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INDONESIA GOLD RESOURCES AND EXPLORATION CHALLENGES
(Source: Prihananto, 2011)
Dr. Arifudin IdrusDepartment of Geological Engineering
Gadjah Mada UniversityE-mail address: [email protected]
Disampaikan pada ‘One-day Course: “Pemanfaatan dan Prospek Sumberdaya Emas di Indonesia”; HMTG-UGM, 1 Oktober 2011
WHY GOLD?
• Part of human life since ~6,000 years ago
• Relatively minor occurrences, but widespread in geographic distribution
• Physical properties and valuable deposit
• Unique economic behavior (in both small and large scale)
GOLD PRODUCTION 1900-1989(from various sources)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Gold
(ton
nes)
Sumatra
ErtsbergPacific War
Dutch Colonial Era Independence
CoW
Sukarno | Soeharto
GOLD DISTRICTS 1900-1989
Mangani
Ertsberg
Cikotok
North Sulawesi
KalimantanAlluvials
Lebong
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Gold Production (Tonnes)
11.7 16.0 38.2 43.3 42.6 62.8 83.6 90.0 124.0 133.0 124.0 224.7 187.1 172.1 127.8 163.1 116.3 159.3 29.1 97.7 109.8
Gold Price (USD)
385.51 362.11 343.82 359.77 384 383.78999999
9999
387.81 331.02 294.24 278.97999999
9999
279.11 271.04 309.72999999
9999
363.38 409.72 444.74 603.49 695.39 871.96 972.34999999
9999
1224.53
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
160.0
180.0
200.0
220.0
240.0
150.00
250.00
350.00
450.00
550.00
650.00
750.00
850.00
950.00
1,050.00
1,150.00
1,250.00
1,350.00
1,450.00
11.716.0
38.243.3 42.6
62.8
83.6
90.0
124.0
133.0
124.0
224.7
187.1
172.1
127.8
163.1
116.3
159.3
29.1
97.7
109.8
Year
Go
ld P
rod
uct
ion
(T
on
nes
)
Gold Price (USD)
INDONESIA GOLD PRODUCTION (1990-2010)Source: ESDM (2011); KITCO (2011)
China South Africa United States Australia Indonesia Peru Russia Canada PNG Ghana
2007
Gold (Tonnes) 276 272 255 251 171 167 153 93 67 63
25
75
125
175
225
275
325
375
276 272 255 251
171 167 153
93 67 63
TOP TENS GOLD PRODUCERS (2007) Source: USGS 2007 Mineral Year Book
Go
ld P
rod
uct
ion
(To
nn
es)
China Australia United States South Africa Russia Peru Indonesia Ghana Canada Uzbekistan
2010
Gold (Tonnes) 341 266 240 190 190 170 120 100 90 90
25
75
125
175
225
275
325
375 341
266 240
190 190 170
120 100 90 90
TOP TENS GOLD PRODUCERS (2010) Source: Gold Mining Journal 2011
Go
ld P
rod
uct
ion
(To
nn
es)
Total: 1,797 tonnes
Total: 1,768 tonnes
GOLD PRODUCTION DECREASING ???
• Gold deposit potential depleted No
• Decreasing of exploration activities and lack of new discoveries ???
• Technical aspects• Non technical aspects
GOLD DEPOSIT TYPES
• Witwatersrand
• Greenstone Belt
• Epithermal including Carlin (sediment hosted)
• Porphyry/ skarn
• Orogenic Gold
• Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide (VMS)
• Others
DEPOSIT MODEL (Corbett, 2005)
REGIONAL GEOLOGY OF INDONESIA
MAGMATIC ARCS OF INDONESIA (Carlile ane Mitchel, 1994)
GOLD RESOURCES + RESERVES 1969 – 2010 (desk study)
167.66 Moz (5,214.38 tonnes) gold
N: 94
News Release 15.84 moz
Published Paper147.48 moz
Unpublished Report4.34 moz
News Release
Published Paper
Unpublished Report
GOLD – BY MAGMATIC ARC
167.66 Moz (5,214.38 tonnes) gold
Sunda-Banda35.59 moz
Kalimantan11.40 moz
Sulawesi 15.80 moz
Papua100.15 moz
Halmahera3.83 moz
Other0.90 moz
Sunda-BandaKali-mantanSulawesi PapuaHalmaheraOther
GOLD – BY DEPOSIT TYPE
167.66 Moz (5,214.38 tonnes) gold
Porphyry71.3 moz
Skarn 47.78 moz
HS Epithermal9.41 moz
LS Epithermal31.07 moz
VMS0.97 moz
Mesothermal2.87 moz
Sediment Hosted3.08 moz
Alluvial1.18 moz
Deposit TypePorphyrySkarn HS EpithermalLS EpithermalVMSMesothermalSediment HostedAlluvial
GOLD – BY PROJECT STATUS
167.66 Moz (5,214.38 tonnes) gold
Mined Out20.00 moz
Being Mined109.02 moz
Exploration 37.52 moz
Unknown1.13 moz
Project Status
Mined Out
Being Mined
Exploration
Unknown
GOLD MINES 1990-2010
MeselMt. Muro
Kelian
Grasberg
Cikidang
Gosowong
Batu HijauWetar
Rawas
Active
Closed
Sediment Hosted
LS Epithermal
Porphyry/ Skarn
VMS
Pongkor
Lb Tandai
Kencana
Mt. Muro West
…….
