Indonesia: A review of trade in CITES- listed species

Indonesia: A review of trade in CITES-

listed species

(Version edited for public release)

Prepared for the

European Commission Directorate General E - Environment

ENV.E.2. Development and Environment

by the

United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre

August, 2007

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Prepared and produced by: UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK ABOUT UNEP WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE www.unep-wcmc.org The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre is the biodiversity assessment and policy implementation arm of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the worlds foremost intergovernmental environmental organisation. UNEP-WCMC aims to help decision-makers recognize the value of biodiversity to people everywhere, and to apply this knowledge to all that they do. The Centres challenge is to transform complex data into policy-relevant information, to build tools and systems for analysis and integration, and to support the needs of nations and the international community as they engage in joint programmes of action. UNEP-WCMC provides objective, scientifically rigorous products and services that include ecosystem assessments, support for implementation of environmental agreements, regional and global biodiversity information, research on threats and impacts, and development of future scenarios for the living world. The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP or contributory organisations. The designations employed and the presentations do not imply the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP, the European Commission or contributory organisations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authority, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. OVERVIEW ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 2. CITES IN INDONESIA.................................................................................................................................. 10 3. SCIENTIFIC REVIEW GROUP OPINIONS ...................................................................................................... 10 4. TRADE IN CITES-LISTED SPECIES FROM INDONESIA ............................................................................... 14 5.1 REVIEW OF SELECTED NON-CORAL SPECIES ............................................................................................. 17 5.1 REVIEW OF SELECTED NON-CORAL SPECIES ............................................................................................. 17 SPECIES: Tarsius lariang ................................................................................................................... 17 SPECIES: Python reticulatus ............................................................................................................. 22 SPECIES: Naja sputatrix .................................................................................................................... 29 SPECIES: Cyathea contaminans ........................................................................................................ 36 5.2. REVIEW OF SELECTED CORAL SPECIES ..................................................................................................... 42 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 42 CITES Export Quotas .................................................................................................................................... 44 Recent negative opinions ............................................................................................................................. 44 SPECIES: Pocillopora damicornis ........................................................................................................ 52 SPECIES: Acropora formosa .............................................................................................................. 58 SPECIES: Acropora humilis ............................................................................................................... 66 SPECIES: Acropora hyacinthus ......................................................................................................... 73 SPECIES: Goniopora minor ................................................................................................................ 80 SPECIES: Goniopora stokesi .............................................................................................................. 86 SPECIES: Porites cylindrica ............................................................................................................... 92 SPECIES: Heliofungia actiniformis ................................................................................................... 98 SPECIES: Galaxea fascicularis ........................................................................................................ 104 SPECIES: Lobophyllia hemprichii ................................................................................................... 109 SPECIES: Caulastraea tumida ......................................................................................................... 114 SPECIES: Eguchipsammia fistula.................................................................................................... 120 SPECIES: Turbinaria mesenterina ................................................................................................... 125 SPECIES: Turbinaria peltata............................................................................................................ 130 6. SPECIES REPORTED AS DIRECT EXPORTS SINCE 1997 TO THE EU-27 BUT NOT KNOWN FROM INDONESIA OR OCCURRENCE UNCONFIRMED ................................................................................................................. 135 7. GLOBALLY THREATENED SPECIES REPORTED AS DIRECT EXPORTS TO EC-27 FROM INDONESIA SINCE 1997 (EXCLUDING THOSE SPECIES NOT KNOWN TO OCCUR IN INDONESIA). ............................................ 149 ANNEX 1. INDONESIA CORAL QUOTAS ........................................................................................................ 162 ANNEX 2. DIRECT EXPORTS REPORTED AS SCLERACTINIA SPP. FROM INDONESIA TO EU-27, 2001-2005. ........................................................................................................................................................................ 171 ANNEX 3. TRADE IN CITES-LISTED SPECIES FROM INDONESIA TO EU-27, 1976-2005, AS REPORTED BY BOTH TRADING PARTNERS. ........................................................................................................................... 176 ANNEX 4. CHECKLIST OF CORAL SPECIES THAT OCCUR IN INDONESIA AND ARE LISTED IN THE ANNEXES TO COUNCIL REGULATION 338/97. ............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

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1. OVERVIEW

Indonesia is a major exporter of CITES-listed species, many of which are exported to the European Union (EU). For this reason, Indonesia was identified as a country where a review of trade in species listed in EC Regulation 1332/2005 would be useful to highlight any trade of concern. An analysis of trade levels from Indonesia to the EU-27 between 2001-2005 was undertaken in order to identify species that may warrant review. The analysis considered trade both to the EU and to other countries. Emphasis was on trade in wild and ranched specimens, but trade from other sources was also taken into account. This initial analysis found that:

EU-imports of mammal species from Indonesia were low, the only notable exception being exports of live Macaca fascicularis, most of which took place before 1996.

Most bird imports occurred before 1992 and between 1997 and 2000, with only 7 species all parrots- showing annual imports into the EU in excess of 300 individuals since 1997. These species were not considered to be globally threatened, except for Cacatua alba, which is globally vulnerable. EU-imports of birds are currently suspended for veterinary reasons.

EU-imports of reptiles were significant, with 13 species mainly snakes, together with Varanus salvator and Cuora amboinensis (VU)- showing annual imports into the EU in excess of 1000 live individuals, skins, or both, between 1997-2005, mostly from wild sources.

There have been no recent EC-imports of amphibians, and imports of fish have been low-volume, with the exception of Hippocampus kuda (VU), H. barbouri and H. histrix. Over 1500 live individuals of these Hippocampus species were imported by the EU between 1997-2005.

EC-imports in invertebrates have been dominated by corals, with high volumes of live and raw corals of nearly 200 species being imported. Significant imports of birdwing butterflies, mostly reported as ranched, have also taken place.

The majority of plant species exported belonged to the Orchidaceae or Cyatheaceae families and were primarily artificially propagated plants. The most notable exceptions were timber and timber products of Aquilaria malaccensis, Cyathea contaminans and Gonystylus bancanus (VU), which have been exported in hundreds of m3 in recent years.

Further details are provided in section 4. Following this initial analysis and discussion with the European Commission, eighteen highly traded or otherwise noteworthy species were selected for in-depth review (see Table 1.1.). Trade in non-coral species from Indonesia is discussed in section 5.1, and trade in corals from Indonesia is discussed in section 5.2.

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Table. 1.1 Species selected for in-depth review MAMMALIA REPTILIA ANTHOZOA FLORA

Tarsius lariang Naja sputatrix Python reticulatus

Acropora formosa Acropora humilis Acropora hyacinthus Caulastraea tumida Eguchipsammia fistula Galaxea fascicularis Goniopora minor Goniopora stokesi Heliofungia actiniformis Lobophyllia hemprichii Pocillopora damicornis Porites cylindrica Turbinaria mesenterina Turbinaria peltata

Cyathea contaminans

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MAP OF INDONESIA Source: Spalding M.D., Ravilious, C., and Green, E.P. 2001. World atlas of coral reefs. Prepared at the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre. University of California Press.

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2. CITES IN INDONESIA Indonesia acceded to CITES on 28th December 1978 and the Convention entered into force in the country on 28th March 1979. Indonesia has submitted annual reports every year since 1980. In May 1990, the Management Authority of Indonesia informed the Secretariat that the Government had stopped the export of raw skins as of January 1990; consequently the Secretariat urged the Parties to cooperate with Indonesia in this respect (CITES Notification No. 1990/591). In CITES Notification 688/1992 of August, 1992, the Animals Committee recommended that: All Parties should endeavour to ensure that specimens of Ptyas mucosus are accurately identified and not misrecorded as similar but unlisted species. In April 1993, the CITES Standing Committee recommended that all Parties suspend imports of specimens of Cacatua sulphurea from Indonesia (CITES Notification No. 1993/737). In September 1993, the CITES Standing Committee recommended that all Parties suspend imports of specimens of Cacatua sulphurea and Ptyas mucosus (CITES Notification No. 1993/775). As of February 1999, the suspension for Ptyas mucosus did not apply to 102,285 marked skins acquired before the trade prohibition entered into force on the following conditions:

a) The export of the skins should not be permitted unless the Secretariat confirmed receipt of a copy of the export permit concerned issued by the Management Authority of Indonesia;

b) Import of specimens from this registered stockpile should be permitted only after confirmation of the validity of the Indonesian export permit by the Secretariat (SC41, February 1999).

In July 2005, the CITES Standing Committee decided to withdraw its recommendations that all Parties suspend imports of specimens of Cacatua sulphurea and Ptyas mucosus from Indonesia (CITES Notification No. 2005/055). In February 2005, the Management Authority of Indonesia confirmed that it would issue export permits for Gonystylus spp. only for timber and products that had been proven to originate from PT. Diamond Raya Timber and its associated processing company PT. Uniseraya, which had been granted a certificate of Sustainable Forest Management (CITES Notification No. 2005/007).

3. SCIENTIFIC REVIEW GROUP OPINIONS A number of opinions (positive and negative) as well as import suspensions have been formed by the SRG for Indonesia. Table 3.1 shows a list of all current opinions and import suspensions.

