INDONESIAN TRANSLATION OF AIRCRAFT SAFETY MANUALS: …

INDONESIAN TRANSLATION OF AIRCRAFT SAFETY MANUALS:

THE STUDY OF EQUIVALENCE, READABILITY, AND METHOD

APPLIED

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

Febrian Kusuma Asmara

Student Number: 124214046

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2015

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ii

INDONESIAN TRANSLATION OF AIRCRAFT SAFETY MANUALS:

THE STUDY OF EQUIVALENCE, READABILITY, AND METHOD

APPLIED

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By


Student Number: 124214046

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2015


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I walk slowly,

but I never walk

backward Abraham Lincoln


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This page is dedicated for

Christian kusuma

asmara


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank God for all blessing during and after the process of

writing this thesis.

Secondly, I would like to thank my thesis advisor, Harris Hermansyah Setiajid,

S.S,. M.Hum., for guiding and supporting me in finishing my thesis

Thirdly, I would also thank my co-advisor, Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd, M.A., for helping

me by giving guidance and correction in the process of writing this thesis.

Fourthly, I would thank my parents, my older and younger brother, my girlfriend,

Alexandra Fenetta and her parents, for all of their support so I can finish my thesis.

Next, I would also thank Eki, for her help by giving me some pictures of aircraft

safety manuals, Sony, Dhanny, who always ask me not to delay my thesis, Dwigo, who

always accompanies me in playing dota when I am down, and all respondents of Sanata

Dharma University who helped me by giving their time to answer my questionnaire.

And finally, I would like thank all of my friends in English Letters of 2012 for the

encouragement so that I manage to finish this thesis.



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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ......................................................................................................... ii

APPROVAL .......................................................................................................... iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ........................................................................................ iv

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH .............................................................................. v

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY .................................................................... vi

MOTTO PAGE .................................................................................................... vii

DEDICATION PAGE ........................................................................................ viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................. ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... x

LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................. xiv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................ xvi

ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... xvii

ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................... xviii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 1

A. Background of the Study ........................................................................... 1

B. Problem Formulation ................................................................................. 4

C. Objectives of the Study .............................................................................. 5

D. Definition of Terms ................................................................................... 5

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE .................................................... 7

A. Review of Related Studies ......................................................................... 7

B. Review of Related Theories ....................................................................... 9

1. Theory of Translation ........................................................................... 9

2. Translation Method .............................................................................. 9

3. Theory of Equivalence........................................................................ 15

4. Theory of Readability ......................................................................... 17

C. Theoretical Framework ............................................................................ 17


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CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY .................................................................. 18

A. Areas of Research .................................................................................... 18

B. Object of the Study .................................................................................. 18

C. Method of the Study ................................................................................ 19

D. Research Procedure ................................................................................. 19

1. Types of Data ..................................................................................... 19

a. Objective Data ................................................................................. 19

b. Affective Data.................................................................................. 20

2. Data Collection ................................................................................... 20

3. Population and Sample ....................................................................... 22

4. Data Analysis ..................................................................................... 22

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ....................... 25

A. The Equivalence of Aircraft Safety Manuals .......................................... 25

1. The Proportion of Formal and Dynamic Equivalence

Aircraft Safety Manuals in Three Different Aircrafts ......................... 26

2. Airbus A32-200 .................................................................................. 27

a. Formal Equivalence ......................................................................... 28

b. Dynamic Equivalence ...................................................................... 28

3. Boeing 737-800 .................................................................................. 29



4. ATR 72/500-600 ................................................................................. 31




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B. The Readability of Aircraft Safety Manuals ............................................ 34

1. The Readability Proportion of Aircraft Safety Manuals

in Three Different Aircrafts ................................................................. 34

2. Airbus A32-200 .................................................................................. 35

3. Boeing 737-800 .................................................................................. 36

4. ATR 72/500-600 ................................................................................. 38

C. The Translation Method of Aircraft Safety Manuals

in Three Different Aircraft ..................................................................... 39

1. The Proportion of Formal and Dynamic Equivalence

Aircraft Safety Manuals in Three Different Aircrafts ......................... 40

2. Airbus A32-200 .................................................................................. 41

a. Transliteration and Naturalization (Borrowing) .............................. 41

b. Transposition ................................................................................... 42

c. Addition Semantic ........................................................................... 42

d. Subtraction ....................................................................................... 43

3. Boeing 737-800 .................................................................................. 44

a. Addition Semantic ........................................................................... 43

b. Transposition ................................................................................... 44

4. ATR 72/500-600 ................................................................................. 45

a. Subtraction ....................................................................................... 45

b. Addition Semantic ........................................................................... 45

c. Transposition ................................................................................... 46

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION .......................................................................... 48

BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................ 51

APPENDICES ...................................................................................................... 53

Appendix 1: Data of Aircraft Safety Manuals in Airbus A320-200 ............ 53

Appendix 2: Data of Aircraft Safety Manuals in Boeing 737-800 .............. 54

Appendix 3: Data of Aircraft Safety Manuals in ATR 72/500-600 ............. 55

Appendix 4: Readability‟s Questionnaire .................................................... 56


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Appendix 5: The Result of Airbus A320-200‟s

Equivalence and Translation Method ..................................... 58

Appendix 6: The Result of Boeing 737-800‟s


Appendix 7: The Result of ATR 72/500-600‟s


Appendix 8: The Result of Readability‟s Questionnaire ............................. 61

Appendix 9: The Picture of Aircraft Safety Manuals .................................. 62


LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Example of Transliteration and Naturalization ....................................... 12

Table 2. Example of the data coding ..................................................................... 20

Table 3. The Indonesian Translation of Aircraft Safety Instructions .................... 21

Table 4. The Type of Equivalence in Indonesian Translation of

Aircraft Safety Instructions ..................................................................... 22

Table 5. Example of Questionnaire ....................................................................... 23

Table 6. The Method in Translating Aircraft Safety Instruction ........................... 24

Table 7. The Results of Equivalence in Airbus A320-200.................................... 27

Table 8. The Results of Equivalence in Boeing 737-500 ...................................... 29

Table 9. The Results of Equivalence in ATR 72/500-600 .................................... 32

Table 10. The Result of Readability‟s Questionnaire ........................................... 37

Table 11. The Readable Indonesian Translations in Airbus A320-200 ................ 35

Table 12. The Readable Indonesian Translations in Boeing 737-500 .................. 37

Table 13. The Readable Indonesian Translations in ATR 72/500-600 ................. 38

Table 14. The Example of Transliteration and Naturalization in

Airbus A320-200 .................................................................................. 41

Table 15. The Examples of Transposition in Airbus A320-200 ........................... 42

Table 16. The Example of Addition (Semantic) in Airbus A320-200 .................. 42

Table 17. The Example of Subtraction in Airbus A320-200 ................................ 43


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Table 18. The Examples of Addition (Semantic) in Boeing 737-500 ................... 43

Table 19. The Examples of Transposition in Boeing 737-500.............................. 44

Table 20. The Example of Subtraction in ATR 72/500-600 ................................. 45

Table 21. The Examples of Addition (Semantic) in ATR 72/500-600 ................. 45

Table 22. The Examples of Transposition in ATR 72/500-600 ............................ 46


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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ST : Source Text

TT : Target Text

Ab : Airbus A320-200

B : Boeing 737-500

A : ATR 72/500-600


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ABSTRACT

ASMARA, FEBRIAN KUSUMA. Indonesian Translation of Aircraft Safety

Manuals: the Study of Equivalence, Readability, and Method Applied.

Yogyakara: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma

University, 2016.

This thesis analyzed the translation on the aircraft safety manuals for

Airbus A320-200, Boeing 737-500, and ATR 72/500-600. This study deals with

the equivalence, readability, and translation methods. The translation quality in

terms of its equivalence, readability, and translation method are important aspects

of how the language is translated. They help the readers to understand the

message of aircraft safety manuals.

There were three research objectives that were analyzed in this thesis. The

first was to find out the equivalence of Indonesian translation in the safety

manuals in Airbus A320-200, Boeing 737-500, and ATR 72/500-600. The second

was to discover the readability of the translation of the aircraft safety manuals.

The third was to look for the method applied in translating the safety manuals of

three different aircrafts.

This undergraduate study applied the library research, explicatory

research, and survey research. In order to find the ranking of the readability of

Airbus A320-200, Boeing 737-500, and ATR 72/500-600 safety manuals, the

researcher used questionnaire. The questionnaire picked 20 respondents who ever

boarded a plane and minimum age is seventeen.

The result of this research showed that from 30 Indonesian translations of

aircraft safety manuals, 23 translations met formal equivalence. This result

overwhelmed 9 translations in Airbus A320-200, 7 translations in Boeing 737-

500, and 7 translations in ATR 72/500-600. Moreover, there were 7 translations

met dynamic equivalence. This result overwhelmed a translation in Airbus A320-

200, 3 translations in Boeing 737-500, and 3 translations in ATR 72/500-600.

Most of those translations were translated using transposition and addition

semantic method. In Airbus A320-200, there were 7 translations that used

transposition and 1 translation that used addition semantic. In Boeing 737-500,

there were 4 translations that used transposition and 6 translations used addition

semantic. In ATR 72/500-600, there were 4 translations that used transposition

and 5 translations that used addition semantic. Based on respondents perspective

through the questionnaire and the support of applying the type of equivalence and

translation method in translating aircraft safety manuals, the researcher found that

aircraft safety manuals in Boeing 737-500 is more readable than those of Airbus

A320-200 and ATR 72/500-600.


xviii

ABSTRAK

ASMARA, FEBRIAN KUSUMA. Indonesian Translation of Aircraft Safety

Manuals: the Study of Equivalence, Readability, and Method Applied.

Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma

University, 2016.

