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Brawijaya University Jln. Veteran, Malang, Jawa Timur 65145, Indonesia
Abstract
The highest security threats and challenges in South-East Asia today is the warming of the South China Sea conflict involving
several countries in ASEAN regional. On the other side, the various conflict in the Middle East that known as the Arab spring,
interesting to observe, the issue of terrorism, sectarian of religion, human rights, democratization and others, is a phenomenon that
can inspire various circles in other countries. Furthermore, terrorist attacks recently in France has become a signal to the whole
world that the upheaval in the Middle East has also become a real threat to all countries in the world, especially Indonesia, which
is the country with the largest Muslim population. Political issues are mixed with religious sentiment is an issue that deserves the
attention of Indonesia in maintaining the integrity of the nation. This paper discusses Indonesian security perceptions, potential
threats, including endeavors to amend and rebalance Indonesia’s relationships with extra-regional potencies. A key priority of the
defense strategy for Indonesia’s to increase the national security capabilities by improving the economic, energy and security
cooperation with strategic allies, bolstering the substructures of strategic cooperation through defense diplomacy and the last is
military must be rapidly modernizes.
Keywords— Indonesia, National security, Militry Diplomacy, Southest Asia, Asia-Pacific
I. INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is a democratic country with a predominantly Islamic and a country with the largest Muslims population in
the world. On the other side, Indonesia is the largest country in Southeast Asia and the world’s largest archipelago
state with the largest marine jurisdiction. Indonesia is also located in the middle of the ‘cross-roads’ between the
Indian and Pacific Oceans and between the Asian and Australian continents. It also controls four of the world’s seven
major maritime checkpoints, including the Malacca Strait. This further suggests that the economic, political and
military lifeline of the Asia-Pacific region depends on the stability, foreign policy and geopolitical of Indonesia
(Rabasa and Chalk, 2001; Laksmana, 2011).
Indonesia, as a sovereign state is part of the international community. In the run life of the nation, society and the
state, in addition to having an international responsibility, Indonesian was also faced with and influenced by the
political constellation and global security. Currently, there are two issues in the spotlight for the whole nation in the
world, namely:
1. The first is increases in political tensions in the South China Sea, the conflict in the sea south china where
there are six countries bordering the waters that lay claim to ownership of the territory and archipelago in the region,
although Indonesian not directly involved in dispute in terms of ownership claim territory in the South China Sea, but
in the presence of a unilateral claim of China published in China in 1992 that China lays out maritime jurisdiction
unilateral until venturing into the Indonesian EEZ are characterized by the presence of nine dotted lines.
2. The second is a change in the political landscape of the Middle East, the recent change of regimes in the
Middle East, known as the Arab Spring, interesting to observe. Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Turkey and several other
countries, including Iraq and Syria being turbulent, generally indicates the resistance of the people against the ruling
mainstream. Various issues that accompany such dissatisfaction to the absolute monarchy, human rights, fight against
the central area, the issue of purification of religion, democratization, terrorism and others is a phenomenon that can
inspire various circles in other countries. Furthermore, terrorist attacks recently in France has become a signal to the
whole world that the upheaval in the Middle East has also become a real threat to all countries in the world, especially
Indonesia which is the country with the largest Muslim population. In the midst of the internal struggle, the other large
countries which have a strategic interest in the form of investment security, energy mastery, strategic allies helped add
Indonesian Security Challenges: Problems and Prospect to
Improve National Security
Paryanto
to the complexity of the problems.
According to the two problems as described above, this paper intends to discuss the dynamics of global
developments related to the influence of the Arab spring and the conflict in the South China Sea and its implications
for Indonesian security.
II. INDONESIAN PERCEPTION IN ASEAN REGIONAL SECURITY
The biggest security threats and challenges in Southeast Asia today is the warming of the South China Sea conflict
involving several countries in ASEAN. Furthermore, Indonesia exact position bordering the South China Sea in the
northwest-north Natuna Islands, the Pacific Islands. The ASEAN countries are in conflict about sovereignty claims in
the South China Sea is Vietnam, the Philippines, Brunei Darussalam, and Malaysia. The highness of China and its
potential geopolitical impact, including its military capabilities have far reaching implication insinuations for Asia
and the world.
Southeast Asia is a region dominated by water than land. Such a situation has implications for the more dominant
political issues and security associated with the maritime domain than other issues. Of the nine strategic choke points
of the world, four of which are located in this region. Thus, it is not an exaggeration to conclude that geopolitical
region will be also related to the maritime domain. Currently, Southeast Asia experts agree that the region is emerging
in significance on the global economic landscape over the last decade. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN) consisting of Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar,
and Cambodia are now important trading partners with the U.S and China (Broderick, 2015).
Figure 1: Southeast Asia Area Map1
The position of Indonesia has a very important role in Southeast Asia, because two-thirds of Southeast Asia is the
sovereign territory of Indonesia. In addition, two-thirds of Southeast Asian waters is jurisdictional waters of Indonesia.
Starting from these circumstances, Indonesia past, present and future will always play a central and strategic role in
regional security and stability. The relations between ASEAN and China occupy a unique and important position in
the foreign relations of the Asia-Pacific region. China and Southeast Asia's political, strategic and economic
importance in the realm of international relations have been transformed by the region's unprecedented economic
growth, unexpected financial crisis, and turbulent political changes (Laksmana, 2011).
China’s economic growth is dramatically changing its economic and political relations with the world, including
Southeast Asia, an area where the United States has strong economic, political, and strategic interests. A major Spratly
conflict will adversely affect China's economic development which is increasingly dependent on global trade and
which lends a degree of legitimacy to the Chinese ruling party. Although China's external commerce is smaller than
the ASEAN countries and Japan, it is growing rapidly and will play a more important role in the country's future
development. The rise of China gives the signal will be (or was) a change in the balance of a new force in international
relations. Unipolar system that had been commandeered by the United States, especially in Southeast Asia, 'threatened'
by the Chinese presence in the region. While the US pivot to Asia policy that intensified government of US President
Barack Obama gives a signal that Asia is an important region for the US and there is a national interest in the region.
Some experts even discuss the possibility of competition that will end with a war or military conflict in the 21st
century.
Over the last ten years or so, China has consistently demonstrated its ability to sustain economic growth at an
impressive rate. Along with its economic development, China’s military capability has also improved significantly.
Over the past 20 years China has increased its military budget by double digits almost every year. While that rate of
growth appears to be shrinking alongside China's larger economic slowdown, analysts at security watchdog IHS Jane's
predict that Chinese defense budget growth will continue to increase roughly 7 percent annually through the end of
the decade. By 2020, Beijing will be spending $260 billion on its military (compared with $145 billion in 2015). While
the $612 billion 2016 U.S. defense budget working its way through Congress this week dwarfs China's own defense
spending, that sustained growth means China will double its defense spending over the course of this decade (USCC,
2014).
The challenge for Southeast Asian states, including Indonesia, of China’s rise is not so much conceived in terms of
“China’s threat” but more in terms of China’s future role and place in the region, and how it will affect regional
security architecture. While China has consistently demonstrated its commitment to a peaceful rise and played a
positive role for the stability and security of the region, the strategic uncertainty surrounding China’s rise remains a
security challenge for regional states, including Indonesia. In facing those security challenges, Indonesia recognizes
the importance of national security strategy to address them which is partly reflected in national defense policy and
posture. However, it is not easy to determine various influences on defense policy of Indonesia. In theory, defense
policy and posture of Indonesia would reflect, and is influenced by, its threat perceptions, even though “threats have
not been the most important influences on the development of (Southeast Asian) countries’ armed forces: long-term,
non-threat factors have generally been far more significant.” (Sukma, 2012). the following discussion will examine
the extent to which ASEAN current defense policy, force structure, and procurement have been influenced by its
assessments and perceptions of security challenges facing the country.