Table 3.1. List of current opinions and import suspensions referring to Indonesia

Species Opinion Suspension Date Notes

Alisterus chloropterus chloropterus b 10/05/2006

All wild specimens. A. c. chloropterus does not occur in Indonesia

Alisterus chloropterus mozskowskii (+) 26/11/1998 Amyda cartilaginea (-) 02/10/2006 All wild specimens

Blastomussa merleti b 10/05/2006 All except maricultured specimens attached to artificial substrates

Blastomussa spp. b 10/05/2006 All except maricultured specimens attached to artificial substrates

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Blastomussa wellsi b 10/05/2006 All except maricultured specimens attached to artificial substrates

Cacatua sanguinea b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens Callagur borneoensis b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens

Catalaphyllia jardinei b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens except maricultured specimens attached to artificial substrates

Charmosyna josefinae (+) 10/09/1998 Cheilinus undulatus (-) 12/06/2006 Cuora amboinensis (-) 08/02/2007 All wild specimens

Cynarina lacrymalis b 10/05/2006 All except maricultured specimens attached to artificial substrates

Cynogale bennettii b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens Eclectus roratus b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens Eos bornea rothschildi (+) 23/06/1999 Eos reticulata (+) 10/09/1998 Eos squamata riciniata (+) 23/06/1999 Euphyllia ancora (+) 15/05/2002

Euphyllia cristata b 10/05/2006 All except maricultured specimens attached to artificial substrates

Euphyllia divisa b 10/05/2006 All except maricultured specimens attached to artificial substrates

Euphyllia fimbriata b 10/05/2006 All except maricultured specimens attached to artificial substrates

Euphyllia glabrescens (+) 15/05/2002 Euphyllia parancora (-) 11/07/2000 Euphyllia paradivisa (-) 11/07/2000 Euphyllia picteti (-) 11/07/2000 Euphyllia yaeyamaensis (-) 11/07/2000 Goniopora lobata (+) 15/01/2004 Goura cristata b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens Goura scheepmakeri b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens Goura victoria b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens Gracula religiosa (+) 26/03/2001 Confirmed 29/10/2001 Harpyopsis novaeguineae b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens Heosemys spinosa b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens Hippocampus barbouri (-) 15/11/2005 All wild specimens Hippocampus comes (-) 15/11/2005 All wild specimens Hippocampus histrix (-) 15/11/2005 All wild specimens Hippocampus kelloggi (-) 26/09/2006 All wild specimens Hippocampus kuda (-) 15/11/2005 All wild specimens Hippocampus spinosissimus (-) 21/10/2005 All wild specimens Hydnophora exesa (+) 15/05/2002

Hydnophora microconos b 10/05/2006 All except maricultures specimens attached to artificial substrates

Indotestudo forstenii b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens Leucocephalon yuwonoi b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens Liasis fuscus b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens

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Lorius domicella b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens

Lorius lory (+) 16/09/1999 Applicable after publication of EC Reg. No. 1988/2000 on 24/09/2000

Macaca maura b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens Macaca nemestrina pagensis b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens Macaca nigra b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens Macaca ochreata b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens Malayemys subtrijuga (-) 12/06/2006 Manouria emys b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens Morelia boeleni b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens Ninox rudolfi b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens Notochelys platynota (-) 12/06/2006 Ornithoptera aesacus (+) 11/02/1998 All ranched specimens Ornithoptera chimaera (+) 11/02/1998 All ranched specimens Ornithoptera croesus b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens Ornithoptera goliath (+) 11/02/1998 All ranched specimens Ornithoptera paradisea (+) 11/02/1998 All ranched specimens Ornithoptera priamus (+) 11/02/1998 All ranched specimens Ornithoptera rothschildi (+) 11/02/1998 All ranched specimens Ornithoptera tithonus b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens Otus angelinae b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens Pelochelys cantorii (-) 13/06/2005 Confirmed 09/03/2006 Pitta nympha b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens

Plerogyra discus b 10/05/2006 All except maricultured specimens attached to artificial substrates

Plerogyra simplex b 10/05/2006 All except maricultured specimens attached to artificial substrates

Plerogyra sinuosa b 10/05/2006 All except maricultured specimens attached to artificial substrates

Plerogyra spp. b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens except maricultured specimens attached to artificial substrates

Plerogyra turbida b 10/05/2006 All except maricultured specimens attached to artificial substrates

Polyplectron schleiermacheri b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens Psittacula alexandri b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens Psittaculirostris desmarestii (+) 10/09/1998 Psittaculirostris salvadorii (+) 10/09/1998 Psittrichas fulgidus b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens

Ptyas mucosus b removed 10/05/2006

All wild specimens, except: (i) specimens from the marked and registered stockpiles of 102,285 skins that were acquired before 30 September 1993 provided that the CITES secretariat has confirmed the validity of the Indonesian export permit).

Python breitensteini (+) 01/07/2004 Subject to the use of species specific quotas

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Python brongersmai (+) 01/07/2004 Confirmed 27/03/2007

Python curtus (+) 19/04/2004 Subject to the use of species specific quotas. Confirmed 01/07/2004

Python reticulatus (+) 07/11/2000

Scolymia vitiensis b 10/05/2006 All except maricultured specimens attached to artificial substrates

Seriatopora stellata (-) 26/06/2007 All wild specimens Siebenrockiella crassicollis b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens Spizaetus bartelsi b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens Tanygnathus gramineus b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens

Tanygnathus sumatranus (+) 16/09/1999 Applicable after publication of EC Reg. No. 1988/2000 on 24/09/2000

Trachyphyllia geoffroyi b 10/05/2006 All except maricultured specimens attached to artificial substrates

Trichoglossus ornatus (+) 16/09/1999 Applicable after publication of EC Reg. No. 1988/2000 on 24/09/2000

Tridacna crocea (+) 22/07/1997 Tridacna derasa (+) 22/07/1997 Tridacna gigas b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens Tridacna maxima (+) 22/07/1997 Tridacna squamosa (+) 22/07/1997 Trogonoptera brookiana (+) 11/02/1998 All ranched specimens Troides aeacus (+) 11/02/1998 All wild and ranched specimens Troides amphrysus (+) 11/02/1998 All wild and ranched specimens Troides andromache b 10/05/2006 All wild and ranched specimens Troides criton (+) 11/02/1998 All wild and ranched specimens

Troides cuneifer (+) 11/02/1998 All wild and ranched specimens Troides dohertyi (+) 11/02/1998 All ranched specimens

Troides haliphron (+) 11/02/1998 All wild and ranched specimens

Troides helena (+) 11/02/1998 All wild and ranched specimens Troides hypolitus (+) 11/02/1998 All wild and ranched specimens

Troides miranda (+) 11/02/1998 All wild and ranched specimens Troides oblongmaculatus (+) 11/02/1998 All wild and ranched specimens Troides plato (+) 11/02/1998 All ranched specimens

Troides prattorum (+) 11/02/1998 All ranched specimens

Troides riedeli (+) 11/02/1998 All ranched specimens

Troides vandepolli (+) 11/02/1998 Tyto inexspectata b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens Tyto nigrobrunnea b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens Tyto sororcula b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens Varanus dumerilii b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens Varanus jobiensis b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens Varanus prasinus beccarii b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens Varanus salvadorii (+) 18/07/2001 F1 specimens. Confirmed 29/10/2001 Varanus salvadorii b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens Varanus salvator (+) 23/06/1999 Wellsophyllia radiata (-) 22/05/2003 Zaglossus bruijni b 10/05/2006 All wild specimens

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4. TRADE IN CITES-LISTED SPECIES FROM INDONESIA The main global exports from Indonesia (as reported by Indonesia) between 1976 and 2005 were live mammals; live birds; live reptiles and reptile products (skins and skin products); live fish; live invertebrates and raw corals; and live plants, leaves, timber and timber products (timber pieces, chips, sawn wood and carvings) (Table 4.1). EU-imports of CITES-listed species from Indonesia, from 1976-2005, as reported by both trading partners, are summarised in Annex 3.

It should be noted that Tanzania reports trade on the basis of actual trade rather than permits issued. Trade levels reported in annual reports can therefore be considered to be relatively realistic and representative of the trade which actually occurred

Table 4.1. A summary of main global exports from Indonesia (excluding re-exports) as reported by Indonesia, 1976-2005.

Taxa Term (unit) Main global exports (reported by ID)

Mammals live 179,954

specimens 14,677

Birds live 870,118

Reptiles belts 25,010

bodies 35,095

carapace 17,675

handbags 122,438

live 689,930

meat (kg) 204,083

shoes 14,147

skin pieces 44,255

skin/leather items 9,844

skins 28,566,692

small leather products 212,777

wallets 26,860

Fish live 404,534

Invertebrates bodies 163,795

coral sand (kg) 207,992

live (kg) 586,123

live 7,781,260

raw corals (kg) 1,121,646

raw corals 18,091,982

Plants leaves (kg) 49,500

live 16,742,769

Timber carvings (m3) 9,668

chips (kg) 1,788,763

sawn wood (m3) 7,099

timber (kg) 1,133,073

timber (m3) 23,624

timber (pieces) 238,335

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Taxa Term (unit) Main global exports (reported by ID)

timber pieces (kg) 997,366

timber pieces (m3) 2,303

timber pieces 2,505,400

Mammals Global exports of live mammals from 1981-2005(no trade reported before 1981), as reported by Indonesia , mostly involved species of the Cercopithecidae family (98%), with Macaca fascicularis amounting to 92% of trade in live specimens. Of these, the source and purpose were mostly (68%) unspecified, and 27% were reported as captive-bred and five percent as wild-sourced, for commercial purposes. M. nemestrina (source and purpose mostly unspecified) and Pteropus vampyrus (wild-sourced for commercial purposes) accounted for the majority of the remaining trade in live mammals reported by Indonesia. Imports reported by the EU from 1976-2005, reflected a similar pattern, except that Pteropus vampyrus was not reported in the trade; also, a greater proportion of Macaca fascicularis in trade was reported by the EU to be wild-sourced rather than captive-bred compared with the global trade reported by Indonesia. The export to Germany of 52 live individuals of the recently described Tarsius lariang was reported by Indonesia in 2005. This species is not included in the current CITES Standard reference, so not yet listed in any of the EC Annexes nor CITES Appendices see species sheet for further information. Birds Species of Psittacidae accounted for the near totality (99.5%) of all exports of live birds reported by Indonesia from 1976-2005; Cacatua alba, Cacatua goffini, Eos bornea, and Trichoglossus haematodus comprised betweem 10-12% each of the live bird trade, most of which were from wild sources. Imports of birds reported by the EU from Indonesia show a similar pattern; the most highly traded live birds were Cacatua sulphurea (19%) and Eos bornea (9%). Trade in live birds to the EU has been relatively low level during 1992-1996 and 2002-2003, with no trade reported after 2003, presumably as a result, at least in part, of the import suspension for live, wild birds that was put in place by the EU for veterinary reasons. Reptiles Globally, most reptile exports from Indonesia involved skins, with significant levels of live reptiles also reported. Varanus salvator accounted for 46% of all reptile skin exports reported by Indonesia (over half of them with unspecified source and purpose, the rest mostly wild-sourced for commercial purposes) from 1980-2005. Other species reported in trade by Indonesia in high numbers for their skins during that period were Ptyas mucosus (18%), Python reticulatus (17%), and Cerberus rhynchops (9%). Live reptiles were also exported in great numbers globally from Indonesia, with Naja sputatrix, Cuora amboinensis, Varanus salvator and Python reticulatus accounting for 20%, 12%, 9% and 8% of trade, respectively, mostly wild-sourced and for commercial purposes. EU reptile imports from Indonesia 1976-2005, as reported by the EU, show a similar pattern, with the exception that the majority of imports are in this case reported as wild-sourced for commercial purposes, and very few live Naja sputatrix are reported in trade.

