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TranslationMemoryTools............................................................................................................................26

Terminology M anagement....................................................................................................................................26

Aut om ate d T ran slation .........................................................................................................................................27

Controlled Authoring ............................................................................................................................................27

TRANSACTIONCOSTS ...............................................................................................................................................27

OTHERCOS

TS...........................................................................................................................................................29AvoidableCosts ...............................................................................................................................................29

LostorDelayedRevenueOpportunities....................................................................................................29

ANALYSIS..........................................................................................................................................................30

POTENTIAL FOR ROI..................................................................................................................................................30

SAMPLECOMPANYABC............................................................................................................................................30

QuantifyReducedTranslation Costs from Improved TM Leveraging.....................................................31

Monthly cost after Translation Management System implementation ....................................................32

Estimation of the Potential Increase in Leveraging Efficiency ............................................................................32

Quantify Saved User Time from Transaction Automation ..................................................................................32

Estimation of Potential Transaction Time Saved ................................................................................................33Quanti fy Oth er R educed Costs ............................................................................................................................33

Estimation of Other Reduced Costs.....................................................................................................................34

Sum ma ry of Proje cted Cos t Savings for Company ABC .......................................................................................34

Implementation Process Overview......................................................................................................................35

Estim ation of Implem entation Cost s ...................................................................................................................36

Summary of Implementation Costs.....................................................................................................................37

Estimation of the Software License Fee and Ongoing Costs ...............................................................................37

Ca lcula ting ROI ....................................................................................................................................................37

Company ABC Projected Monthly Benefits .........................................................................................................38

FINDINGS ...........................................................................................................................................................40

STRATEGICBUSINESSADVANTAGES.........................................................................................................................40

ADVANCED ENTERPRISE TRANSLATION SOLUTION...............................................................................................................41

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................42

RECOMMENDATIONS ..........................................................................................................................................43

BIBLIOGRAPHY.....................................................................................................................................................44


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Letter of Transmittal

June 30, 2013

Zahiruddin Mohammad Babar

Course Coordinator

Department of Management Information Systems

University of Dhaka

Subject:Submission of the report onTranslation Management Systems

Dear Sir,

In compliance with the fulfillment of the requirements on the subject Networking:

Telecommunications, Corporate & Social, I would like to present the report entitled

Translation Management Systems, in accordance with your instructions.

The main purpose of the document is to analyze the process and benefits of Translation

Management Systems (TMS). The report is intended to increase the knowledge and

understanding on the descriptive knowledge of TMS. This will also help understand how to

successfully implement TMS in an organization in order to increase organizations overall

productivity.

I hope that this report will meet your approval.

Sincerely Yours-

Bidhan Nath

ID: 03-011

MBA 3rd

Batch

Department of MIS

University of Dhaka


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Executive Summary

Most organizations have already tackled Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Customer

Relationship Management (CRM), sales force automation, even Supplier Relationship

Management (SRM) and got email and data storage secure and compliant, so what's next? An

overlooked business process that is crying out for central control and automation is Localization

which is performed through Translation Management Systems or TMS. By implementing TMS

organizations will be able to drive efficiency and productivity to increase customer satisfaction

and drive revenue growth. A Translation Management System (TMS) manages the flow of

global content through the localization process, including translation, the sharing of linguistic

data and the application of reusable content via workflow automation according to business rulesand project information held in its knowledge base. Translation management technology

automates the translation process, centralizes linguistic assets and enables collaboration across

the entire translation supply chain.

Translation Management Systems or TMS incurs cost to the organization like: localization cost,

transaction cost etc. But on the other hand it provides many benefits to the organization.

Implementing a Translation Management System can help companies reduce localization costs,

reduce time to market and improve translation quality. Other key benefits of using such

translation management systems include: increase in translation throughput leading to faster

delivery of information and generation of increased revenue. Being web-based ensures faster

returns on investment. Real-time reporting systems ensure greater visibility across the translation

process.


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IntroductionThe growth of every business is denoted by its growing range of products and services,

expansion into new markets and the range of communication channels. However, to be

competitive in the constantly expanding global marketplace, enterprises need to attract new

customers. In todays changing business environment, enterprises face the challenge of

managing high-quality multilingual content for their products and services, which would give

them faster time-to-market. Further, with the linguistic landscape of the World Wide Web

changing, enterprises with their footprints on the web also needs to make their website

compatible and localized to regional languages. The initiative taken by the enterprises to

translate content into multilingual format ensures global communication and also empowers

enterprises to take decisions and facilitate commercial transactions. The need for a translationmanagement solutions that can provide for instant translation have led leading service providers

to design and develop translation management systems that can not only reduce the translation

costs but can also ensure product information is available across the web in shorter time period.

Translation Management systems manages the flow of information by localizing, translating and

sharing of data and application through an automation work flow and ensures that the content is

ready for a global audience. Other key benefits of using such translation management systems

include: Increase in translation throughput leading to faster delivery of information and

generation of increased revenue. The centralized translation memory and dictionaries ensures

improved quality and consistency in translation to achieve maximum leverage of previously

translated content. Being web-based ensures faster returns on investment. Real-time reporting

systems ensure greater visibility across the translation process. Made up of content repository,

work flow environment and centralized linguistic data, the process includes translation, vendor

selection, work distribution, project administration, production, publishing, delivery and

archiving. Besides offering a secure communication over Internet, this also allows collaboration

between globally spread teams. The translation management system streamlines and localizes the

entire supply chain by unifying people, process and technology. Translation management system

enables complete control over terminology and provides a centralized access to most of the

approved terms paving way for a faster global market penetration.


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Translation Management System

Translation Management System or TMS is a holistic system that manages the project

information, process workflow, and language assets required for large-scale translation activity.

Using proven database, workflow and integration standards and technologies, translation

management integrates the separate people, content systems and language assets involved in the

translation process from across an organization as well as different suppliers. Translation

management incorporates project management capabilities in addition to workflow, ties into

translation memory and translator tools, and stores information about individual translation

resources. A Translation Management System (TMS) manages the flow of global content

through the localization process, including translation, the sharing of linguistic data and theapplication of reusable content via workflow automation according to business rules and project

information held in its knowledge base. Information is tracked through every step in the

translation process whether using internal or external resources. A Translation Management

System or TMS in short, is a complete system for managing translation activities (SDL

corporation). Translation Management Systems typically include the following components:

Project Management

Translation Memory Management

Workflow Management

Cost Management

A TMS replaces the traditional translation process where a project manager manually handles

file exchange between the translator, editor, proof reader and other stakeholders of the translation

workflow that a company uses. Instead of the manual exchange, the TMS system handles all

communication and keeps a centralized Translation Memory which eliminates the manual

maintenance needs and therefore reduces costs and room for error. Most Translation

Management Systems also offer an integrated CAT (Computer Assisted Translation)

environment which eliminates the need for linguists to employ their own tools.


