Miranda AvalosJaneth CoronelLucy CorvarrubiasElizabeth FloresJanet HernandezSamantha HerreraStephanie LamSavannah Parra

Indo-Pakistani War

The 1947-1949 War

Causes of War Deep ethic, religious and

economic differences separated the Western and Eastern Pakistan's.

Mountbattens’s partition plan- states could join India or Pakistan or become independent.

Muslims rose up against Hindu administration

Pakistani government sent Muslim tribesmen into Kashmir to overthrow the government

Calcutta Massacre from Aug. 16-20 1946 (catalyst to Mountbatten's visit) thousands dead

Maharajah appealed to India for military aidMaharajah’s acceptance of conditions invited formal intervention on the part of the Pakistani army and igniting first Indo-Pakistan WarBrokering of the eventual ceasefire (An agreement to stop military operations; not necessarily a final end to hostilities

Progress of the War

Lost 1500 regular soldiers and the civilian casualties ran into thousandsKashmir formally became part of India, “Free Kashmir”Spark another border war over Kashmir-1965Resolution 47 when the United Nations helped mediate the war. the resolution divided Kashmir

Effects

KASHMIR WAR 1965“Break the pen, spill the ink, burn the paperLock your lips, be silent, shhh. . . .Say “I saw nothing” even if you didOr else have your eyes gouged outKeep humming eulogies, be silentIt is the season of burying the truth. . .

- Bashir ManzarKashmir writer

Origins of the Conflict Primarily an ideological war Kashmir is symbolic of both countries Pakistan refused to recognize Indian

Kashmir Led to more border clashes and the

border war of ‘65, the Kashmir War ( “Free Kashmir” movement ) Began in the sub-continent Ran of Kutch

Immediate causes of the war Border clashes between India and

Pakistan Along borders, army patrols routinely

fought small skirmishes Inevitable that if major hostilities broke

out elsewhere on the border it would spread to Kashmir

Major DevelopmentsIndia developing into a democracy - single dominant partyPakistan more authoritarian with military1958 military took control of Pakistan in a coupGeneral Ayub Khan was in control

Alliances Both wanted alliances with

developed states Pakistan became member

of two western alliance systems (SEATO and CENTO)

India believed in non-alignment policy

Became difficult with a growing border war against China

Deteriorating Sino-Soviet relations, made the Kremlin try establish ties with India

U.S supplied arms to both countries to prevent spread of communism

Soviet Union aided India Pakistan tried to draw

closer to China Alliances showed effects

of Cold War developments

Foreign aid made both armies more effective, more damage & tension

“… I can’t listen to the thunder of the clouds, it reminds me of a bomb blast. I feel the green of my garden has faded, perhaps it too mourns…” – Anonymous Kashmir writer

Progression of the War April 1965, Pakistan army

scored victory before agreed ceasefire

Boosted confidence of Pakistani army

May 1965, Sheikh Abdullah arrested for meeting with Chinese Prime Minister

Angry protests in Kashmir Pakistani Parliament decided

to make an aggressive move to win Kashmir

Prompted guerilla attacks ("Operation Gibraltar“ ) by Pakistan soldiers dressed as Kashmir civilians

Progression of the War (cont.)

Rouse found out quickly, both attacked

Used new weapons ( infantry, tanks, air power ) supplied by new patrons, U.S and Russia

India took fight into Pakistan, major indecisive fight “stalemate”

Both accepted a ceasefire on 23 September

Soviet Prime Minister Alexsei Kosygin asked both to conference in January 1966 where they agreed to a permanent ceasefire in Kashmir, this was the Tashkent Declaration

(left to right) Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri, Pakistani Foreign Minister Z. A. Bhutto, Pakistani President Ayub Khan and Russian Premier Kosygin

Effects of the War

Thousands of deaths; mostly men. Deaths- 3,000 Indian soldiers, and 3,800 Pakistani

soldiers Pakistan lost more land than India Economic decrease of Pakistan due of war costs orphans in dangerous and hazardous conditions Increase in suicide rates Lack of health care, more diseases. Drop in education, health care, social Resentment for large security forces India was grew as an economic world power.

Notable Players and People Ayub Khan ( 1907 – 74 ) Trained as officer in British

army, became chief of staff in independent Pakistan

Led a bloodless coup in 1958

Maintained close ties with both China and U.S

Led Pakistan in the 1965 war against India with initial success

Felt “betrayed” by U.S after an embargo against both Pakistan and India

Relations Today“In our search for a lasting solution to the Kashmir problem, both in its external and internal dimensions, we shall not traverse solely on the beaten track of the past. Mindsets will have to be altered and historical baggage jettisoned.”

- Atal Behari Vaypayeeprime minister of India, January 2002

“If we want to normalize relations between Pakistan and India and bring harmony to the region, the Kashmir dispute will have to be resolved peacefully through a dialogue, on the basis of the aspirations of the Kashmir people. Solving the Kashmir issue is the joint responsibility of our two countries… Mr. Vaypayee… I take you up on this offer. Let us start talking in this spirit.”

- General Pervez MusharrafPresident of Pakistan, January 2002

1947 Pakistan is divided.East- Awami party ( Bengal) – leader Sheikh Mujibur Rehman West- Pakistan People’s party- leader Zulfikar Ali Bhutto1971- entire East Pakistan in revolt, “Peace” by Junior General Tikka Khan

War of 1971

Guerilla group forms- Mukti Bahni (Freedom battalion/fore/ army)Indira Ghandi Prime Minister or India- Treaty of Peace friendship and CooperationMost prominent point is this war is not religious but political.

Paterstan divided 1947-East and West22 November is main artillery strike, India only admits to actually striking on 3 December( associated with 6 day war of 1967)Mostly naval and air attacks4 December navy launches missile attack, ceases on 17 December, India announces unilateral ceasefire

Immediate Causes

Indian army after two weeks of war 1700 dead90,00 Pakistani ( Bengali) prisoners of IndiaIndia acquires West Pakistan territoryEast becomes independent- Nation of BangladeshIndia is dominant power now1974-first nuclear weapon exploded1998- results in Pakistan nuclear program

Effects of War