Skripsi ini menganalisis tentang terjemahan dalam panduan keselatam

pesawat yang terdapat pada Airbus A320-200, Boeing 737-500, dan ATR 72/500-

600. Penelitian ini berkaitan dengan kesepadanan, keterbacaan, dan metode

penerjemahan. Kualitas terjemahan dalam kesepadanan, keterbacaan, dan metode

penerjemahan merupakan aspek penting bagaimana bahasa itu diterjemahkan. Hal

ini juga membantu pembaca untuk mengerti pesan yang terdapat pada panduan

keselamatan pesawat.

Terdapat tiga tujuan penelitian yang dianalisa dalam skripsi ini. Pertama

untuk menemukan kesepadanan terjemahan Bahasa Indonesia pada panduan

keselamatan yang terdapat pada Airbus A320-200, Boeing 737-500, dan ATR

72/500-600. Kedua untuk menemukan keterbacaan pada panduan keselamatan

pesawat. Ketiga mencari metode yang digunakan dalam menerjemahkan panduan

keselamatan pada tiga jenis pesawat yang berbeda.

Penelitian ini menggunakan studi pustaka, explicatory research, dan studi

penelitian. Untuk menemukan tingkatan keterbacaan pada Airbus A320-200,

Boeing 737-500, and ATR 72/500-600, peneliti menggunakan kuisioner.

Kuisioner tersebut diisi oleh 20 responden yang pernah menaiki pesawat dan

berumur minimal tujuh belas tahun.

Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan dari 30 terjemahan panduan keselamatan

pesawat ke Bahasa Indonesia, terdapat 23 terjemahan kesepadanan formal. Hasil

ini meliputi 9 terjemahan pada Airbus A320-200, 7 terjemahan pada Boeing 737-

500, dan 7 terjemahan pada ATR 72/500-600. Selanjutnya, 7 terjemahan termasuk

kesepadanan dinamis. Hasil ini meliputi 1 terjemahan pada Airbus A320-200,

3 terjemahan pada Boeing 737-500, dan 3 terjemahan pada ATR 72/500-600.

Sebagian besar, terjemahan panduan keselamatan pesawat tersebut diterjemahkan

menggunakan metode transposisi dan penambahan semantik. Pada Airbus A320-

200, terdapat 7 terjemahan menggunakan transposisi dan 1 terjemahan

menggunakan penambahan semantic. Pada Boeing 737-500, terdapat 4 terjemahan

menggunakan transposisi dan 6 terjemahan menggunakan penambahan semantic.

Pada ATR 72/500-600, terdapat 4 terjemahan menggunakan transposisi dan 5

terjemahan menggunakan penambahan semantic. Berdasarkan perspektif pembaca

melalui kuesioner dan penerapan jenis kesepadanan dan metode penerjemahan

pada panduan keselamatan pesawat, peneliti menemukan bahwa panduan

keselamatan pesawat Boeing 737-500 lebih mudah dibaca dan dipahami

dibandingkan Airbus A320-200 dan ATR 72/500-600.


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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the study

Language takes an important role in communication. With language,

humans are able to transfer a message from one to another. Language can trigger

people to convey their ideas. It can create a rule to make people understand an

utterance meaning of somebody.

The role of language develops in the human beings. The language does not

only have a function to express the ideas, but also it has a function to deliver a

message from one language to another language. The latter role is known as

translation. Translation is important to communicate in different language. People

are able to understand the message that is transferred in a language to another.

Catford argues “translation is the replacement of textual material in one

language by equivalent textual material in another language” (1965: 20).

Translation is the activity in transfering a message from source language (SL) to

terget language (TL) by maintaining the origin meaning from SL to TL.

Translation does not only change word by word, but also transfers a message that

exists in the SL meaning. Moreover, translation is the replacement a text in two

different languages.

In the translation process, the form of the TL can be different from the SL.

In order to avoid the different meaning in translation, there are some strategies

that are used to transfer a meaning properly. Bell states “the meaning of


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equivalent is when the message of the SL text is equivalently transferred into the

TL text.” (1991:6). This strategy does not focus in translating word by word, but

it focuses in transferring a meaning from SL to TL. Besides transferring a

meaning, the equivalence also considers the culture of SL and TL. It is important

to avoid the ambiguity translation in target language. In short, translation does not

have contradiction with TL form.

By considering equivalence in translating the aircraft safety manuals, the

translator enables to transmit a message from SL to TL. The equivalence process

helps the reader to avoid the ambiguity in the meaning. By considering several

points that have been mentioned, the researcher tried to discuss the equivalence of

Indonesian translation in safety aircraft manuals. The data were taken from three

different types of aircraft. The first type is Airbus A320-200, the second type is

Boeing 737-500, and the third type is ATR 72-500/600.

There are three reasons that made the researcher took those three types of

aircraft. The first is Indonesia has contribution in developing of Boeing and

Airbus. There is a company that makes a component of airplane that located in

Bintan, Riau. The company is Honeywell Aerospace. Alex Pollaack, the directur

of Honeywell Aerospace, said that there were 15% component of airplane that

made from Indonesia and they were bought by Airbus and Boeing

(www.goodnewsfromindonesia.org/2015/09/21/ada-komponen-buatan-indonesia-

di-pesawat-boeing-dan-airbus/). The second is Airbus A320-200 were chosen by

PT Garuda Indonesia for Citilink. There are 50 Airbus A320-200 landed in

Indonesia. Elisa Lumbantoruan, the Finance Directur of Garuda Indonesia, said


http://www.goodnewsfromindonesia.org/2015/09/21/ada-komponen-buatan-indonesia-di-pesawat-boeing-dan-airbus/

http://www.goodnewsfromindonesia.org/2015/09/21/ada-komponen-buatan-indonesia-di-pesawat-boeing-dan-airbus/

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that all airplanes in Citilink used Airbus A320-200. PT Garuda Indonesia would

buy five Airbus A320-200 in each year from 2011 to 2014.

(www.bisniskeuangan.kompas.com/read/2011/06/14/1021123/50.airbus.a320.unt

un.citilink).

The third is ATR aircraft suitable for Indonesia conditions. ATR aircraft is

most used in Indonesia that has a small airport in remote city. The reason is the

aircraft can reach small airport that has a runway less than 1600 meters,

(http://www.merdeka.com/uang/ini-4-keunggulan-atr-72-600-yang-buat-garuda-

terpincut/bisa-menjangkau-bandara-kecil.html).

In each aircraft, there is a guideline for the passengers. Based on that fact,

the researcher took aircraft safety manuals in order to know the way of

communication that occurs in the airplane. Based on the standard corporation of

aircraft safety manuals, there are two languages that are usually used. They are

English as the international language and the origin language of the country. The

researcher chooses three different types of the aircraft in order to see how the

readability of the translation occurs in safety manuals in each type of aircraft.

There are some cases of the equivalence of Indonesian translation in

aircraft safety manuals. The cases are described as follows:

1. SL: Emergency Light (ATR 72-500/600)

TL: Lampu Petunjuk Dalam Keadaan Darurat (ATR 72-500/600)

2. SL: Door Operation (Boeing 737-500)

TL: Cara membuka pintu (Boeing 737-500)


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There are two examples that occur in ATR 72-500/600 and Boeing 737

500 safety manuals. The first is light is translated into lampu petunjuk, the second

is operation translated into cara membuka. The examples raise the researcher‟s

curiosity in order to find the strategies that are used in translating the sentence.

This study is focused on the equivalence that occurs in transferring a

message from SL into TL. The study also considers that it is important to analyze

some methods that are used to find the equivalence. By discovering what the type

of equivalence and the method that are used, the researcher found out the rank of

the readabality in aircraft safety manuals. Furthermore, the researcher expects that

this research can be a reference for another researcher to make a further analysis

dealing with this topic.

B. Problem Formulation

There are some problems of this research that are analyzed. The problems

are formulated as follows:

1. How is the equivalence of Indonesian translation in the safety manuals in the

three different aircrafts?

2. How is the readability of the translation in the aircraft safety manuals?

3. What methods have been used to translate the safety manuals of three different

aircrafts?


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C. Objectives of Study

Accordingly, there were three objectives of this study. Firstly, this study

tried to see and understand how the pattern of the equivalence of Indonesian

translation of three different aircraft safety manuals. Secondly, this study was to

know what extent the readers understand about the translation in aircraft safety

manuals. Thirdly, it was to find what methods are used to translate the safety

manuals in three different aircrafts.

D. Definition of Terms

In order to avoid the misunderstanding of concept about the topic, this is

important to give some definition of terms, these are:

Equivalence. Bell states that “the meaning of equivalent is when the

message of the SL text is equivalently transferred into the TL text.” (1991:6). This

statement means that the translation does not only change word by word. It also

transfers a message which exists in the SL. In order to get a close meaning in the

TL, the similar concept can be used as long as the meaning is not different. The

equivalence of the translation can be seen in the transferring a meaning in the TL.

Readability. Richards and Richard state that “readability is the way how

easily written materials can be read and understood.”(1985: 238). It means that

something that is written makes the reader understand the meaning immediately.

Another proposed by Sakri defines readability as follows:

Readability represents the degree of easiness of a writing to comprehend.

Writings with high readability are far easier to comprehend rather than


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low ones. In a contrast, writings with low readability are more difficult to

read (Sakri,1994: 165)

Based on the statement above, the readability also considers the diction of

the word that is used in the writing. The writing that uses special words is hardly

to be understood. On the other hand, the writing that uses simple words is easy to

be understood.

Aircraft Safety Manuals. The guidelines of safety information are written

in the paper for the passengers. They are used to help the passengers understand

deeper what they should do in the usage of safety equipment and what they should

do if there is an accident. The aircrafts whose manuals were analyzed were

Boeing 737-500, Airbus A320-2 00, and ATR 72/500-600.


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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Review of Related Studies

In this chapter, the researcher aims to show the different discussions

provided by Pratama‟s, Trimulyana‟s, and the Asmara‟s thesies. This chapter

provides the research that has similar topics which are done by two other

researchers. This study has similarities with Pratama‟s and Trimulyana‟s.