Southeast Asia geopolitical dynamics are always influenced by the interaction of the countries of Southeast Asia as
well as the role and influence of the extra power of the region. Although the countries of Southeast Asia are now all
being assembled in ASEAN as the dream of the founders of ASEAN on August 6, 1967, but the role and influence of
the extra power of the region such as the USA, Australia, India, Japan and China cannot be ignored anyway. It is
logical to embrace the forces of ASEAN's dialogue partners in the container into the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF).
Indeed, the diminished benefits coming from territorial acquisitions make the use of force less attractive a proposition
in East Asia than in any other place in the world.
Inside the pillars of the political community and the safety of ASEAN, there are three characteristics, namely First,
community-based rule with values and shared norms, second, a region unified, peaceful, and tough with shared
responsibility for comprehensive security; and third, dynamic region and sighted out in a world that is increasingly
integrated and interdependent. Despite all its weaknesses, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has
arguably played a significant role in shaping and contributing to regional security in Southeast Asia and beyond [7].
Politics and Security in the ASEAN region to be taken seriously. Because, if not prevented or anticipated to interfere
with the relationship between inter-regional countries. Therefore, with the ASEAN Political and Security Community
is expected to minimize conflicts that are not widespread and together finish. Some of the challenges ASEAN political
and security today, are:
1. 1. Dispute seizing the Spratly and Paracel Islands in the South China Sea involving several countries such as
the Philippines, Vietnam, and China are not members of ASEAN. It has yet to happen a peace agreement, it
will have an impact on security and stability in the region.
2. Bilateral conflicts, such as Cambodia with Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia, and several other ASEAN
member countries usually occur in the border region. If this conflict is not immediately drown, would greatly
disrupt good relations between the countries in dispute.
3. The problem of democracy in Myanmar, which could disturb the stability of politics.
4. The issue of the coup in Thailand that often occur between the opposition and the Government Pro.
5. The issue of terrorism is still massive in the ASEAN region should be resolved seriously.
6. Weak protection of human rights, women, and children still occur in some ASEAN countries, including
Indonesia.
Several challenges as described above must be given priority in order to create an area of peace and harmony without
prolonged feud. ASEAN is a region of trade and international shipping lines, if political stability and security are not
created, it will be very disturbing world economic activity. Moreover, in the resolution of conflicts in ASEAN has
always emphasized on the process of dialogue and negotiation. It is, judged more effective than a war that actually
lead to widespread conflict. Indonesia as one of the founders of ASEAN and the largest country in the Southeast Asian
region has a vital role in any decision-making. Security issues and politics that makes the challenge must be completed
in accordance platform agreed. Cooperation conflict prevention and sustainable peace is an attempt to create a shady
condition in the region.
A. South China Sea and Potential Triggers of Conflict
Related to the South China Sea conflicts, there are six countries bordering the waters of the China, Taiwan, Vietnam,
the Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam are asserted claims to the Spratly and Paracel islands, whether in
whole or in part. Background claim states (claimants) are different from one another, ranging from historical reasons
(China, Taiwan, Vietnam), rights to the invention (the Philippines), and the continental shelf (Malaysia and Brunei)
as well as reasons of security and defense. Applicability of international maritime law (UNCLOS 1982) seems to
provide an opportunity for claimants to strengthen and even certify their guidance potentially resulting in sea disputes
respective national jurisdictions overlap. However, China claims more than 80 percent of the South China Sea and has
constructed artificial islands there for potential development. The defining characteristic of the South China Sea and
a significant source of tensions in the region are the competing legal claims of territorial sovereignty over its islands
(O'Rourke, 2015).
Fig 2: China’s Territorial Claims in the South China Sea – The “9-Dash Line (Hines, 2013)2
Since the 1950s, claims to ownership of the Spratly Islands and the surrounding areas by some countries become more
frequent and crowded as some of the countries surrounding the South China Sea coast have also expressed and
confirmed that they are the owners so that the right to manage the region. This situation is seen by the Chinese from
a political perspective that is an integral part of political policy of the United States that seeks to stem the influence of
China (containment policy) that would spread communism to Southeast Asia.
So far China is seen as the only major country that is most consistent exploit his claim, as evidenced by the political
wisdom of the government that in some instances do not hesitate to use its military power to support its policies. China
attitude shown as showing that China was the only actor in the South China Sea and will oppose any other force
presence in the region. The United States with its global strength has traditionally been present in the South China
Sea, including Southeast Asia, because it has a very great interest in this area, of course, do not want to lose its
supremacy was taken over by China. For example, some time ago the US Navy conduct joint exercises with the
Vietnamese Navy in the waters of the South China Sea and this should be read as a message the United States to
countries in the region that Washington remains concerned to maintain a commitment to its main security and stability
in East Asia and Southeast Asia.
China felt that the policy of the United States is perceived as a threat to the security of the country. Even in the
subsequent political developments since the 1970s, when there was a dramatic change in the relationship between
China and the United States, China claims over the Spratly Islands and adjacent waters has never changed. Threats to
the safety at sea, especially in the South China Sea are increasing when the Soviet Union gained access in Vietnam.
In this same decade the outside world for the first time witnessed the Chinese real step in maintaining hegemony,
when in 1973 they presented a working paper to the Committee of the UN Seabed which contains three main issues,
namely the territorial sea, the exclusive economic zone and continental shelf. This paper can be considered a
declaration that will be applied to all the territory of the China, including the Paracel and Spratly Islands. In 1976
China strongly protested an oil exploration activities carried out by a consortium of oil between Sweden and the
Philippines and in the same year also protesting oil exploration cooperation agreement between the Soviet Union and
Vietnam in South Vietnam continental shelf area.
Somewhat surprisingly, when the international convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS 1982) accepted and
ratified by most countries in the maritime world, which contain about as wide territorial sea boundaries 12 miles,
China also signed without any objection. Beijing government measures are quite surprising particularly the countries
of Southeast Asia are the unilateral establishment of a new ocean regime on February 25, 1992, in which the entire
South China Sea area declared a territory and the continental shelf hers. It can be concluded that the Chinese claim to
ownership of the Paracel and Spratly islands, even over the entire South China Sea region, based on the interests of
political, economic and military strategy (Schofield and Storey, (2009).
A failure to peacefully resolve the dispute, especially if it leads to renewed military actions by any one or more of the
claimants, would have much broader regional, if not global economic as well as political/security consequences. The
risk of military conflict among the competing claimants has broader security implications even for non-claimant
countries, including the United States, Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, Singapore, and Australia. One reason is the
sheer volume of trade shipments that use the important maritime routes. For example, a substantial amount of Japan’s
energy resources is shipped along sea lanes that transit the South China Sea. The United States and other countries
also have strong interests in maintaining the principle of freedom of navigation and overflight through the strategically
located waters.
Such activities occasionally result in confrontations. For example, an incident occurred on April 2001 when a Chinese
interceptor collided with a U.S. EP-3 reconnaissance aircraft operating in the South China Sea. The Chinese fighter
crashed, killing the pilot, and the damaged U.S. aircraft made an emergency landing on China’s Hainan Island. The
crew and aircraft were held for several days before finally being released. The unexpected incident caused a short-
lived but intense diplomatic showdown between Beijing and Washington (Schofield and Storey, (2009).
As stakeholders over the South China Sea, ASEAN and China should implement the following three actions to
preserve peace and stability. While tensions in the South China Sea are continuing to evolve, there are several
processes and dialogues underway in an effort to build confidence within the region and establish a common code of
conduct. In 2002, ASEAN and China issued a joint ‘Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea’,
which affirmed the signatories' commitment to international law and the freedom of navigation in the South China
Sea. The Declaration also called for the adoption of a code of conduct for the South China Sea, to be negotiated by
the parties subsequently. It is unclear how the possible negotiation of a code of conduct will be affected by international
legal action that has been taken by the Philippines against China, or how ASEAN will respond to China’s recent
policies in the South China Sea. However, as a basis for a code to be negotiated, confidence between the maritime
powers in the South China Sea will first need to be established (Storey, 2014) Americans by using both soft power
and hard power in spreading its influence has been actively involved in the conflict at South China Sea. U.S has long
tried to run soft power diplomacy in Southeast Asia to establish closer ties with allies and partners such as Australia
and Singapore, and recently in a relationship with Vietnam, Laos, and Myanmar.