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Amphibians Virtually no exports of amphibians have been reported from Indonesia. Only 20 live amphibians and 380 specimens were reported in 2000 and 2002, although the species involved (Dendrobates spp., Hoplobatrachus tigerinus, and Epipedobates femoralis) do not occur in Indonesia. No imports of amphibia from Indonesia have been reported by the EU. Fish Global exports of fish from Indonesia from 1989-2005, as reported by Indonesia, mainly involved live Scleropages formosus (89%), the majority of them captive-bred for commercial purposes. The remaining 11% corresponds mostly to different live species of the genus Hippocampus, all wild-sourced for commercial purposes, and reported only in 2005. Fish imports reported by the EU 1992-2005 consisted almost entirely of wild-sourced live Hippocampus (mostly H. kuda, H. barbouri and H. histrix) for commercial purposes, and were reported only in 2004 and 2005. Invertebrates Global exports of invertebrates, as reported by Indonesia, from 1985-2005, consisted mainly of live and raw corals of the families Caryophylliidae (mostly the genus Euphyllia), Scleractinia (Order Scleractinia), Acroporidae (mostly the genus Acropora) and Fungiidae (mostly the genera Fungia and Heliofungia). The majority were from wild sources and were exported for commercial purposes. Additionally, in recent years, the cultivation of corals in open-ocean for commercial exports, known as mariculture, has increased in importance (see section 5.2). EC-reported imports of invertebrates were also dominated by live and raw corals. The greatest volume of trade was in the Order Scleractinia, and the families Poritidae, Caryophylliidae, and Acroporidae. See section 5.2 for further details Plants The great majority (over 90%) of live plant exports reported by Indonesia, from 1976-2005, involved 725 species from the family Orchidaceae, nearly all artificially propagated for commercial purposes, and mostly traded since 1997. Regarding trade in agarwood, Indonesias 2007 export quotas combined Aquilaria filaria & Gyrinops versteegii. The same pattern was reflected on EU-reported imports. In this case 493 species from the family Orchidaceae were involved. Timber Global timber exports reported by Indonesia from 1976-2005 included mostly Cyathea spp. (mainly C. contaminans and C. lepifera), Gonystylus bancanus and Aquilaria malaccensis, all for commercial purposes and wild sourced. EU-reported timber imports from Indonesia began in 1999 and involved exclusively Gonystylus bancanus and Gonystylus spp, all for commercial purposes and wild sourced (although a significant amount of illegally-sourced Gonystylus carvings was reported by the United Kingdom in 2004). See section 7 for more details on Gonystylus trade.

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5.1 REVIEW OF SELECTED NON-CORAL SPECIES

REVIEW OF SELECTED SPECIES IN TRADE FROM INDONESIA

MAMMALIA: TARSIIDAE SPECIES: Tarsius lariang SPECIES AUTHOR: Merker & Groves, 2006 SYNONYMS: - COMMON NAMES: - RANGE STATES: Indonesia RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia IUCN RED LIST: Not Evaluated PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: No previous opinions TRADE PATTERNS: The only reported trade was of 52 wild-sourced individuals reported by Indonesia to Germany for trade purposes. The transaction was not reported by Germany. An export quota for Tarsius lariang from Indonesia has not been published on the CITES website. CONSERVATION STATUS IN RANGE STATES: INDONESIA: This species was described in 2006 from the Gimpu region of central Sulawesi. Little is known about its status so far. In November 2001, S. Merker caught eight specimens near Gimpu and four of them were transferred to the Indonesian Institute of Sciences at Cibinong, to be held in an enclosure and, after their deaths, become part of the collection of the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Bogor (Merker & Groves, 2006). The species is known from the villages of Gimpu (0138S 12002E), Lempelero (0139S 12002E), Tomua (0136S 12002E) and Marena (0134S 12002E) and its characteristic duet calls can be heard on both sides of the Lariang river as well as its northern tributary (Meweh river). The following boundaries of its range have been assumed: Palu Bay to the north, the Makassar Strait to the west, Lore-Lindu National Park to the east, and possibly the Karama river, the Toraja Highlands or the Tempe depression to the south. Tarsius lariang has not specifically been listed as protected animal species in Indonesia yet, but according to Government Regulation (PP No. 7 tahun 1999), all species of Tarsius are protected. REFERENCES: Merker, S. & Groves, C. P. 2006. Tarsius lariang: a new primate species from western central Sulawesi.

International Journal of Primatology 27: 465-485.

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Newly described species not included in the CITES standard references New species are regularly described and it is not possible for CoPs to always be up-to-date with approval of the relevant ones. 36 mammal species, 8 bird species, 20 reptile species, 4 amphibian species and 3 fish species that were newly described in 2002 (2 species), 2003 (6 species), 2004 (6 species), 2005 (11 species), 2006 (37 species) and 2007 (9 species), and are covered by CITES higher taxon listings, but have not been considered by the Nomenclature Committee and will, therefore, not be approved by a CoP until at least 2010. It is suggested that these species could be listed specifically in the next EC wildlife trade Regulation so that any trade during the period before they are considered by a CITES CoP will be covered by legislation within the EU. A list of these species is given below: MAMMALIA

PRIMATES CEBIDAE Callicebus aureipalatii Wallace, Gmez, Felton & Felton, 2006 Cebus queirozi Mendes Pontes, Malta & Asfora, 2006 CERCOPITHECIDAE Lophocebus kipunji Jones, Ehardt, Butynski, Davenport, Mpunga, Machaga & De Luca, 2005 Macaca munzala Sinha, Datta, Madhusudan & Mishra, 2005 CHEIROGALEIDAE Microcebus bongolavensis Olivieri, Zimmermann, Randrianambinina, Rasoloharijaona,

Rakotondravony, Guschanski & Radespiel, 2007 Microcebus danfossi Olivieri, Zimmermann, Randrianambinina, Rasoloharijaona, Rakotondravony,

Guschanski & Radespiel, 2007 Microcebus jollyae Louis, Coles, Andriantompohavana, Sommer, Engberg, Zaonarivelo, Mayor &

Brenneman, 2006 Microcebus lehilahytsara Roos & Kappeler, 2005 Microcebus lokobensis Olivieri, Zimmermann, Randrianambinina, Rasoloharijaona, Rakotondravony,

Guschanski & Radespiel, 2007 Microcebus mamiratra Andriantompohavana, Zaonarivelo, Engberg, Randriamampionona, McGuire,

Shore, Rakotonomenjanahary, Brenneman & Louis, 2006 Microcebus mittermeieri Louis, Coles, Andriantompohavana, Sommer, Engberg, Zaonarivelo, Mayor &

Brenneman, 2006 Microcebus simmonsi Louis, Coles, Andriantompohavana, Sommer, Engberg, Zaonarivelo, Mayor &

Brenneman, 2006 Mirza zaza Kappeler & Roos, 2005 INDRIDAE Avahi betsileo Andriantompohavana, Lei, Zaonarivelo, Engberg, Nalanirina, McGuire, Shore,

Andrianasolo, Herrington, Brenneman & Louis, 2007 Avahi cleesei Thalmann & Geissmann, 2005 Avahi meridionalis Zaramody, Fausser, Roos, Zinner, Andriaholinirina, Rabarivola, Norscia,

Tattersall & Rumpler, 2006 Avahi peyrierasi Zaramody, Fausser, Roos, Zinner, Andriaholinirina, Rabarivola, Norscia, Tattersall &

Rumpler, 2006 Avahi ramanantsoavani Zaramody, Fausser, Roos, Zinner, Andriaholinirina, Rabarivola, Norscia,

Tattersall & Rumpler, 2006

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LEPILEMURIDAE Lepilemur aeeclis Andriaholinirina, Fausser, Roos, Zinner, Thalmann, Rabarivola, Ravoarimanana,

Ganzhorn, Meier, Hilgartner, Walter, Zaramody, Langer, Hahn, Zimmermann, Radespiel, Craul, Tomiuk, Tattersall & Rumpler, 2006

Lepilemur ahmansoni Louis, Engberg, Lei, Geng, Sommer, Randriamampionona, Randriamanana, Zaonarivelo, Andriantompohavana, Randria, Prosper, Ramaromilanto, Rakotoarisoa, Rooney & Brenneman, 2006

Lepilemur betsileo Louis, Engberg, Lei, Geng, Sommer, Randriamampionona, Randriamanana, Zaonarivelo, Andriantompohavana, Randria, Prosper, Ramaromilanto, Rakotoarisoa, Rooney & Brenneman, 2006

Lepilemur fleuretae Louis, Engberg, Lei, Geng, Sommer, Randriamampionona, Randriamanana, Zaonarivelo, Andriantompohavana, Randria, Prosper, Ramaromilanto, Rakotoarisoa, Rooney & Brenneman, 2006

Lepilemur grewcocki Louis, Engberg, Lei, Geng, Sommer, Randriamampionona, Randriamanana, Zaonarivelo, Andriantompohavana, Randria, Prosper, Ramaromilanto, Rakotoarisoa, Rooney & Brenneman, 2006

Lepilemur hubbardi Louis, Engberg, Lei, Geng, Sommer, Randriamampionona, Randriamanana, Zaonarivelo, Andriantompohavana, Randria, Prosper, Ramaromilanto, Rakotoarisoa, Rooney & Brenneman, 2006