1. Pratama’s thesis “Indonesian Translation of Tea and Juice Drinks Labels:

A Study on the Accuracy, Readability and Strategies Applied”

Pratama‟s discusses the translation of tea and juice drinks labels into

Indonesian. Pratama focuses on the accuracy, readability, and strategies applied in

translating from SL to TL. Pratama uses correspondents to find out the level of

accuracy and readability. The data are taken from a linguistic expert and a

professional translator in order to see the accuracy of the translation.

There are three points that Pratama‟s focuses on. Firstly, Pratama‟s study

tries to find out the accuracy of the translation from English to Indonesia in tea

and juice drinks labels. Secondly, it tries to show how readability may affect on

this translation study from the drink labels. Thirdly, Pratama‟s study analyzes

what translation strategies applied by the translator when he translates tea and

juice drinks labels in order the translation can fulfill the message from the SL.


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This present thesis has different focus from Pratama‟s. It discusses the

equivalence of the aircraft safety manuals sentence while Pratama‟s discusses the

accuracy applied in translating tea and juice label into Indonesian.

2. Trimulyana’s thesis “The Culinary Term Translation in Enak: Jogja

Culinary Guide: A Study on The Relation between Acceptability and

Translation Strategies Applied”

In this research, Trimulyana discusses about the translation of the culinary

term in Enak: Jogja Culinary. Trimulyana tries to find out the relation between

acceptability and translation strategies applied. Trimulyana‟s research analyzes

the data through questionnaire and library research.

There are three points that Trimulyana‟s focuses on. Firstly, the

acceptability of culinary terms in Indonesian food articles in the magazine.

Secondly, the translation strategies applied in translating culinary terms on

Indonesian food articles in the magazine. Thirdly, the relation between

acceptability and translation strategies applied in translating culinary terms on

Indonesian food article in the magazine.

This current thesis is different from Trimulayana‟s thesis. The difference

lies on the focus of the analysis. Trimulyana‟s thesis focuses on the relation

between acceptability and translation strategies, while this present thesis focuses

on the methods that are used to find out the equivalence and the readability from

SL to TL.


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B. Review of Related Theories

1. Theories of Translation

Bassnett states the definition of translation which is,

What is generally understood as translation involves the rendering of a

source language (SL) text into the target language (TL) so as to ensure that

(1) the surface meaning of the two will be approximately similar and (2)

the structures of the SL will be preserved as closely as possible but no so

closely that the TL structures will be seriously distorted. (1991:2)

Translation is the activity in transfering a message by changing a language.

Besides changing the language, translation also considers a similarity in

transfering a message and meaning from SL into target language.

Moreover, according to Bell, translation is “the expression in another

language (or target language) of what has been expressed in another SL,

preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences”(1991:5). The translation considers

the choice of words and the translator‟s language style. It is important to avoid the

ambiguity when transfering a message from SL to TL. In other word, translation is

the way to make TL equivalent with SL.

2. Translation Methods

By discussing about the equivalence of translation, there are some

strategies that are used when translating a word or sentence from SL into TL. This

strategy is needed to be a guidance for translators in translating sentence from SL

to TL. Suryawinata and Hariyanto (2003:67) categorize the translation strategy

into two types. They are structural and semantic strategy.


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a. Structural Method

The structural strategy is the strategy that relates with sentence structure. It

is categorized into three strategies. There are addition, subtraction, and

transposition. (Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003: 67-69)

i. Addition

The strategy is used to add some words to adjust the sentence structure in

TL. It is needed to make the structure in TL is accepted by the reader. As the

result, this strategy is not the optional, but it is a must. The example can be seen as

follows:

SL: Ayahku dokter.

TL: My father is a doctor.

The word is and a must be added to make the structure in TL to be accepted.

ii. Subtraction

Subtraction is the omitting of structure element in the TL. The example can

be seen as follows:

SL: My father is a doctor

TL: Ayahku dokter

Based on the example above, the stucture element is and a in SL are omitted in

TL.


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iii. Transposition

Transposition is the translation strategy which changes the sentence

structure from SL to TL in order to get the same meaning. The changes can be

occured from singular to plural, adjectives phrase, and whole sentence.

SL : Musical instruments can be divided into two groups.

TL : Alat musik bisa dibagi menjadi dua kelompok dasar.

According to the example, the transposition occurs in the word instruments and

alat. The word instruments (plural) is translated into alat (single) (Suryawinata

and Hariyanto, 2003: 68-69).

b. Semantic Method

The semantic strategy is the strategy that considers to the meaning. This

strategy can be applied in the word, phrase, or sentence. There are nine strategies

that are included into semantic strategy. They are borrowing, omission, expansion

and reduction, cultural equivalence, addition, modulation, descriptive equivalence,

synonym, official translation (Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003: 70-76).

i. Borrowing

Borrowing is a translation strategy to keep the origin word from SL then

used in the TL. The main reason of this translation strategy is that does not have

equivalence between SL and TL. There are two steps of borrowing. They are

transliteration and naturalization.


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The first step is transliteration. It is a translation strategy that keeps the SL

word in its origin. The second step is naturalization. It is the next step after

transliteration. Naturalization adjusts the word‟s sound and spelling into the TL.

Table 1. The Example of Transliteration and Naturalization

SL Transliteration Naturalization

Mall Mall Mol

ii. Omission

Omission means deletion of word of the SL text in the TL text. The word

in SL is not translated in the TL. It occurs because certain element in SL is not

really necessary to be translated. The example can be seen as follows:

SL: “Sama dengan raden ayu ibunya,” katanya lirih.

TL: “Just like her mother,” she whispered.

Based on the example above, there is an omission in the word raden ayu

and only translated into like her mother (Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003: 75).

iii. Expansion and Reduction

Expansion is a translation strategy that expands the TL component word.

For instance, the word Whale is translated into Ikan Paus in Indonesia. The word

ikan is important. If it is not added, it will make a different meaning. The meaning

will be changed become the pope. Meanwhile, reduction is the opposite of

expansion. Reduction means reducing the SL word component.


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iv. Cultural Equivalence

Cultural equivalence is a strategy that considers the SL and TL culture. It

aims to avoid the missunderstanding between SL and TL. By using this strategy,

the translator translates the SL cultural word with the TL cultural word. The

example can be seen as follows:

SL: Nasi sudah menjadi bubur

TL: Don’t carry over spilt milk.

v. Addition

This strategy is different with the structural strategy. In this strategy, the

translator gives an additional information to more emphasize the message in TL. It

can be found in the text, at the end of the text, or at the bottom of the text

(footnote).

vi. Modulation

Modulation is the strategy which is used for translating phrase, clause, or

sentence by changing the point of view. The change occurs when the literal

translation does not transfer a message properly. The example can be seen as

follows:

SL: I broke my leg.

TL: Kaki saya patah.

The translator takes a point of view from the object (kaki). The translator

does not focus on the subject (saya).


14

vii. Descriptive Equivalence

Descriptive equivalence is the strategy that is used to describe the SL word

based on its meaning and function. For the example is gado-gado. In English,

gado-gado is described as the food that contains some vegetables mixed with

peanut sauce.

viii. Synonym

The strategy that is used when TL words does not have more or less the

same meaning with SL words. The example can be seen as follows:

SL: What a cute baby you’ve got!

TL: Alangkah lucunya bayi anda!

According to the example above, the word cute is translated into lucu. Cute

means an attractive child and lucu means child who is attracting people to get their

attention. They are included synonym because both of them have a meaning as an

attractive child to get someone attention (Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003: 73-

74).

ix. Official Translation

Official translation is the strategy that used for formal translation. When

translator translates a text from another language to Bahasa Indonesia, the

translator needs to have a manual book “Pedoman Pengindonesiaan Nama dan

Kata Asing” published by Pusat Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa,

Depdikbud R I. For instance, read-only memory is translated into memory simpan

tetap (Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003: 74)


15

3. Theories of Equivalence

Equivalence is an approach that is used to find the similarity meaning. It

is transferred from source language into target language. Translation is a

reproduction of a meaning, form, and message in both source and target language.

Equivalence is a way to make a meaning as close as possible between source and

target language. It is explained by Nida as follows:

The concept of equivalence as one of the key words in translation studies

is called the closest natural equivalent.(1) equivalent, which points toward

the source language message; (2) natural, which points to the receptor

language; and (3) closest, which binds the orientations together on the

basis of the highest degree of approximation. (1974: 164)

According to Nida, there are two types of equivalence. They are formal

equivalence and dynamic equivalence. The first type is formal equivalence. It

focuses on the form and the meaning of SL. It is supported by Nida‟s statement

which is:

Formal equivalence focuses attention on the message itself, in both form

and content. It distorts the grammatical and stylistic patterns of the

receptor language (1964:159).

This type translates word by word from SL to TL. Moreover, the

translations also adjust the structure pattern in TL, for instance is “today is very

hot”. It is translated into “hari ini sangat panas”. According to the example, the

translation keeps the structure and the form of SL. It also adjusts the structure

pattern in TL.

The second type is dynamic equivalence. It focuses on the effect when the

text is translated from source language into target language. Nida argues her

opinion about the dynamic equivalence as follows:


16

Dynamic equivalence is based on „the principle of equivalent effect‟,

where the relationship between receptor and message should be

substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors

and the message (Nida 1964:159)

The change of structure sentence is allowed as long as the meaning of the

text is still same. Dynamic equivalence does not focus on the form, but it focuses

on the effect of the meaning from SL to TL. For instance is “I‟m hungry” is

translated into “saya mau makan”. It can be seen that the translation from SL to

TL is different, but they have a same effect.

Meanwhile, Koller divides the equivalence into 5 types. The first is formal

equivalence. In this type, SL and TL words have similar orthographic or

phonological features (1979:187). The word internet in English is translated to

internet in Bahasa Indonesia. The second is denotative equivalence. Here, SL

word is replaced by TL word that refers to the same thing (1979: 187). The third is

connotative equivalence. It is the opposite of denotative equivalence. Here, the SL

and TL word triggers the same or similar associations in the mind of speaker of

the two languages (1979:187). The word sugar daddy has the same meaning in

Bahasa Indonesia as pria hidung belang. It cannot be described literally because of

its context.