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Rather than dealing with globalization (a particularly vague term for many people anyway), these

systems focus on one major consequence of going globalthe need to manage multiple streams

of foreign-language content at a website, in a publishing system, for marketing collateral, or in a

call center. Unlike average CMS, these solutions have been optimized around three core

technologies:

Translation technology:

Not surprisingly, at the heart of most of these TMS solutions is an integrated translation

memory server for storing and leveraging previously translated content. Plugging into

that backbone will be some web-top translation tools that improve translator productivity

and mark-up tools for reviewing foreign-language content in its context.

Process management:

Most CMS products focus on getting documents or web pages into the system, edited,

formatted and then displayed. TMS systems insert themselves into that workflow, adding

the ability to send streams of dependent translations through that same workflow and

diverting them to various translation tools when appropriate. The TMS initiates

processes, tracks the status of these multiple streams of content, and sends notifications.

These systems usually include threaded discussions, calendars, task lists, and other

collaboration aids for content creators, editors, translators, and reviewers.

Business management:

Global deployments add collaborators to a CMS project. The TMS adds project

management for translation-specific tasks, resource and vendor management for

capturing information about translator or agency rates and availability, and reporting

capabilities that integrate with financial systems like QuickBooks for invoicing and order

tracking.


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CxO Strategy - The Next Big Win:

Localization

Most organizations have already tackled Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Customer

Relationship Management (CRM), sales force automation, even Supplier Relationship

Management (SRM) and got email and data storage secure and compliant, so what's next? An

overlooked business process that is crying out for central control and automation is Localization.

Fix it and organizations will drive efficiency and productivity to increase customer satisfaction

and drive revenue growth. The proof exists as other global organizations like HP, Philips and

Avaya have done just that -- reducing costs by 50%, increasing efficiencies by 30+% and

accelerating time-to-market by up to 50%.

Targets for GrowthMany organizations are targeting growth through expansion into new and expanding markets

around the globe. Companies spend between one-quarter of 1 percent and 2.5 percent of their

non-U.S., non- Anglophone-market revenue per year to localize products for six to ten markets.

(Common Sense Advisory, 2005)

Using Fortune 500 companies as an example, in 2009 this equates to a minimum localization

spend between $2.41m and $794.7m per year. Applying this across all Fortune 500 companies

indicates an average annual spend of around $100m per company. With volumes of content

experiencing exponential growth and multiplying communication channels, localization costs

and complexity will continue to increase making it a key area for reduction and centralization

before it spirals out of control. (SDL PLC, 2011)

The Problem

Overcoming the multi-lingual content challenge is the key to future global business. Getting it

right, generates new business in untapped global markets, improves customer satisfaction, and

gains a competitive advantage in the global marketplace.but organizations first need to

understand where they are starting from.


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Organization should answer these questions:

How much content does your organization translate?

What types of content are translated?

What are the foreign languages you support?

Who is responsible for these translations?

Do they align with corporate messaging and reinforce the global brand?

Which departments, divisions and regions are translating?

How much do each and all the translations cost?

How did we end up here?

Typically within an organization, translation starts as a small project in a single department,

working with a lone translator on a single type of content, like product manuals. Then translation

expands. Marketing translates brochures. Support translates frequently asked questions. More

and more departments translate, working with many different suppliers on multiple types of

content in many languages. From research and development, manufacturing to marketing and

sales, through to customer service and support, content expands further from product manuals

and brochures to annual reports and websites. Suddenly translation is everywhere.

Given the variety of global content being created and translated at an ever increasing rate,

marketing becomes concerned that corporate branding and customer experience is inconsistent

across the organization. In an increasingly global market, customer experience needs to be as

close to identical as possible no matter where they are located. The problem is, for one reason or

another, the process is not centralized and theres little to no leverage across departments. The

costs are likely hidden in departmental budgets so nobody has visibility of the whole and

consistency across all translated content is a harder thing to achieve. Furthermore, with

increasing content volumes and proliferating delivery channels, translation costs are rapidly

increasing and directly impacting profits.


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The Obvious Opportunity

How big is the market opportunity for your organization if you market and sell your

products? Using English language materials in France, compared to using French language

materials?

According to research by Common Sense Advisory, at most an organization can reach only 30%

of a market if it approaches it in non-native language.

In fast moving and competitive markets, getting a new product to market quickly increases the

revenue opportunity before competition enters the market. If organizations could reduce time-to-

market and simultaneously ship localized products into multiple regions how much more revenue

could they achieve?

This approach is one way to build business case and ROI model for tackling the issue of

translation in your business. Of course organizations will also be looking to control costs. To

reach broader audiences, global marketers must make localization a priority (Bellisent, 2000).


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The Solution

Commercially proven translation process automation systems, called Translation Management

Systems, have been available for over a decade, often handling millions (even billions) of wordsof translation per year.

They deliver results across three key areas:

Automating Processes by eliminating the many manual steps in the translation process.

Insuring an efficient, reliable and repeatable process while controlling costs and providing

visibility across all projects.

Centralizing translation assets. By creating a central database of existing translations andterminology the costs of translation can be reduced by re-using existing translations and

corporate branding is enforced across all translated content.

Collaboration between translation managers,

More efficient Global Information Management, including automated processes for managing

the content lifecycle, better content and translation leverage, and improved localization quality

lead to measurable cost savings (Global Information Management, 2007). Implementing TMS

technology reduced translation overhead by 85% and costs by 35%. It also facilitated the

simultaneous launch of web catalogues in 57 countries, translated to 35+ languages to support

Philips sense and simplicity (Gilbane Group, Inc. , 2008). Additionally, through integration with

other business systems like content management and web content management systems the

delivery of multi-lingual content can be a seamless part ofan organizations business.

Translation Management Systems (TMS) are a key part of a global content and language strategy

called Global Information Management. This strategy is essential to help an organization

engages with its customers; form brand awareness, to sales and after-sales support across

languages, cultures and channels. Having a strategy is essential but the ability to execute is often

when reality bites and the strategy fails. Translation Management Systems are proven technology

with many organizations choosing to deploy hosted or cloud-based solutions over the past

decade.


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What Can Be Achieved?

So whats the reality then? Translation management has genuinely delivered the following

results for global companies:

Reducing translation costs by 35%

Increased translation management process efficiency by 30% or more

50% faster time-to-market

Where do should Organization Start?