…….
…….
…….
Cibaliung
Buduk
PRIMARY GOLD DEPOSITS/ OCCURENCES
Toka TindungSeruyung Tombulilato
WabuWay Linggo
ElangAwak Mas
Pungkut
Active
Closed
Sediment Hosted
LS Epithermal
HS Epithermal
Porphyry/ Skarn
Mesothermal Vein
Mirah
Martabe
Motomboto
…….
…….
…….
…….
…….
Bukit Tujuh
Palu
Jelai-Mewet
Pangulir
Ojolali
0.010
0.100
1.000
10.000
100.000
1000.000
0.100 1.000 10.000 100.000 1000.000
Deposite Size (Mt)
Gra
de
(g
/t A
u)
Porphyry Skarn VMS Sedimen Hosted LS Epithermal Mesothermal Vein HS Epithermal
GEOLOGICAL TARGET TYPES
HS EPITHERMALField
LS EPITHERMALField
SKARNField
PORPHYRYField
GOLD MINE – LAPSE TIMES
Mine Owner StatusContractSigned Production Lapse
Lebong Tandai Billiton (CSR) Closed 1985 1986 1
Gosowong Newcrest Closed 1997 1999 2
Wetar Billiton Closed 1986 1991 5
Ertsberg Freeport Closed 1967 1973 6
Pongkor Antam Production 1988 1994 6
Kelian Riotinto Closed 1985 1992 7
Mt. Muro Aurora Closed 1985 1994 9
Kencana Newcrest Production 1997 2006 9
Mesel Newmont Closed 1986 1996 10
Rawas Laverton Closed 1986 1997 11
Cibaliung Austindo/ Antam Production 1998 2010 12
Batu Hijau Newmont Production 1986 1999 13
Mt. Muro West Straits Production 1985 2004 19
Grasberg Freeport Production 1967 1989 22
Average Lapse Time (Years) 9.5
GOLD MINE – LIFE SPANSMine 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
Grasberg
Lebong Tandai
Alluvials
Wetar
Kelian
Pongkor
Mt. Muro
Mesel
Rawas
Gosowong
Cikidang
Batu Hijau
Mt. Muro West
Kencana
Cibaliung
Porphyry VMS
LS Epithermal Sediment hosted
Alluvial
FACTORS AFFECTING INDUSTRY’S FUTURE
Geological Prospectiveness (++)
Country Stability (+)
Gold Price (++)
Legal/Commercial Basis ( - )New Mining Law, lack of implementing regulations
Intensity of Exploration Efforts (– to +)
CONCERNS IN INDONESIA(non technical aspects)
Uncertainty in mineral tenement system (Mining Law No.4/ 2009 with lack of implementing regulations)
Forestry overlapping issues
Pains of regional autonomy
Illegal mining
Local community / NGOs
EXPLORATION CHALLENGES technical aspects
2. Exploration “going deeper”
Development of new geological/ exploration model
Application of new technology
Advanced exploration techniques and approaches
Higher exploration costs
1. Opportunity to generate/ develop new projects is sliming Matured Exploration Areas
3. Professional ability and skill of “explorationists”
MAJOR GOLD DEPOSIT TYPES IN INDONESIA
• Epithermal
• Porphyry/ skarn
Porphyry vs Epithermal