The fourth is text-normative equivalence. SL and TL word being used in

the similar contexts in their respective languages (1979:188). The fifth is

pragmatic equivalence. The other name of pragmatic equivalence is dynamic

equivalence. The SL and TL word has the same effect on their respective reader

(1979: 190). It will bring the effect on TL reader which close to that experienced

by the ST reader. The sentence “We need enough air to take a breath” shows that


17

the room is hot. That sentence can be translated in Bahasa Indonesia to “Tolong

buka jendelanya”. Even though the sentence is not translated word by word, it still

maintains the meaning that the room is hot.

4. Theories of Readability

Richard in Nababan (1999:62) states that “readability is how people can

simply understand the meaning of a text”. Moreover, Elkins states the readability

is “readability is simply how your masterpiece is easily comprehended” (2001:1).

From the definitions above it is clear that a text is considered as readable if the

reader does not get confused when they read the text.

C. Theoretical Framework

In order to answer the first problem that shows how the equivalence of

Indonesian translation in the safety manuals in three different aircrafts, the

reasearcher used Nida‟s theory in determining that the translation uses formal or

dynamic equivalence. It is important in order to unite a concept of the meaning in

the target language.

The researcher used questionnaire to find the readability in three different

aircrafts. Then, the researcher used the translation method in the theories of

translation to find out what changes happen from SL to TL.


18

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Areas of Research

In this research, the researcher focused on the comparison of translation

between target text and source texts. The researcher analyzed the data from

aircraft safety manuals by using grammatical and semantical features. By focusing

on the grammatical and semantical feature, this research aimed to focus on the

sentence construction and the meaning of each word in SL and TL.

Translation involved the textual comparison of translation from the Source

Texts as an original source. This might deal with several translations, that might

be understood by the readers of the Target Text. Not all topics could deal with

every possible aspect of the texts. Thus the translator might choose what the

closest or match with the original (Chesterman, 2002:7).

. The researcher aimed to find out the pattern of Indonesian translation in

aircraft safety manuals. By finding the pattern, the researcher was able to

emphasize the readability of aircraft safety manuals. As the result, this research

aims to make the reader understand the meaning of aircraft safety manuals.

B. Object of the Study

The object of this research study was the Indonesian translation of aircraft

safety manuals provided by three different aircrafts, which were Airbus A320-

200, Boeing 737-500, and ATR72-500/600.


19

C. Methods of the Study

The methods used in this study were the combination of three kinds of

research. Those were library research, explicatory research and survey research.

Firstly, library research was done to find out the theory of translation,

equivalence, readability, and method to determine the equivalence. Secondly,

explicatory research focused on the equivalence that occured in the sentence of

the aircraft safety manuals. By using this method, the researcher tried to find out

the readability of the sentences. Thirdly, the survey research was used to find the

ranking of the equivalence of Airbus A320-200, Boeing 737-500, and ATR 72-

500/600 safety manuals through questionnaires. Furthermore, by using this

questionnaire, the researcher tried to determine the rank of the equivalence of the

aircraft safety manuals from Airbus A320-200, Boeing 737-500, and ATR 72-

500/600.

D. Research Procedure

1. Types of Data

The kinds of data are divided into two categories. They are objective and

affective data.

a. Objective Data

The data analyzed were taken from aircraft safety manuals provided by

Airbus A320-200, Boeing 737-500, and ATR72-500/600. The researcher

collected thirty data. Each aircraft company provides ten safety instructions.

Furthermore, the data in the safety manual were selected and analyzed.


20

b. Affective Data

The affective data were collected from the respondents using

questionnaires. There were twenty respondents that were involved in this study. In

the term of readability, the respondents were chosen randomly with some criteria,

among others are they have ever boarded a plane and minimum age is seventeen

years old. The researcher chose the respondent that ever boarded a plane because

it showed the respondents‟ understanding about aircraft safety manual. The

questionnaire does not provide the SL of safety manuals. In this questionnaire, it

consists of the TL only and the respondents were asked to answer the questions by

giving a sign (√) in the appropriate sentences.

2. Data Collection

First of all, the researcher chose the aircraft safety manuals. The data were

obtained from three different types of aircraft. They are ATR72-500/600, Boeing

737-500, and Airbus A320-200. The data then were coded and classified in the

falling.

Table 2. Example of the data coding

Code Source Text Code Target Text

1/ST/B Door Operation 1/TT/B Cara Membuka Pintu

How to Read the Data Coding

1 : The number of data

ST : Source Text

B : Boeing 737-500


21


TT : Target Text

B : Boeing 737-500

Here, the phrases and sentences would be analyzed based on respondents‟

responses. In order to know the understanding from the passenger about the

explanation of aircraft safety manuals, the researcher collected data gathered from

Indonesia translation.

Table 3. The Indonesian Translation of Aircraft Safety Instructions

No Text A No Text B No Text C

1/B Cara

Membuka

Pintu

1/A Cara membuka Pintu dan

Jendela

1/Ab Pengoperasian

Pintu

How to Read the Data Coding


B : Boeing 737-500

1 : The Number of data

A : ATR 72-500/600


Ab : Airbus A320-200

In the terms of readability, it can be seen whether from Indonesian

translation of aircraft safety manuals can be easy to read by the consumers or not.

Twenty respondents were chosen to answer the question by choosing the best

Indonesian translation of aircraft safety manuals.


22

3. Population and Sample

The data population of this study is thirty sentences or phrases in aircraft

safety manuals of English and Bahasa Indonesia that have been collected. This

research does not take any sample. The researcher analyzes all population.

4. Data Analysis

In this study, the researcher would analyze the phrases and sentences

based on the respondents. By using questionnaire, the researcher was able to know

whether from Indonesian translation of aircraft safety manuals could be easy to

read and understand by the consumer or not. The analysis was divided into three

steps.

The first step categorized the target language between formal and dynamic

equivalence by using Nida‟s theory.

Table 4. The Type of Equivalence in Indonesian Translation of Aircraft

Safety Instructions

Code Source Text Code Target Text Nida’s

Equivalence

5/ST/A Emergency Exit 5/TT/A Pintu dan Jendela

Darurat

Dynamic

2/ST/B Explanation of

Symbol

2/TT/B PenjelasanTanda Formal

Based on Nida‟s theory, the first sentence Emergency Exit to Pintu dan

Jendela Darurat was included dynamic equivalence. The sentence could be

dynamic equivalence because the word Exit was translated to Pintu and Jendela.

The translator did not translate in word for word. The translator tries to change the


23

idea of word exit in SL, but it still maintains the origin meaning. Meanwhile, the

second sentence Explanation of Symbol to Penjelasan Tanda was included formal

equivalence. It could be formal equivalence because the form of the translation

from SL to TL does not change.

The second step looked at the readability based on the respondents

respond in the questionnaire.

Table 5. Example of Questionnaire

The table above had a function to find out the readability from the reader.

The respondents chose the text A, B, or C based on their perception. It aimed to

find out which text was more readable. As the result, the researcher accumulated

the numbers of readability of each aircraft safety manual.

The third step was what methods that were applied in order to find the

equivalence in the aircraft safety manuals. The example can be seen on the next

page.

No Text A No Text B No Text C A B C

5/B Setelah

mempelajari

kartu petunjuk

keselamatan

harap

dikembalikan ke

kantong kursi

untuk

penumpang

selanjutnya

5/A Mohon kartu

ini jangan

dibawa

pulang

5/Ab Jangan

pindahkan

dari

pesawat

Comment:


24

Table 6. The Method in Translating Aircraft Safety Instruction

Code Source Text Code Target Text Method

1/ST/A Take Off and

Landing

1/TT/A Waktu Tinggal

Landas dan Mendarat

Addition Semantic

The strategy which was applied in this translation was addition semantic.

The word Waktu was added in the TL. Based on the example, there was an

additional word in the TL in order to emphasize the meaning and make the reader

more understand.

In order to support the analysis result, the researcher related the theories to

the data. The research aimed to find out the patterns that were easily understood

by the readers. Moreover it looked the way how the sentences in aircraft safety

manuals were translated. By giving the questionnaire, it helped the research to

find the rank of the readability towards aircraft safety manuals.


25

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter discusses equivalence, readability, and methods that are

applied in aircraft safety manuals. There are three points that will be analyzed.

The first point is to analyze the Indonesian equivalence of aircraft safety manuals.

It answers the first problem formulation of the study. The second point is to

analyze the readability of aircraft safety manuals. It answers the second problem

formulation. The last point is to determine the methods that are applied in the

translations of aircraft safety manuals. It answers the last problem formulation.

A. The Equivalence of Aircraft Safety Manuals

The research aimed to see the Indonesian equivalence found in certain

aircraft safety manuals. There are thirty English – Indonesian translations from

Airbus A320-200, Boeing 737-500, and ATR 72-500/600. Each aircraft has ten

English – Indonesian translations. The results of analysis show what types of

equivalence that are most used in the aircraft safety manuals.

The type of equivalence which is found in the Indonesian translation at

aircraft safety manuals is analyzed based on Nida‟s theory. There are two types of

equivalence. They are formal and dynamic equivalences. The types of equivalence

are applied toward the example of data.

There are four points discussed in this chapter. The first point is the result

of formal and dynamic equivalence in Airbus A320-200, Boeing 737-500, and

ATR 72/500-600. The second point is the discussion of formal and dynamic


26

Formal

Dynamic

equivalence in Airbus A320-200. The third point is discussion of formal and

dynamic equivalence in Boeing 737-500. The last point is discussion of formal

and dynamic equivalence in ATR 72/500-600.

1. The Proportion of Formal and Dynamic Equivalence of Aircraft

Safety Manuals in Three Different Aircrafts.