If an organization thinks that it has a problem, heres a suggested starting point in quest to regaincontrol:

1. How big is the problem? Conduct a translation audit - do a quick survey in your organization

to establish which departments are translating.

2. Identify content, languages, costs so you know what you are dealing with.

3. Establish a simple business case using the numbers in this document as a basis.

Convincing Other Organizational Members

Often it can be difficult to convince others in your organization to take active interest. Here are

some reasons why they should:

CEO: There is a revenue growth opportunity

CFO: There are cost savings to be made and a growth opportunity

COO: Increasing productivity through a defined process means organization can do more with

the same team.


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CIO: Translation assets (translation memory, terminology) are your intellectual property so

organization needs to protect and control them. Then its all about efficiently managing

information in many languages across multiple channels.

CMO: Deliver brand consistency across the globe for a truly global brand. (Beninatto, November2002)

Organizations can realize benefits in the form of increased revenues, lower external localization

costs, increased productivity of internal people and processes, reduced exposure to fines

because of non-compliance, improved customer experience and improved branding /

consistency with Global Information Management. (Forrester, 2007)


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Business Benefits of Translation

Management TechnologyTranslation management technology automates the translation process, centralizes linguistic

assets and enables collaboration across the entire translation supply chain. Some most common

benefits of Translation Management Systems are discussed below:

Automates processes:

Translation throughput is increased and time-to-market reduced by automating manual

processes.

Centralizes linguistic assets:

Centralized translation memory (TM), terminology and dictionaries ensure consistency and

accuracy across enterprise.

Enables collaboration

Increased collaboration and integration between translators, departments, connected systems

and translation vendors improves cooperation and the efficiency of the translation process.

Translation Management Systems (TMS)enables a business to deliver consistency of

content and maintain branding, all from a centralized solution for managingcorporate terminology.

Centralization

TMS facilitates an organization to share and leverage organizations

terminology to createcentralized term bases from file-based terminology to

ensure that all users are sharing the mostup-to-date terms. Enables sharing of

terminology throughout thesupply chainwith the XML-basedindustry standards

TBX (TermBase, eXchange) and OLIF(Open LexiconInterchange Format).


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Customize terminology workflow and approval process

Facilitate a terminology approval process by controlling term base settings,

managing usersand defining roles and securityparameters so thatonly the right users

can add, edit, apply or viewterms.

Consistency

Ensure content isconsistent fromthestartApplypreferred terminology during

theauthoring ofcontent through Global AuthoringManagement System toensure

content isconsistent at thesource. This facilitatesthe translation process as the same

server-based terminology is used fromsource throughto translation.

Performance

TMS stream-lines the traditional translation process by sharing Terminology throughout the

translation supply chain. With a new level of server performance on common Microsoft

environments, users can reduce translation costs and achieve a lower Total Cost of

Ownership.

Bring control to any workflow

Enterprise management functionality allows control over large or small installations with

single or multiple servers via one intuitive web based interface that combines user

management with the ability to customize TM settings and language resources.

Deliver global information faster to generate increased revenues from global

markets:

TMS increases the Translation throughput and reduces time-to-market by eliminating

unnecessary steps and automating manual processes.

Improve quality and consistency

Centralized translation memory (TM), terminology and dictionaries together with automated

QA checks of TMS system ensure translations conform to quality criteria, adhere to legal

requirements and support global branding.


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Maximize leverage from global information assets

Tight integration of authoring and content management with translation assets ensures

previous translations are reused wherever possible.

Provide greater management visibility

TMS provides real-time reporting of performance metrics for continuous process

improvement.

Unifying people, process and technology

TMS manages and streamlines the entire localization supply chain of participants including

project managers, translation agencies, freelance translators, linguistic reviewers, and subject

matter experts. Traditional TMS integrates with existing authoring tools and content

management systems and manages the application of translation memory, terminology, and

automated translation. Any resource involved in the localization process, or requiring

information about its outcome, can be granted access to the system and given appropriate

roles in the workflow. Utilizing a web-based architecture and robust user-based security

ensures that everyone involved has appropriate access from wherever they are located.

Rapid return on investment

Some enterprise systems require months or years to implement. TMS, however, uses web

protocols, services and standards to enable rapid integration into enterprise information and

applications. The system is completely flexible in how it can be configured, with the software

and assets located in-house or hosted as appropriate. The option of completely outsourcing

the infrastructure, software and data enables the system to be up and running very quickly,

and the low initial outlay offered by this model leads to a rapid return on investment. On-

premise implementations are easier to customize and integrate with other internal systemsand allow for greater control.


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Components ofTranslationManagement

System

TMS comprises three major components:

Thecustomers translatablecontent repository,

Theworkflowenvironmentand

Thecentralized linguistic data appliedduring thetranslation process.

Each of these components communicatessecurelyover the Internet allowing global

teams tocollaborate acrossa distributed environment.

Figure: Components of SDL Translation Management Systems


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ProjectManagement

A task-based workflow, consisting ofhuman and system tasks , isestablished for each

content type and target language. Individual resources receive notification via e-mail

when they have workto do, and users can also view aweb-based summary of alltheir

outstanding tasks. Projects can be created based on any number of localization jobs,

allowing for consolidated scheduling of each stage of the project and the setting of

specific milestones, with reminders sent to users before delivery dates. The project

manager canmonitor thestatus of each job and reassign tasksas necessary.

AutomatingtheprocessAfter aprocess hasbeen defined, TMSmonitors thesourcecontent forchange. When

achange isdetected, the processbegins with TMSautomating much of the work,

including extraction of the translatable text, application of translation memory,

costing, invoicing and all aspects ofmanagingthe content through the translation

process.

TranslationMemoryandTerminologyManagementSome TMS allowssequencing and categorization oftranslation memories, with theoption

to apply penalties to allsegments from atranslation memory. Thisenables maximum

reuse ofpreviously translated text, even when its quality isunknown or it is from a

different language within a language family. Translation memories are accessed in a

number ofways.

Fromremote Trados Studiodesktops using webservices

Through export to and import from SDL TradosStudio formats

Through export to and import from the TMXformat

Using online translationediting and review

Multi-vendorsupport andorganizational isolationSome modern TMS like: SDL TMS can manage multiple suppliers oflocalization services,

keeping assets secure across organizational boundaries. Robust user administration and


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authentication includes integrationtoexternal directory services such as LDAP.Whether

deployed in-house orhosted by SDL, the whole localization supply chain can have

secure access to theprojects being managed by thesystem.

