Indira Gandhi vs Raj Narain. Final

8/17/2019 Indira Gandhi vs Raj Narain. Final

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CHANAKYA NATIONAL LAWCHANAKYA NATIONAL LAW

UNIVERSITYUNIVERSITY

SSUBJECTUBJECT- J- JURISPRUDENCEURISPRUDENCE-I-I

PPROJECTROJECT WWORK ORK OO N N

II NDIRA NDIRA GGANDHIANDHI VSVS. R . R AJAJ N NARAINARAIN

(AIR 1975 SC 2299)(AIR 1975 SC 2299)

SSUBITTEDUBITTED TTOO - - R R . . ANORANJANANORANJAN K K UAR UAR

SSUBITTEDUBITTED BBYY

AASHISHSHISH AA NSHUAN NSHUAN

R R OLLOLL N NOO. 5!". 5!"

55THTH SSEESTER EESTER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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AIS AND OBJECTIVE-...........................................................................................................5

RESEARCH ETHODOLOGY;-...............................................................................................5

SOURCES O? DATA;-................................................................................................................5

1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................."

I. R ESTRICTION ON PARLIAENT POWER O? AENDING PROVISIONS IN THE CONSTITUTION

AND JUDICIAL R EVIEW................................................................................................................."

2. INDIRA GANDHI VS. RAJ NARAIN....................................................................................@

I. BACKGROUND O? THE CASE;................................................................................................@

II. ?ACTS O? THE CASE..............................................................................................................@

III. HEARING AT ALLAHABAD HIGH COURT;..............................................................................9

IV. AT SUPREE COURT;..........................................................................................................1>

V. EERGENCY IPOSED;........................................................................................................11

VI. AENDENT IN THE CONSTITUTION;.................................................................................11

VII. ISSUES;.............................................................................................................................11

VI. JUDGENT;...........................................................................................................................12

!. JURISPRUDENTIAL ASPECT O? THE CASE...................................................................1

I. CONCEPT O? SOVEREIGN AND SOVEREIGNTY....................................................................1

II. SOVEREIGN..........................................................................................................................1

III. THEORY O? POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY..................................................................................17

IV. LIITATION PLACED UPON THE SOVEREIGN........................................................................1@

V. SOVEREIGNTY AND SOVEREIGN POWER .............................................................................19

VI. SOVEREIGNTY IN INDIAN SCENARIO..2>

VII. LEGAL AND POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY..............................................................................2!

VIII. CONSTITUENT POWER O? THE SOVEREIGN......................................................................27

. RELEVANCE IN ADINISTRATIVE LAW;......................................................................29

I. SEPARATION O? POWERS;....................................................................................................29

II. R ULE O? LAW;.................................................................................................................... 30

5. CONCLUDING REARK.................................................................................................!!3

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I. CRITICAL ANALYSIS......................................................................................................!!

". BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................................!"6

AIS AND OBJECTIVE-AIS AND OBJECTIVE-

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1.1. IINTRODUCTIONNTRODUCTION




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2.2. IINDIRANDIRA GGANDHIANDHI VSVS. R. RAJAJ NNARAINARAIN

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'$0* 8*+ ($) '8,8*8, $ 6$,8$*' (<) 6/4* 4$6*86'3 $3 * *+' /3' $,= $44'$0 *=

'08:8/3 $, ,$*8,$0 3%<03= $, (6) *+' 6/4* 4$6*86' $3383*$,6' < 86'3 8, *+'

3'&86' *+' :&',%',* *+' /*+'$,6' *+' 434'6*3 $ 6$,8$*'3 '0'6*8,.

VI.VI. AAENDENTENDENT ININ THETHE CCONSTITUTIONONSTITUTION;;

?/*+'%' *+' P$08$%',* 8, ''683' 8*3 6,3*8*/',* 4' </:+* $</* *+' C,3*8*/*8,

(T+8* N8,*+ A%',%',*) A6*= 1975= +86+ </:+* 6+$,:'3 8, A*. 71 *+' 6,3*8*/*8, <

3/<3*8*/*8,: $ ,' $*860' +86+ 3$8 *+$* 4$08$%',* 3+$00 < 0$ '68' *+' %$**'3 '0$*8,: *