The diagram above is the result of the formal and dynamic equivalence in

three different aircrafts. Based on the diagram, there are 77% of formal

equivalence that occurs in Airbus A320-200, Boeing 737-500, and ATR 72/500-

600. In Airbus A320-200 there are nine translations that are included in formal

equivalence. In Boeing 737-500 there are six translations that are included in

formal equivalence. In ATR 72/500-600 there are eight translations that are

included in formal equivalence.

Meanwhile, according to the diagram there are 23% of dynamic

equivalence. In Airbus A320-200 there is a translation that is included in dynamic

equivalence. In Boeing 737-500 there are three translations that are included in

77

%

23%


27

dynamic equivalence. In ATR 72/500-600 there are three translations that are

included in dynamic equivalence. This result shows that most of the aircraft safety

manuals translations that occurs in Boeing 737-500, Airbus A320-200, and ATR

72/500-600 use formal equivalence.

2. Airbus A320-200

The first data were compiled from Airbus A320-200. The analysis is

shown from the table as follows:

Table 7. The Results of Equivalence in Airbus A320-200

No SL TL Formal Dynamic

1/Ab Safety Instruction Petunjuk Keselamatan

2/Ab Emergency Landing Pendaratan Darurat

3/Ab Decompression Dekompresi

4/Ab Life Vest Baju Pelampung

5/Ab Do Not Remove From

The Aircraft

Jangan Pindahkan Dari

Pesawat

6/Ab Emergency Door

Operation

Pengoperasian Pintu

Darurat

7/Ab Emergency Window

Operation

Pengoperasian Jendela

Darurat

8/Ab Emergency Landing

On Terrain

Pendaratan Darurat Di

Daratan

9/Ab

Evacuation Route

When Cabin Full Of

Smoke

Rute Evakuasi Saat Kabin

Penuh Asap

10/Ab Take Off And Landing Tinggal Landas dan

Mendarat


28

Based on the data above, there are nine translations that are included into

formal equivalence. All of them focus on the lexical meaning. There are two

processes of transferring data from SL to TL. The processes are words by words

and transliteration. In the formal equivalence, the changing occurs on phrases and

sentences.

a. Formal Equivalence

The first process is transposition. It occurs on the numbers of 1/Ab, 2/Ab,

5/Ab, 6/Ab, 7/Ab, 8/Ab, 9/Ab, and 10/Ab. The translation finds out the similar

characteristic of semantic properties between SL and TL. The example of the data

is Safety Instruction. The words of Safety and Keselamatan have the same

characteristics that refer to avoid the danger. Furthermore, the words of

Instruction and Petunjuk have similar characteristics that refer to information to

do.

Naturalization is in the second process in formal equivalence. It occurs on

the data number of 3/Ab. The process gets influenced by the borrowing process

from SL. It means that the translated phrase of SL maintains the origin form from

SL. Meanwhile, the translated word adjusts the pronunciation in TL.

b. Dynamic Equivalence

The second type is dynamic equivalence. It occurs on the number of 4/Ab.

The other name of life vest is life jacket. In the literal meaning, life vest or life

jacket is a jacket without sleeves, that can be filled with air, designed to help float


29

if fall in water (Oxford Advanced Learning’s Dictionary). Meanwhile, in Bahasa

Indonesia, the meaning of Pelampung is the lightweight item that hold from

drowning (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia). As the result, there is a similarity in

the term of function of life vest and pelampung.

The word baju is added to emphasize the object in TL. It means the

clothes that cover upper body (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia). The translator

does not choose rompi in this translation. The word rompi means the undershirt

without sleeves. (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia) Based on the definition of baju

and rompi, there is a different between them. If the translation uses rompi, it will

make a different meaning. In order to adjust the message and the context in SL

and TL, there are two possibilities why the translator chooses word baju, that are

the word baju is more appropriate and general in this context.

3. Boeing 737-500

The second data were compiled from Boeing 737-500. There are nine

English-Indonesian safety manuals translation. The data are presented as follows:

Table 8. The Results of Equivalence in Boeing 737-500


1/B Door Operation Cara Membuka Pintu

2/B Take Off and Landing Waktu Lepas Landas &

Mendarat

3/B Emergency Landing on

Water Mendarat Darurat di Air

4/B Life Vest Alat Pelampung


30

Based on the data above, there are four translations that are included to

formal equivalence and three translations that are included to dynamic

equivalence. Moreover, there are three processes that contribute to the analysis.

a. Formal Equivalenve

The first process is transposition. It occurs on the numbers of 1/B, 3/B,

7/B and 10/B. The translation of SL adjusts the grammatical structure in TL.

Moreover, the transposition process does not change a meaning when it is

transfered into TL. The example of the data is For Your Safety. The words For

and Untuk have same function as a preposition. They have similar properties that

concerns to someone who receive something


5/B In Case of Emergency

Landing

Jika Terjadi Pendaratan

Darurat

6/B In Case of Rapid

Decompression

Jika Pesawat Kehilangan

Tekanan Udara

7/B For Your Safety Untuk Keselamatan Anda

8/B Infant Life Vest Alat Pelampung Bayi

9/B Emergency Light Lampu Petunjuk Dalam

Keadaan Darurat

10/B

When Finished

reviewing this card

please return it to the

seat pocket for next

passenger

Setelah mempelajari

kartu petunjuk

keselamatan harap

dikembalikan ke kantong

kursi untuk penumpang

selanjutnya


31

The second process is addition semantic. The translation occurs on the

numbers of 2/B, 5/b, and 6/B. The example is take off and landing. The addition

lies on the word waktu in TL translation. The word waktu is added to emphasize

the action of the airplane to take off and landing.


The second type is dynamic equivalence. It occurs in the number of 4/B,

8/B, and 9/B. The script Life Vest is translated to Alat Pelampung. In the literal

meaning alat is the tools that is used to do with purpose (Kamus Besar Bahasa

Indonesia). There is a possibility that the translator generalizes the function of the

object. The translator translates the phrase Life Vest to Alat pelampung in order to

show the equipment that help the passenger float on the water.

In the number of 9/B, the addition lies on the words Lampu Petunjuk

Dalam Keadaan Darurat to emphasize the function of the object that is used in

the emergency situation. In the literal meaning, light is the form of energy that

makes it possible to see things, the brightness produced by the sun, by fire, a lamp

(Oxford Advance Learning’s Dictionary). Meanwhile, lampu is the tools that is

used to brighten something (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia). The translator

chooses word lampu because in the TL people lampu is known as the tools to

produce a light. The word lampu has generalized the point of light in aircrafts.


32

4. ATR 72/500-600

The third data were compiled from ATR 72/500-600. There are ten

English – Indonesian translations of safety manuals. The data are presented as

follows:

Table 9. The Results of Equivalence in ATR 72/500-600

Based on the data above, there are seven translations are included into

formal equivalence. The data focus on the lexical meaning. The translation occurs

on the phrases and sentences. There are three processes that occur in formal

equivalence.


1/A Safety Instruction Petunjuk Keselamatan

2/A Explanation Of

Symbol Penjelasan Tanda

3/A Take Off And

Landing

Waktu Tinggal Landas

dan Mendarat

4/A Emergency Landing

Position

Posisi Dalam Keadaan

Darurat

5/A Emergency Exit Pintu Darurat

6/A Door Operation Cara Membuka Pintu

7/A Emergency Light Lampu Petunjuk Dalam

Keadaan Darurat

8/A Life Vest Baju Pelampung


On Water Mendarat Darurat Di Air

10/A

Please Do Not

Remove From

Aircraft

Mohon Kartu Ini Jangan

Dibawa Pulang


33

a. Formal Equivalence

The first process is transposition. It occurs on the numbers of 1/A, 4/A,

6/A, 9/A, and 10/A. The example of the data is Door Operation. The translator

transfers the word Door Operation become Cara Membuka Pintu. There is a

change of structure from SL to TL. The change occurs on the head of the text. In

SL the head is put on the right side, while in TL text the head is put on the left

side.

The second process is addition semantic. The process occurs on the

number of 3/A, 7/A, and 10/A. The example of the data is please do not remove

from the aircraft. When the sentence is translated into TL, it gets the addition of

the word kartu. This addition is used in the translation because it aims to

emphasize the object that is prohibited to be taken home.

The last process is substraction. The process occurs on the number of 2/A.

The substraction occurs on the preposition of. The translator ommits the

preposition of without changing the SL meaning.


The second type is dynamic equivalence. It focuses on the contextual

meaning. The type occurs on the number of 5/A and 8/A. The example of the data

is Emergency Exit. The problem in this translation in the word Exit is translated

into Pintu. Literally, exit is a way out of public building or vehicle (Oxford

Advance Learning’s Dictionary), while the word Pintu means the way that is used

to go out or entrance (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia). Because of there is a

similar concept of the object, the translator translates exit to pintu.


34

The sum of

respondents

’ choice

The notice of emergency exit is written on the door of the airplane. Based

on the context, there is a possibility the translator translates Emergency Exit to

Pintu Darurat. It aims to emphasize the specific object to make the passengers

understand the way out in emergency situation.

B. The Readability of The Aircraft Safety Manual in Three Different

Aircrafts

In this part the researcher discusses about the readability of the Indonesian

translation of aircraft safety manuals in three different aircrafts. Twenty

Indonesian translations are provided. Each aircraft has seven Indonesian

translation to be choosen. It aims to find out which aircraft that its safety manual

is easy to be understood.

There are four points discussed in this chapter. The first point is the

percentages of the readability of aircraft safety manuals in Airbus A320-200,

Boeing 737-500, and ATR 72/500-600. The second point is the discussion of the

most readable safety manuals in Airbus A320-200. The third point is discussion of

the most readable safety manuals in Boeing 737-500. The last point is discussion

of the most readable safety manuals in ATR 72/500-600.

1. The Readability Proportion of Aircraft Safety Manuals in Three

Different Aircrafts

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Airbus A320-200 ATR 72/500-600 Boeing 737-500

Types of Aircraft


35

The diagram above shows the rank of the readability of aircraft safety

manuals in three different aircrafts. The data were taken from twenty respondents.