User portalsWebportals provide secure access to all thefunctionsand services of thesystem. When

users log in, users privilegesdetermine which functions they are able to access. Power

users arepresented with ahierarchical menu tree withshortcutbuttons toprovide quick

access to common functions. Forad-hoc translations or for infrequent users, a simple

customizable user portal is available that allows rapid submission, authorization and

tracking ofjobs.

DesktopIntegrationWith SDL TMS, translators can download translation packages including

terminology and translation memories and use their preferred translation

environment, such as SDL Trados Studio, for offlinetranslation on the desktop. The

SDL TMSadministrator can optionally allow the translator to access the centralized

translation memory and terminology from within SDL Trados Studio.

ReportingSDL TMSprovides acomprehensive set of standardreports covering many different

metrics, such as translation memory leverage, translation costs and savings,

productivity oflinguisticresources and jobstatus. Standard reports are available ina

variety of rich formatsincluding: Adobe PDF, Microsoft Excel2007, Microsoft Word

2007, CSV and RTF. Custom reports can bedefined providing the business analysis

needed to makebetter informed decisions.

IndustryStandardsSupportSupport forindustry standards is built in to SDL TMS. Translation assets aremanaged in

Unicode, with fullsupport fortranslation memory exchange using TMX. The system is

built on amodern, XML-basedarchitecture that ensurescontent retains structure and

stylethroughout the translation process. Data istransferred in and out of SDL TMS via a

sophisticated and secure XML-basedmessaging system.


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The Business Case for Translation

Management Systems

Market pressures are pushing localization teams to produce localized content in less time and for

less money, without sacrificing quality. Organizations are now looking at how to optimize

localization processes to deliver the next round of savings. Globalization Management Systems

(GMS) have promised to save time and money by automating much of the manual work related

to creating and managing multilingual content. The reality in many cases has been very different.

High software license costs, long and complex implementations, lack of integration with other

translation technologies and limited process automation have led to little or no ROI. All types of

business processes involved in translation of all types of business content demonstrates how a

Translation Management System can overcome these shortcomings and rapidly deliver

substantial ROI.

The Opportunity

The end-to-end localization process consists of many different tasks, but they fall into just two

broad categories: translation and transaction. Translation activities include all linguistic tasks

related to the actual rendering of source words into target languages: translate, edit, proof and

review. Industry-standard Translation Memory (TM) and Computer Assisted Translation (CAT)

tools automate repetitive translation tasks to reduce translation cost and time.

Transaction activities include project management and coordination for source content and any

other manipulation on its way through the entire localization process. As content becomes more

modular, updates more frequent and the end-to-end process more complex, transaction costs

consume more and more of the project budget. In many scenarios these costs are actually higher

than translation costs! Without translation management technology, there is no effective way to

significantly reduce transaction costs.


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Automating the ProcessTranslation management technology automatically performs transactions at a fraction of the cost

and time required by a human being. The Translation Management System detects new or

modified content, initiates a translation job, provides cost analysis, routes the content through

defined workflows, applies translation memory and terminology centrally, facilitates translation

review and approval, manages shared assets and returns finished translations to the proper

location. Human resources are freed from repetitive, non-productive labor and can be redeployed

to more productive and strategic tasks.

Implementation PathA specialized consultant analyzes and optimizes existing workflows and creates the workflow

rules, user roles, views, reports and integration points that are used to process the source

material. Once these are in place, the Translation Management System manages all content types

and languages itself. Minimal maintenance and incremental process enhancements keep the

system aligned with changing business requirements.

Potential Cost SavingsCompanies with large localization expenditures quickly recoup implementation costs and

achieve ongoing savings when transaction costs are a significant portion of the total budget.

Correctly estimating hard and soft cost savings, such as improved quality and reduced rework, iscrucial to constructing an accurate and compelling business case.

In addition to easily-quantifiable cost reductions, implementing a Translation Management

System brings many other benefits. Best practices are enforced by a scalable system that can

apply a proven process to new languages and markets with little incremental effort. Previously

hidden costs become visible and manageable.


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How TMS Work

The Translation Management System manages the process of translating original language

content into one or more target languages and delivering the approved translations back to

specified locations. It administers all aspects of this process. All human stakeholders have

defined roles and tasks in this secure, online environment. The system automatically manages the

interaction between the various human and software-generated tasks based on user-specified

workflow rules. The goal is to automate as much of the manual work as possible that is involved

in creating and managing multilingual content. This workflow framework offers a dramatic

improvement over traditional localization processes. It eliminates many of the traditional delays

and disruptions of localization management. The most advanced Translation ManagementSystems use a web-based interface that is accessible from any internet-connected computer.


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Functionality of TMS

A Translation Management System typically includes the following functionality:

Change DetectionAny content source, including file systems, Content Management Systems (CMS) and customer-

specific databases, can be monitored to automatically detect new or modified content. Customers

using common content management systems benefit from standard tools that monitor and detect

changed content. Customers using proprietary or homegrown file management systems require

small, custom-developed applications (integration code) to monitor for change.

Content Extraction and PackagingContent extraction is triggered when changed content is modified or otherwise flagged as

updated. Changed content is automatically extracted and packaged for transmission to the

localization vendor. Business rules define into which languages, and to what depth, each

category of content is to be translated. Some sample categories are: press release, marketing

brochure, general website, support website, technical documentation, online help, user interface.

Categories can be more detailed such as Product Group A/Language Group C/Product Datasheet.

File PreparationDepending on the source format, some manipulation may be required to prepare the files for

analysis and translation. This might include performing format conversions and running scripts

or macros. For example, image paths might need to be updated to point to the correct language

directory.

File Analysis, TM Management, Job Costing and Scheduling the master Translation Memory

(TM) is used to analyze all files, however small. Negotiated pricing and volume-based

turnaround times are applied to the analysis results. A price quotation and timeline are created

and sent to the localization coordinator by e-mail.


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Customizable WorkflowsWorkflows can be defined to accommodate a wide variety of scenarios. Administrators and

project managers generate workflows that comply with their business rules and are suitable for

the type of content and languages they are translating into. Throughout the workflow,

participants are notified by e-mail when they have new work in the system. This ensures that no

delays occur during the translation process. A unique project number is assigned to track all

project resources.

Online and Offline Translation ToolsThe appropriate translators are notified automatically, and they log in to the system and translate

content either online or offline. Translator queries are tracked through the system; the answers

are distributed to all translators.

Facilitated Translation ReviewDesignated reviewers receive notification when translation is ready for review and log in to the

system to review translation in context. They add their comments or corrections at the segment,

job or project level and the files are returned to the translator for verification and

implementation.

TM ManagementWhen review is complete, the master TM is automatically updated with the approved

translations.