With the increasing capabilities of China both in economic and military, leading China has the potential to rival the
United States hegemony in the international world. For that, Americans are trying to seek alliances and support of
Asian countries to maintain the stability of its hegemony. To that end, the South China Sea conflict perceived the
United States as the entrance to the region to seek alliance and support from countries of the region, especially
Southeast Asian region has always been a projection of Chinese hegemony. By participating in this conflict, the United
States seeks to counter Chinese hegemony in the region to maintain stability. The South China Sea territorial disputes
do not directly involve the United States, but the disputes do directly involve many of the United States' allies and
partners. The Sea is an important conduit for trade and for the general security of a region that is growing in economic
and strategic importance.
Chinese suspect some ASEAN member states have allowed or even facilitate the wheelbase American policy in Asia
(one of the foreign policy of the Obama administration) and involve the United States in the South China Sea conflict.
In numerous occasions reminded ASEAN to China "takes no position" in the regional power game. ASEAN, on the
other hand, with subtle hegemony intentions expressed concerns over China in the South China Sea are characterized
by the use of military force and the military to change the status quo South China Sea that are already vulnerable.
Declaration of Air Defense Identification Zone (Zone Identification Air Defense, ADIZ) over the East China Sea
conducted by China unilaterally recently and policies on fishing issued by the provincial government of Hainan which
require fishing vessels foreigners operating in two-thirds South China Sea region to ask for permission from the
Chinese government officials to catch fish, have raised doubts over China's ability to align words and actions -
especially over China's assertion that the new government to continue the policy as ASEAN are good neighbors.
Mutual distrust as this may lead to a cycle of action and reaction. For example, the strengthening of the armed forces
or the militarization in the region that may further exacerbate the security situation and undermine the balance of
power in the South China Sea with the consequences of which will lead to instability.
Disputes over the islands and reefs of the South China Sea were a major cause of tension between China and
Southeast Asia in the 1990s. Conflicting claims over islands in the Spratly group led to naval clashes between Vietnam
and China in 1988 that killed 70 Vietnamese naval personnel. In 1995, China seized Mischief Reef which is claimed
by the Philippines. More recently, China has acted in a more cooperative fashion than it did in the 1990s. The ASEAN
Regional Forum played a limited role in trying to defuse the situation in the South China Sea which led to China
signing the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea in 2002.
Fig 3: China-made islands in the Spratly Islands which is being debated (Broderick, 2015)
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which was concluded in 1982 and came into force
in 1994, was meant to establish a series of legal measures and laws on the economic rights of nations based on their
territorial waters and continental baselines. This is encompassed in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), a 200
nautical mile area that extends from the baseline of the coastal nation and gives the nation sole natural resource
exploitation rights within the zone (Sempa, 2002).
Disputes in the South China Sea are essentially due to two things. First, the law of the sea. UNCLOS 1982 roommates
Came into force since 16 November 1994 ratified by several countries around the waters. In 1982 UNCLOS sets of
internal waters, the archipelagic waters, territorial waters, contiguous zone, and the exclusive economic zone (EEZ),
the continental shelf and the open seas. Referring to Reviews These provisions, the countries around the South China
Sea seeks to expand its territory into such waters. Second, overlapping claims. Overlapping claims made by each
country in the South China Sea can be divided into two forms items, namely the discovery of historical claims and
occupation of the region and the expansion of the jurisdiction of the sovereign claim is based on the interpretation of
the provisions of UNCLOS in 1982 China (together with Taiwan) is a primary states good, basing his claim on
historical discovery and occupation, starting from 1947 until today, after which ratified UNCLOS in May 1996, the
country was applying the principle of island states in drawing the baselines around the Paracel Islands, although only
Indonesia and the Philippines in the area around the Mediterranean South China officially holds the status of the island
nation. Vietnam is the next country to establish claims in the South China Sea based on historical reasons discovery
and occupation. While ASEAN founding countries, namely the Philippines and Malaysia plus Brunei tend to base its
claim on international law, including the extension of the continental shelf, in the Spratley Islands. When countries
have their respective claims to territory in the South China Sea, for example the Philippines who claimed most Spratly
Islands, as well as Malaysia and Brunei. While Indonesia that do not take claim territory in the waters began to
"disturbed" by the unilateral claim of China in 1992 when it published a map of the South China Sea unilateral form
of nine dotted lines in the South China Sea also ZEE Indonesia annexed the north of the Natuna Islands. Whereas in
the Indonesian EEZ in these waters contained gas content that is now being exploited by Indonesia with US contractor.
Fig 4: Maritime claims in the South China Sea (Schofield and Storey, (2009).
Nine imaginary lines that is the one cause of conflict in the region. This claim provokes a number of countries that
also claim to have rights in the region so that world trade lanes. As is known, in addition to China, Malaysia, Vietnam,
Myanmar, Brunei, and the Philippines are the other countries that also claim the South China Sea region. Philippines
even been filed on China's claim to the international court. To that end, China urged the US to immediately halt further
provocations in the South China Sea. "We urge the United States not to take any action that threatens the sovereignty
and security of China," said a spokesman for the Chinese Foreign Ministry, Hua Chunying. According to him, China
will continue to monitor the situation in the South China Sea and be firm on any provocation by the United States.
"We will firmly respond to the deliberate provocation of any country," said Chunying at a regular press conference.
This Chunying statement responding to comments by US Deputy National Security Adviser Ben Rhodes, who claimed
there will be greater movement of the US military in the region in the name of freedom of navigation under the
auspices of international law. Hua said China has always respected and maintaining the freedom of navigation of the
various countries in accordance with international law. However, China strongly opposes any country that uses this
as an excuse to undermine China's sovereignty and security.
China does not dispute sovereignty of any of the Natuna Islands, but a map produced by the Chinese delegation at a
workshop in 1993 showed the country’s “historic waters” overlapping with the Natuna Islands’ EEZ. Indonesia asked
the Chinese government to clarify the claim and two years later was told that Beijing supported a “negotiated
settlement” to the problem. However, Indonesian authorities detained eight Chinese fishing boats inside the Natuna
Islands’ EEZ. China’s Foreign Ministry expressed “strong dissatisfaction” with the arrests and called on the Indonesia
government to release the 75 fishermen who it claimed were working in China’s “traditional fishing grounds. The
incident underscored the unresolved nature of Sino-Indonesian maritime claims in the South China Sea and the
potential for further friction, especially over valuable maritime resources such as fisheries. The incident also
underscores concerns among South China Sea littoral states over the emergence of Chinese “fishing nationalism” and
the potential deployment of fishermen as proxies to back up claims to maritime jurisdiction in the region3.
Responding to China's stance on this claim made by the State territory South China Sea, the Indonesian government
must aggressively assert a claim on the Natuna islands to China, as it is known that the Natuna is one of the excellent
in the South China Sea region. Fish in Natuna waters are often a target of plunder foreign trawlers. Another is the
potential for gas in the exclusive economic zone that has not been fully utilized. Indonesia has labeled Chinese claims
to the hotly disputed South China Sea waters as a "real threat." Vice Admiral Desi Albert Mamahit, who heads
Indonesia's Sea Security Coordinating Agency, told a maritime security focus group that the waters surrounding
several of the country’s islands were in jeopardy from an encroaching Chinese presence4. The Indonesian waters
around the Natuna Islands (Kepri) regency were not actually inside in the disputed territory, but they were very close
to the area and China had not yet clarified whatever claims it would make regarding Indonesia’s exclusive economic
zone (ZEE) around them. This is clearly a real threat for Indonesia. Therefore; Indonesia does not have much choice
but firmly assert a claim of ownership over the Natuna islands.