There are seven numbers of Indonesian translations that were provided. Each

respondent chose seven numbers in the questionnaire. Each number consists of

three different types of aircrafts. Furthermore, the accumulation numbers of the

highest rank of the Indonesian translation in the questionnaire is one hundred forty

from each text of three different aircrafts. The result of the questionnaire can be

seen as follows:


1/B Cara Membuka

Pintu 1/A

Cara membuka

Pintu dan

Jendela

1/Ab Pengoperasi-

an Pintu 6 6 8

2/B Waktu Lepas

Landas dan

Mendarat

2/A Waktu Tinggal

Landas dan

Mendarat

2/Ab Tinggal

Landas dan

Mendarat

13 4 3

3/B Mendarat

Darurat di Air 3/A

Mendarat

Darurat di Air 3/Ab

Pendaratan

Darurat di

Air

2 2 16

4/B Alat Pelampung 4/A Baju

Pelampung

4/Ab Baju

Pelampung 4 8 8

5/B Setelah

mempelajari

kartu petunjuk

keselamatan

harap

dikembalikan ke

kantong kursi

untuk

penumpang

selanjutnya

5/A Mohon kartu ini

jangan dibawa

pulang

5/Ab Jangan

pindahkan

dari pesawat

9 10 1

Table 10. The Result of Readability’s Questionnaire


36

Based on the diagram and the table, the highest rank is Boeing 737-500

that has sixty one. The second rank is Airbus A320-200 that has forty six. The last

rank is ATR 72/500-600 that has thirty three.

2. Airbus A320-200

Based on the result of the questionnaire, there are three Indonesian

translations of Door Operation, Emergency Landing on Water, and Life Vest that

are readable according to the respondents. The discussion are presented on the

table as follows:

Table 11. The Readable Indonesian Translations in Airbus A320-200

No TL Respondents

1/Ab Pengoperasian Pintu 8

3/Ab Pendaratan Darurat di Air 16

4/Ab Baju Pelampung 8


6/B Jika Pesawat

Kehilangan

Tekanan Udara

6/A - 6/Ab Dekompresi 17 - 3

7/B Jika Terjadi

Pendaratan

Darurat

6/A Posisi Dalam

Keadaan

Darurat

6/Ab Pendaratan

Darurat 10 3 7

The Sum of Respondents‟ Choice 61 33 46


37

The first Indonesian translations is pengoperasian pintu. According to the

respondent, the translations is easy to understand. The phrase door operation is

translated to pengoperasian pintu. The word pengoperasian helps the reader to

focus on how to operate the door in the airplane. Moreover, the word

pengoperasion is appropriate to use in the aircraft.

The second Indonesian translation is pendaratan darurat di air. It is

translated from emergency landing on water. Based on the questionnaire, there are

sixteen from twenty respondents assume that the sentence is appropriate. The

usage of word pendaratan is more appropriate than mendarat. It shows the

process to land (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia). On the other hand, mendarat

means the process of landing while the object has been on terrain.

The word emergency shows a danger or bad situation that needs

immediate action to deal with it. As the result, the sentence emergency landing on

water is more appropriate to be translated becomes pendaratan darurat di air than

mendarat darurat di air.

The third Indonesian translation is baju pelampung. Most of the

respondents choose baju pelampung rather than alat pelampung. The word baju is

more appropriate in the context. It emphasizes the reader what kind of the safety

equipment is.


38

3. Boeing 737-500

The most Indonesian translations in Boeing 737-500 tend to adjust with

the context in TL. There are four Indonesian translations that readable in Boeing

737-500. They are Take Off and Landing, When Finished reviewing this card

please return it to the seat pocket for next passenger, In Case of Rapid

Decompression, and In Case of Emergency Landing. The translations can be seen

on the table below:

Table 12. The Readable Indonesian Translations in Boeing 737-500

No TL Respondents

2/B Waktu Lepas Landas dan Mendarat 13

5/B

Setelah mempelajari kartu petunjuk

keselamatan harap dikembalikan ke kantong

kursi untuk penumpang selanjutnya

10

6/B Jika Pesawat Kehilangan Tekanan Udara 17

7/B Jika Terjadi Pendaratan Darurat 10

The first Indonesian translation is waktu lepas landas dan mendarat.

According to the respondents, lepas landas is more readable than tinggal landas.

In Indonesian, the word lepas landas has been used for several times. It influences

the reader in translating take off and landing. Furthermore, the addition word

waktu emphasizes the time to take off and landing.

The second Indonesian translation can be seen above. The sentence

translated into setelah mempelajari kartu petunjuk keselamatan harap

dikembalikan ke kantong kursi untuk penumpang selanjutnya. Most of the

respondents assume that the translation is the best from the others. The instruction

explains what should the passengers do clearly.


39

The third Indonesian translation is jika pesawat kehilangan tekanan

udara. It is translated from in case of rapid decompression. The respondents

choose this translation because it is easy to understand. According to the

respondents, the word decompression is not familiar with the reader in TL. If the

word decompression translated into dekompresi in Bahasa Indonesia, it will make

missunderstanding to the reader who does not know what decompression is.

The fourth Indonesian translation is jika terjadi pendaratan darurat. The

respondents choose that the word pendaratan is more appropriate. Furthermore,

the addition word jika terjadi more emphasizes the explanation of the instruction.

4. ATR 72/500-600

There are two readable Indonesian translations in ATR 72/500-600. They

are life vest and please do not remove from aircraft. The data are presented on the

table as follows:

Table 13. The Readable Indonesian Translations in ATR 72/500-600

Based on the questionnaire, the Indonesian translation of baju pelampung

is understandable. It is readable because of the reader assume that the translation

has a direct point to the object. By choosing word baju, it helps the reader to know

what kind the life vest is.

No TL Respondents

4/A Baju Pelampung 8

5/A Mohon Kartu Ini Jangan Dibawa

Pulang 9


40

The second Indonesian translation which is readable is mohon kartu ini

jangan dibawa pulang. According to the respondent, this translation is simple and

easy to understand what should passengers do. By adding the word kartu in TL, it

helps the reader to know the object that it addressed.

C. The translation methods of Aircraft Safety Manuals in Three Different

Aircraft

The research aims to analyze the methods that are used in translating

aircraft safety manuals. There are thirty data of English – Indonesian translation

from Airbus A320-200, Boeing 737-500, and ATR 72-500/600. In this research,

there are four methods used in translating aircraft safety manuals. They are

transposition, addition semantic, transliteration and naturalization (borrowing),

and subtraction.

There are four points discussed in this chapter. The first point is the

percentage of translation methods in Airbus A320-200, Boeing 737-500, and ATR

72/500-600. The second point is the discussion of translation methods that are

applied in Airbus A320-200. The third point is discussion of translation methods

that are applied in Boeing 737-500. The last point is discussion of translation

methods that are applied in ATR 72/500-600. The results of analysis show what

methods are mostly used in translating the aircraft safety manuals.


41

The Number

of

Indonesian

Translations

1. The Proportion of Translation Methods of Aircraft Safety Manuals in

Three Different Aircrafts

The diagram above shows the rank of the use of applied methods in thirty

translations in aircraft safety manuals in three different aircrafts. There are

transposition, addition semantic, naturalization, and subtraction. Based on the

diagram, it can be seen from the highest rank lies on transposition. It has fifteen

translations of the methods that are commonly applied in aircraft safety manuals.

The second rank lies on addition. It has twelve translations of the methods that are

commonly applied in aircraft safety manuals. The third rank lies on subtraction. It

has two translations of the methods that are applied in aircraft safety manuals. The

last rank lies on naturalization. It has one translation of the method that is applied

in aircraft safety manuals.

There are two methods that are most frequently used. They are

transposition and addition semantic. There are two main reasons that show why

transposition and addition semantic are frequently used in translating aircraft

safety manuals. Firstly, it can be seen from the structure pattern it is important in

0

5

10

15

20

Transposition Addition

(Semantic)

Naturalization Substraction

The Translation

Methods


42

adjusting the language structure in TL. In this case, the TL is Bahasa Indonesia, so

the translator uses transposition method to adjust the language structure in Bahasa

Indonesia in order the text is accepted to the reader. Secondly, addition semantic

method is also important. By giving an addition word in TL text, it is has a

function to emphasize and make clear the message in the SL to TL.

2. Airbus A320-200

There are four methods that are applied in the translations. They are

transliteration and naturalization (borrowing), transposition, addition semantic,

and subtraction. The analysis and discussions are presented as follow:

a. Transliteration and Naturalization (Borrowing)

The third method is transliteration and naturalization. There is one

translation that is categorized in this method. The translation is presented as

follows:

Table 14. The Example of Transliteration and Naturalization in Airbus

A320-200

There are two steps in borrowing. First step, SL‟s sound and spelling is

maintained in TL. Second step, the word adapted from the normal pronunciation

of SL and transferred phonologically into TL. It influences the sound from SL into

TL. The Decompression /di:kəm‟pre∫n/ changes into Dekompresi /dékomprési/.

No SL TL Method

3/Ab Decompression Dekompresi Transliteration and

Naturalization


43

b. Transposition

The first method is transposition. This method is transfering a message

from SL that maintains the structur in TL. Based on the data, there are six

translations that are applied by literal translation. The examples are:

Table 15. The Examples of Transposition in Airbus A320-200

No SL TL Method

1/Ab Safety Instruction Petunjuk Keselamatan Transposition

2/Ab Emergency Landing Pendaratan Darurat Transposition


Operation


Darurat Transposition

The examples above show that the translation considers the grammatical

structure on TL. Even though the structure changes,the translation in TL

maintains the origin meaning. Transposition is applied in this translation. It has a

function to be accepted by the readers in TL.

c. Addition (Semantic)

The second method is addition. Based on the data, there is one translation

uses this method. The example can be seen on the table as follows:

Table 16. The Example of Addition (Semantic) in Airbus A320-200

No SL TL Method

4/Ab Life Vest Baju Pelampung Addition

(Semantic)

The translation gets an addition in TL. There is an addition of word baju to

emphasize the reader in TL. It is added to explain to the reader that the life vest in

is worn in the upper of body.


