Upload
efuru
View
48
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Individual-Level Interventions. EPHE 348. Interventions. Defn: promoting activities that change psychosocial, biological, or behavioural outcomes Efficacy trials Effectiveness trials. So….what works?. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
Individual-Level Interventions
EPHE 348
Interventions Defn: promoting activities that
change psychosocial, biological, or behavioural outcomes
– Efficacy trials – Effectiveness trials
So….what works? Average individual-level intervention
effect is a small effect size (Dishman & Buckworth, 1996; Hillsdon et al., 2005; Kahn et al, 2002)
This lowers with clinical, obese, and disabled populations
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Healthy Obese CHD D.P. P.D.
Figure 17.2
Types of interventions Behaviour modification (small effect)
Cognitive modification (trivial)
Health education (trivial)
Prescription (trivial)
Curriculum (small)
Implemetation Marcus et al. 2007 show relatively
little difference across medium (face to face, internet, booklet, group, etc.)
Face to face and internet have current appeal
What Generally Makes A Good Exercise Counselor?
Most important instrument during prescription is yourself as a person
Bring the human qualities and the exercise experiences that have influenced yourself to the session
Being merely a technical expert will result in a sterile experience for the client
General Exercise Counseling Roles
Provide a climate for change
Arrive at an prescription/intervention that is best for the client while meeting the requirements of the prescription
Help clients recognize their own strengths and weaknesses, and discover how to overcome their barriers
When Should You Counsel? Counsel when the issues are linked to
exercise or you have knowledge in the area of concern
Do not counsel when the area is out of your expertise (e.g., depression). Instead refer to a specialist
Decision-Making Paradigm
FitnessAssessment
Development ofExercise Program
Implement FitnessProgram
Formal Counseling
Exploration
Identify PsychosocialFactors
Assess & DevelopStrategy or Refer
Informal Counseling
Exploration
Identify PsychosocialFactors
Assess & DevelopStrategy or Refer
Counseling Strategies
Three components of Communication– Attending
awareness of nonverbal behaviorawareness of client’s nonverbal behavior
– Listeningunderstanding feeling and content of verbal
messagesidentifying incongruities
– Empathic Respondingshowing Empathyunderstanding core message
Attending:Nonverbal Behavior of the Counselor
Examples
– squaring turning one’s body to fully focus attention. Failure to do so can reflect disinterest and lack of respect.
– energy level –Absence of energy is frequently interpreted as a lack of interest or preoccupation. Presence of energy will directly affect the clients openness to you and also affects “approachability”.
Nonverbal Behavior of the Counselor Cont...
– Posture – folded arms crossed legs, foot shaking. Can be signs of disinterest in the client or topic.
– Eye contact – most common and powerful technique. In our society, steady eye contact reflects interest.
– Others to watch are: facial expressions, gestures, voice volumes, mannerisms
Keep behavior congruent with the message!
Attending: Nonverbal Behavior of Clients
Often more significant than verbal communication
Conveys 65% of the meaning in a message (Gazda, 1984).Powerful because it is not as censored.
Look for incongruities (e.g., smiling with a nervous gesture)
Listening Active listeners can accurately identify
congruities and inconsistencies in verbal and nonverbal behavior
5WH strategy “who” “what”, “when”, “where”, “why”, and “how”
Empathic Responding
Empathy – ability to understand the experience of another person from that person’s frame of reference
May be the most important factor for bringing about change (Rogers, 1957)
May need to paraphrase or perception check to make this work
Key to Exercise Counseling
Be aware of these strategies
Develop your own style
Exercise Get into groups of three
Assign roles: 1) client, 2) counselor, 3 observer
Client talks about what she/he has done over the past weekend and what she/he felt about it
Observer marks the use of counseling strategies by the counselor using the check list
Do for 5 minutes then switch roles….
Setting in Interventions Home superior to Community-based
(small effect size difference) – Rhodes et al., in press
School (small)
Worksite (small)
Health Care (small to trivial)
Multi-site may be most effective (McKay et al., in press)
Social Context Group (ranges) Individual (small) Family (trivial)
Supervised (small) Unsupervised (ranges)
Interventions by Theory Rhodes & Pfaeffli , in press
Theory # of Studies % Symmetry
% Positive Symmetry
Formal Mediator Analysis
TTM 9 78% 22% 4 (mixed 2-2)
SCT 3 100% 67% 1 (mixed by constructs)
TPB 3 100% 33% None conducted
PMT 2 100% 50% None conducted
SDT 2 100% 50% None conducted
Results: Construct Evidence
Construct # of Studies % Symmetry
% Positive Symmetry
Formal Mediator Analysis
Self-Efficacy 22 73% 23% 5 (1 support; 4 null)
Outcome Expectations
16 69% 19% 4 (all null)
Self-Regulatory Processes
18 83% 33% 4 (mixed 2-2)
Social Constructs
9 78% 22% 2 (mixed 1 – 1)
Self-Regulatory Strategies: What Works?
1) Planning- moving from vague intentions to concrete plans..
When, where, how, and what
2) Problem solving – identifying obstacles and creating alternative solutions
Goal Setting (Locke & Latham, 1981)
Technique that effectively increases performance in many domains
Goal – “attaining a specific standard of proficiency on a task, usually within a specified time limit”
90% of studies have found this technique effective
How Does Goal Setting Work?
Directs attention to the task (allows for a map)
Prolongs effort over time (reviewing & revising goals)
Motivates the person to develop relevant strategies to attain the goals (breakdown of requirements)
The Findings in Goal Setting Research
Specific goals are more effective than general goals
Short term goals help attain long-term goals
Goal setting is most effective when feedback is provided
Goals need to be accepted by the client to be effective
How to Goal Set 1) Specify the task to be done
2) Determine how progress will be measured
3) Specify the standard to be reached
4) Specify the time period in which to reach the goal
5) Prioritize goals
6) Modify goals from time to time when necessary
SMART Specific Measurable/Meaningful Attainable Realistic Time-Frame
Exercise Enjoyment and Strategies to Enhance EnjoymentInstruction: 1.In the COLUMN A, list the factors related to PROXIMITY of where you plan to exercise,2.In the COLUMN B, list the AESTHETIC factors of the environment where you plan to exercise,3.In the COLUMN C, list the ways to enhance your engagement in exercise, including factors that increase your INTEREST in exercise, opportunities for SOCIAL interaction, and other aspects that provide VARIETY to your exercise routine (i.e. listening to music)
COLUMN APROXIMITY
COLUMN BAESTHETICS
COLUMN CINTEREST
Example: Where will I exercise? Is the location where I plan to exercise close to my home?
Example: Is the location a pleasant environment for performing exercise?
Example: How can I…-make exercise more interesting/stimulating?-involve friends and family or others in exercise?-incorporate variety, and other aspects such as music to enhance my engagement in exercise?
Location #1: Factor #1: Interest:
Location #2: Factor #2: Social:
Location #3: Factor #3: Variety:
Patient Signature:______________________
therapist Signature:__________________
Date:_____________________________
Date:________________________
Tangible Incentives E.G., awards, time off, money etc. Most people respond to this if the tangible
incentive is sought by the individual Caution: extrinsic factors should not
replace intrinsic interest itself Best strategy is to initiate with these and
slowly drop them out of the program Also must watch the “satiation factor”. A
strategy is to use variable incentives