China is basing its claims on the resource-rich areas based on what they consider to be historical demarcations as
proposed by ancient maps of Asia, despite being thousands of miles from Hainan, China’s southernmost province.
The Philippines has been the most vocal in rebuking China’s claims in the disputed waters recently. The Philippines
Institute of Maritime and Ocean Affairs posted a series of ancient maps refuting claims of China’s “historical
ownership” of the area. At the same time, a number of ASEAN member countries, including Vietnam, Malaysia, the
Philippines and Brunei Darussalam have been claiming ownership over the same territory. This becomes complicated
as there are conflicts between fellow ASEAN member countries and China. It will be difficult to speak in one voice,
although so far ASEAN solidarity has always been maintained. Indonesia would need to be prepared to deal with any
moves made by any party involved in the dispute.
China’s hand in the South China Sea has been strengthened by the rapid modernization of the People’s Liberation
Army Navy (PLAN). Since the mid-1990s the PLAN has brought into service 12 advanced diesel-electric Kilo-class
submarines from Russia, while Chinese shipyards have been engaged in an ambitious program to build four classes
of indigenous submarines: The Jin-class nuclear powered ballistic missile submarine, the Shang-class nuclear powered
attack submarine, and two classes of non-nuclear attack vessels, Yuan and Song. The navy’s surface fleet has also
undergone a major upgrade over the past decade. The PLAN operates four Russian-built Sovremmeny-class destroyers
(designed to disable aircraft carriers), and deployed a total of nine new classes of indigenously built destroyers and
frigates, some of which incorporate stealth-like technology4.
Although Indonesia does not make territorial claims to islands in the Spratlys archipelago and is therefore not generally
regarded as a party to the South China Sea islands disputes, its possession of uncontested sovereignty over islands
located in the southwestern South China Sea, notably the Natuna Islands group, means Indonesia has a role to play in
any future maritime boundary delimitation exercise in the South China Sea.
In the South China Sea conflict, in addition to the tension the caused by the overlapping of inter-State dispute that
claim cannot be stopped until today. In addition, progress is not encouraging, especially regarding the relationship
between the two ASEAN members the Philippines and Vietnam. Philippines for example has been given various
reports of violations committed by the Chinese ships passing through the waters that have been disputed, even occur
Several incidents between Chinese patrol boats with fishing vessels Philippines. Furthermore, China is also Accused
erection of new installations in the disputed territory and intimidate Philippine oil exploration ships. While Vietnam
although it has done at least four times a bilateral meeting with China in early 2011 in order to discuss the differences
between them on the South China Sea. Unfortunately, some Chinese behavior, such as increasing the number and
activity of fishing is done aboard Chinese ships in waters off Vietnam eventually make all the results of the bilateral
meeting between the two be no benefit. Incidents such as cutting the wires in a Vietnamese oil exploration carried out
in the end China is also increasingly worsen the situation and create new initiatives for Vietnam to constantly improve
its military capabilities in the South China Sea. Concerns and fears that eventually evolved both in the Philippines and
in Vietnam ultimately encourage both leaders to gain support from the United States (US).
Therefore, due to increasing stakes and rising tensions in the South China Sea is not inevitable in the South China Sea,
but if present trends continue, sovereignty and resource disputes will be an increasing source of interstate friction with
the potential to spill over into the military confrontation. The possible military confrontation would be caused countries
in regional ASEAN in a position to jeopardize the sovereignty of its surrounding countries, especially Vietnam, the
Philippines and Malaysia including Indonesia.
B. Arab spring and its implications
As the impact on the Arab Spring that swept most of the Arab world since 2009 and is able to topple dictatorial regimes
such as Ben Ali, Hosni Mubarak and Moammar Gaddafi, Syria get "turn" it to flare up on March 11, 2011 and still
continues today (Roth, 2012), As one of the countries that are in the Fertile Crescent region in particular and the
Middle East in general, Syria becoming a world reference for policy relating to security and stabilization of the world
economy. The political dynamic in the Middle East is transmuting independently of the uprisings in the Arab world
and this is increasing the potential threats in the Southeast Asia region.
There are several issues that are behind the turmoil in Syria at this time, as it is known that countries Arab-led by Arab
Saudi in which the system of government controlled by the Sunni have played a platform that is dominant in the trade
of oil and gas in the regions of the Middle East, while in 2011 Iran, Syria and Iraq where the rule on hold by Shia has
signed a cooperation agreement the construction of oil pipelines and gas towards Lebanon, it is intended that Iran can
sell oil and gas to Europe, it would have a negative impact against strategic economic and political well middle east
region especially Saudi Arabia does not want Iran to the Shia background becomes stronger economically and
politically.
On the issue of security, since the ideological war going on in Syria, Syria turned into a field goal of training and
combat the fundamentalist Islam and fundamentalist Shi'ites that threatens the existence of nearby countries. Islamic
fundamentalists who come from various countries and organizations gathered revivalists in Syria to fight on the basis
of ideology. In addition to the refugee problem, another problem that arises is the border as an entry point for tens of
thousands of militant Jihadists from many countries. Turkey, as a NATO member country that has the second largest
military force in Europe, the most famous border "easy", and has become an entry-exit lane access jihadist from
Europe, Maghreb, America, Australia and some other countries. Turkey impressed provide leeway for anyone who
wants to get into Syria, including the volunteers and journalists illegally. It is then increasingly sparked international
political tension between Turkey, Syria, and Europe. In particular, relations of Turkey and Syria more pointed after
the previous, Assad's regime forces opened fire on civilians in the Turkish-Syrian border were consequently killed six
Turkish nationals. Even the Prime Minister of Turkey, Erdogan considers Bashar al-Assad has violated the country's
sovereignty. In addition to these problems, are now increasingly thorny border issue after the Iraq-Syrian border, has
been ruled by the Islamist fighters of the Islamic State of Iraq (now renamed the Islamic State of Iraq and Sham /
ISIS). Meanwhile, the Jordanian-Syrian border has recently been captured by the Mujahedeen Al-Nusra Front. The
problem is, these two groups, ISIS and Al-Nusra Front is a non-organic military group belonging to the Islamists
affiliated with al-Qaeda and declared in compliance with the orders Tandzim amir al-Qaeda, Dr. Ayman al-Dzawahiri.
In mid-2014, the world was shocked by the existence of an organization that uses violence to achieve its interest's
lines forming an Islamic state, the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria. This organization is a fraction of Al-Qaeda, a
terrorist group that is well-known after the events of September 11, whose existence is not recognized in Iraq and
Syria for the implementation of Islamic values espoused always use the path of violence and did not hesitate to kill.
Under the leadership of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, ISIS had joined the Al Nusra Front which is an affiliate of Al-Qaeda
in Syria. However, ISIS which is contrary to the mission to be achieved by the Al-Nusra Front to make Abu Kamal,
leader of the Al Nusra Front, an attack to the ISIS. ISIS has aspirations to establish a pure Islamic state to perform a
variety of conquest which has been carried out in Iraq and Syria.
The attitude of the international community who have opposed the existence of ISIS also bring other actions as a
manifestation thereof. The action tends to be done by countries that oppose military is where the violence used as a
way out to destroy ISIS. This was confirmed as the policies of President Barack Obama to send US troops to Iraq and
Syria to storm force after ISIS beheading video released two journalists from the United States. The same is done by
the British to send troops and air strikes led to Iraq after David Haines, the volunteers were reportedly killed by troops
ISIS beheaded while on Syria to work on an international humanitarian agency.