Content Delivery and ReintegrationAt the end of the localization process, the Translation Management System restores the original

content format and returns the translations to a pre-specified location in the content repository or

the staging server.


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Metrics and Reporting ManyMetrics can be tracked: word counts, leverage against TM, volume per language and content

type, deadline compliance, costs, workload, quality compliance. Metrics are presented in both

standard and custom reports: All Jobs Status, Job Status, Jobs Overdue, Task History, Average

Translation Cost, All Invoices, Job Invoice, Production Cycle Summary, Project Manager

Tracking Sheet, Translation Memory Savings, Translation Memory Statistics, and Translation

Summary by Language, Translation Summary, and Weekly Productivity.

Figure: Tradition Translation Management Systems Work Process


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LocalizationCosts

A lllocalization costs fall into one of three categories: translation (linguistic),transaction

(management and administration) and other (avoidable costs and opportunity costs

associated with reduced efficiency, such as lostrevenue). Automation can help reduce

costs in all three areas for both the company and its localization vendor. Thus,

implementing aTranslation Management System canreduce the total cost oflocalization,

not just themore visible,outsourcedcosts.

Translation(Linguistic)Costs

Most translations areproduced byhighly-qualified, well-paid human beings. Their fees

aretraditionallycalculated on aper-word basis: the more words, thehigher the cost. The

best way toreduce translation costs is to reducethe number of new words that humans

need totranslate. Fourstrategies help achieve thisgoal:

TranslationMemoryTools

As the translator worksthrough the material, atranslation memory application captures

segments of text and theirtranslations in adatabase. Asegment is usually aphrase or

sentence. The next time the same or a similarsegment isencountered, the TM software

offers the already-translated segment to the translator. Thus, the tool reducesthe

number of new words that need to be translated. Over time companies build up

translationmemoriescontaining all theirpublished material.

Terminology Management

Terminology Management tools store key terminology in a centralized database.

Terminology is clearly defined with a single, approved translation maintained in each

language. This speeds up the translation process and improves the quality and

consistency oftranslations. Tight integration with Translation Memory tools further

improves productivity.


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Automated Translation

In some circumstances, thetranslation of new words can beautomated. Thisrequires the

right type ofsource content as well as the tight integration ofsoftware and services that are

provided byknowledge-basedtranslation (KbT). Theoutput quality isthen sufficient for

skilledpost-editors tocomplete the task, typically in less than one third of the time and at

less than half the cost of human translation.

Controlled Authoring

Translatorthroughput is alsoaffected by the quality of the source materials. Controlled

authoring environments enforce best writing practices and generate more predictable

content. Automation technologies workmore efficiently withpredictablecontent, which

furtherreduces thenumber of new words. Reducing translation costs is not the topic of this

white paper, but the tools are mentioned here because the tight integration of all

translation technologies within the TranslationManagement System is a key factor in

achieving faster implementation, more efficient processing and faster ROI.Translation

management systems interact faster and more efficiently withtranslation technologies

(especially TM,terminology and KbT) than dohuman beings.

TransactionCostsA ll transactions consume time and contribute to project overhead costs. The Translation

Management System automates these transactions. Human resources are freed up and costs

reduced inboth thecompany and thelocalization-vendororganizations.

On theCompany Side aproject manager would need toperform the following tasks:

Identifycontent to betranslated.

Extractcontent to betranslated from thecontent repositoryor filesystem.

Putcontent into a format suitable for delivery fortranslation.

Writeinstructions for thebenefit of thetranslator orlocalization vendor.

Assemble a Localization Kit for thetranslator orlocalization vendor.

Deliver Localization Kit tolocalizationvendor (CD, email, FTP).

Verify that the localizationvendor hasreceived the Localization Kit.


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Receive aquote and negotiate pricing with localization vendor.

Agree to a deliveryschedule with localization vendor.

Obtaininternalapprovaland authorizelocalizationvendor toproceed.

Track delivery oftranslated content against agreedschedule.

Coordinate review and amendmentcycle.

Receive completed translation from localization vendor.

Return finaltranslations to thecorrect locations.

Perform a final QA ofstagedcontent.

On the Localization Vendor Sidealthough the localization vendor incurs these costs, the

customer normally pays forthem in the form of Project Management, Project Setup or

Translation Memory Management fees.

For most projects aproject coordinatorwould need toperform the following tasks:

Acknowledge translationrequest fromcustomer.

Create new translationproject.

Analyzematerials.

ApplyTranslation Memory and determinecosts.

Sendquote tocustomer.

Notifytranslators and confirm theiravailability.

Startproject aftercustomer authorizes.

Convert files intoappropriate format fortranslation.

Run scripts,macros asnecessary.

Distribute files totranslators.

Track delivery oftranslated content against schedule.

Managetranslatorqueriesand feed back tocustomer forinput.

Distributecustomer feedbacktotranslators.

Convert translated materialsback into original format. Send translations tocustomer forreviewer input.

Update Translation Memory after customer review and amendmentscycle.

Closeproject.

Initiate invoicecycle.


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OtherCostsOther costs associated with localization may be classified asavoidable costs and the cost

of lost ordelayedrevenue. Such costs are difficult toquantify ingeneral, but should be

part of the business case. A typical example could be as simple as a recent customer

incident where an avoidable delay, miscommunication or error cost the company

money orgoodwill.

AvoidableCosts

Cost ofpoor-quality translations due to lack ofproperly managed translation memory.

Cost ofmiscommunication or careless errors onroutine workperformedbyhumans.

Cost of time delaysbetween transactions or lag timebetween handoffs.

Cost of not having awell-defined, predictable process that enforces best practices.

Cost of parallel and redundant infrastructure and activities in different divisions of the

same company.

Cost of staffburnout causedbymanaging the existing, manualprocesses.

Cost of not having of asystematic audit trail.

Cost of documenting existing manualprocesses, and a steeper,

longer learning curve for new employees.

Cost of lost productivity due to highly-trained employees performing manual and

repetitive tasks,which reduces thevolume ofcontent that can betranslated.

Lostor DelayedRevenueOpportunities

Cost of lost ordelayed foreign revenue from new programs and initiatives.

Cost of not being able tosimultaneously shipproducts.

Cost of lostrevenue from not being able to deliver new programs or initiativesquickly.

Cost of delayed time to deliver localized support content, which could impact

customer service,damage global brand and reputation and hinder future sales in that

market.


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Analysis

Potential for ROIThe potential for ROIincreases as the volume of translation, the number of target

languages, the frequency ofupdates and the ability to manage the process using

predefined workflows increase. Theprimary contributionsto ROIcome from improved

leveraging ofprevious translations and saved user time. Additional indirect cost savings

may also berealized.