Lepilemur jamesi Louis, Engberg, Lei, Geng, Sommer, Randriamampionona, Randriamanana, Zaonarivelo, Andriantompohavana, Randria, Prosper, Ramaromilanto, Rakotoarisoa, Rooney & Brenneman, 2006

Lepilemur milanoii Louis, Engberg, Lei, Geng, Sommer, Randriamampionona, Randriamanana, Zaonarivelo, Andriantompohavana, Randria, Prosper, Ramaromilanto, Rakotoarisoa, Rooney & Brenneman, 2006

Lepilemur petteri Louis, Engberg, Lei, Geng, Sommer, Randriamampionona, Randriamanana, Zaonarivelo, Andriantompohavana, Randria, Prosper, Ramaromilanto, Rakotoarisoa, Rooney & Brenneman, 2006

Lepilemur randrianasoli Andriaholinirina, Fausser, Roos, Zinner, Thalmann, Rabarivola, Ravoarimanana, Ganzhorn, Meier, Hilgartner, Walter, Zaramody, Langer, Hahn, Zimmermann, Radespiel, Craul, Tomiuk, Tattersall & Rumpler, 2006

Lepilemur sahamalazensis Andriaholinirina, Fausser, Roos, Zinner, Thalmann, Rabarivola, Ravoarimanana, Ganzhorn, Meier, Hilgartner, Walter, Zaramody, Langer, Hahn, Zimmermann, Radespiel, Craul, Tomiuk, Tattersall & Rumpler, 2006

Lepilemur seali Louis, Engberg, Lei, Geng, Sommer, Randriamampionona, Randriamanana, Zaonarivelo, Andriantompohavana, Randria, Prosper, Ramaromilanto, Rakotoarisoa, Rooney & Brenneman, 2006

Lepilemur tymerlachsoni Louis, Engberg, Lei, Geng, Sommer, Randriamampionona, Randriamanana, Zaonarivelo, Andriantompohavana, Randria, Prosper, Ramaromilanto, Rakotoarisoa, Rooney & Brenneman, 2006

Lepilemur wrighti Louis, Engberg, Lei, Geng, Sommer, Randriamampionona, Randriamanana, Zaonarivelo, Andriantompohavana, Randria, Prosper, Ramaromilanto, Rakotoarisoa, Rooney & Brenneman, 2006

TARSIIDAE Tarsius lariang Merker & Groves, 2006

CETACEA DELPHINIDAE Orcaella heinsohni Beasley, Robertson & Arnold, 2005

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CARNIVORA CANIDAE Canis himalayensis Aggarwal, Kivisild, Ramadevi & Singh, 2007 Canis indica Aggarwal, Kivisild, Ramadevi & Singh, 2007 AVES

PSITTACIFORMES PSITTACIDAE Aratinga hockingi Arndt, 2005 Aratinga pintoi Silveira, Lima & Hfling, 2005 Loriculus camiguinensis Tello, Degner, Bates & Willard, 2006 Pyrrhura peruviana Joseph, 2002 Pyrrhura snethlageae Joseph, 2002 Ninox burhani Indrawan & Somadikarta, 2004 Otus thilohoffmanni Wakaragoda & Rasmussen, 2004

APODIFORMES TROCHILIDAE Eriocnemis isabellae Cortes-Diago, Ortega, Mazariegos-Hurtado & Weller, 2007

REPTILIA SAURIA AGAMIDAE Uromastyx yemenensis Wilms & Schmitz, 2007 CHAMAELEONIDAE Bradypodion atromontanum Branch, Tolley & Tilbury, 2006 Calumma amber Raxworthy & Nussbaum, 2006 Calumma crypticum Raxworthy & Nussbaum, 2006 Calumma hafahafa Raxworthy & Nussbaum, 2006 Calumma jejy Raxworthy & Nussbaum, 2006 Calumma peltierorum Raxworthy & Nussbaum, 2006 Calumma tsycorne Raxworthy & Nussbaum, 2006 Chamaeleo narraioca Neas, Modry & Slapeta, 2003 Chamaeleo ntunte Neas, Modry & Slapeta, 2005 GEKKONIDAE Phelsuma kely Schnecker, Bach & Glaw, 2004 Phelsuma vanheygeni Lerner, 2004 Uroplatus giganteus Glaw, Kosuch, Henkel, Sound & Bhme, 2006 IGUANIDAE Phrynosoma wigginsi Montanucci, 2004 VARANIDAE Varanus bushi Aplin, Fitch & King, 2006

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Varanus reisingeri Eidenmller & Wicker, 2005 Varanus zugorum Bhme & Ziegler, 2005 SERPENTES PYTHONIDAE Morelia macburniei Hoser, 2003 Morelia mippughae Hoser, 2003 TROPIDOPHIIDAE Tropidophis xanthogaster Domnguez, Moreno & Hedges, 2006

AMPHIBIA

ANURA DENDROBATIDAE Dendrobates daleswansoni Rueda-Almonacid, Rada, Snchez-Pacheco, Velsquez-Alvarez &

Quevedo, 2006 Dendrobates dorisswansoni Rueda-Almonacid, Rada, Snchez-Pacheco, Velsquez-Alvarez &

Quevedo, 2006 Dendrobates nubeculosus Jungfer & Bhme, 2004 Epipedobates yungicola Ltters, Schmitz & Reichle, 2006

ACTINOPTERYGII OSTEOGLOSSIFORMES OSTEOGLOSSIDAE Scleropages aureus Pouyaud, Sudarto & Teugels, 2003 Scleropages legendrei Pouyaud, Sudarto & Teugels, 2003 Scleropages macrocephalus Pouyaud, Sudarto & Teugels, 2003 Full citations for these newly described species and their distributions are available in the UNEP-WCMC Species Database.

22


REPTILIA PYTHONIDAE SPECIES: Python reticulatus SYNONYMS: Boa phrygia, Boa reticulata, Boa rhombeata, Coluber javanicus,

Morelia reticulatus, Python schneideri COMMON NAMES: Reticulated Python (English), Regal Python (English), Java

Rock Python (English), Python rticul (French), Pitn reticulada (Spanish), ntpyton (Swedish)

RANGE STATES: Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia India Indonesia

Lao People's Democratic Republic Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia IUCN RED LIST: Not Evaluated PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Imports from India and Singapore (since 22/12/1997) are

currently suspended as are imports from Peninsular Malaysia (negative opinion originally formed 05/09/2002). Imports from Indonesia are subject to a positive opinion (07/11/2000); a negative opinion (22/02/2000) was in place before that. A negative opinion was formed for Bangladesh and Cambodia on 22/12/1997 and was subsequently removed on 24/09/2000.

TRADE PATTERNS: The majority of P. reticulatus skins in trade originate from Indonesia, particularly Sumatra and Borneo (Auliya et al., 2002, and references therein). Tables 5.1.1 and 5.1.2 show that the majority of reported trade in P. reticulatus both to the EU and other countries was in wild-sourced skins. Trade in meat to non-EU countries was also significant, as is sale of gall, which is in demand for Chinese medicine (Groombridge and Luxmoore, 1991). Snake meat is not widely consumed in Indonesia; the exported meat should therefore be considered a by-product (Groombridge and Luxmoore, 1991). Italy and Spain are the major importers of P. reticulatus skins in the EU (Table 5.1.1). In a survey of trade from 1983-1991, P. reticulatus was the most sought-after and the most expensive snakeskin species in Italy (Jenkins and Broad, 1994). Quotas established by Indonesia for P. reticulatus are provided in Table 5.1.3. Trade for skins was generally within quota the apparent excess in 2005 according to importer data but not according to trade reported by Indonesia can probably be accounted for by end of year trade (see Table 5.1.5). The quota for trade in live specimens was apparently exceeded, particularly in 2005, according to data reported by Indonesia but not according to importer data (see Table 5.1.4).

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Table 5.1.1. Direct exports of Python reticulatus from Indonesia to EU-27, 2001-2005. Purpose T unless otherwise indicated. (No indirect trade was reported)

Importer Term Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Total

Austria live W Importer Exporter 45 45 Belgium live W Importer 10 10 Exporter 50 123 173 Czech Rep. live W Importer 37 37 Exporter 6 50 56 France live F Importer 300 300 Exporter 46 158 116 320 W Importer 58 17 79 10 164 Exporter 58 17 29 35 139 skins W Importer 25 25 Exporter 1 1

small leather products W Importer 80 80

Exporter

Germany live C Importer

2 (Purpose P) 2

Exporter

Importer

2 (Purpose S) 2

Exporter F Importer Exporter 6 6 W Importer 79 55 186 192 232 744 Exporter 132 155 188 838 330 1643 skins W Importer 1000 3500 267 500 200 5467 Exporter 500 3000 267 500 200 4467


Exporter 4 59 63 Greece live W Importer 10 10 20 Exporter 10 10 20 Hungary live W Importer Exporter 20 20

Italy

large leather products W Importer 335 335

Exporter live W Importer Exporter 432 30 1500 1962 shoes W Importer 94 94 Exporter skin pieces W Importer 50 kg 50 kg Exporter 4600 4600

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Importer Term Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Total

skins F Importer Exporter 30 30 W Importer 2391 34701 15400 29916 23750 106158 Exporter 8896 31034 20000 30016 20893 110839

small leather products W Importer 4 1107 1111

Exporter 908 253 340 1501 Netherlands live F Importer Exporter 7 7 W Importer 4 16 75 95 Exporter 23 16 32 20 91 Spain live W Importer 69 29 20 118 Exporter 34 124 30 96 3 287 skins W Importer 1616 7029 13148 12385 26822 61000 Exporter 2830 7476 16860 12972 24046 64184


Exporter 200 2 202 Sweden live W Importer Exporter 104 104 UK live F Importer Exporter 4 6 86 96 W Importer 26 61 55 72 101 315 Exporter 26 97 97 173 254 647 skins W Importer Exporter 26 3 29

small leather products W Importer

Exporter 62 62

Table 5.1.2. Direct exports of Python reticulatus from Indonesia to countries other than EU-27, 2001-2005.

