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Indoor Environmental Quality
1. Materials and Resources
2. Indoor Environmental Quality• Goals• LEED NC Prerequisites & Credits
• Intent & Strategies• LEED EB O&M Credits
3. Phases of a LEED Project
4. Review of Referenced Standards
5. Review Questions
Session 3: Agenda
ImprovedBottom Line.
30-70% ENERGY SAVINGS
VERIFIEDPERFORMANCE
ENHANCEDPRODUCTIVITY
REDUCEDLIABILITY &IMPROVEDRISKMANAGEMENT
INCREASEDVALUE
ImprovedBottom Line.
30-70% ENERGY SAVINGS
VERIFIEDPERFORMANCE
REDUCEDLIABILITY &IMPROVEDRISKMANAGEMENT
INCREASEDVALUE
REDUCEDABSENTEEISM
ENHANCEDRECRUITMENT
IMPROVEDEMPLOYEEMORALE
PRODUCTIVITY
IncreasedProductivity.
IMPROVED TEST PERFORMANCE
SCHOOLS
EARLIERDISCHARGE
HOSPITALS
2-16%PRODUCTIVITY
INCREASE
OFFICES
INCREASEIN SALES PER
SQUARE FOOT
RETAIL
INCREASEDPRODUCTION
FACTORIES
Environmental Impacts of Buildings
INDOOR AIR QUALITY (IAQ)Over 30% of buildings have poor indoor air quality,Often the air inside the average home is 10 times more polluted than the outside air on the smoggiest of days,We spend 90% of our time indoors. *
* Source: EPA
air quality materials
daylighting & views
thermal comfort
IEQ
lighting
Topics Within Indoor Environmental Quality
Indoor Environmental Quality
2 Prerequisites, 15 points
EQ Pr 1 Minimum IAQ Performance Req
EQ Pr 2 Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Control Req
EQ C 1 Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring 1
EQ C 2 Increased Ventilation 1
EQ C 3.1 Construction IAQ Management Plan, During Construction 1
EQ C 3.2 Construction IAQ Management Plan, Before Occupancy (N/A Core & Shell)
1
EQ C 4.1 Low-Emitting Materials, Adhesives & Sealants 1
EQ C 4.2 Low-Emitting Materials, Paints & Coatings 1
EQ C 4.3 Low-Emitting Materials, Flooring Systems 1
EQ C 4.4 Low-Emitting Materials, Composite Wood & Agrifiber 1
EQ C 5 Indoor Chemical & Pollutant Source Control 1
EQ C 6.1-6.2 Controllability of Systems Lighting & Thermal Comfort 2
EQ C 7.1-7.2 Thermal Comfort – Design, verification 2
EQ C 8.1-8.2 Daylight and Views 2
LEED New Construction
Indoor Environmental Quality
3 Prerequisites, 19 points
EQ Pr 1 Minimum IAQ Performance Req
EQ Pr 2 Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Control Req
EQ Pr 3 Minimum Acoustical Performance Req
EQ C 1 Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring 1
EQ C 2 Increased Ventilation 1
EQ C 3.1 Construction IAQ Management Plan, During Construction 1
EQ C 3.2 Construction IAQ Management Plan, Before Occupancy (N/A Core & Shell)
1
EQ C 4 Low-Emitting Materials (includes furniture & ceiling+walls) 1-4
EQ C 5 Indoor Chemical & Pollutant Source Control 1
EQ C 6.1-6.2 Controllability of Systems – Lighting & Thermal Comfort 2
EQ C 7.1-7.2 Thermal Comfort – Design, Verification 2
EQ C 8.1 Daylight and Views – Daylight: 75%, 90% classrms, 75% other
1-3
EQ C 8.2 Daylight and Views – Views 1
EQ C 9 Enhanced Acoustical Performance 1
EQ C 10 Mold Prevention 1
LEED for Schools
Indoor Environmental Quality
2 Prerequisites, 12 points
EQ Pr 1 Minimum IAQ Performance Req
EQ Pr 2 Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Control Req
EQ C 1 Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring 1
EQ C 2 Increased Ventilation 1
EQ C 3 Construction IAQ Management Plan, During Construction 1
EQ C 4.1 Low-Emitting Materials, Adhesives & Sealants 1
EQ C 4.2 Low-Emitting Materials, Paints & Coatings 1
EQ C 4.3 Low-Emitting Materials, Flooring Systems 1
EQ C 4.4 Low-Emitting Materials, Composite Wood & Agrifiber 1
EQ C 5 Indoor Chemical & Pollutant Source Control 1
EQ C 6 Controllability of Systems – Lighting & Thermal Comfort 1
EQ C 7 Thermal Comfort - Design 1
EQ C 8.1-8.2 Daylight and Views 2
LEED Core and Shell
Intent:Establish minimum indoor air quality (IAQ) performance to enhance indoor air quality in buildings, thus contributing to the comfort and well-being of the occupants.