44

d. Subtraction

The fourth method is subtraction. There is one translation that uses this

method. The example of analysis can be seen below:

Table 17. The Example of Subtraction in Airbus A320-200

No SL TL Method

5/Ab Do Not Remove

From The Aircraft

Jangan Pindahkan

Dari Pesawat Subtraction

The subtraction process lies on the definite article the. The translator

ommits the article because the use of article is optional in TL. However, the

translation in TL does not change the origin meaning.

3. Boeing 737-500

The second data was compiled from Boeing 737-500. There are ten

English-Indonesian safety instructions translations. They are translated by two

methods. The methods are addition and transposition.

b. Addition (Semantic)

The second method is addition semantic. There are six translations that are

applied in this method. The examples can be seen as follows:

Table 18. The Examples of Addition (Semantic) in Boeing 737-500

No SL TL METHOD


Mendarat Addition (Semantic)

4/B Life Vest Alat pelampung Addition (Semantic)


Keadaan Darurat Addition (Semantic)


45

Based on the example, there is a word that is added in the TL. The first

example is the word waktu is added in the TL in order to emphasize the message

of the SL. It shows the condition in take off and landing. The second example is

the word alat is added in the Life Vest. It aims to tell the reader about something

that is used keep the passenger alive in the water. The third example is the word

lampu petunjuk is added in the TL. It emphasizes the usage of the light as a guide

for passenger in unexpected situation.

b. Transposition

The first method is addition. There are four translations that use this

method. The examples are:

Table 19. The Examples of Transposition in Boeing 737-500

There is a change of grammatical structure in SL and in TL. Besides that,

the other two translations get transposition in order to adjust the structure pattern

in Bahasa Indonesia as TL.

No SL TL METHOD

1/B Door Operation Cara Membuka Pintu Transposition


Water Mendarat Darurat di Air Transposition

7/B For Your Safety Untuk Keselamatan Anda Transposition


46

4. ATR 72/500-600

The third data were compiled from ATR 72/500-600. There are three

methods that are used in translating the safety instructions. They are subtraction,

addition semantic, and transposition. The data are presented as follows:

a. Subtraction

The second method is subtraction. There is one translation included in this

method. The example is presented as follows:

Table 20. The Example of Subtraction in ATR 72/500-600

Based on the example, the preposition of is not translated in the TL. Even

though the translator ommits the preposition of in the TL, it does not change the

origin meaning in the SL. The preposition of in the TL is ommitted because the

usage of the preposition is not necessary. Moreover, the noun phrase in Bahasa

Indonesia is not followed by preposition.

b. Addition (Semantic)

The first method is addition. In this translations, the addition occurs in

semantic. There are five translations that are used this method. The two from five

data can be seen as follows:

Table 21. The Examples of Addition (Semantic) in ATR 72/500-600

No SL TL Method

7/A Emergency Exit Pintu Darurat Addition (Semantic)

No SL TL METHOD

2/A Explanation of

Symbol Penjelasan Tanda Substraction


47

No SL TL Method

11/A

Please Do Not

Remove From

Aircraft

Mohon Kartu Ini

Jangan Dibawa Pulang Addition (Semantic)

According to the example, there is an addition word that occurs in the TL.

Firstly, the sentence Please Do Not Remove From Aircraft is translated to Mohon

Kartu Ini Jangan Dibawa Pulang. From the example, the word Kartu is added in

TL. It has a function to emphasize the reader that to tell what the object that

cannot remove from the aircraft.

Secondly, the phrase emergency exit is translated into pintu darurat. The

word pintu is added in TL because the translator adjusts the context of the object.

Besides that, the translator aims to tell the reader where they should go and the

way to go out in the emergency situation.

c. Transposition

The third method is transposition. There are four translations that used this

method. The examples can be seen below:

Table 22. The Example of Transposition in ATR 72/500-600

No SL TL METHOD

1/A Safety Instruction Petunjuk Keselamatan Transposition

6/A Door Operation Cara Membuka Pintu Transposition


on Water

Mendarat Darurat di

Air Transposition


48

Based on the three examples above, there is an adjustment of grammatical

structure from SL to TL. It is done in order to make the translation is acceptable

in TL reader. For instance, Safety Instruction is translated into Petunjuk

Keselamatan. Because of the characteristic of structure in Bahasa Indonesia, the

translator adjusts the pattern from menerangkan-diterangkan into diterangkan-

menerangkan. It means, the phrase is begun by putting the head first.


49

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

This thesis has three objectives as stated in chapter I. The first is to

discover the equivalence of Indonesian translation in safety manuals of Airbus

A320-200, Boeing 737-500, and ATR 72/500-600. The translation in these three

different aircrafts uses both formal and dynamic equivalence. Yet, the formal

equivalence is the mostly used by those three aircrafts. It is proven by the result

of the data that from 30 Indonesian translations, there are 23 Indonesian

translations are included in formal equivalence and only 7 Indonesian translations

included in the dynamic equivalence.

The first aircraft, Airbus A320-200, has 9 Indonesian translations included

in formal equivalence and only one Indonesian translation involved in dynamic

equivalence. The second aircraft, Boeing 737-500, has 6 Indonesian translations

included formal equivalence and there are 3 Indonesian translations included

dynamic equivalence. The third aircraft, ATR 72/500-600, has 8 Indonesian

translations included formal equivalence and 3 Indonesian translations included

dynamic equivalence.

The second objective of this research is to find out the Indonesian

translation readability of the aircraft safety manuals. The findings show that the

Indonesian translation in Boeing 737-500 is the most readable. It might happen

because the SL is translated based on the context (jika terjadi pendaratan darurat

instead of pendaratan darurat) and nature of the TL (which one they are most


50

familiar with, jika pesawat kehilangan tekanan rather than dekompresi) in that

aircraft. Therefore, the passengers can easily understand the meaning of the

translation because the translation adjusts with the direct needs of the passengers

to understand the translation in aircraft safety manuals. Simply the readability is

how people can understand the message from their various backgrounds.

The third aim of this research is to look for the methods applied to

translate the aircraft safety manuals into Indonesian. There are 4 methods that are

used in this research. They are transposition, addition semantic, subtraction, and

borrowing (transliteration and naturalization). Based on the analysis, the method

that has been used frequently is transposition (15 translations) and addition

semantic (12 translations). In Airbus A320-200, there are 7 translation use

transposition and 1 addition semantic. In Boeing 737-500, there are 3 translations

uses transposition and 6 translations use addition semantic. In ATR 72/500-600,

there are 5 translations use transposition and 5 translations use addition semantic.

As a final point, translation is the process in translating a sentence, phrase,

or clause to make the reader‟s respond in TL is the same with the reader‟s respond

in SL. In translation process, the translator must find the equivalence between two

different texts. By finding the equivalence, the translator is able to translate the

text properly. Furthermore, the text can be accepted to the reader. In this research,

the translation process occurs in three different aircrafts. By using Nida‟s

equivalence approaches, the researcher concludes that the equivalence that is most

used in translating aircraft safety manuals is formal equivalence. It occurs because

the translator maintains the origin form of SL to TL.


51

Moreover, the translation methods that are used in translating aircraft

safety manuals are transposition and addition semantic. Furthermore, those

equivalence approach and translation methods bring the effect to the level of the

readability of aircraft safety manuals in Airbus A320-200, Boeing 737-500, and

ATR72/500-600.


52

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bassnett, S. Translation Studies. London and New York: Routledge,1980.

Bell, Roger T. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice. New York:

Longman Inc. 1997.

Campbell, Stuart. Translation into the Second Language. New York: Addison

Wesley Longman Inc, 1998.

Catford, John C. A Linguistic Theory of Translation: An Essay in Applied

Linguistic. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965.

Djuharif, O. Setiawan. Teknik dan Panduan Menerjemahkan Bahasa Inggris-

Bahasa Indonesia. Bandung: Yrama Widya, 2004.

Djumeno, Erlangga. “50 Airbus A320 untuk Citilink”.

(http://bisniskeuangan.kompas.com/read/2011/06/14/1021123/50.airbus.a32

0.untuk.citilink). June 14, 2011.

Hananto, Akhyari. “Ada Komponen Buatan Indonesia di Pesawat Boeing dan

Airbus”. (http://www.goodnewsfromindonesia.org/2015/09/21/ada-

komponen-buatan-indonesia-di-pesawat-boeing-dan-airbus/). September 21,

2015.

Hatim, Basil and Jeremy Munday. Translation an Advanced Resource Book.

London and New York: Routledge, 2004.

Hornby, A. S. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Ditionary. Oxford: Oxford University

Press, 2005.

Larson, M.L. Meaning Based Translation: A Guide to Cross Language

Equivalence. New York: University Press of America, 1984.

Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications.

Ottawa: Routledge, 2001.

Nida, Eugine and Charles Tabir. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden:

E.J. Brill. 1974.

Newmark, Peter. Approaches to Translation. London: Pergamon Press. 1981.

Pratama, Albertus Abi Galih. “Indonesian Translation of Tea and Juice Drinks

Labels: A Study on The Accuracy, Readability and Strategies Applied”.

Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University, 2015.


53

Suryawinata, Zuchridin and Sugeng Hariyanto. Translation: Bahasa Teori dan

Penuntun Praktis Menerjemahkan. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. 2003.

Trimulyana, Anggelone Yudha. “The Culinary Term Translation in Enak: Jogja

Culinary Guide: A Study on The Relation between Acceptability and

Translation Strategies Applied”. Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata

Dharma University. 2015.

Wahyudi, Moch. “Ini 4 Keunggulan ATR 72-600 yang buat Garuda Terpincut”.