The conflict in Syria and then sometimes a conflict that smelled ideology that is between religious Sects Shia and
Sunni in the which the president Bashar Al-Assad affiliated to the flow of the Shiite Alawi cause various suspicions
and public opinion are Likely to plunge the conflict at the level of religious school as a result of conflict at first
politically oriented transformed into conflicts in religious beliefs between Shiite and Sunni Muslims, but the conflict
in Syria if in view of the main causes of conflict and the root causes actually not conflict nuances of religion but
Because the ruling regime of Bashar al-Assad does not take policy to Dampen the demonstration rallied in various
Cities so that the conflict is utilized by the various parties to Obtain great power with a pattern in religious beliefs
between Shia and Sunni. Roommates Arab countries are members of the Arab League (21 countries), under the
command of Saudi Arabia, have an interest and a special reason. First, ideological interests. Syria's minority Shiites,
Sunnis led since last 50 years and the suspected lot of repression against the majority. Syria became a continuation
Shia Shiite-majority Iran. In terms of ideological clearly not met here with Saudi, giving rise to solidarity against the
Sunni. Second, political interests. In geopolitics, the Arab countries have in common, even make Syria a kind of a
common enemy, particularly since the regime of Bashar Assad in power. When Bashar's father, Hafez Assad, in power,
relatively can be invited Syrian cooperation among Arab countries. However, under the Assad regime, Syria is
increasingly subject and pandering Iran in the Middle East. The inconvenience of this, among other things, why the
Arab League to support a military option.
Geopolitical reasons also make Russia, Iran, and China 'protect' Syria. Geographically, Syria is a small country, with
a population of no more than eight million inhabitants, covering 30 percent of the remaining Shiite Sunni (70 percent).
However, geopolitically very important, at least for Iran to meet in the aspect of ideology and can be used as a stepping
stone 'face' of Israel, while the Russian arms business interests and political ideology, i.e., socialist, whereas the
Chinese perspective to meet the interests of economy and energy. Conflicts that have occurred in Syria today has
become a powerful magnet for transnational jihadists from around the world from Europe, Central Asia and America,
including Indonesian has participated fight as the opposition against the regime of Bashar al-Assad. The mujahedeen
are incorporated into a variety of organizations such as ISIS, Al Qaeda and groups of Islamic militants from various
countries who had participated take a role in the Syrian conflict. Things that concern and worry about the countries of
origin are those that originally was not a combatant, was feared after the war will return to their home country with
the ideological revivalism and acts of terror.
Looking at the problems above, is not the reason that the Middle East countries do not provide sufficient effect on the
sustainability of the massive domestic politics in other region. The problem does not only affect the Middle East region
alone, even in the Middle East problems often affect the condition of political and economic stability in a global world.
See how America became a figure super dilemma, not daring to go forward, also did not dare to resign suddenly on
the problems in the Middle East in the times today.
For Indonesia, the potential threat to watch is the spread of radical Islam, although the vast majority of Indonesians
rejects terrorism, but many are troubled by a possible perception that the US war on terror is also focused on Muslims.
Indonesia’s strategy for dealing with terrorism is based on “soft power,” because more than 90 percent of the
population is Muslim, and thus a hard-power approach to Islamists is deemed unacceptable.
In terms of the global economy, the civil war that is currently happening in the Middle East will significantly
complicate and negative impacts of the international community in general. Energy security into the sectors most
affected. As the world's largest oil fields, where Saudi Arabia and Gulf countries supply more than 45 percent of the
world's oil, the market will respond negatively to the Middle East war. Clearly affected the stability of the international
security. Indonesia is also not free from the possibility of it, the more we as an oil importer. The subsequent impacts,
national security in many countries is waning and is very vulnerable to the emergence of social unrest. People squeezed
by the high cost of basic necessities have soared as a result of the oil price and the US dollar were to rise, it is easy to
vent his anger. This sort of thing should swiftly be anticipated because of the direct impact will be felt by the country
if war actually broke out. Everyday Indonesian crude oil imports an average of 300-400 thousand barrel / day.
Economic stability, social, security, and energy influenced by the availability of the non-renewable energy.
III. INDONESIA’S SECURITY AND POLICY DIRECTION
Security is a very important thing for a country. Countries striving to improve the strength (power) to create security.
Countries striving to improve the strength to cope with any threat. To achieve the national interest (national interest),
the state act rationally, taking into consideration the strength, particularly the increase in the defense forces.
According to the Act No. 3/2002 on State Defense, the main objective of Indonesia’s defense policy is to “protect and
uphold state sovereignty, maintain territorial integrity of the unitary republic of Indonesia, and ensure the safety of
Indonesian people from all forms of threats and disturbances.” 14 This objective, as specified in the Defense White
Paper issued in February 2008, is to be achieved through the fulfilment of five main strategic goals, namely:
1. To deter all forms of threats to Indonesia and its people;
2. To defeat military aggression by foreign countries;
3. To overcome military threats that undermine the existence and interests of Indonesia;
4. To address non-military threats that might have adverse impacts on Indonesia’s sovereignty, territorial
integrity, and safety of the people; and
5. To contribute to international peace and regional stability.
These five strategic goals of Indonesia’s defense are to be carried out by the Indonesian Defense Force (TNI),
conceived as the main component of state defense, through war operations and military operation other than war. As
part of the international community, Indonesia cannot escape from the relationship with the outside world. Therefore,
the future defense policy, also directed within the framework of relations with other countries, both regionally as well
as a broader scope. Defense cooperation with other countries, placed on the principles of cooperation overseas
Indonesian government, as well as directed for the construction and development of the country's defense sector, as
well as for the purpose of creating regional stability and world security. Physical defense sector involvement is carried
out on a political decision of the government. To implement its defense policy, Indonesia’s defense strategy is still
characterized by government’s insistence to defend and hold on to the total people’s war (hankamrata) doctrine.
National stability is an important issue in building the sustainability of a nation. Build national stability, often
associated as a military problem. This view is not wrong. Because the military is the core strength or a major force in
building and developing the national defense system to realize national stability. Therefore, identifying the security
problem as a military problem, not something new, nor a form of logic errors. The viewing angle is a form of real,
empirical, rational and contextual. In fact, such a view is a form of proportionality thinking about the duties and
functions of a state institution.
Inevitably, military force is one of the important pillars for the sovereignty of the State. In fact in this world country
that has a strong military prop will be raised diplomatic authority and prestige of international politics. Military force
into one barometer of the strength of a country. If the military is strong, assured the country has a strong bargaining
position with other countries. Certainly military force alone will not be enough to make a country survive and thrive,
it also needs to be sustained by a strong economic and political.
Based on two major issues as described above, the Indonesian government must take strategic steps and roles are
generally able to establish Indonesia's defense system more powerful and anticipate arranged in a planned manner in
order to minimize any threats to national security.
A. Soft power diplomacy
In the Asia-Pacific region, Indonesia is no exception, as the third largest democracy, the fourth most populated country
in the world and is among the twenty biggest economies; Indonesia has been trying to attract friends near and far into
its sphere of influence through its soft power. Geopolitics Indonesian archipelago, located between the continents of
Asia and Australia, and the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, leading to national conditions strongly influenced by
developments in the strategic context. Positions like this, implications for the intertwining interests of other countries
with Indonesia's national interests. As stated in the Preamble of the 1945 Constitution, Indonesia's national interest is
to maintain and protect the country's sovereignty, territorial integrity of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia (NKRI),
the safety and honor of the nation, as well as participate actively in efforts for world peace. Departing from the 1945
Constitution, the strategic importance of Indonesia's defense must be able to guarantee the achievement of national
interests. Departing from the essence, it is of strategic importance to the country's defense forward, including
permanent strategic interests, strategic interests that are urgent and international cooperation in the field of defense.