Minimum IAQ Performance
Intent:Minimize exposure of building occupants, indoor surfaces, and ventilation air distribution systems to Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS).
Environmental Tobacco Smoke Control
Potential Technologies and Strategies:
• Prohibit smoking in the building.
• Locate exterior smoking areas at least 25 feet away from entries, outdoor air intakes, operable windows.
• Prohibit smoking except in designated, enclosed smoking areas which maintain differential air pressure
Environmental Tobacco Smoke Control
Residential only:
• Prohibit smoking in all common areas of the building
• Locate exterior smoking areas at least 25 feet away from entries, outdoor air intakes, operable windows.
• Compartmentalize: seal penetrations in walls, ceilings and floors in units and adjacent vertical chases, weatherstrip unit doors to common hallways
Environmental Tobacco Smoke Control
IntentProvide capacity for ventilation system monitoring to help sustain occupant comfort and well-being.Monitor carbon dioxide concentrations within densely occupied spaces. Provide direct outdoor airflow measurement devices for non-densely occupied spaces.
Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring
Potential Technologies and Strategies:Install permanent monitoring systems to ensure that ventilation systems maintain design minimum ventilation requirements by generating an alarm when the conditions vary by 15% or more from setpoint, via either a building automation system alarm or an alert to the building occupants.
Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring
Note that this strategy deals with Carbon Dioxide sensors, not Carbon Monoxide sensors. Carbon dioxide sensors detect the build-up of stale air and offer a practical means of confirming proper ventilation.
Tips From the Pros
Intent:Provide additional outdoor air ventilation to improve indoor air quality for improved occupant comfort, well-being and productivity.
Increased Ventilation
Intent:Reduce indoor air quality problems resulting from the construction/renovation process in order to help sustain the comfort and well-being of construction workers and building occupants.
Ductwork sealed to prevent contamination
Construction IAQ Management During Construction
Develop and implement an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management Plan for the construction and pre-occupancy phases of the building as follows:• During construction, meet SMACNA IAQ Guidelines for Occupied Buildings Under
Construction, 2007, Chapter 3: HVAC Protection, Source Control, Pathway Interruption, Housekeeping, Scheduling
Construction IAQ Management During Construction
Protect stored on-site or installed absorptive materials from moisture damage.
If permanently installed air handlers are used during construction, use filtration media at each return air grille as determined by ASHRAE 52.2-1999. Replace all filtration media immediately prior to occupancy.
Construction IAQ Management During Construction
Lined ductwork stored in wet area promoting microbial
growth
Construction IAQ Management During Construction
Intent:Reduce indoor air quality problems resulting from the construction/renovation process in order to help sustain the comfort and well-being of construction workers and building occupants.1. After construction ends, prior to occupancy and with
all interior finishes installed, perform a building flush-out
OR2. Conduct IAQ testing after construction ends and prior
to occupancy
Construction IAQ Management Before Occupancy
Graph: Environmental Building News May/June 1996: Source: CMHC
Why Flush-Out?
Construction creates airborne particulates
Materials out-gas the most when new
Construction IAQ Management Before Occupancy
Intent:Reduce the quantity of indoor air contaminants that are odorous, irritating and/or harmful to the comfort and well-being of installers and occupants.
Low-Emitting Materials
All adhesives and sealants used on the interior of the building (i.e., inside the weatherproofing system and applied on-site) shall comply with the LEED referenced standards:• Adhesives, Sealants and Sealant Primers: South Coast Air Quality
Management District (SCAQMD) Rule #1168. • Aerosol Adhesives: Green Seal Standard
for Commercial Adhesives GS-36• Schools: CA Dept. of Health Services Standard Practice for the
testing of volatile organic emissions from various sources using small-scale environmental chambers
These standards set VOC (Volatile Organic Compound) limits.