*+' '0'6*8, *+' P'38',* $, *+' V86'- P'38',*= *+' $%',%',* /*+' 8,3'*' A*.!2A

+86+ %$' 34'68$0 4&838,3 '0$*8,: * *+' '0'6*8, *+' P8%' 8,83*' $, *+' S4'$'. S/<

60$/3' () *+' $*860' 3*$*' *+$* , 0$ %$' < 4$08$%',* <'' *+' 6%%',6'%',* *+'

6,3*8*/*8,$0 A%',%',* A6*= 8, 3 $ $3 8* '0$*'3 * '0'6*8, 4'*8*8,3 $, %$**'3 6,,'6*'

*+''8*+ 6$, $440 '&' +$&' <'', ''%' * $440 * 8, '0$*8, 8*+ *+' '0'6*8, *+'

P8%' 8,83*'= *+' 34'$' '8*+' +/3' *+' P$08$%',* $, 3/6+ '0'6*8, 3+$00 ,* <'

''%' * <' &8 /,' $, 3/6+ 0$ ,*8*+3*$,8,: $, /:%',* $, 6/*.

VII.VII. IISSUESSSUES;;

T+' C,3*8*/*8,$0 &$088* C0$/3' () A*860' !29-A $003 6,38'$*8,. C0$/3' ()

A*860' !29-A 83 6+$00',:' , * :/,3;

($) ?83*= 8* '3*3 $%$:'3 *+' <$386 '$*/'3 <$386 3*/6*/' *+' C,3*8*/*8,. R'08$,6'

83 40$6' 8, 3/44* *+' 6,*',*8, , *+' %$8* &8' 7 0'$,' J/:'3 8, Kesavananda

Bharati Sripadanagalavaru v. State of Kerala . T+' C,3*8*/*8, A%',%',* $'6*3 *+' <$386

3*/6*/' 8,3*8*/*8,$0 4$**', $4*' < *+' C,3*8*/*8,. T+' <$386 '$*/' 3'4$$*8,

4'3 8*+ *+' 0' 8,'4',',6' /868$ 83 6+$,:' < ',8,: /8386*8, *+83




C/* * *'3* *+' &$088* *+' '0'6*8,. /868$0 '&8' 83 $, '33',*8$0 '$*/' <$386 3*/6*/'

<'6$/3' *+' 6*8,' 3'4$$*8, 4'3 *+'3' '$3,3 ; J/868$0 '&8' 83 <$386

3*/6*/' 8, *+' %$**' '0'6*8, * ',3/' ''= $8 $, 4/' '0'6*8,. I /,' C0$/3' () *+'

T+8*-,8,*+ A%',%',* *+' 4' /868$0 '&8' 83 *$', $$ 8* $%/,*3 * '3*/6*8,

<$386 3*/6*/'.

(<) T+' 3'6, :/, 83 *+$* *+' C,3*8*/*8, *+' H/3' +86+ 4$33' *+' C,3*8*/*8,

(T+8*-,8,*+ A%',%',*) A6* 83 800':$0. I* 83 3$8 *+$* $ ,/%<' %'%<'3 P$08$%',* *+'

* H/3'3 '' '*$8,' < ''6/*8&' ' $*' 2" J/,'= 1975. T+'3' 4'3,3 '' ,*

3/4408' $, :/,3 '*',*8, :8&', $, 44*/,8* %$8,: $ '4'3',*$*8, $:$8,3*

*+'8 '*',*8,. U,0'33 *+' P'38',* 6,&','3 $ 3'338, *+' /00 P$08$%',* < :8&8,: * $00

%'%<'3 *+'' $, 44*/,8* * $**', *+' 3'338, $, ''683' *+'8 8:+* 34''6+ $, &*'=*+' 6,&',8,: *+' 3'338, 800 3/' % 800':$08* $, /,-6,3*8*/*8,$08* $, 6$,,* <'

':$' $3 $ 3'338, *+' * H/3'3 P$08$%',*. T+' %'' $6* *+$* $ 4'3, %$ <'

'48&' +83 8:+* * %&' $, 6/* * 3'6/' +83 '0'$3' % 3/6+ 800':$0 '*',*8, < %'$,3

$ 4'38',*8$0 ' /,' A*860' !59 '3 ,* ',' *+' '*',*8, 8*3'0 '8*+' 0':$0

C,3*8*/*8,$0. T+' 8%4*$,* 0'$'3 *+' H/3' +$&' <'', 4'&',*' % 4$*8684$*8,.