The involvement of the Indonesian state in the management of conflicts in the South China Sea, is something that is
based on the national interest to participate in the maintenance of world peace and awareness of the benefits of the
settlement of the conflict, efforts to find and prevent the causes of conflict, the belief in the capacity available, and
seems right choices regarding conflict resolution mechanisms. The achievement of a resolution to the conflict of the
South China Sea issue will not only benefit economically, but also politically and security. The magnitude of the
economic potential such as cruise lines, natural content such as oil, gas and minerals as well as a wealth of fish if
utilized and managed bias would be very beneficial for each country involved.
First, Indonesia must always be aware of the security situation in the South China Sea Disputes are Often made by
some countries in the region. Conflict in the region will affect security conditions as geographically Indonesia lies
directly adjacent to the countries Involved in the dispute. Also Conflict Affects Economically, Because in addition to
the location of Indonesia are geographically very close to the Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone, the area is also
one of the international economic traffic lane, where imports of Indonesian exports pass through the pathway. Second,
Indonesia, which became part of the international community, felt the need and must soon determine the best way for
the settlement of the South China Sea issue. Because this is how Indonesia can show its participation in maintaining
world peace begins with creating peace in the country and in the ASEAN region.
It is inevitable that actually Indonesia also has an interest in this region that ensures the creation of the smooth sailing
and the freedom of navigation, security and national unity, combating lawlessness at sea and protection of the
environment. South China Sea is a regional trade route – commercial shipping of the ships, tankers oil-linking East
Asia to Indonesia and vice versa. These waters are the cruise line trade among ASEAN countries. And international
in scope, these waters linking East Asia with Europe, Africa and the Middle East through the Malacca Strait. As the
largest archipelagic country in the region, Indonesia concerned over security and stability in the region.
Indonesia as one of the countries in Southeast Asia was not directly involved in conflicts over territory in the South
China Sea. However, South-East Asia is a strategic area for Indonesia, which has a number of potential regionality in
ASEAN membership. Thus, if the regional stability in the ASEAN region is threatened by the conflict in the South
China Sea, would be influential for Indonesia. If this conflict is not resolved soon, is expected to pose a mounting
chaos. Thus, although Indonesia is not an actor who is directly involved in the dispute over the region. However,
Indonesia has the potential to become a key actor in order to provide a constructive role in solving the problem of
conflict in the South China Sea peacefully. Therefore, the initiation of Indonesia to take active steps and reactive to
this conflict is certainly supported by the notion that Indonesia is a neutral party. Indonesia be able to understand the
complexity of this conflict due to geographical factors between Indonesia and the South China Sea is not too far away.
Indonesian effort that can be done is through diplomatic channels that later became known as the first step in
preventive diplomacy Indonesia.
The move is in line with that expressed by the Indonesian Foreign Minister of Indonesia, Marty Natalegawa, while
delivering the Annual Press Statement of Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 2014 in Jakarta. According to him, the
Indonesian government has confidence that the power of diplomacy to be a solution in realizing the situation of peace
and harmony in the region. "Included in the resolution of conflicts in the South China Sea". Marty stated that through
the ASEAN forum and other forums, Indonesia will always use the power of diplomacy to contribute to bring peace,
security and prosperity in the international community. Preventive diplomacy mechanism gives a pretty good
influence in the peaceful settlement of the conflict. Relevant countries realize that a military confrontation would only
be bad for all concerned. As a country that initiated the pattern of diplomacy in resolving the conflict in the South
China Sea, the participation of Indonesia is Recognized internationally as the active search for loopholes political
consolidation and calls for the importance of the South China Sea are not only Considered to be significant for the
countries located in the region surrounding it Tus Contribute to the world perceived internationally.
Related to the conflict in Syria, Indonesia's attitude is very clear in the Syrian crisis, rejecting violence against civilians
and supports a peaceful solution that reflects the aspirations of the Syrian people. Indonesia supports the efforts of the
United Nations in finding a peaceful solution and stressed the need to be an inclusive international conference to bring
together the views of the international community in the Syrian issue. Indonesia never pull ambassador in Syria earlier
this year to protest against the ongoing violence in the country. However, the Government of Indonesia re-send the
Indonesian ambassador to Syria following the presence of the military and police personnel who were on duty as a
United Nation (UN) observer team in Syria to ensure their safety and comfort.
Indonesian government chose to play an active role in the process of cessation of violence by being part of a UN
observer team. Indonesia is one of a number of countries requested the UN to send a monitoring team to Syria. The
UN considers Indonesia has competent personnel supervise the ceasefire between the two warring parties in Syria.
Currently there are 16 Indonesian officers either from the police or military who served as observers in Syria. The UN
monitoring team about 300 personnel. Begins with Predecessor team consisting of 30 observers, including 6 personnel
from Indonesia. Then the UN monitoring team in the second stage will be amplified so that amounts to 300 personnel
from different countries. In this second phase of Indonesia was preparing 10 additional personnel.
Indonesia's foreign policy towards the Syrian conflict actually is influenced by factors Islam how not Islam the religion
of the majority in Indonesia which is embraced by most of the political elite in charge of formulating policies have
been constructed by the universal values of Islam in taking the role of conflict resolution in Syria with the discourse
of peace negotiations, the conflict in Syria has caused tremendous empathy for the international community, especially
countries with Muslim population, especially Indonesia with the largest Muslim population in the world. Foreign
policy cannot be separated from politics domestically the country concerned, it is experienced by every country that
is on the surface of the earth without exception Indonesia which is influenced by the majority of the population are
Moslem on issues that discredit Islam or concerning faith in the frame Islam, as evidenced by several cases where
Indonesia cannot be separated from the influence of Islam in its foreign policy was the massacre of Muslim Rohingya
in Myanmar this case is actually the full authority of Myanmar to resolve its internal problems without any interference
from outside the country because it has been set in the charter ASEAN. However, when Muslims Rohingya in Rakhine
Myanmar suffered severe enough, the response of the people of Indonesia are represented by the mass organizations
of Islam and the movement or the student community of Muslim Indonesia to encourage the Indonesian government
immediately contribute to the rescue of Muslims in Rakhine, Myanmar can be accomplished well in accordance with
the interests of Indonesian Muslims who strut by human factors.
In addition to the evidence upon until now can see how foreign policy toward the conflict between Israel and the
Palestinians how Indonesia is very consistent with the “Muslim solidarity” programs and until now Indonesia still
distribute aid material and non-material to the Palestinians that led to the making Palestine as an independent country,
on the other side if in the view of Indonesian foreign policy that is influenced by the factor of Islam is a wide range of
conflicts in the region involving Muslims as occurred in the Philippines between the Philippine government and the
minority Muslim Moro who take shelter in container Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) made Indonesia very
aggressive and was instrumental in the effort returns the rights of Muslims are a minority in this regard Moro in the
Philippines it is seen in the active efforts of Indonesia in the OIC to discuss the conflict both sides soon be overcome.
Indonesia has an important role in resolving the conflict in Syria is proven with impartiality Indonesia from various
blocks that support both sides of the conflict, but Indonesia remained consistent in the bonds of Islamic brotherhood
in its laws as evidenced by Indonesia in Geneva II peace talks to discuss the Syrian conflict. The conflict in Syria
actually involves many actors involved in it both internally and externally who have the interests of each so it can not
only simplify the conflict between the regime and the opposition, but there are various state super power which sustains
in them in opposition there is the United States, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the United Kingdom and France, while in the
stronghold of Bashar al-Assad are China, Russia, and Iran and the role of the international media and NGOs who
participated in the conflict in Syria. Foreign Policy of Indonesia against the Syrian conflict is not only based on the
factor of humanity, but more than the factor of Islam is very strong visible and influence the policy of Indonesia it is
in because of identity inherent in the nation of Indonesia as the largest Muslim country in the world and the strength
of the mass organizations of Islam which has an important position in the Indonesian political system is very likely to
make the Indonesian government in solving the Syrian conflict peacefully in the stretcher by Muhammadiyah and NU
B. Framework of Indonesia’s Defense Diplomacy
Indonesia is inherently susceptible to geopolitical developments due to its geostrategic position. The highness of China
and the U.S. rebalancing strategy have been the dominant themes in Southeast Asia. The Indonesian government
remains aware about the potential impact of increased Sino-U.S. rivalry to regional security. Persisting disputes over
the South China Sea have also become major obstacles to peace and stability within the Association of South East
Asian Nations (ASEAN).
