Indirect Discoverers of the New World Norse (Viking) discoverers Norse (Viking) discoverers 1000 AD – reached shores of North America 1000 AD – reached

Indirect Discoverers of Indirect Discoverers of the New Worldthe New World

Norse (Viking) discoverers Norse (Viking) discoverers 1000 AD – reached shores of North America 1000 AD – reached shores of North America

Landed in NewfoundlandLanded in Newfoundland Norse called the place Vinland for its wild grapes Norse called the place Vinland for its wild grapes

No strong nation-state, seeking expansion, No strong nation-state, seeking expansion, supported Norse discoveries supported Norse discoveries

Weak settlements soon abandoned Weak settlements soon abandoned Discoveries forgotten except in Scandinavian Discoveries forgotten except in Scandinavian

legendlegend

Viking Settlement and Viking Settlement and TradeTrade


1000s – 1400s – restless 1000s – 1400s – restless Europeans explored world for Europeans explored world for conquest and trade conquest and trade Africa Africa Asia Asia Accidental discovery of Americas Accidental discovery of Americas

The CrusadesThe Crusades


Expanded trade with Asia Expanded trade with Asia Crusaders opened trade routes to eastCrusaders opened trade routes to east Silk, new drugs, perfumes, spices Silk, new drugs, perfumes, spices

(especially sugar)(especially sugar) Very expensive to transport goods from Very expensive to transport goods from

AsiaAsia

Trade Routes with the Trade Routes with the EastEast

Europeans Enter AfricaEuropeans Enter Africa Portuguese pushed further Portuguese pushed further

southward along African southward along African coastcoast 1488 – Bartolomeu Dias 1488 – Bartolomeu Dias

rounded southern tip of rounded southern tip of AfricaAfrica

1498 – Vasco de Gama 1498 – Vasco de Gama reached India reached India

Later Europeans named any Later Europeans named any unknown land “Indies” unknown land “Indies”

Returned home with small (but Returned home with small (but tempting) cargo of jewels and tempting) cargo of jewels and spices spices

PortuguesPortuguese e

ExploratiExploration Along on Along

the the African African CoastCoast

Europeans Enter AfricaEuropeans Enter Africa

1400s – Spain united 1400s – Spain united Muslims expelled from Spain by 1492 Muslims expelled from Spain by 1492

(Reconquista)(Reconquista) Unity achieved by marriage of 2 monarchsUnity achieved by marriage of 2 monarchs

Ferdinand of Aragon (eastern Spain) Ferdinand of Aragon (eastern Spain) Isabella of Castile (western Spain) Isabella of Castile (western Spain)

Spain eager to expand to compete with Spain eager to expand to compete with Portuguese Portuguese

Looked to west because of Portuguese Looked to west because of Portuguese dominance of east (around Africa) dominance of east (around Africa)

Columbus Comes upon Columbus Comes upon a New Worlda New World

Events leading up to discovery of New Events leading up to discovery of New World World Europeans wanted more (and cheaper) products Europeans wanted more (and cheaper) products

from Asia from Asia Africa established as source of cheap slave laborAfrica established as source of cheap slave labor Portuguese demonstrated feasibility of long-range Portuguese demonstrated feasibility of long-range

voyages voyages Spain – modern nation-state took shape with unity, Spain – modern nation-state took shape with unity,

wealth, power to explore faraway placeswealth, power to explore faraway places Renaissance (began in 1300s) gave Europeans Renaissance (began in 1300s) gave Europeans

adventurous spirit and thirst for knowledge adventurous spirit and thirst for knowledge Printing presses (1450) allowed spread of scientific Printing presses (1450) allowed spread of scientific

knowledge knowledge Mariner’s compass invented (possibly borrowed Mariner’s compass invented (possibly borrowed

from Arabs)from Arabs)

The World Known to The World Known to Europe, 1492Europe, 1492


Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus Italian sailor Italian sailor

persuaded Spanish persuaded Spanish Ferdinand and Isabella Ferdinand and Isabella to give him 3 ships to give him 3 ships

Searching for Searching for westward route to westward route to Indies (Asia)Indies (Asia)

Sailed for 6 weeks Sailed for 6 weeks October 12, 1492 – October 12, 1492 –

reached island in the reached island in the Bahamas Bahamas


Columbus’ historical discoveryColumbus’ historical discovery Landed in huge land barrier between Landed in huge land barrier between

Europe and Asia Europe and Asia Columbus believed he had landed in Columbus believed he had landed in

“Indies” (Asia) “Indies” (Asia) Called natives “Indians” Called natives “Indians”