SampleCompanyABCCompany ABCmanufactures and distributeselectronic test equipment throughout the

Americas, Europe and Asia. The company maintains an extensive website containing

support information for distributors and cus tomers. Support bulletins, product

datasheets, technical briefs, press releases and updates to existing productdocumentation

areposted on aregular basis in all nine of the companysstandard languages. Most

content is authored in English, though German and Japanesedocuments are also

translated into the other eight languagesand posted. Content isstored in acompany-

internal filemanagement system. Individual documents arechecked out of the system for

updating. New orupdated pieces arechecked in once they havebeen approved bythe

publicationsdepartment. In a givenmonth, approximately20,000 words aretranslated.

Thecontent is very modular and issubmitted in smallbatches on anas-needed basis with

up to 40 submissions per month.Company ABCsannual localization budget for the

outsourced portion of these ongoing projects isapproximately$650,000,including all

services and projectmanagementcosts.


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QuantifyReducedTranslationCosts from Improved TM Leveraging

Company ABC Estimates Leveraging Before implementing a TranslationManagement

System, TMleveraging opportunities were lost due to the followingreasons: TM was not

managed centrally, so not all TM was available for all projects; TM was not able to

provide leverage across different formats (e.g. XML, HTML, TXT,Quark,InDesign, etc.);

TM was not always utilized on smaller projects due to lack of time orresources; TM was not

alwaysup-to-date with the latest translations. Leveraging efficiencyaveragedabout 10%

exactmatches and 15%fuzzy matches.

AfterTranslationManagement System implementation, leveraging improved due to the

followingreasons: TM ismanaged centrally with the entire TMapplied to each project;the TMprovides much better leveraging acrossthe different fileformats; TM isapplied

to allprojects automatically, even small ones; the TM is alwaysup-to-date.Leveraging

efficiencyincreased to 20% exactmatches and 30% fuzzymatches.

Where did theincreased leveraging come from? ForCompany ABC, each of three product

groups maintained their own translationmemories, which were not shared on aregular

basis. Once the separate memories were combined and managedcentrally, thenumber of

segments available forleveraging more than doubled. Some documents were authored in or

extracted into formats that could not be directly leveraged by the TM tool. Many of the

smallprojects had less than 1000 words and were on very tight timelines so TM was not

evenapplied to these projects.

Howmuch didCompany ABC save permonth ontranslation costs? Monthly cost before

Translation Management System implementation:

Typeof

Leveraging

Percent Cost per

word

Words Languages Subtotal Total

Newwords 75% $0.21 20000 9 $28,350

Fuzzy 15% $0.13 20000 9 $3,510

Exact 10% $0.06 20000 9 $1,080 $32,940


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Monthly cost after Translation Mana gement System implementation

Typeof

Leveraging

Percent Cost per

word

Words Languages Subtotal Total

Newwords 50% $0.21 20000 9 $18,900

Fuzzy 30% $0.13 20000 9 $7,020

Exact 20% $0.06 20000 9 $2,160 $28,080

Monthly savings: $4,860

Yearly savings:$58,320 (15% of totaltranslation costs)

Estimation of the Potential Increase in Leveraging Efficiency

Total costreductions due toincreased leveraging efficiency typically run in the 5% to 25%

range. In theexample,Company ABCachieved about a 15%reduction. Toestimate cost

reductions for aTranslationManagement System business case, assume a 4%-6% cost

reduction per factor that will beimproved by the implementation. The four most crucial

factors for the business case are: TM not managed centrally, TM not able to provide

leverage across all file formats, TM not always utilized onsmallerprojects, TM not always

up-to-date with the latest translations.

Quantify Saved User Time from Transaction Automation

Company ABC Estimates Transaction Time Reduction. Before implementing a

Translation Management System, all file handling, format conversions, retrievals,

exchanges and transfers were performed manually by the localization coordinator,

engineer, client revieweror technical writer. The many small filesgenerated a lot of

overhead compared to actual wordstranslated. AfterTranslationManagement System

implementation, these overheadtransactions arestreamlined ordisappear completely.


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Assume a loaded average hourly cost per employee of $50. Monthly spend before:

$7,950

Monthlyspend after: $1,750

Totalmonthly savings: $6,200

Totalannual savings: $74,400 (78% of total transactioncosts)

Estimation of Potential Transaction Time Saved

Total cost reductions due to transaction automation typically run in the 60% to 85%

range. In theexample,Company ABC achieved about a 78%reduction.

A realisticbusiness casemust followcontent all the way fromwhere it initially resides as

source material to where the final, approved translations will be stored. Examine each

taskalong the way and quantify the timeneeded to perform it. Thencompare this data to

time estimates for the same tasks managed automatically. Some consultation with the

system provider may benecessary here, since thedegree ofautomation possible varies by

company situation. A preliminary business case, however, may be constructed by

applying a 60% to85%reduction to the total timerecorded for thecurrent process.

Quantify Other Reduced Costs

Company ABC Estimates Other Reduced Costs

Other costsreducedbyautomation fall into one of twocategories: time nolonger wasted

(errors,miscommunications and rework) and lost ordelayed revenue. Project audit reports

for past projects are thebest places to findcompany-specific examples.

Here is a common example. In abatch of 20 filessubmitted for localization into 9

languages, 3 are not the most recent version. They were beingworked on by anengineer

without the knowledge of the technical writerrequesting translation. The error is not

discovered until all files havebeen returned from translation after 1week. Thetechnical


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writer takesabout 2 hours to figure out what happened, get the correct files from the

engineerandsubmit them for priority translation through the localizationcoordinator,

who needs about half an hour toprocess and administer the rushtranslation. This kind

of errorhappens once or twice a yearamong thehundreds ofsmall translation projects.

Estimation of Other Reduced Costs

The general formula for estimating the cost of such cases is: Avoidable cost=

(Tc*Cc+Cv+Cd)*Fy, where Tc=company time spent to correct the problem Cc=loaded

cost of company resources involved in fixCv=extra costs charged by the localization

vendor Cd=cost impact of resulting product shipping delays Fy=frequency of

occurrences inbudgeting cycle, in this case, per year

Assume a loaded cost of $40 per hour for the writer and $50 for the localization

coordinator. If the files average 1500 words, the loaded translation cost per file per

language is at least $100 (assuming lots ofleveraging). The finish date for theproject may

not slip by an entire week, but what is the cost of a few days slip? Thisdepends on the

situation, but a dollar cost should be assigned to any such delay, however small.

Company ABC uses $75 asa placeholder for thisparticular case.