Low-Emitting Materials: Adhesives & Sealants
Paints and coatings used on the interior of the building shall comply with the following standards:• Paints, coatings, & primers on interior walls & ceilings: Green Seal
Standard GS-11, Paints, 1st Edition, May 20, 1993• Anti-corrosive & anti-rust paints on interior ferrous metals: Green Seal
Standard GC-03, Anti-Corrosive Paints, 2nd Edition, Jan 7, 1997. (250 g/L )
• Clear wood finishes, floor coatings, stains, primers, sealers, & shellacs: South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) Rule 1113, Architectural Coatings, Jan 1, 2004
• Schools: CA Dept. of Health Services Standard Practice for the testing of volatile organic emissions from various sources using small-scale environmental chambers
Low-Emitting Materials: Paints & Coatings
• All interior carpet shall meet the Carpet and Rug Institute’s Green Label Plus requirements.
• All interior carpet cushion shall meet the Carpet and Rug Institute Green Label requirements.
• All carpet adhesive shall meet the VOC limit of 50 g/L.• All hard surface flooring must be FloorScore certified.• Concrete, wood, bamboo and cork floor finishes must meet SCAQMD
Rule 1113.• Tile setting adhesives and grout must meet SCAQMD Rule 1168• Schools: CA Dept. of Health Services Standard Practice for the testing
of volatile organic emissions from various sources using small-scale environmental chambers
Low-Emitting Materials: Flooring Systems
•Choose composite wood and agrifiber products that contain no added urea-formaldehyde resins.
•Some common composite wood and agrifiber products are: particleboard, medium density fiberboard (MDF), plywood, wheatboard, strawboard, veneer/laminate substrates, door cores.
•Schools: All products must meet CA Dept. of Health Services Standard Practice for the testing of volatile organic emissions from various sources using small-scale environmental chambers.
Low-Emitting Materials: Composite Wood & Agrifiber Products
Intent:Minimize exposure of building occupants to potentially hazardous particulates and chemical pollutants.
Indoor Chemical & Pollutant Control
Employ permanent entryway systems At all outdoor entryways thatserve as regular entry points for building users to prevent particulates from entering the building.
Roll-out mats can only be used when they are maintained on a weekly basis
Indoor Chemical & Pollutant Control
Employ exhaust systemsWhere hazardous gases or chemicals may bepresent (including garages, housekeeping / laundry areas and copying / printing rooms), exhaust and negatively pressurize space.
For each of these spaces, provide:• Self-closing doors and deck to deck partitions or a
hard lid ceiling • Exhaust with no air re-circulation • Pressure differential
Indoor Chemical & Pollutant Control
In mechanically ventilated buildings each systemsupplying outdoor air shall:
*In LEED 2009, buildings that with chilled beam systems are eligible for this credit.
•Use particle filters or air cleaning devices to clean outdoor air at any location prior to it introduction to occupied space.
•Filters or devices should be rated MERV 13 or higher (in accordance with ASHRAE 52.2)
• Clean air filtration media installed in all air systems after construction and before occupancy.
Indoor Chemical & Pollutant Control
Intent:Provide a high level of lighting system control by individual occupants or by specific groups in multi-occupant spaces (i.e., classrooms or conference areas) to promote the productivity, comfort and well-being of building occupants.
Lighting controls enable individuals to make adjustments to suit individual task needs and preferences.
Controllability of Systems: Lighting
Intent:Provide a high level of thermal comfort system control by individual occupants or by specific groups in multi-occupant spaces (i.e., classrooms or conference areas.).
Individual controls, operable windows, and controls for all shared multi-occupant spaces.
Controllability of Systems: Thermal Comfort
Referenced Standards:• ASHRAE 62.1-2007: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor
Air Quality
AND
• ASHRAE 55-2004: Thermal Environment Conditions for Human Occupancy
Controllability of Systems: Thermal Comfort
Intent:Provide a comfortable thermal environment that supports the productivity and wellbeing of building occupants.
Thermal Comfort: Design
Requirements:Design HVAC systems and the building envelope to meet the requirements of ASHRAE Standard 55-2004, Thermal Comfort Conditions for Human Occupancy. Demonstrate design compliance in accordance with the Section 6.1.1 Documentation.