For decades after, explorers tried to sail For decades after, explorers tried to sail around America to get to Asia around America to get to Asia

Gradually realized that they were exploring a Gradually realized that they were exploring a huge new continent huge new continent

Columbus’ View of the Columbus’ View of the WorldWorld

Modern View of the Modern View of the WorldWorld


Effects of Columbus’ discoveryEffects of Columbus’ discovery Radically affected 4 continents (both Radically affected 4 continents (both

Americas, Africa, Europe) Americas, Africa, Europe) Interdependent global economic Interdependent global economic

system of trade emergedsystem of trade emerged Europe provided the markets, capital, Europe provided the markets, capital,

technologytechnology Africa furnished the laborAfrica furnished the labor New World offered raw materials New World offered raw materials

(especially precious metals and soil for (especially precious metals and soil for sugar cane) sugar cane)

When Worlds CollideWhen Worlds Collide

From New World to Old World From New World to Old World Tobacco, beans, tomatoes, potato Tobacco, beans, tomatoes, potato

transformed European diet and economy transformed European diet and economy 3/5 of crops today originally came from Americas 3/5 of crops today originally came from Americas

Maize, manioc (starchy tuberous root, Maize, manioc (starchy tuberous root, similar to a potato), sweet potatoes fed similar to a potato), sweet potatoes fed Africa Africa

Ironically may have fed African population boom Ironically may have fed African population boom that offset the population loss from the slave trade that offset the population loss from the slave trade

New animals like iguana and rattlesnake New animals like iguana and rattlesnake Syphilis introduced in Old World for 1Syphilis introduced in Old World for 1stst time time

When Worlds CollideWhen Worlds Collide From Old World to New World From Old World to New World

Cattle, swine, horses Cattle, swine, horses Horses spread to Mexico and up to Canada Horses spread to Mexico and up to Canada Great Plains Indians – Apaches, Sioux, Blackfoot Great Plains Indians – Apaches, Sioux, Blackfoot

adopted the horse and were transformed into adopted the horse and were transformed into highly mobile, wide-ranging hunter societieshighly mobile, wide-ranging hunter societies

Sugar caneSugar cane Brought by Columbus and thrived in Caribbean Brought by Columbus and thrived in Caribbean ““sugar revolution” in European diet, fueled by sugar revolution” in European diet, fueled by

slave labor slave labor Seeds of Kentucky bluegrass, dandelions, Seeds of Kentucky bluegrass, dandelions,

daisies daisies Smallpox, yellow fever, malaria Smallpox, yellow fever, malaria

The Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian ExchangeActivity: transfer this Activity: transfer this

information to your world information to your world mapmap

Growing Growing Use of Use of

the the Horse by Horse by

Plains Plains IndiansIndians

When Worlds CollideWhen Worlds Collide Old World diseases devastated New World Old World diseases devastated New World

nativesnatives 90% of the Indians in Americas in 1492 died in 90% of the Indians in Americas in 1492 died in

centuries after Columbus centuries after Columbus

Smallpox

The Spanish The Spanish ConquistadoresConquistadores

1500s – Spain dominant exploring 1500s – Spain dominant exploring and colonizing power in New and colonizing power in New World World Conquistadores (conquerors) came to Conquistadores (conquerors) came to

Americas for God, gold, glory Americas for God, gold, glory


Juan Ponce de LeJuan Ponce de León ón 1513 and 1521 – traveled into Florida 1513 and 1521 – traveled into Florida Probably searching for gold (not Probably searching for gold (not

mythical fountain of youth) mythical fountain of youth) Killed by an Indian on 2Killed by an Indian on 2ndnd voyage voyage


Francisco Coronado Francisco Coronado 1540 – 1542 – travelled 1540 – 1542 – travelled

around Arizona and New around Arizona and New Mexico; as far east as Mexico; as far east as Kansas Kansas

Searched for Searched for (nonexistent) golden (nonexistent) golden cities cities

Discovered the Grand Discovered the Grand Canyon and enormous Canyon and enormous herds of buffalo herds of buffalo


Francisco Francisco Pizarro Pizarro 1532 – 1532 –

crushed crushed Inca of Inca of Peru, Peru, gaining gaining huge huge amounts amounts of wealth of wealth for Spain for Spain


Importance of the West IndiesImportance of the West Indies Served as bases for conquests of mainland Served as bases for conquests of mainland

Americas Americas Supplies stored Supplies stored Men and horses rested Men and horses rested

Served as testing laboratories for Served as testing laboratories for techniques to conquer native peoplestechniques to conquer native peoples