Avoidable cost=(($40*2+$50*0.5)+($100*3*9)+($75))*2 =$5,760

Prorated permonth: $5,760/12=$480

Most organizations do not track such costs, although they should be calculated out in a

properly executedproject audit report. Each event by itself may not seem verysignificant;

yetadding up all theinstances over a fullbudget period can yield asurprisingamount of

unnecessarily wasted money.

Summary of Projected Cost Savings for Company ABC

Betterleveraging saves: $58,320 (15% of total translationcosts)

Automating transactions saves: $74,400(78% of total transactioncosts)

Avoiding errors saves: $ 5,760

Totalprojected annual savings: $138,480 (21% ofannual localizationbudget)


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Implementation Process Overview

Phase I:Define, Assessand Refine Current Process

Review current process; define business needs and other requirements. High level

businessandlocalization objectives must guide alllower-level and detail decisions to

ensure that all processessupport companyobjectives. Analyze content and develop

workflows that localize efficiently with arepeatable process. Streamlining, standardizing

and centralizing processes and enforcing best practices ensure that workflows can be

executed with aminimum ofhuman intervention.

Capture allnecessary configuration information. Users, roles,languages, content

types, viewsare defined and their interrelationships mappedout.

Phase II: Installand Customizethe Translation Management System

Encode workflow rules tomatch existing ornewly-defined business processes.

Develop and test any required custom script stages. Scripts are used toperform

any arbitrary processing steps that can bedefined and automated using acommon

scripting language such as V isual Basic, Perl, etc.

Consolidatetranslation memories and preparethem forcentralizedmanagement.

Establish and encode system costing information and turnaround-time

commitments.

Establishrequired user roles and thepeople designated to play these roles.

Install or create interface code to detect changes, extract text for

translation and routecontent toand from thesystem.

Phase III: Train the Users andTest the System

Train all users who willinteract with thesystem.

Test the implementation with pilotprojects; finetune thesystem.

Go live.


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Estimation of Implementation Costs

Phase I:Define, Assessand Refine Current Process

A specially-trained consultant conducts brief interviews with senior management from

marketing,productdevelopment and international sales.Company business objectives

and requirements are summarized to guide the implementation. A ll stakeholders in the

localizationprocess areinterviewed. Content types, delivery formats,process workflows,

file management strategies, etc. arerecorded, analyzed, summarized and optimized.

Thisprocess may take from several days to several weeks depending on the complexity

and variety ofassets and processes. Assume five days ofconsulting at$1500 per day for a

total of$7500 forCompany ABCsimplementation.

Phase II: Installand Customizethe Translation Management System

Most implementations are hosted by the provider of the Translation Management

System. The customer pays a one-time (perpetual) license fee plus a monthly

maintenance charge. Some providers also offer an ASPmodel where thecustomer pays a

monthly ASP charge based on usage with no upfront licensing cost. Customized

workflows, scripts, etc., are developed at the providers site. When the company uses

off-the-shelf products to manage files, content, translation memory, etc., the

installation will require less customization and go faster. Proprietary source file

management systems and content formats require custom-programmed applets for

seamless integration. Thisphase may last several weeks and will cost acertain number

ofperson-daysbased on theprogramming effort. ABCCompany uses astandard CMS

for filemanagement, so a high degree of customization is not necessary. Assume 20

person-days ofprogramming and encoding at$1500 per day for atotal of$30,000.

Phase III: Train the Users and Test theSystem

Web-based Translation Management Systems arestraightforward and easy to use. Online

tutorials and trainingmodules get users up and running with aminimum ofinstructor-

based training. The bulk of the effort isnow focused on following pilotprojects through

the system and refining workflow encodings asneeded.


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Assume two person-days ofinstructor-based training and eight days oftesting at$1000

per day for a total of $10,000.

Summary of Implementation Costs

Phase I, Define, Assess and RefineCurrent Process: $ 7,500Faze II, Install and Customize thesystem: $30,000

Phase III, Training and Testing: $10,000

Total: $47,500

Estimation of the Software License Fee and Ongoing Costs

The software l icensing costs follow one of two models: perpetual license model or ASP

model.

Perpetual LicenseModel

The company licenses the software indefinitely and pays a small monthly fee for

upgrades and maintenance.

For ABCCompany, the upfront cost for the license would bearound $75,000 plus an

ongoing, annualsoftwaremaintenance charge of 12%: $9000 per year or $750 per

month.

ASP Model

The company pays a monthly fee based on usage. For ABCCompany, assuming a

monthly volume of20,000 words and 40 project submissions fortranslation into nine

languages, theapproximate monthly cost to usethesoftware would bearound $4000,

including software maintenance.

Calculating ROI

The successful case for implementation must demonstrate that a positive ROI will be

reached within a reasonableamount of time. Inother words, the cumulative savings

resulting fromimplementation must exceed the running total of theupfront costs plus

theongoing costs.


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Perceptions of what is a reasonable timeframe differ from company to company.

Successful implementation requires asignificant commitment ofmoney and time. Most

companies willtherefore want to reach the breakeven point within one to two major

budget cycles: one to two years.

Company ABC Projected Monthly Benefits

ReducedTranslation Costs: $ 4 ,8 60

Saved User Time: $ 6 ,200

Saved Other Costs : $ 480

Projected Return perMonth:$11,540

Company ABC EstimatedCosts for Perpetual LicenseModel

Implementation fee: $47,500

Software License fee: $75,000

Totalupfront costs: $122,500

Monthlymaintenance fees: $750

Company ABC EstimatedCosts for ASP Model

Implementation fee: $47,500

Software License fee: $ 0

Totalupfront costs: $47,500

Monthlymaintenance fees: $4,000

Bothmodels provide a similarprojected ROI over a 24month period. With lower upfront

costs and ashorter time to reach thebreakeven point, the ASPmodel represents a lower

risk, but over alonger term the perpetual licensewould offer thepotential of a larger

ROI.

ATranslationManagement System implementation yields thegreatest cost savings for high

volume, modularcontent that is translated into multiple languages with frequent

updates using a repeatable process. Cost savings are primarily achieved by applying


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translation memory more effectively and saving user timeotherwise wastedon repetitive

transaction.

A web-based TranslationManagement System, such as SDLTranslationManagement

System, hasmanyadvantages over traditional solutions. Accessible from anyInternet-

enabled computer anywhere in the world, SDL Translation Management System

provides a shared environment for localizationmanagement. The software canbe

hosted by SDL,avoiding the complexities ofinstalling new ITinfrastructure. Using an

ASP pricing modelallows organizations to significantly reduceupfront software costs. The

web-based architecture is tightly integratedwith allassociated translation technologies

toenable rapid implementation. Users pay only for what they useand quickly getpayback

on theirinvestment.