H08,: *+' 3'338, $, *$,3$6*8,: </38,'33 $' /,6,3*8*/*8,$0.

VI. JVI. JUDGENTUDGENT;;

T+' $%',%',* '3*' *+' '0'6*8, $, *+' 0$ '0$*8,: * 8* 8* * $$ $ '%' % *+'

''$*' 4$* 8, *+' '0'6*8, $, $3 $3 %$, 6$00 8* $ 0':830$*8&' /:%',* * *+' I,8$ E0'6*8,

6$3' $, $ 8'6*8, * *+' S/4'%' C/* * $00 *+' $44'$0. R$ N$$8, 80' $ 633 $44'$0

$, 6+$00',:' <*+ *+' $%',%',* * R'4'3',*$*8, 4'40' A6* $, $03 *+' T+8* N8,*+

C,3*8*/*8,$0 A%',%',* A6*= 1975. T+' $44'$0 $3 $:/' < <*+ 38'3 , *+' <$383 *+$* *+'

6$3' $3 :&',' < *+' %$8* 8, K'3+$&$,$,$ 6$3' 8.'. *+' $%',%',* 4' *+'

:&',%',* 8 ,* '*', * *+' $0*'8,: *+' B$386 S*/6*/' *+' 6,3*8*/*8,. T+' :/,3 ,

+86+ *+' 6+$00',:' $3 <$3' $' $3 003;

I* 83 '00 ,, *+$* A*. !29-A $3 $' * *+' C,3*8*/*8, < 29*+ A%',%',* +86+ %$'

*+' '0'6*8, $ 4'3, +08,: 86' *+' P8%' 8,83*' * *+' L S$<+$ <', *+'

$/*+8* $ 0$ 6/* 8,60/8,: *+' S/4'%' C/* $, *+''< $8%' $* 4&88,:. 4*'6*8,




* 3. I,8$ G$,+8= *+' *+', P8%' 8,83*' +3' '0'6*8, +$ <'', 3'*-$38' < A00$+$<$

H8:+ C/* , $ 8,8,: 4+8<8*' 6/4* 4$6*86' 6%%8**' < +'.

T+' $%',%',* $3 4$33' +', 3'&'$0 %'%<'3 *+' P$08$%',* '' $<3',* /' * *+'8

$'3* /,' 4'&',*8&' '*',*8,. T+' $%',%',* '3*3 J/868$0 R'&8'= $, $03 S'4$$*8,

P'3 <*+ +86+ % $ 4$* *+' <$386 3*/6*/' *+' C,3*8*/*8,. A*.!"@ '3 ,*

:8&' *+' 4$08$%',* *+' 4' * '68' $ 48&$*' 834/*' *+/:+ $, $%',%',*. C0$/3' ()

A*.!2A 83 3$8 * <' 8, *+' '60/38&' %$8, *+' J/868$ $, +86+ 83 ,* 8,60/' 8, *+'

6,3*8*/',* 4' /,' A*.!"@. T+' $%',%',* '3*3 *+' ,*8, '/$08* *+'' 83 ,

$*8,$0 8'',*8$*8, <'*'', 4'3,3 +08,: +8:+ 86' $, 4'3,3 '0'6*' * *+'

P$08$%',*. T+' :/, *+' 6,3*8*/*8, $%',%',* <'8,: 4$33' 8*+/* *+' 4'3',6' $ 0*

4438*8, %'%<'3 $3 ,* $66'4*' < $, *+' /:'3.T+' 6/* *+/:+ $ %$8* 8.'. J/3*86' K+$,,$= $*+'= $, C+$,$6+/ +'0 *+$* A*.