Term Source Purpose Reported by Total

gall W T Importer Exporter 90 kg large leather products W T Importer 142 Exporter live C T Importer 86 Exporter Z Importer 2 Exporter F T Importer 321 Exporter 1615 W B Importer 6

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Term Source Purpose Reported by Total

Exporter P Importer 4 Exporter 2 Q Importer 3 Exporter T Importer 7511 Exporter 19638 Z Importer 19 Exporter meat W T Importer 70940 kg Exporter 5000, 76750 kg shoes W T Importer 993 Exporter skin pieces C T Importer 8 Exporter W T Importer 218 Exporter 250 m skins C T Importer 30 Exporter 300 W T Importer 229560, 1100 m Exporter 590439 small leather products I T Importer 560 Exporter W Q Importer Exporter 10 T Importer 13027 Exporter 35297

Table 5.1.3. Python reticulatus Indonesia quotas

Year Quota Notes

2007 4500 live 2007 157500 skins and skin products 2006 4500 live 2006 157500 skins and skin products 2005 157500 skins and skin products 2005 4500 live 2004 4500 live 2004 157500 skins 2003 5000 live 2003 157000 skins 2002 4500 live 2002 157500 skins 2001 4500 live 2001 157500 skins 2000 170830 skins and live specimens 1999 162000 skins + live 1998 138600 skins

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Year Quota Notes

1998 5400 live 1997 162000

Table 5.1.4. All reported Python reticulatus trade from Indonesia in live, wild specimens

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Reported by Importer 1430 2122 1774 1732 1988 Reported by Exporter 3842 4425 3901 4887 7772

Quota (live) 4500 4500 5000 4500 4500

Table 5.1.5. All reported Python reticulatus trade from Indonesia in skins, wild-sourced

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Reported by Importer 36054 71374 54271 77327 163184 Reported by Exporter 155330 161408 153062 151479 148680

Quota (skins) 157500 157500 157500 157500 157500

CONSERVATION STATUS IN RANGE STATES: Python reticulatus is the largest boid, approaching 10m length in adulthood, with females being larger than males at maturity. P. reticulatus exhibits rapid growth, early maturation, and relatively high reproductive output. A recent taxonomic review (Auliya et al., 2002) recognised three subspecies: P. reticulatus reticulatus, P. r. saputrai and P. r. jampeanus. P. reticulatus ranges from Assam and the Nicobar Islands to the Philippines and Indonesia (Auliya et al., 2002). It primarily inhabits humid forests up to 1,500m (Cox et al., 1998). The species exhibits high ecological flexibility, including the ability to use man-made habitats such as orchards, agricultural lands and human settlements. P. reticulatus may even actively select the latter (Auliya, 2006). It tolerates severe habitat degradation, and thrives even in highly disturbed landscapes in the suburbs of large cities (Shine et al., 1999a). Exports of P. reticulatus from Indonesia were discussed at SRG13 on the 13 June 1999.

INDONESIA: Occurrence reported in West Java (Groombridge and Luxmoore, 1991; de Haas, 1941), Sambas, West Kalimantan, Cirebon, Sangihe Island (off Sulawesi), Siberut, common in Berbak Game reserve, Sumatra; common in most forests of northern Sulawesi (Groombridge and Luxmoore, 1991 and references therein). One early twentieth century source cited P. reticulatus as very common (de Rooij, 1917). McNeely (in litt. to R. Honegger, 15 January 1979 cited in Groombridge and Luxmoore, 1991) considered it uncommon throughout its range, and becoming depleted in Indonesia because of hunting for skin and meat. de Haas (1941) considered the species to be rare in West Java following two years during which he paid many hundreds of workers on two tea estates to collect snakes and only five reticulated pythons were collected. In a project to assess the status of giant reptiles in oil palm estates in North Sumatra, Abel (1998) concluded that P. reticulatus was very rare in one of the study sites, and at a relatively low population density in the other, particularly in plantation areas. However, difficulties in catching the notoriously secretive P. reticulatus, as recognised by Abel (1998) and described in some detail by Auliya (2006), must be considered before drawing conclusions.

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Reptile dealers in the Sambas region reported a distinct decline in P. reticulatus during the mid 1990s (Erdelen et al. 1997 unpublished manuscript cited by Auliya, 2006), which may have been due to an increase in agricultural land. This was also observed in North Sumatra (Erdelen et al. 1997 and Sudirman, pers.comm. cited by Shine et al. 1999a). Skin dealers in the Rantauprapat area also reported that numbers of P. reticulatus had declined as plantations have expanded in size (Keogh et al., 2001). Auliya (2006) observed that within agricultural landscapes the species selects habitats along rivers with remains of forested patches, and noted that local reptile hunters and dealers in northern Sumatra reported a scarcity of P. reticulatus in extensive monocultures such as oil plantations without aquatic environments. Shine et al. (1999b) also reported that P. reticulatus was uncommon in oil palm plantations. Auliya (2006) presumed that oil palm crowns did not represent favourable resting sites for P. reticulatus. Co-existence with the better adapted P. brongersmai may lead to competitive displacement of P. reticulatus to fringe habitats (Auliya, 2006). Shine et al. (1998) suggested the possibility that large females move to pristine forest to find larger prey. However, in later work (Shine et al., 1999a) they found that in the highly disturbed agricultural area of Medan even larger pythons fed mainly on rats, though very large females were scarce. The extent to which reticulated pythons are collected from forested or open habitats following deforestation is unknown (Iskandar and Erdelen, 2006) and they are often caught near human dwellings. Several large studies have subsequently been published relevant to the sustainability of harvesting the species (Auliya, 2006; Iskandar and Erdelen, 2006; Keogh et al, 2001, for example). Past and present levels of harvest were reported to be enormously high and relatively continuous (Auliya, 2006). Commercial harvest in Indonesia is restricted to specific regions and habitats and does not cover the entire range (Auliya, 2006). Iskandar and Erdelen (2006) remarked surprisingly, these high harvest rates have obviously not led to large-scale extinctions of certain populations. Shine et al. (1999a) concluded the commercial skin trade is unlikely to result in the extirpation of reticulated pythons from their Indonesian range. Undoubtedly, the large numbers of animals taken for the skin trade depress local abundances of pythons, and might eliminate these animals from small sections of highly fragmented habitats. The central issue in terms of sustainability of the trade, however, does not involve the possibility of extinction Iskandar and Erdelen (2006) noted that habitat destruction and trade have affected species and local populations of reptiles and amphibians in Indonesia, with habitat destruction being the most important factor. It was suggested that further information is needed in order to confidently assess sustainable offtake levels (Iskandar and Erdelen, 2006; Shine et al., 1999a). Erdelen (1998) proposed measures which might be evaluated to lessen the impact of the skin trade:

the use of intermediate size classes only no killing of accidentally caught specimens uses other than skin to be limited to skinned specimens no extension of export of live specimens for consumption release of hatchlings from collected females into the location where caught a shift from crust tanned skins to quality leather products

REFERENCES: Abel, F. 1998. Status, population biology and conservation of the water monitor (Varanus salvator), the

reticulated python (Python reticulatus), and the blood python (Python curtus) in Sumatra and Kalimantan, Indonesia project report North Sumatra. Mertensiella 9:111-117.

Auliya, M.A. 2006. Taxonomy, life history and conservation of giant reptiles in West Kalimantan. Verlag GmbH, Mnster.

Auliya, M., Mausfeld, P., Schmitz, A. and Bhme, W. 2002. Review of the reticulated python (Python reticulatus Schneider, 1801) with the description of new subspecies from Indonesia. Naturwissenschaften, 89:201-213.

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Cox, M.J., van Dijk, P.P., Nabhitabhata, J. and Thirakhupt, K. 1998. A photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. New Holland Publishers (UK) Ltd. London.

de Haas, C.P.J. 1941. Some notes on the biology of snakes and on their distribution in two districts of West Java. Treubia 18(2) 327-375)

de Rooij, N. 1917. The reptiles of the Indo-Australian archipelago II Ophidia. Erdelen, W. 1998. Trade in lizards and snakes in Indonesia: bio-geography, ignorance, and

sustainability. Mertensiella 9: 69-83 Groombridge, B. and Luxmoore, R. 1991. Pythons in South-east Asia: a review of distribution, status and

trade in three selected species. Lausanne: CITES Secretariat. Iskandar, D.T. and Erdelen, W.R. 2006. Conservation of amphibians and reptiles in Indonesia: issues

and problems. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation 4(1):60-87. Jenkins, M. and Broad, S. 1994. International trade in reptile skins: a review and analysis of the main

consumer markets, 1983-1991. Traffic International, Cambridge, UK. 68 pp. Keogh, J.S., Barker, D.G. and Shine, R. 2001. Heavily exploited but poorly known: systematics and

biogeography of commercially harvested pythons (Python curtus group) in Southeast Asia. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 73: 113129.

Shine, R., P.S. Harlow, J. S. Keogh, and Boeadi. 1998. The influence of sex and body size on food habits of a giant tropical snake, Python reticulatus. Functional Ecology, 12:248-258.

Shine, R., Ambaryianto, P.S. Harlow and Mumpuni. 1999a. Reticulated pythons in Sumatra: biology, harvesting and sustainability. Biological Conservation, 87: 349-357.

Shine, R., Ambariyanto, Harlow, P.S. and Mumpuni. 1999b. Ecological attributes of two commercially-harvested python species in northern Sumatra. Journal of Herpetology, 33(2): 249-257.

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REPTILIA: ELAPIDAE SPECIES: Naja sputatrix SYNONYMS: Naja naja sputatrix COMMON NAMES: Indonesian Cobra (English), South Indonesian Spitting

Cobra (English) RANGE STATES: Indonesia RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia IUCN RED LIST: Not Evaluated PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: - TRADE PATTERNS: The 2007 export quota published on the CITES website for Indonesia was 134550 skins and 450 live specimens (see table 5.1.6). Table 5.1.6. CITES export quotas for Naja sputatrix from Indonesia.