Theexample used hereshows how hundreds ofthousands of dollars can be saved from a

localization budget of less than a million dollars. Thebiggertranslation volumes, the

greater savings will be. And this is before accounting forother benefits that are difficult to

quantify, such as the value of being able to launch a new product or website

simultaneously inmultiple languages.

Further savings can be gained with additional functionality, such as automatedterminology extraction and automated translation. It is clear that many businesses with

significant volumes oftranslation and localization work willbenefit from implementing

translation management.


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Findings

Implementing a Translation Management System can help companies reduce

localizationcosts, reduce time tomarket and improvetranslation quality.

Translation memory isapplied centrally to allprojects regardless of size. Thisimproves

leveraging and translationconsistency (quality) and reducestranslation costs and time.

Transactions on both the localization vendor and the customer side are automated,

reducingmanagement and overhead costs and time for allparties. The most significant

cost and time reductions areachieved in thisarea.Human errors,miscommunications, lag

time between steps and inconsistent processes are all avoided. Best practices areenforced to reduce other costs and wasted time. These cost reduction opportunities can

be very significant, but are often overlooked when evaluating the benefits of a

Translation Management System.

StrategicBusinessAdvantages

Newstrategic business advantages result from theimproved processes and infrastructure

developed duringthe implementation of aTranslation Management System.

The global process scales well to new markets and languages. Planning and budgeting

become more eff icient and accurate. Other divisions within the same company can

easily join the system and take advantage ofthe savings because they can leverage

existing translation assets and will not be paying again forcontent that has already

been translated.

Enhanced cooperation between corporate headquarters and in-country business units

helps companies balance centralized and decentralized responsibilities. Improved

reporting capabilities enable strategic users to understand global content costs and

trends, quickly identify problems, target areas for improvement and win more time to

focus on new strategic initiatives andprograms.


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Advanced Enterprise Translation Solution

Eminent market players in automated language translation field today have introduced efficient

enterprise translation software that helps in minimizing the localization cost by 50 percent and

increases the translation speed significantly. This apart, these companies have their own

translation network including a collaborative translation platform along with other aspects such

as

Partner Network

Development Community Translation

Translation Market Place

Furthermore, there are thousands of translators associated with these solution providers globally

specializing in multiple languages. In addition to that, the software offers bilingual speakers with

contextual translation of phrases and words than a mere sentence based translation that can be

prone to linguistic and other syntax errors. Other services that solution providers offer include:

Terminology management features that helps in messaging accuracy and consistency

Translation memory that facilitates content recycling with the help of successive projects

Project management dashboard along with instant reporting that streamlines teamcoordination

Translation services today have become a core aspect for most businesses as there is a need to

communicate with the global audience with clarity and precision. New business development by

venturing into untapped regions is a crucial objective for most companies. Correct and quality

translation helps them to attain this objective and facilitates smooth customer-company

interaction.


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Summary and Conclusion

The growth of every business is denoted by its growing range of products and services,

expansion into new markets and the range of communication channels. However, to be

competitive in the constantly expanding global marketplace, enterprises need to attract new

customers. In todays changing business environment, enterprises face the challenge of

managing high-quality multilingual content for their products and services, which would give

them faster time-to-market. Further, with the linguistic landscape of the World Wide Web

changing, enterprises with their footprints on the web also needs to make their website

compatible and localized to regional languages. The initiative taken by the enterprises to

translate content into multilingual format ensures global communication and also empowersenterprises to take decisions and facilitate commercial transactions. The need for a translation

management solutions that can provide for instant translation have led leading service providers

to design and develop translation management systems that can not only reduce the translation

costs but can also ensure product information is available across the web in shorter time period.

Translation Management systems manages the flow of information by localizing, translating and

sharing of data and application through an automation work flow and ensures that the content is

ready for a global audience. Other key benefits of using such translation management systems

include: Increase in translation throughput leading to faster delivery of information and

generation of increased revenue. Being web-based ensures faster returns on investment. Real-

time reporting systems ensure greater visibility across the translation process. Made up of

content repository, work flow environment and centralized linguistic data, the process includes

translation, vendor selection, work distribution, project administration, production, publishing,

delivery and archiving. Besides offering a secure communication over Internet, this also allows

collaboration between globally spread teams. The translation management system streamlines

and localizes the entire supply chain by unifying people, process and technology. Translation

management system enables complete control over terminology and provides a centralized

access to most of the approved terms paving way for a faster global market penetration.


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RecommendationsThe main recommendations for wider use of translation management systems include:

The concept of "translation memories" is based on the premise that sentences used in

previous translations can be "recycled". However, a guiding principle of translation is

that the translator must translate the message of the text, and not its component sentences.

Translation memory managers should easily fit into existing translation or localization

processes. In order to take advantages of TM technology, the translation processes must

be redesigned.

Translation memory managers should support all documentation formats and filters.

There is a learning curve associated with using translation memory managers, and the

programs must be customized for greatest effectiveness.

In cases where all or part of the translation process is outsourced or handled by freelance

translators working off-site, the off-site workers require special tools to be able to work

with the texts generated by the translation memory manager.

Full versions of many translation memory managers can cost from US$500 to US$2,500

per seat, which can represent a considerable investment (although lower cost programs

are also available). However, some developers produce free or low-cost versions of their

tools with reduced feature sets that individual translators can use to work on projects set

up with full versions of those tools. The price should be reduced.

The costs involved in importing the user's past translations into the translation memory

database, training, as well as any add-on products may also represent a considerable

investment which should also be reduced.

As stated previously, translation memory managers may not be suitable for text that lacks

internal repetition or which does not contain unchanged portions between revisions.

Technical text is generally best suited for translation memory, while marketing or

creative texts will be less suitable.


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Bellisent, J. (2000). Do B2B Tech Markets Localize as they Globalize.Forrester Research.

Beninatto, D. A. (November 2002).Beggars at the Globalization Banquet.Common Sense Advisory, Inc.

Common Sense Advisory. (2005).Globalization Banqu rt.

Forrester. (2007).Total Economic Impact of SDL Global Information Management.Forrester Report.

Gilbane Group, Inc. . (2008).The Philips Strategy for Global Expansion.Borderless Brand Management.

Global Information Management. (2007).

SDL corporation. (n.d.).About. Retrieved 5 20, 2013, from Translation Management Systems:

http://www.sdl.com/404.html?aspxerrorpath=/en/language-technology/products/automated-

translation/sdl-beglobal-solutions/sdl-beglobal-customer-care.asp

SDL PLC. (2011).WP CXO Strategy.

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