Encomienda system – allowed government to Encomienda system – allowed government to commend (give) Indians to certain colonists in commend (give) Indians to certain colonists in return for their promise to try and Christianize return for their promise to try and Christianize the Indians the Indians

In reality, a system of slaveryIn reality, a system of slavery

The Caribbean Colonies, The Caribbean Colonies, 16601660

The Conquest of MexicoThe Conquest of Mexico 1519 – Hern1519 – Hernán Cortés sailed from Cuba án Cortés sailed from Cuba

to Mexico to conquer Aztecs to Mexico to conquer Aztecs 16 fresh horses and several hundred men16 fresh horses and several hundred men

On Yucatán PeninsulaOn Yucatán Peninsula Rescued a Spanish castaway who had been Rescued a Spanish castaway who had been

enslaved by Mayans (and understood enslaved by Mayans (and understood Mayan) and a female Indian slave (Dona Mayan) and a female Indian slave (Dona Marina, “Malinche”) who knew both Mayan Marina, “Malinche”) who knew both Mayan and Nahuatl (language of the Aztec empire) and Nahuatl (language of the Aztec empire)

Cortés now had advantage of superior Cortés now had advantage of superior firepower and ability to understand speech firepower and ability to understand speech of the Indians he was about to conquer of the Indians he was about to conquer

Explorations of HernExplorations of Hernán án CortésCortés

The The Spanish Spanish

and and PortuguePortugue

se se Empires, Empires,

16101610

Spain’s North American Spain’s North American Frontier, 1542-1823Frontier, 1542-1823

1680 – Pop1680 – Popé’s Rebellioné’s Rebellion What was it?What was it?

Native American Rebellion against the Spanish in Native American Rebellion against the Spanish in New Mexico New Mexico

Why did it occur?Why did it occur? 2,000 Spanish and 30,000 Pueblos2,000 Spanish and 30,000 Pueblos Spanish priests and government suppressed Native Spanish priests and government suppressed Native

practices that were inconsistent with Christianitypractices that were inconsistent with Christianity Spanish demanded tribute and labor from NativesSpanish demanded tribute and labor from Natives

What happened?What happened? Pope (Native religious leader) killed hundreds and Pope (Native religious leader) killed hundreds and

forced Spanish to fleeforced Spanish to flee Spain regains control in 1696Spain regains control in 1696

Significance?Significance? Spanish sought to religiously assimilate the Spanish sought to religiously assimilate the

NativesNatives Pueblos were given more freedoms from the Pueblos were given more freedoms from the

SpanishSpanish

The Spread of Spanish The Spread of Spanish AmericaAmerica

Converting Indians in California Converting Indians in California 1769 – Spanish missionaries led by Father 1769 – Spanish missionaries led by Father

Junipero Serra founded a mission in San Junipero Serra founded a mission in San Diego Diego

Eventually chain of 21 missions that went to Eventually chain of 21 missions that went to Sonoma (north of San Francisco)Sonoma (north of San Francisco)

Serra Christianized 300,000 IndiansSerra Christianized 300,000 Indians Indians brought into missions and taught Indians brought into missions and taught

agriculture and craftsagriculture and crafts Lost contact with native cultures and many died Lost contact with native cultures and many died

because of contact with European diseases because of contact with European diseases

Spain’s North American Spain’s North American Frontier, 1542-1823Frontier, 1542-1823


Spanish misdeeds led to rise of “Black Spanish misdeeds led to rise of “Black Legend” Legend” False idea that Spanish tortured and False idea that Spanish tortured and

butchered the Indians (“killing for Christ”), butchered the Indians (“killing for Christ”), stole their gold, infected them with stole their gold, infected them with smallpox, and left only misery behind smallpox, and left only misery behind

Legend popularized by anti-Catholic Legend popularized by anti-Catholic Protestants in Europe Protestants in Europe


Spanish did kill, enslave, infect countless Spanish did kill, enslave, infect countless nativesnatives But this was not a systematic slaughter But this was not a systematic slaughter

(like the Holocaust) (like the Holocaust) Spain also brought some benefits to nativesSpain also brought some benefits to natives

Technology, law, culture, religion Technology, law, culture, religion Natives brought some benefits to Spanish Natives brought some benefits to Spanish

Spanish intermarried with natives and fused Spanish intermarried with natives and fused native cultures into their ownnative cultures into their own

The “Black Legend”The “Black Legend”

The “Black Legend”The “Black Legend”

Documents

Indirect Discoverers of the New World Norse (Viking) discoverers Norse (Viking) discoverers 1000 AD – reached shores of North America 1000 AD – reached