Year Terms

1996 145,000 unspecified

1997 135,000 unspecified

1998 135,000 skins, 2,700 live

1999 135,000 skins & live

2000 142,000 skins & live

2001 132,300 skins, 2,700 live

2002 135,000 skins, 1,350 live

2003 134,500 skins, 500 live

2004 134,550 skins, 450 live

2005 134,550 skins, 450 live

2006 134,550 skins, 450 live

2007 134,550 skins, 450 live

The EU has been only a minor importer of this species. Imports of 17,000 skins and very few live wild animals (34 and 179 as reported by importer and exporter respecitively) were reported by EU-27 countries from 1996-2005. The trade to countries outside the EU has been more substantial, with exports from Indonesia of nearly half million skins and about 35,000 live animals of wild origin from 1996-2005, as reported by importer, with a peak in 1997. Indonesia-reported figures for that period were in excess of one million skins and 50,000 live animals of wild origin. Trade in Naja sputatrix during the period 2001-2005 is summarized in Tables 5.1.7 8.

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According to importer-reported figures, the trade has been well under the quota for skins in all years and well under for live animals in all years except 1998, when the quota of 2,400 was exceeded by about 4,000. According to Indonesia-reported trade, the 1998 quota for live animals was not exceeded, but the 2002 quota of 1,350 was exceeded by about 3,000 (see table 5.1.9). Table 5.1.7. Direct exports of Naja sputatrix from Indonesia to EU-27, 2001-2005. Purpose T, Source W. (No indirect trade was reported)

Importer Term Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Total

Czech Republic live Importer Exporter 4 4

France small leather products Importer

Exporter 606 707 1313 Germany live Importer 14 14 Exporter 3 3 32 38

small leather products Importer

Exporter 42 42

Greece small leather products Importer

Exporter 7300 7300

Italy large leather products Importer 115 115

Exporter shoes Importer 565 565 Exporter skins Importer 6000 6000 Exporter 6000 6000

small leather products Importer 75 pairs 2 71

73 + 75 pairs

Exporter 410 645 565 237 1857

Spain large leather products Importer 17 1 18

Exporter skins Importer 10500 10500 Exporter 10500 10500

small leather products Importer 1 pair 1 pair

Exporter 58 80 1 139 Sweden live Importer Exporter 8 8 UK live Importer Exporter 11 11 skins Importer Exporter 16 5 21

small leather products Importer

Exporter 3 7 10

31

Table 5.1.8. Direct exports of Naja sputatrix from Indonesia to countries other than EU-27, 2001-2005. Purpose T, Source W.


Australia small leather products Importer Exporter 100 75 175 venom Importer Exporter 3 g 3g Brazil bodies Importer Exporter 100 100 skins Importer 6000 16800 22800 Exporter 2000 2000 6000 16800 7430 34230 Canada live Importer Exporter 2 2 Chile small leather products Importer Exporter 40 40 China live Importer 900 900

Exporter 2000 (F)

1700 (F) 3700

former Yugosl./Serb&Mont. small leather products Importer Exporter 790 75 865

Hong Kong live Importer 4195 (F)

1500 (F) 600 (F) 6295

Exporter 6925 (F)

4450 (F)

2550 (F) 13925

skins Importer 6000 13200 19200 Exporter 2 14129 14131 small leather products Importer Exporter 2 2 Japan live Importer 10 10 Exporter 10 3 15 28 skins Importer Exporter 300 300 small leather products Importer 4 16 138 15 173 Exporter 21 16 18 380 100 535 Malaysia live Importer 16 16 Exporter 7 46 53 Mexico skins Importer 16570 48000 24000 54375 22960 165905 Exporter 25500 48000 53000 20004 39031 185535 Philippines skins Importer Exporter 2 2 Rep. of Korea large leather products Importer 36 36 Exporter live Importer Exporter 5 5 small leather products Importer 20 20 Exporter 20 20 Russian Fed. live Importer Exporter 12 27 39

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skins Importer Exporter 4 4 Serbia & Montenegro small leather products Importer Exporter 15 15 Singapore live Importer Exporter 4027 4027 skins Importer 42007 42007 Exporter 91080 71380 34000 12500 41811 250771 small leather products Importer Exporter 100 35 75 27 237 South Africa small leather products Importer Exporter 175 175 Switzerland live Importer Exporter 5 5 Taiwan, Prov. of China Live (Source F) Importer Exporter 950 5010 5800 2900 4660 19320 skins Importer Exporter 3000 3000 Thailand live Importer Exporter 10 10 Ukraine live Importer Exporter 12 2 14 skins Importer Exporter 33 33 United States bodies Importer 200 200 Exporter 200 200 large leather products Importer 20 90 21 50 181 Exporter live Importer 21 11 33 10 10 85 Exporter 267 268 104 207 199 1045 shoes Importer 18 18 Exporter skin pieces Importer 754 200 954 Exporter skins Importer 2000 7000 23000 50 32050 Exporter 252 3000 10554 23200 100 37106 small leather products Importer 1210 696 169 2075 Exporter 178 12 1955 61 369 2575 Viet Nam live (Source F) Importer Exporter 2975 2975

Table 5.1.9. All reported trade (2001-2005) from Indonesia in Naja sputatrix wild-sourced live specimens and skins. 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

live Reported by Importer 922 11 49 10 20

Reported by Indonesia 300 4341 162 212 224

Quota 2700 1350 500 450 450

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skins Reported by Importer 18570 48000 37000 100175 78217

Reported by Indonesia 121832 124680 103558 86633 88409

Quota 132300 135000 134500 134550 134550

CONSERVATION STATUS IN RANGE STATES: INDONESIA: Naja sputatrix occurs only in Indonesia: on the islands of Java (Wster & Thorpe, 1989), Bali (Mertens, 1930 based on a specimen in Brussels Museum), Lombok (Mertens, 1930), Komodo (Dunn, 1927; Mertens, 1931; Auffenberg, 1980), Sumbawa (Mertens, 1930; Klemmer, 1963), Flores (Mertens, 1930; Klemmer, 1963), Lomblen (Anon., 2007), Alor (Mertens, 1930), and possibly other islands in the group; the occurrence of this species on Timor and Sulawesi requires confirmation (Wster & Thorpe, 1989). Occurrence in other countries was based on earlier taxonomic divisions of the genus Naja; Wster & Thorpe (1989) used multivariate analysis of a large number of morphological characters to demonstrate that the populations from Java east to Alor were specifically distinct from those in Sumatra, Borneo and South-East Asia. The nomenclature was clarified by Wster (1996). In Komodo, Auffenberg (1980) recorded the species in gallery and deciduous monsoon forests, particularly around rock piles and outcrops with many fissures and holes, and in Imperata and Zizyphus savannas. Boeadi et al. (1998) measured and dissected 80 specimens (45 males and 35 females) of Naja sputatrix [and 174 specimens of Ptyas mucosus] captured by commercial snake-catchers in Central Java. Mammalian prey items were recovered from 33 cobras, but these were apparently not identified more specifically, and with the remainder consisting of unidentified animals (probably mainly frogs). However, in the discussion the following statement is made: it seems as though both of the harvested species feed extensively on prey types (rats and frogs) that may have increased in abundance due to human agricultural activities such as flooding of paddy fields, growing of grain crops, etc. The relatively high numbers of male snakes collected also suggests that the impact of collecting on natural populations may not be as severe as one might at first imagine. . The current harvest of rat snakes and cobras in Java has probably been going on for a considerable time, and there seems to be no doubt that some level of commercial and domestic exploitation of these natural resources will be sustainable indefinitely. However, we will require further studies including long-term monitoring of offtake levels from the harvest before we can confidently assess the impact of collectors on the populations. In the shorter term, it would be useful to investigate patterns of habitat use by the harvested taxa to assess the degree to which they are able to exploit habitats that have been significantly modified by agricultural and other human activities. There is considerable extrapolation here from limited data. Sugardjito et al. (1998) conducted a survey of harvest levels in Central Java in 1996. The levels were estimated from the main hunting seasons (mostly six months during the wet season), the frequency of deliveries of snakes to traders, and an extrapolation to the total area of suitable habitat in Central Java and Yogyakarta provinces. The total harvest level was estimated as annually ranging (mean minus one standard error) between 44,855 and 109,650. The capture quota set by the Indonesian government ranged between 145,000 and 160,000 from 1991 to 1996. The results suggested that Central Java and Yogyakarta provinces accounted for a little more than two-thirds of the quota. It was concluded that, for West and East Java, data were still needed for a better overall assessment of harvest levels and the status of the species in Java. Yuwono (1998), in an assessment of the status of Indonesian amphibian and reptile species exported for the pet trade listed the Javan population of Naja sputatrix as Abundant (thousands can be collected if needed) but no support for this assessment is provided.

34

de Haas (1941) organized hundreds of workers on estates in two districts of western Java in the 1930s to collect snakes; N. sputatrix was found only in one district, Nandjoeng Djaja in Soemedang province, and was found to be uncommon. Erdelen (1998) discussed sustainable use of snakes and lizards in Indonesia and concluded that more information on changes in population status in harvested populations of reptiles is generally needed. To illustrate the complexity of the knowledge required to estimate whether a particular harvesting pattern is sustainable the most relevant parameters that should be understood are: Magnitude and kind of natural variation in the environment and its effect on target populations. Lifespan of individuals of particular populations. Age/size at sexual maturity. Clutch sizes. Natality/mortality rates (and their age dependency). Migration rates (immigration and emigration). Role of stochastic effects, particularly their importance in harvested populations. Of course, detailed analyses of these parameters for all of the Indonesian lizard and snake species in skin and pet trade would be an unrealistic undertaking. Too many species are involved, costs would be insurmountable, and manpower and expertise needed would simply be not available. As a consequence, alternatives to detailed population studies need to be developed. However, these alternatives should make full use of information on biogeography and population ecology already available and should identify, whenever indicated, needs for specific studies on the relevant species. In particular, these alternatives might encompass: Analyses of annual harvest levels (geographically differentiated, related to individual populations). Monitoring of catch/unit effort and changes in relative abundances, sex and age structures. Use of conservative management regimes. Top to bottom cooperation, but not top-down imposed decisions of scientists and government

authorities with exporters, collectors and local hunters, i.e. the different levels in the hierarchical trade system.