(http://www.merdeka.com/uang/ini-4-keunggulan-atr-72-600-yang-buat-

garuda-terpincut/bisa-menjangkau-bandara-kecil.html). December 13, 2013.


54

APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Data of Aircraft Safety Manuals in Airbus A320-200

No/Code SL TL

1/Ab Safety Instruction Petunjuk Keselamatan

2/Ab Emergency Landing Pendaratan Darurat

3/Ab Decompression Dekompresi

4/Ab Life Vest Baju Pelampung

5/Ab Do Not Remove From The

Aircraft Jangan Pindahkan Dari Pesawat

6/Ab Emergency Door Operation Pengoperasian Pintu Darurat

7/Ab Emergency Window Operation Pengoperasian Jendela Darurat

8/Ab Emergency Landing On Terrain Pendaratan Darurat Di Daratan

9/Ab Evacuation Route When Cabin

Full Of Smoke

Rute Evakuasi Saat Kabin Penuh

Asap

10/Ab Take Off And Landing Tinggal Landas dan Mendarat


55

Appendix 2: Data of Aircraft Safety Manuals in Boeing 737-500

No/Code SL TL

1/B Door Operation Cara Membuka Pintu


Mendarat


Water Mendarat Darurat di Air

4/B Life Vest Alat Pelampung

5/B In Case of Emergency

Landing


Darurat


Decompression


Tekanan Udara

7/B For Your Safety Untuk Keselamatan Anda

8/B Infant Life Vest Alat Pelampung Bayi


Keadaan Darurat

10/B

When Finished reviewing

this card please return it to

the seat pocket for next

passenger

Setelah mempelajari kartu

petunjuk keselamatan harap

dikembalikan ke kantong

kursi untuk penumpang

selanjutnya


56

Appendix 3: Data of Aircraft Safety Manuals in ATR 72/500-600

No/Code SL TL

1/A Safety Instruction Petunjuk Keselamatan

2/A Explanation Of Symbol Penjelasan Tanda

3/A Take Off And Landing Waktu Tinggal Landas dan

Mendarat

4/A Emergency Landing Position Posisi Dalam Keadaan Darurat

5/A Emergency Exit Pintu Dan Jendela Darurat

6/A Door Operation Cara Membuka Pintu

7/A Emergency Light Lampu Petunjuk Dalam Keadaan

Darurat

8/A Life Vest Baju Pelampung

9/A Emergency Landing On

Water Mendarat Darurat Di Air

10/A Please Do Not Remove From

Aircraft

Mohon Kartu Ini Jangan Dibawa

Pulang


57

Appendix 4: Readability’s Questionnaire

KUESIONER KETERBACAAN

Yth Responden

Saya ucapkan terimakasih sebelumnya atas kesediaan Anda untuk

berpartisipasi dalam penelitian saya sebagai salah satu responden. Penelitian ini

saya lakukan dalam rangka menyusun tugas akhir kuliah dengan judul

“INDONESIAN TRANSLATION OF AIRCRAFT SAFETY MANUALS: THE

STUDY OF EQUIVALENCE, READABILITY, AND METHOD APPLIED”.

Objek penelitian ini adalah semua frasa atau kalimat yang ada di kartu panduan

keselamatan pesawat.

Dalam mengisi kuesioner ini, responden diharapkan untuk dapat memilih

dan memberi tanda (√ ) pada teks kalimat terjemahan yang lebih mudah untuk

dipahami.

Contoh :

Kontribusi Anda dalam penelitian ini sangat berarti bagi saya, oleh karena itu saya

ucapkan terimakasih banyak kepada Anda yang telah bersedia mengisi kuesioner

ini.

Hormat Saya,


Nomor Induk Mahasiswa 124214046

Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra

Universitas Sanata Dharma Yogyakarta


1/B Kedata-

ngan

ditunda

1/A Kedatangan

tertunda

1/Ab Kedatangan

masih

tertunda

√

Alasan:


58

Data dibawah ini merupakan hasil terjemahan Petunjuk Keselamatan yang

terdapat dalam pesawat jenis Airbus A320-200, Boeing 737-500, dan ATR 72-

500/600.


1/B Cara Membuka

Pintu 1/A

Cara membuka

Pintu dan

Jendela

1/Ab Pengoperasian

Pintu

Alasan:

2/B Waktu Lepas

Landas &

Mendarat

2/A Waktu Tinggal

Landas dan

Mendarat

2/Ab Tinggal Landas

dan Mendarat

Alasan:

3/B Mendarat

Darurat di Air 3/A

Mendarat

Darurat di Air 3/Ab

Pendaratan

Darurat di Air

Alasan:

4/B Alat

Pelampung

4/A Baju

Pelampung

4/Ab Baju

Pelampung

Alasan:

5/B Setelah

mempelajari

kartu petunjuk

keselamatan

harap

dikembalikan

ke kantong

kursi untuk

penumpang

selanjutnya

5/A Mohon kartu ini

jangan dibawa

pulang

5/Ab Jangan

pindahkan dari

pesawat

Alasan:


59

Jika ada terjemhana yang sama, dimohon untuk memilih salah satu

Appendix 5: The Result of Airbus A320-200’s Equivalence and Translation

Method

No SL TL Equivalencce Method

1/Ab Safety Instruction Petunjuk Keselamatan Formal Transposition

2/Ab Emergency Landing Pendaratan Darurat Formal Transposition

3/Ab Decompression Dekompresi Formal Borrowing

4/Ab Life Vest Baju Pelampung Dynamic Addition

Semantic

5/Ab Do Not Remove

From The Aircraft

Jangan Pindahkan Dari

Pesawat Forma Substraction

6/Ab Emergency Door

Operation

Pengoperasian Pintu

Darurat Formal Transposition


Operation


Darurat Formal Transpositon

8/Ab Emergency Landing

On Terrain

Pendaratan Darurat Di

Daratan Formal Transposition

6/B Jika Pesawat

Kehilangan

Tekanan Udara

6/A - 6/Ab Dekompresi

Alasan:

7/B Jika Terjadi

Pendaratan

Darurat

6/A Posisi Dalam

Keadaan

Darurat

6/Ab Pendaratan

Darurat


60

No SL TL Equivalence Method

9/Ab

Evacuation Route

When Cabin Full Of

Smoke

Rute Evakuasi Saat Kabin

Penuh Asap Formal Transposition

10/Ab Take Off And

Landing

Tinggal Landas dan

Mendarat Formal Transposition

Appendix 6: The Result of Boeing 737-500’s Equivalence and Translation

Methods


1/B Door Operation Cara Membuka Pintu Formal Transposition

2/B Take Off and

Landing

Waktu Lepas Landas &

Mendarat Formal

Addition

Semantic

3/B Emergency Landing

on Water Mendarat Darurat di Air Formal Transposition

4/B Life Vest Alat Pelampung Dynamic Addition

Semantic

5/B In Case of

Emergency Landing


Darurat Formal

Addition

semantic


Decompression


Tekanan Udara Formal

Addition

Smenatic

7/B For Your Safety Untuk Keselamatan Anda Formal Transposition

8/B Infant Life Vest Alat Pelampung Bayi Dynamic Addition

Semantic


Keadaan Darurat Dynamic

Addition

Semantic


61

Appendix 7: The Result of ATR 72/500-600’s Equivalence and Translation

Methods


10/B

When Finished

reviewing this

card please return

it to the seat

pocket for next

passenger

Setelah mempelajari

kartu petunjuk

keselamatan harap

dikembalikan ke

kantong kursi untuk

penumpang

selanjutnya

Formal Transposition


1/A Safety Instruction Petunjuk Keselamatan Formal Transposition

2/A Explanation Of

Symbol Penjelasan Tanda Formal Subtraction

3/A Take Off And

Landing

Waktu Tinggal

Landas dan Mendarat Formal

Addition

Semantic

4/A Emergency

Landing Position

Posisi Dalam

Keadaan Darurat Formal Transposition

5/A Emergency Exit Pintu Dan Jendela

Darurat Dynamic

Addition

Semantic

6/A Door Operation Cara Membuka Pintu Formal Transposition

7/A Emergency Light

Lampu Petunjuk

Dalam Keadaan

Darurat

Dynamic Addition

Semantic

8/A Life Vest Baju Pelampung Dynamic Addition

Smeantic

9/A Emergency

Landing On Water

Mendarat Darurat Di

Air Formal Transposition

10/A

Please Do Not

Remove From

Aircraft

Mohon Kartu Ini

Jangan Dibawa

Pulang

Formal Addition

Semantic


62

Appendix 8: The Result of Readability’s Questionnaire


1/B Cara Membuka

Pintu 1/A

Cara membuka

Pintu dan

Jendela

1/Ab Pengoperasi-

an Pintu 6 6 8

2/B Waktu Lepas

Landas dan

Mendarat

2/A Waktu Tinggal

Landas dan

Mendarat

2/Ab Tinggal

Landas dan

Mendarat

13 4 3

3/B Mendarat

Darurat di Air 3/A

Mendarat

Darurat di Air 3/Ab

Pendaratan

Darurat di

Air

2 2 16

4/B Alat

Pelampung

4/A Baju

Pelampung

4/Ab Baju

Pelampung 4 8 8

5/B Setelah

mempelajari

kartu petunjuk

keselamatan

harap

dikembalikan

ke kantong

kursi untuk

penumpang

selanjutnya

5/A Mohon kartu ini

jangan dibawa

pulang

5/Ab Jangan

pindahkan

dari pesawat

9 10 1

6/B Jika Pesawat

Kehilangan

Tekanan Udara

6/A - 6/Ab Dekompresi 17 - 3

7/B Jika Terjadi

Pendaratan

Darurat

6/A Posisi Dalam

Keadaan

Darurat

6/Ab Pendaratan

Darurat 10 3 7

The Sum of Respondents’ Choice 61 33 46


63

Appendix 9: The Pictures of Aircraft Safety Manuals


Documents

INDONESIAN TRANSLATION OF AIRCRAFT SAFETY MANUALS: …