ASHRAE 55-2004 Section 5.3 provides an optional method of compliance for naturally ventilated buildings.
Thermal Comfort: Design
Intent:Provide for the assessment of building thermal comfort over time.• Implement a thermal comfort survey 6 to 18 months after occupancy.• Develop a plan for corrective action if the survey indicates that more than
20% of occupants are dissatisfied. • This plan should include measurement of environmental variables in
problem areas in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 55-2004.
Thermal Comfort Verification
Intent:Provide for the building occupants a connection between indoor spaces and the outdoors through the introduction of daylight and views into the regularly occupied areas of the building.LEED awards points for providing daylight and views to into most of regularly occupied spaces.
Access to Daylight & Views
Effect of internal light shelf on classroom daylighting
Access to Daylight & Views
LEED EB O&M– Indoor Environmental Quality 3 Prerequisites, 15 Points
EQ Pr 1 Outside Air Introduction & Exhaust Systems
Required
EQ Pr 2 Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Control
Required
EQ Pr 3 Green Cleaning Policy Required
EQ C 1.1 – 1.5 IAQ Best Management Practices
5
EQ C 2.1 – 2.4 Occupant Comfort 4
EQ C 3.1 – 3.6 Green Cleaning 6
IAQ Best Management Practices •IAQ Management Program•Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring•Increased Ventilation•Reduce Particulates in Air Distribution•Facility Alterations and Additions
Occupant Comfort•Occupant Survey•Controllability of Systems-Lighting•Thermal Comfort Monitoring•Daylight and Views
LEED EBOM
Green Cleaning•High Performance Cleaning Program•Custodial Effectiveness Assessment•Purchase of Sustainable Cleaning Products and Materials•Sustainable Cleaning Equipment•Indoor Chemical and Pollutant Source Control•Integrated Pest Management
LEED EBOM
Questions?
Phases of a LEED Project
1. Materials and Resources
2. Indoor Environmental Quality
3. Phases of a LEED Project
Design and construction phase
Operations phase
4. Review of Referenced Standards
5. Review Questions
Session 3: Agenda
Design and Construction Phase
Operations Phase
Questions?
Review of Referenced Standards
1. Materials and Resources
2. Indoor Environmental Quality
3. Phases of a LEED Project
4. Review of Referenced Standards
5. Review Questions
Session 3: Agenda
Review of Referenced Standards
ASHRAE• ASHRAE 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for
Human Occupancy • ASHRAE 62.1-2007 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air
Quality• ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-2007 Energy Standard for
Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings
The following referenced standards are a sample of the numerous standards used by the USGBC to support the LEED rating systems. Please see the specific LEED rating systems for further information.
Review of Referenced Standards
EPA• Energy Policy Acts (EPAct) 1992, 2005
SMACNA• SMACNA 2007 IAQ Guidelines for Occupied Buildings Under
Construction, 2nd Edition 2007
Review of Referenced Standards
Adhesives, Sealants and Sealant Primers • South Coast Air Quality Management District
(SCAQMD) Rule #1168 • Green Seal Standard for Commercial Adhesives GS-36
Paints, coatings, & primers • Green Seal Standard GS-11, Paints, 1st Edition, May 20, 1993• Green Seal Standard GC-03, Anti-Corrosive Paints, 2nd Edition, Jan 7, 1997
Review of Referenced Standards
Clear wood finishes, floor coatings, stains, primers, sealers, & shellacs • South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) Rule 1113,
Architectural Coatings, Jan 1, 2004
Review of Referenced Standards
Carpet • Carpet and Rug Institute’s Green Label • Carpet and Rug Institute’s Green Label Plus
Hard Flooring • All hard surface flooring must be FloorScore certified
Green Cleaning• Green Seal Standard GS-37 Industrial and Institutional Cleaners
Green Power• Center for Resource Solutions, Green-e Product Certification Requirements
Review of Referenced Standards
Recycled content • ISO 14021-1999 Environmental Labels and Declarations—Self-Declared
Environmental Claims (Type II Environmental Labeling)
Measurement &Verification• International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol (IPMVP),
Volume III : Concepts and Options for Determining Energy Savings in New Construction, April 2003