Testing of the feasibility of large-scale commercial captive breeding. Despite these suggestions there is no evidence that the required information has been obtained. In fact, Iskandar & Erdelen (2006) noted that although surveys on harvest levels of cobras have already been undertaken (Boeadi et al. 1998; Sugardjito et al. 1998), we need more information for an overall assessment of harvest levels, especially for the island of Java, where most of the cobras are caught for the food market and skins are used as byproducts. REFERENCES: Anon. 2007. The Asiatic cobra systematics page. URL:

http://biology.bangor.ac.uk/~bss166/Taxa/AsNaja.htm Accessed 30 July 2007. Auffenberg, W. 1980. The herpetofauna of Komodo, with notes on adjacent areas. Bulletin of the Florida

State Museum, Biological Sciences 25: 39-156. Boeadi, Shine, R., Sugardjito, J., Amir, M. and Sinaga, M. H. 1998. Biology of the commercially-harvested

Rat Snake (Ptyas mucosus) and Cobra (Naja sputatrix) in central Java. Mertensiella 9: 99-104. Dunn, E. R. 1927. Results of the Douglas Burden Expedition to the island of Komodo. II snakes from

the East Indies. American Museum Novitates 287: 1-7. Erdelen, W. 1998. Trade in lizards and snakes in Indonesia biogeography, ignorance, and

sustainability. Mertensiella 9: 69-83. de Haas, C. P. J. 1941. Some notes on the biology of snakes and on their distribution in two districts of

West Java. Treubia 18: 327-375.

35

Iskandar, D. T. and Erdelen, W. R. 2006. Conservation of amphibians and reptiles in Indonesia: issues and problems. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation 4: 60-87.

Klemmer, K. 1963. Liste der rezenten Giftschlangen, in Elwert, N.G. (Ed.) Die Giftschlangen der Erde. Marburg: Behringwerke. Pp. 255-464

Mertens, R. 1930. Die Amphibien und Reptilien der Inseln Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa und Flores (Beitrge zur Fauna der Kleinen Sunda-Inseln. I.) Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 42: 115-344.

Sugardjito, J., Boeadi, Amir, M. and Sinaga, M. H. 1998. Assessment of harvest levels and status of the Spitting Cobra (Naja sputatrix) and the Rat Snake (Ptyas mucosus) in central Java. Mertensiella 9: 105-110.

Wster, W. 1996. Taxonomic changes and toxinology: systematic revisions of the Asiatic cobras (Naja naja species complex). Toxicon 34: 339-406.

Wster, W. and Thorpe, R. S. 1989. Population affinities of the Asiatic cobra (Naja naja) species complex in South-east Asia: reliability and random resampling. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 36: 391-409.

Yuwono, F. B. 1998. The trade of live reptiles in Indonesia. Mertensiella 9: 9-15.

36

REVIEW OF SELECTED SPECIES FROM ANALYSIS OF CITES EXPORT QUOTAS 2007

CYATHEACEAE SPECIES: Cyathea contaminans SYNONYMS: C. glauca (Jones 1987) COMMON NAMES: blue tree fern (English); Indonesia: paku pohon (general);

pakis arjuno (Javanese); paku tihang bodas (Sundanese); paku gajah gunung (Malay), suo luo (Chinese); pakong buaya, anonogong, gantaw (Philippines); hua ai pet (central Thailand) (de Winter and Amoroso 2003).

RANGE STATES: India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea,

Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia IUCN RED LIST: Not Evaluated PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: TRADE PATTERNS: A wide range of commodity descriptions was given in Indonesias annual reports to CITES for Cyathea contaminans: bark, carvings, dried plants, flower pots, live plants, stems, timber, packing, sticks, bundles of sticks, board, sieur, pieces of sieur, chips, bags of chips and pieces of vase. The plant is also widely used as a medium for growing orchids and is exported in small quantities as live plants for ornamental use, for example it was advertised for sale in Germany on Orchideen-online. The use of the term timber is a misnomer as tree ferns do not produce timber, timber refers to the tree fern trunk. Timber is the commonest category recorded in exports. The range of terms used complicates the data analysis so it is not possible to determine the amounts of C. contaminans traded each year nor the trends in C. contaminans imports to the EU and to non-EU from Indonesia between 2001 and 2005. Despite this it can be concluded from the available trade data that a huge amount of C. contaminans is exported by Indonesia each year. CITES export quotas are shown in Table 5.1.10. Indonesia increased the quota to 1,000,000 kg in 2005 on the basis that: a. 400,000 kg is the result of harvest from the wild (the same as the previous year) b. 600,000 kg is the remaining stock accumulated since 1998 to 2004 that could not be exported, and

sourced from land clearing of land conversion to other uses (W. S. Ramano in litt. 2005). The quota remained 1,000,000 kg in 2006 and 2007 (see Table 5.1.10). During the 2001-2004 period, importer-reported global trade was mostly reported in kg, and was reported as timber pieces in 2001, and stems between 2002 and 2004. Considering these importer-reported figures, trade was 20% less than the quotas. However, a large proportion of trade reported by Indonesia did not specify units, therefore the weight (in kg) of exports in a given year is unclear. Assuming the figures for exported timber pieces reported by Indonesia were in kg, this trade was higher than that reported by the importers, but still within quota (see Table 5.1.11). In 2005, Cyathea exports were only listed under the genus and not by species so it is not possible to determine the quantity of C. contaminans that was exported in that year. The weight of a single trunk is 20-100 kg so exports for 2002 and 2003 very roughly represents harvest of

37

10,000-50,000 plants and 4,000-20,000 plants for 2004 (Anon. 2006a). However in 2007 C. contaminans exports from Indonesia have been published online. Up to June 2007, recorded exports totalled 240650 kg, almost a quarter of the quota (Ministry of Forestry, Republic of Indonesia 2007). All exports from Indonesia were wild-sourced (see Tables 5.1.12 - 13). Table 5.1.10. Export quotas for Cyathea contaminans from Indonesia, 2002-2007

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

000 kg No quota 1000 1000 400 1000 1000 1000

Table 5.1.11. Main global direct exports of Cyathea contaminans from Indonesia, 2001-2004.

Term Units Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004

carvings Importer Exporter 2550 1183 chips Importer Exporter 32995 dried plants kg Importer 2478 Exporter stems kg Importer 195984 172668 53500 Exporter Importer 1000 48726 Exporter timber kg Importer Exporter 997529 timber pieces bags Importer Exporter 168295 66370 kg Importer 125446 Exporter 900 Importer 124588 Exporter 866780 426888 143374

Table 5.1.12. Direct exports of Cyathea contaminans from Indonesia to EU-27, 2001-2005. Purpose T, Source W unless otherwise indicated. Trade in 2005 reported as Cyathea spp.

Importer Term Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 Total

Germany dried plants Importer 2478 kg 2478 kg Exporter timber Importer Exporter 1820 kg 1820 kg timber pieces Importer Exporter 2483 18510 19400 40393

Netherlands live Importer 25

(Source A) 25 Exporter

Table 5.1.13. Direct imports of Cyathea contaminans from Indonesia to countries other than EU-27, 2001-2005. Purpose T unless otherwise indicated, Source W.

38

Importer Term Units Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 Total

China timber pieces bags Importer Exporter 1000 1000 Japan carvings Importer Exporter 100 182 282 stems Importer 1000 48726 49726 Exporter kg Importer 195984 172668 53500 422152 Exporter timber kg Importer Exporter 182321 182321 timber pieces Importer 124588 124588

Exporter 119429 147560

6252 (900

Purpose E)

273241 (900

Purpose E) bags Importer Exporter 2320 2320 kg Importer 125446 125446 Exporter 900 900 sets Importer Exporter 1000 1000 Rep. of Korea timber kg Importer Exporter 24350 24350 timber pieces bags Importer Exporter 80 80 Taiwan, Prov. of China carvings Importer Exporter 1800 1001 2801 chips Importer Exporter 32995 32995 timber kg Importer Exporter 789038 789038 timber pieces Importer Exporter 744868 260318 117722 1122908 bags Importer

Exporter 164975

63690 (2600

purpose E)

231265 (2600

purpose E) Unknown carvings Importer Exporter 650 650 timber pieces Importer Exporter 500 500 CONSERVATION STATUS IN RANGE STATES: C. contaminans is a large to very large tree fern very common throughout Malesia (Large and Braggins 2004). It is the most widespread Cyathea in Southeast Asia, occurring from northern India and Myanmar east to Papua New Guinea and the Philippines. C. Jermy, Chair, IUN SSC Pteridophyte Specialist Group (in litt. 2006) described the species as a weed. C. contaminans is most numerous in undergrowth of moist forest, often in ravines and is also common in rather open locations at 200-1600 m altitude. It flourishes on disturbed ground and is often abundant in