The notion that the military plays an important role in international affairs is hardly new. Traditionally, it has been a
means for achieving a government’s foreign and security policy either through the threatened or actual use of coercion
in diplomacy. Coercive diplomacy” had been evident during the formative history of Indonesia. The country’s military
campaigns against Dutch and British forces in West Papua and the Federation of Malaya were instrumental for
President Sukarno anti-imperialist foreign policy. During the New Order authoritarian regime, Indonesian invasion of
East Timor was part of President Suharto anti-communist policy stand and strategic orientation to the United States
(Schofield and Storey, 2009).
The term of “defense diplomacy” became fashionable only after the end of the Cold War. Over the past two decades,
a new form of defense interactions, which involve the peacetime cooperative use of military forces and related
infrastructures to serve broad foreign policy objectives, has grown in significance (Huxley, 1994). Threats faced by
Indonesia is estimated that more than likely come from non-traditional threats, both cross country and that emerged
in the country. Therefore, the Indonesian defense strategic policy directed to face and cope with non-traditional threats
is a priority and urgent. In the execution of the military prioritize the use of Military Operations other than War
(MOOTW). TNI implement MOOTW together with all components of other nations in an alignment of business
according to the level of escalation threat. Against any threats and security problems, TNI will always prioritize
prevention as the best way to avoid casualties and others greater impact.
The use of the defense forces, in addition to face the tasks of addressing security issues in the country, also for
international duties. Defense cooperation is one of the strategic policy of defense are very important. Proper
international cooperation would contribute in no small means for the successful use and development of the defense
force. Defense cooperation implemented as an integral part of Indonesia's foreign policy. Defense cooperation
implemented as an integral part of Indonesia's foreign policy.
Build a defense force does not always focus on defense equipment alone, but also includes efforts to cultivate the
spirit to defend the nation from all the people of Indonesia "Man behind the gun". Components of defending the
country are the capital of Indonesia to continue to stand up in the face of all forms of threats. "The force is determined
by human resources. Joint military forces and reserve components are ready to be moved at any time if the sovereignty
of Indonesia threatened it had been the main strength of Indonesia in the face of outside threats.
In the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 3 of 2002 on national defense stated that the country's defense starts on
philosophy and way of life of the Indonesian nation to ensure and keep NKRI based on Pancasila and the 1945
Constitution Act states that "Any attempt to defend the country's sovereignty, territorial integrity of the State Unitary
Republic of Indonesia, and the safety of the entire nation from threats and harassment against the integrity of the
nation." From the statement, the three things that should be maintained is the state sovereignty, territorial integrity of
the Republic of Indonesia and the safety of the nation. When it is a vital interest for Indonesia. To carry out the defense,
Indonesia is set to use a strategy of deterrence.
Lawrence Friedman in his book deterrence explain the main principles of deterrence, that deterrence is actually a
strategy of using force (coercive strategy). Coercive defined by Freedman as: "the potential or actual application of
force to influence the action of a voluntary agent". The concept of deterrence that was developed in the defense strategy
to prevent war is a strategy of deterrence by way of denial (denial) and deterrence by way of retaliation (Retaliation).
Deterrence by denial is basically a deterrent power generated by the defense forces which have prevented deterrent
effect so that the other party to cancel his intention to invade Indonesia. The defense force with the ability to prevent
by way of rejection is the level of capability that is able to convince opponents or potential opponents that if aggression
or attack Indonesia, will be experienced failure before entering into the Indonesian jurisdiction so that the
consideration of the potential opponent will cancel his intention to invade Indonesia.
Meanwhile, the strategy of deterrence by way of retaliation is essentially deterrent power generated by the defense
forces which have prevented deterrent effect on the intention of the opposition who want to attack Indonesia because
Indonesia countered great ability. Even if the opponent feel confident to strike, a great ability to reply Indonesia
resulted in the opposing party are increasingly recognizing that if the occupying Indonesia will eventually suffer a
great loss. Ability retaliation Indonesia the main thing is the ability to implement protracted war that spread throughout
Indonesia, through guerrilla units are very agile and militant.
Indonesia itself has established a policy that defense diplomacy is an element that cannot be separated from total
government diplomacy. There are several factors that Affect defense diplomacy items, namely: "Defense policy and
organizational structure". Defense diplomacy is a tool and a way to achieve the goals that have been outlined by
defense policies in the field of international defense cooperation. For example the countries roommates are priorities
roommates need to encourage cooperation in the fields of defense on a bilateral basis, the scope of activities that need
to be done in each of cooperation and the degree of the depth of cooperation, the role of Indonesia in the Organizations
of multilateral security as well as the resources that would be allocated bilateral or multilateral international
cooperation base. Foreign policy. Foreign policy is the main reference of the government in Determining the strategy
and way of doing foreign cooperation in all fields, including defense.
Indonesia's defense diplomacy conducted bilaterally or multilaterally. There are three types of military diplomacy
bilateral cooperation for Indonesia: First, diplomacy, defense as confidence building measures (CBM). Second,
defense diplomacy to improve defense capabilities. Third, defense diplomacy for the development of the defense
industry. CBMs be developed in the form of strengthening cooperation through state visits, dialogues and
consultations, exchange of information, strategic partnerships, exchange of officers / staff and joint training. While
defense diplomacy to increase the capabilities conducted through military aid, weapons procurement, and so on.
Defense diplomacy in the development of the defense industry is done through technology transfer, collaborative
research and development, investment in joint ventures, etc.
C. Framework of Indonesia’s economic strengthening
Economic Security for Indonesia is defined as a dynamic state of the economic life of the nation which contains
tenacity and toughness national strength in the face and overcome all challenges, threats, obstacles and distractions
that come from the outside and from the inside, directly or indirectly, to ensure the economic survival of the nation
and the State.
Strategic geographical position: Strategic geographical position and island flanked by the Pacific Ocean and the
Indian Ocean and are among the Asian continent and Australia became the basic reason for the establishment of
Indonesia as the Axis World Maritime such a discourse by the government recently. Maritime shaft could be a way
out of the impasse national competitiveness has begun to pose a short-term complications. Investors are starting to see
an inability to compete our products become acute burden for the current transaction so that the level of their
confidence in the future of Indonesia's economy also began to decline. by utilizing the position of Indonesia as an
archipelagic country that has four strategic points through which 40% of ships of world trade, the Strait of Malacca,
Sunda Strait, the Strait of Lombok and Makassar Strait can provide great opportunities to facilitate Indonesia became
an industrial center of trade and maritime shipping world, it is also supported by the geographical location of Indonesia
is an archipelago with two-thirds of the oceans is greater than the mainland. This can be seen by the shoreline in almost
every island in Indonesia (± 81,000 km), which makes Indonesia ranks second after Canada as a country that has the
longest coastline in the world. Strength is what great potential to improve the economy of Indonesia is. Furthermore,
according to the Food and Agriculture Organization in 2012, Indonesia currently ranks third in the world's largest
fisheries production under China and India. In addition, the Indonesian waters to save 70 percent of the oil potential
because there are approximately 40 oil basins that are in the waters of Indonesia. Of this number only about 10 percent
of which has been explored and exploited.
