood

2%

7%

st oor: any interior painting ( D Yes I

57%

43%

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1st floor: any new carpet installed (rcb=rA2--:-:-)<--;::::-:-:---, I D No □ Yes I

83%

1st floor: any new carpet installed (brA2) l,....,□=--N~o ~□=-~-es-,

83%


Floor Finish

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Space has visible condensation (ic3) .-,I o=---N-o -----=□-Y-es--,1

Visible condensation on windows (ic3a 1) I D No D Yes I

12%

97%

3%

Visible condensation on walls (ic3a 2) ....,I □~N~o -□=-v-es--,1

Visible condensation: other (ic3a 3) ;=I □~N-o -□-Y-es~I.

94% 94%

6% 6%


Indoor Contaminants: Condensation

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ROOFTOP UNITS: Re Ins ection Schedule 35a □ In spected, but not on regular basis □ Not inspected

□ Yes, inspected on a regular schedule

2%

15%

ROOFTOP UNITS: Freq of Inspections 35b □ 1 ■ 2 □ 3 □ 4 □ 6 □ 12

52% 12%

7%

5%


Maintenance: HVAC

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Maintaining Minimum Outdoor Air Flow 25 ■ Demand Controlled Ventilation □ Fixed damper position □ Intake airflow monitoring □ Something else □ Supply/return fan tracking

67% 2%

Minimum Outdoor Air Setting (Pct) ( 26 ,...._----L.--~ □ 5 ■ 8 □ 10 ■ 15 □ 20 D 25 □ 20 □ so

13%

9%

4%

22%


Minimum Outside Air Control

1st floor: how often window cleaner used csA1 1a)

23%

6%

9%

□ Daily □ Once a week □ Monthly

36%

13%

room c eaner use □ Daily D Once a week

□ Monthly

■ Twice a week □ Every 2 weeks □ Other

Twice a week Every 2 weeks Other

28%

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§fl um1ture c eaner use

,...,,,□,,-D-a-ily--~----,,,,-r-w=i c=e~a-w~e-e-k --,

□ Once a week Every 2 weeks □ Monthly Other

9%

14%

1st floor: describe other cleaning materials (c.sA1 h_2) I'll,

l 'lb

M,1 P-• clN,,... (40i. "" ) ■·o, ,r e Pot11o~ ti!ef'lttf9 , . ctt"°'. et: I

0 1~llv.'d, a.: .J Attreshenef

■C,ri,el \YpK o.-ire..., Otih , FtoorCINl'ef 0- ., PdMI W,ndt:,NdNnef sc,, MdDl CJ N' S Refn,,~f

■Ul')'1bUt'lt

.S CJNnef


Indoor Cleaning Sources

FILTER: Freq of Replacement 36b

10%

54%

3% 3%

■ 1 0 2 ■ 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 □ 12

5%

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--------- LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY ________ _

Filter Maintenance

Occupant complaints: too hot (oc1 a)

,-,I □-NL..o-□-Y-es~I

49%

51%

Occupant complaints: too cold (oc,...:1~ b_,__~~□ No □ Yes

46%

54%

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§fl Occupant complaints: how often too hot oc1 a1

■ Once or twice D Not very oft en □ Somewhat often □ Very oft en □ Constantly

6%

24%

Occupant complaints: how often too cold oc1 b1 ■ Once or twice D Not very oft en D Somewhat often D Very oft en

□ Constantly

8%

20%


Thermal Conditions

Occupant complaints: no air movement oc1 d □ No □ Yes

Occupant complaints: odors (oc1.--e.L..) __ ~ I □ No □ Yes 11

86%

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§fl Occupant complaints: how often no air movement (oc1 d1)

■ Once or twice □ Not very oft en □ Somewhat often □ Very oft en □ Constantly

44%

7%

15%

Occupant complaints: how often odors (oc1 e1) ■ Once or twice D Not very oft en □ Somewhat often □ Very often □ Constantly

40%

8%

15%


Complaints

Corrective actions: manager (32%) or supervisor (47%), contractor (20%), unspecified(16%)

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Objectives

• Objective 1. Characterize HVAC/Ventilation Equipment – Small sample size (71 completed surveys) – Some information OA ventilation control methods (67% on fixed

damper) – Most buildings had low efficiency filters ( 1 MERV 12, 3 HEPA) – Overall, very standard systems

• Objective 2. HVAC/ventilation operation and maintenance – Most buildings had reasonable temperature setpoints – 38% over cooled – 12% over heated – Significant heating and cooling in unoccupied hours – 30-60 minute pre-occupancy conditioning popular – Fans typically on thermostatic control: intermittent ventilation – Little knowledge of outdoor supply rates – Regular maintenance common in ~ 80% of SMCBs surveyed

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Objectives

• Objective 3. SMCB functions, indoor sources, where applicable the intensity of source usage, and water and fire damage history

– Potential Sources: Floor and Wall Coverings; Furniture; Processes; Cooking; Cleaning

– Carpet most common flooring material – New furniture common in 10% of buildings – Many cleaning activities – Significant pesticide application activities (mostly professional) – Water condensation, mold, water damage reported in 3.4% of building – Fire damage in 2% of buildings

• Objective 4. History of IAQ complaints in building and associated remedial actions.

– History IAQ complaints merely reported by building manager (not very accurate) – Complaints of too hot and too cold about equal, likewise “drafty” and “no air

movement” – Corrective actions likely to have come internally rather than by contractor

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Future Work

• This work has been followed by SMCB Phase 2

• Larger sample of Buildings: – Better broad characterization of HVAC

systems, operation, and maintenance – Further characterization of product emissions – Detailed information of occupant health and

productivity

Documents

Indoor Environmental Quality and HVAC Survey of Small and …ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic/research/... · 2020. 8. 24. · Indoor Environmental Quality and HVAC Survey