39

forest edges along roads and near streams in forests (Large and Braggins, 2004; de Winter and Amoroso, 2003). It commonly grows as a coloniser and can be very fast growing (Jones 1987). This tree fern has a range of uses. Old fern trunks are strong and remarkably durable and are used for building and hedging (Croft, 1982). Tree ferns are harvested for their trunks when at least ten years old (de Winter and Amoroso, 2003). C. contaminans is also a source of fern fibre, used as a growing medium for ferns and orchids, or planted upside down to decorate gardens. The fibre is often used as a substrate (de Winter and Amoroso, 2003). In Papua New Guinea woody parts of the trunks are used on ceremonial occasions (Croft, 1982). In some countries parts of the tree fern, and especially the leaves, are used for food and forage; it is an economically important food plant and medicine in the Philippines (Arances et al. 2002, de Winter and Amoroso, 2003). INDONESIA: C. contaminans often grows as a weed in tea plantations in Java (de Winter and Amoroso, 2003). The tree fern has been recorded in Gn. Halimum National Park, West Java where it is often very abundant (Suzuki, 2002). In West Java it has also been recorded in Gede Pangrango National Park (Boyle, 2001; Kramadibrata et al. 2000). It was one of the ten most frequent species in study plots in secondary forest in the Ayawasi area, Irian Jaya (Polak, 2000). Other localities are Kutai National Park, East Kalimantan (Suzuki 2000); in the Jambi lowlands, Sumatra (Beukema and van Noordwijk, 2004); and in the Karakelang Hunting Parks, Sulawesi (Colijn, 2005). During studies of the development of vegetation on Krakatau Islands in the Sunda Straits up to 1983, following sterilisation by the 1883 volcano, C. contaminans was first recorded on Kakata island in 1908 and on six later years until 1979 (Whittaker et al. 1989). However in a guide to one of the Indonesian Botanic Gardens it was described as becoming endangered because of the high demand for the species (Anon, 2003). Information on the total population size was not identified during this review and the levels of domestic harvest are unknown. In Indonesia C. contaminans is often used as an ornamental plant as it is the largest and often considered the most handsome of tree ferns (de Winter and Amoroso, 2003). Other main uses in Indonesia are as a building material and as a medium for growing orchids (Anon, 2003). In Java the hollowed trunks have been filled with carbide to make canons for celebrations (de Winter and Amoroso, 2003). Indonesias CITES Scientific Authority has recommended that the species not be harvested within Java (Irawati in litt. 2006). The 2006 Significant Trade analysis considered that as the species is widespread and does well in disturbed ground, and often grows as a weed in Java tree plantations that it seems unlikely that current export levels are unsustainable and concluded that trade from Indonesia was Least Concern (Anon. 2006a). However at the 16th meeting CITES Plants Committee meeting in July 2006, Indonesia explained the difficulty of assessing whether a population of C. contaminans will be depleted in the future, since, apart from Java, there are no scientific studies available to set export quotas, and participants decided to categorise Indonesia as possible concern (Anon. 2006b). At 16th CITES Plants Committee it was reommended that: Within 3 months The Indonesian Management Authority should report to the Secretariat its actions to implement the provisions of Article IV and how the Scientific Authority determines that levels of export are not detrimental to the populations concerned. The Management Authority should clarify and standardise the units and terms used in reporting trade in parts and derivatives and inform the Secretariat when they have completed the task.

40

Within 1 year Carry out a preliminary inventory of standing stock, establish estimates of sustainable off-take and establish a scientific monitoring system of the harvested and un-harvested populations. Establish a revised conservative export quota based on the inventory of standing stock and estimates of sustainable off-take. (Anon, 2006b). Progress on these recommended actions is not known. REFERENCES: Anon. 2003. History of and guide to Purodadi Botanic Garden. URL:

http://www.bogor.indo.net.id/kri/phist.htm Viewed 10 July 2007. Anon. 2006a. Review of Significant Trade Cyathea contaminans PC 16 Doc. 10.2 Annex 3. URL:

http://www.cites.org/eng/com/pc/16/E-PC16-10-02.pdf Viewed 10 July 2007. Anon. 2006b. Review of Significant Trade in specimens of Appendix II species. Sixteenth meeting

of the Plants Committee Lima (Peru) 3-8 July 2006. PC16 WG1 Doc. 1 URL: http://www.cites.org/common/com/AC/22/E22WG1.pdf Viewed 10 July 2007.

Arances, J. B., Amoroso, V. B., Opiso, G. S., Galvezo, J. B. and Rufila, V. (2002) Development of a participatory methodology for inventory and assessment of floral resources and their characterisation in the montane forests of Mt Malindang. Biodiversity Research Programme for Development in Mindanao, Philippines. URL: http://www.searca.org/brp/pdfs/monographs/Flora_1st_gen.pdf Viewed 10 July 2007.

Beukema, H. and van Noordwijk, M. 2004. Terrestrial pteridophytes as indicators of a forest-like environment in rubber production systems in the lowlands of Jambi, Sumatra. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 104:63-73. URL: http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Publications/files/journal/JA0196-05.PDF Viewed 10 July 2007.

Boyle, J. 2001. Gede Pangrango National Park. URL: http://www.geocities.com/gedepangrango/gpnpflofau.htm Viewed 10 July 2007.

Colijn, E. 2005. The flora of Karakelang Hunting Parks, Sulawesi. URL: http://www.nature-conservation.or.id/sulawesi/florstaland.htm Viewed 10 July 2007.

Croft, J. 1982. Ferns and man in New Guinea. Australian National Herbarium Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research Australia. URL: http://www.anbg.gov.au/fern/ferns-man-ng.html Viewed 10 July 2007.

Irawati, Botanic Gardens Indonesia in litt. 2006 to IUCN Species Programme. In: Anon. (2006a) Review of Significant Trade Cyathea contaminans PC 16 Doc. 10.2 Annex 3. URL: http://www.cites.org/eng/com/pc/16/E-PC16-10-02.pdf Viewed 10 July 2007.

Jermy, C. Chair, IUCN, SSC Pteridophyte Specialist Group in litt. January 2006 to IUCN Species Programme. In: Anon. 2006a. Review of Significant Trade Cyathea contaminans PC 16 Doc. 10.2 Annex 3.

Jones, D. L. 1987. Encyclopaedia of ferns, an introduction to ferns, their structure, biology, economic importance, cultivation and propagation. Lothian Publishing Company PTY Ltd, Melbourne, Australia.

Kramadibrata, K., Walker, C., Schwarzott, D. and Schbler, A. 2000. A new species of Scutellospora with a coiled germination shield. Annals of Botany 86:21-27. URL: http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/86/1/21 Viewed 10 July 2007.

Large, M. F. and Braggins, J. E. 2004. Tree ferns. Timber Press, Oregon, USA. Ministry of Forestry, Republic of Indonesia. 2007. Realisasi Ekspor Tumbuhan dan Setwa Liar per

30 Juni 2007. URL: http://www.dephut.go.id/INFORMASI/PHPA/PHKA/a_pakis_jun07.pdf Viewed July 22 2007.

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Orchideen. URL: http://www.orchideen-online.de/pflanzen/substrate.htm Viewed 10 July 2007. Polak, M. 2000. The botanical diversity in the Ayawasi area, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Biodiversity and

Conservation 9(10):1345-1375. Suzuki, E. 2000. Plant specimens from Kutai National Park, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. URL:

http://biodiversity.sci.kagoshima-u.ac.jp/suzuki/Herbarium/HerbEK.htm Viewed July 2007.

Suzuki, E. 2002. Plants on Gn. Halumun National Park around Cikaniki and Loop Trail. URL: http://biodiversity.sci.kagoshima-u.ac.jp/suzuki/halimun/HalimunPLantE.pdf Viewed 10 July 2007.

Whittaker, R. J., Bush, M. B. and Richards, K. 1989. Plant recolonization and vegetation succession of the Krakatau Islands, Indonesia. Ecological Monographs 59(2):59-123.

De Winter W. P. and Amoroso, V. B. 2003. Plant resources of South-East Asia. No.15(2). Cryptograms: Ferns and fern allies. Backhuy Publishers, Leiden, Netherlands, 268 pp.

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5.2. REVIEW OF SELECTED CORAL SPECIES Introduction

Coral reefs Indonesia comprises over 17,000 islands including approximately 81,000 km of coastline (Hopley & Soharsono, 2000) and the largest coral reef area in the world, covering 51,020 km or 17.95% of the worlds coral reefs (Spalding et al., 2001). Threats facing Indonesian reefs were reported to include lack of waste and sewage treatment systems, limestone production, coral mining for construction, tourism, coastal development and urbanisation, as well as agricultural and industrial pollution (Spalding et al., 2000). Coral trade Spalding et al. (2000) ranked Indonesia as the worlds largest exporter of corals accounting for approximately 41% of all coral exports worldwide since 1985. The majority of collection was reported to take place on Java, close to Jakarta in the Thousand Islands Archipelago, several sites around Bali, and sites near Makassar (Ujung Pandang), Speramonde Archipelago and Kendari, Sulawesi, primarily because of their proximity to an airport and to facilities for keeping live corals (Borneman, 1999). Considerable damage has occurred on coral reefs in Indonesia since the early 1990s. Reefs around Jakarta, Ujung Pandang, Bali and east Java have been particularly affected by coral collection. (IUCN/UNEP, 1998). In 1987, the Indonesian government restricted the exploitation of corals (black corals) and other marine organisms such as giant clams and snails, and instated the requirement of permits for all wildlife utilization and exploitation. Although corals were not listed in the National Protected Wildlife Inventory (No. 301/Kpts-II/1991), which states that all parts of listed animals and plants, whether dead or live, require a permit to be kept, the exploitation is controlled by the national regulations No.447/Kpts-II/2000. CITES and corals Corals were first listed in the CITES Appendices when the Order Antipatheria spp. was included in Appendix II on 06/06/81. Various families from the Classes Anthozoa and Hydrozoa were listed throughout the 1980s, and on 18/01/1990 the Order SCLERACTINIA spp. and the family STYLASTERIDAE were included in Appendix II. Table 5.2.1 summarises the taxa currently listed in CITES Appendix II. Both global and EU trade in corals has increased in recent years (see figures 5.2.1 and 5.2.2). A significant amount of this trade was reported at the Order level (Scleractinia spp.) - see Table 5.2.2.

43

Table 5.2.1. Corals included in CITES Appendix II

PH Y L U M C N I D A R I A

CLASS ANTHOZOA - CORALS, SEA ANEMONES

CLASS HYDROZOA - SEA FERNS, FIRE CORALS, STINGING MEDUSAE

Order HELIOPORACEA Blue corals Order MILLEPORINA

Helioporidae spp. (Includes only the species Heliopora coerulea.) 1

Milleporidae Fire corals

Order STOLONIFERA Milleporidae spp.1

Tubiporidae Organ-pipe corals Order STYLASTERINA

Tubiporidae spp.1 Stylasteridae Lace corals

Order ANTIPATHARIA Black corals Stylasteridae spp.1

ANTIPATHARIA spp.

Order SCLERACTINIA Stony corals

SCLERACTINIA spp.1

Figure 5.2.1. Global trade in all species of coral since 1985 as reported by both trading partners

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

Sum of Importer (kg)

Sum of Importer

Sum of Exporter (kg)Sum o

Documents

Indonesia: A review of trade in CITES- listed species