!2() 3*/6 *+' B$386 S*/6*/' $, +',6' 83 08$<0' * <' 3*/6 , *+' '$3,3 , +86+ *+'

/:'3 '$6+' *+83 6,60/38, $' &$8'. T+' 6/* *+/:+ %$8* $03 +'0 *+' $%',%',*

8, '0'6*8, 0$3 * <' &$08= $, $00' *+' $44'$0 3. G$,+8. J/3*86' C+$,$6+/ 8, +83

/:%',* '%4+$383' , *+' *+' S'4$$*8, P'3 <'8,: $ 4$* *+' B$386 S*/6*/'

*+' C,3*8*/*8,= +' +'0 *+$* *+' $%',8,: 4' /,' A*.!"@ '3 ,* 8,60/' 0':830$*8&'

''6/*8&' $, /868$0 4'3. J/3*86' $*+' +'0 *+$* 8*+/* $ /868$0 '%' '0'6*8,3

/0 <'6%' $ %6'. I* /0 <' 886/0* * '68' $3 * + +$3 <'', 0':8*8%$*'0 '0'6*'

$, + +$3 /3/4' 4'. ? *+' 0$**' 6/0 *+', *$%40' /4, *+' 48&80':'3 $, 08<'*8'3

4'40'. J/3*86' K+$,,$ +'0 *+$* '' $, $8 '0'6*8,3 $' $, 8,*':$0 4$* *+' B$386 S*/6*/'

*+' C,3*8*/*8, $, A*.!2 (A) :'3 $:$8,3* *+' B$386 S*/6*/'= /*+'%' $3 A*. !2(A)

83 ,* 3'&'$<0' % *+' %$8, A*860' *+' +0' $*860' 83 * <' 3*/6 ,. J/3*86' B': $,

C+8' J/3*86' R$ 8 ,* 6$*':86$00 +0 A*. !2(A) * <' &80$*8&' *+' <$386 3*/6*/'= </*

*+' 83$:'' 8*+ *+' $%',%',* 8, 3488*. T+' +'0 *+$* '' $, $8 '0'6*8,3 8 ,* % $

4$* *+' B$386 S*/6*/' $, *+$* 6,3*8*/',* 4' :8&', * *+' P$08$%',* < A*.!"@

8,60/' 0':830$*8&'= ''6/*8&' $, /868$0 4'. T+' 6$3' +$3 *+' 83*8,6*8, <'8,: *+' 83*

6$3' +86+ 83 3$8 * +$&' <'', '68' /38,: *+' ,'0 44/,' 6*8,' B$386 S*/6*/'.

T+' 6$3' 83 $03 6'8*' * +$&' <', ,' :/, $, +$ 8*3 ''6* , K'3+$&$,$,$ 8*3'0.

II NDIRA NDIRA GGANDHIANDHI VSVS. R . R AJAJ N NARAINARAIN P PAGEAGE ## 1!1!



3.3. JURISPRUDENTIAL ASPECT OF THE CASE JURISPRUDENTIAL ASPECT OF THE CASE

I.I. CCONCEPTONCEPT O?O? S SOVEREIGNOVEREIGN ANDAND SSOVEREIGNTYOVEREIGNTY

T+' 6/* ''' *+' 6$3' K'3+$,$, B+$*8 +'' 8* $3 +'0 *+$* /,' *+' I,8$,

C,3*8*/*8,= *+' 8:8,$0 3&''8:,-*+' 4'40'-6'$*'= < *+' $%',8,: 60$/3' *+'

C,3*8*/*8,= $ 0'33' 3&''8:,= $0%3* 6'*',38&' 8, 4' 8*+ 8*3'0. T+83 3&''8:,= *+' ,'

'3*$<083+' < *+' '&0/*8,$ $6* *+' /00 6%40'*' 3&''8:, +$3 <'', 6$00' < $

R$8,= *+' 4-3&''8:,= *+' +0' *+' $%',8,: 4' /,' *+' C,3*8*/*8,. I 8* 83

%$' 60'$ *+$* 3&''8:, 83 ,* $ %*$0 G $, 6$, '4'33 +8%3'0 8*3'0 ,0 8, *+'

%$,,' $, % 4'368<' < 0$ $, 6$, <' 3&''8:, ,0 +', +' 8* $6*3 8, $ 6'*$8, $

$03 4'368<' < 0$= *+', 4'+$43 *+' /3' *+' '4'338, 800 +$&' , +$%/0 6,3'/',6'.