In the implementation of marine development program problems still to be faced in the future are: (1) low
infrastructure monitoring and control of marine resources, and weak law enforcement in handling illegal fishing; (2)
less than optimal utilization of marine resources and fisheries in the Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone, including
the potential for non-conventional marine; (3) not yet developed the construction of small islands and the outer islands;
(4) the completion of the delimitation of the sea Indonesia with neighboring countries; (5) is broken and contamination
of coastal and marine ecosystems; (6) frequent conflicts utilization and management of marine resources and fisheries
as not yet well established marine and coastal space.
Energy and mineral resources: In the implementation of the development in the field of energy and mineral resources,
the need for domestic fuel within the last 20 years increased, with a growth rate of about 5-6% per year. However, this
is not followed by an increase in oil production. In fact, oil production in the last five years has decreased significantly.
This is due to: a) the discovery of new reserves on a large scale to be developed; and b) most of the oil fields that are
currently producing an old field - experience the natural production decline of approximately 15% per year. Investment
(exploration) in the field of oil and gas does not evolve mainly due to the issuance of several regulations that burden
for investors, such as the imposition of value added tax (VAT) in the exploration phase, the application of customs
duties on goods imported oil and gas, and restrictions on exploration activities in protected forest areas, Utilization
and development of natural gas is not currently reflecting a balance between domestic demand and exports. Most of
the natural gas exported in the form of liquefied natural gas (LNG). Natural gas supply shortage occurs in some areas
for example in East Java, for the sake of power, and in Aceh, the raw material for fertilizer and petrochemical plants.
Limited gas transportation infrastructure is a major obstacle in the utilization of natural gas for domestic needs, in
addition to the high cost of production of natural gas as compared to the level of ability of domestic gas consumers,
especially households.
The field of energy and mineral resources are play an important role in the national economy. This is evidenced by
the large role the energy sector and mineral resources as a provider of energy resources, a source of foreign exchange,
revenues, sources of industrial raw materials, a vehicle for technology transfer, support for regional development,
creating jobs and driving growth in other sectors. Commodities generated from this sector still plays an important role
in the national economy, contributing nearly 30% of total revenues. Improving the investment climate is absolutely
necessary in order to continue to support the function of the energy sector and mineral resources as the backbone of
the national economic wheel in the years to come. In addition, the improvement of the rules regarding the management
of the utilization of oil and gas production (oil) should continue to be refined in order to support increased foreign
exchange as state revenue.
D. Military diplomacy and military strengthening
The territorial waters of Indonesia from Sabang to Merauke can be used as a high bargaining power to rich countries
and developed such as the US and its allies, China, and Japan, in particular countries that are certainly very interested
by the waters and sea Indonesia as a pivot maritime world as a very strategic from the economic, political and military.
The increasingly protracted dispute over territorial claims in the South China Sea indirectly, made the position of
Indonesia grew to be very strategic. US, Australia and its allies would not remain silent, before it's too late, missed by
China and the Soviets, the US economy as well Zone divert war zone which was originally located in the Middle East
has now shifted to Asia. Rather the entire region and the waters surrounding the archipelago.
Defense diplomacy in Southeast Asia today involves the military cooperation with the military and among partners in
the region. Significant consequences for the defense is that the military diplomacy in the region and related
infrastructure becomes more intense agencies involved in the practice of diplomacy and foreign policy of the countries
of Southeast Asia. The use of armed force to support diplomacy has historically been associated with the country's
national interests. Military involvement in diplomacy is an element to prevent foreign ambition, which can be done
through a military show of strength. In this case the form of the performance capabilities of personnel, sophisticated
weaponry and the ability to build mutual respect and a sense of brotherhood. These capabilities necessary to protect
the national interests of both political, economic, national integrity and sovereignty.
On the other hand, a problem that needs to be answered by the Indonesian National Army (TNI) is the problem of
separatism, terrorism and Transnational Organized Crime (TOC), the issue of borders, territorial claims, violations of
territory, theft of natural resources, subversion-infiltration and espionage, survey illegal by foreign parties, the
smuggling of weapons from abroad, communal conflicts, ethnic religious, racial and class conflicts, separatism and
federalism symptoms.
Therefore, to make Indonesia as the "World Maritime Axis" must be supported by naval and air superiority is strong,
not just the land. Our defense paradigm that has been land-based oriented should be changed. Global Fire Power Sites
(GFP) has recently issued a release that Indonesia is a country with a military force to the 12th largest in the world.
There is hope and pride to see that an international website GFP, which often become a scientific reference of the
experts of the military and defense worldwide, putting Indonesia in the respectable position. More proud because of
the military ahead of the 70th anniversary, 5 October. Indonesia declared position is above the neighboring countries
which often become rivals, such as Malaysia, Singapore, and even Australia. However, the challenge ahead is how to
embody the concept of world maritime shaft into the operational level are understood together. During this time,
cannot deny that the sea and air are areas where frequent security problems, it is because there is no adequate measures
of the government. Therefore, the first step shaft maritime security of the world should start from the sea and air. With
the guarantee of security, investment and trade flows going smoothly in and out of Indonesia.
With the increasing power of naval and military air make Indonesia more respected in the eyes of the world. China
can master the rampant trade in East Asia Area, is due to a very strong military power, especially at sea. Business
activities carried on by sea would work well if regional security is guaranteed by the countries visited. Recognized
trade through sea lanes more effectively.
IV. SUMMARY
Security is a very important thing for a country. Countries striving to improve the strength (power) to create security.
Countries striving to improve the strength to cope with any threat. The position of Indonesia has a very important role
in Southeast Asia, Indonesian archipelago, located between the continents of Asia and Australia, and the Pacific Ocean
and the Indian Ocean, leading to national conditions strongly influenced by developments in the strategic context. The
involvement of the Indonesian state in the management of conflicts in the South China Sea, is something that is based
on the national interest to participate in the maintenance of world peace and awareness of the benefits of the settlement
of the conflict, efforts to find and prevent the causes of conflict, the belief in the capacity available, and seems right
choices regarding conflict resolution mechanisms. The achievement of a resolution to the conflict of the South China
Sea issue will not only benefit economically, but also politically and security. The magnitude of the economic potential
such as cruise lines, natural content such as oil, gas and minerals as well as a wealth of fish if utilized and managed
bias would be very beneficial for each country involved. Defense diplomacy in Southeast Asia today involves the
military cooperation with the military and among partners in the region. Significant consequences for the defense is
that the military diplomacy in the region and related infrastructure becomes more intense agencies involved in the
practice of diplomacy and foreign policy of the countries of Southeast Asia. The use of armed force to support
diplomacy has historically been associated with the country's national interests. Related to the conflict in Syria,
Indonesia's attitude is very clear in the Syrian crisis, rejecting violence against civilians and supports a peaceful
solution that reflects the aspirations of the Syrian people. Indonesia supports the efforts of the United Nations in
finding a peaceful solution and stressed the need to be an inclusive international conference to bring together the views
of the international community in the Syrian issue.
For Indonesia, the potential threat to watch is the spread of radical Islam, although the vast majority of Indonesians
rejects terrorism, but many are troubled by a possible perception that the US war on terror is also focused on Muslims.
Indonesia’s strategy for dealing with terrorism is based on “soft power,” because more than 90 percent of the
population is Muslim, and thus a hard-power approach to Islamists is deemed unacceptable. In terms of the global
economy, the civil war that is currently happening in the Middle East will significantly complicate and negative
impacts of the international community in general. Energy security into the sectors most affected.
REFERENCES
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Endnote
1. See the web: http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/seasia.pdf
2. See the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, “Map of the South China Sea,” 1988, Perry-Castañeda Library Map
Collection. http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/asia.html
3. See the web: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea
4. See the web: http://www.smh.com.au/world/south-china-sea-dispute-what-you-need-to-know-20150528-
ghbk6u.html
BIOGRAPHY
Paryanto (Major General)
At this time, he is pursuing doctoral study at the University of Brawijaya, Malang. He is a member of the
military with the rank of Major General. Joined the military in 1983.