*+' 0$ 6,38'3 3/<'6*3 600'6*8&'0 $, $6*8,3 $3 $<3*$6* ,'&' $ %$, $3 $, 8,8&8/$0= ,

$, $6*8, $3 4$*86/0$ ,'8*+' 83 +$* *+' 3&''8:, +8%3'0 '3 $</* $ 4$*86/0$ <'6* $ 0$

</* $ '6'' ,* $, $6* 3&''8:,*= </* %$:83*$6.2

II.II. SSOVEREIGNOVEREIGN

T+' *'% 3&''8:, 83 '8&' % *+' L$*8, S/4'$,/3 +86+ $3 $8, * S/F'8$,

3/::'3*8,: $ +8'$6+ 60$33'3 +86+ 6+$$6*'83' $,68',* $, %'8'&$0 368'*8'3. I, 8*3

8:8,= 8* 83 $, $**8</*' $338:,' * *+' +8:+'3* 08&8,: +/%$, 3/4'83 8, *+' 408*86$0 +8'$6+

$, ,* 3%' $<3*$6* /$08* $ 48,6840' $ 0$ 6,*$8,' 8, $ 6/%',*-$ %'$,8,:= $3

800 <' 3+, +''= +86+ '%':'3 60'$0 0$*'. I, *8%'3 $,$6+86 83' 44'338,= <

06$0 3$*$43 6+8'*$8,3 <$,3 '&', </008'3 $, 68%8,$03= 8,$ %*$03 +$&' 3/:+*

*+' 4*'6*8, *+3' + 6/0 :8&' 8* <'6$/3' *+'8 3/4'8 4+386$0 %8:+*. N < 6/%',* 6/0 4&8' *+'% 8*+ *+' 8, +'04 *+' ,'''. T+' 0' /4* *+'8

S&''8:, 08':' $, L= $3 *+' %'8'&$0 %,$6+ $3 $'33' < +83 3/<'6*3=

4*'6*8, $:$8,3* '&' 8, *$,, $, 44'338,.

2 Para 285




T+' G''3 $, R%$,3 '' ,* */<0' < *+'8'3 S&''8:,* 8, $ S*$*'. T+' 48,6840'

*+$* 8:+* $3 R8:+* $3 '6:,83' $3 *+' /,/'3*8,' 0':$00 4'$*8&' 48,6840' $* 0'$3* 8,

*+' 8'0 *+'8 C,3*8*/*8,$0 0$3. G'' 4+8034+'3 +$= +'&'= %/0$*' $ *+' $

L$ N$*/' +86+ $3= %$00= $<&' *+' 0$3 $6*/$00 ',6'. I, 0$*' 3*$:'3 R%$,

L$= R%$, /83*3 $03= 3$*/$*' 8*+ G'' $6*8,3 $, '*+86$00 3/4'8 0$ N$*/'= $8

*+$* *+' 8,3*8*/*8, 30$&'= +86+ :$&' *+' ,' $ 30$&' *+''*86$00 $<30/*' 4'3

08' $, '$*+ &' *+' 30$&'= /3* 08' *+' 4'3 $ 4$*'-$%808$3 &' +83 6+80',= $3

6,*$ * /3 ,$*/$0' $0*+/:+ 8* $3 '6:,83' < /3 :',*8/%= *+' J$3 *+', 68&8083'

0. A83**0'= 8, +83 $,$0383 %3 G&',%',*= +$ '%4+$38F' *+' 8%4*$,6' *+'

C,3*8*/*8, $ S*$*' $3 $ *'3* '*'%8,$,* 3&''8:, 4' 8, *+' S*$*'. A,. R%$,

/83*3= +$= 8,8'6*0= 60'$' *+' 4$*+ *+' 83' %', 0':$083% $, C,3*8*/*8,$083% <

'36/8,: 0$ 8*3'0 % *+' 60/*6+'3 $ 3/4'3*8*8/3 3'&'$,6' 6/3*%3= 3//,' 8*+

6''%,8$0 $, 8*/$083*86 <3'&$,6'3 $, 6/%<'3%' /3*86' ''$*8,: %$083%= *+/:+

86*8, $, '/8*= $, :' $ 3'6/0$ $, 368',*886 '$4, 368-'6,%86 *$,3%$*8,.

A00 *+83 $3 &' /3'/0 8, 4'4$8,: $, $:' 8, +86+ 3'6/0$ 0$ 6/0 8340$6' '08:8, $3

*+' 6,*0 6,*03.

A*' *+' <'$-/4 *+' R%$, E%48'= *+'' '' $**'%4*3 8, %'8'&$0 E/4'= <*+ < *+'

C+/6+ $, *+' R8,:3= * '&'04 3488*/$0 $, *'%4$0 %'$,3 6+'68,: ,: $,

44'338,. M/'3*3 *+' 3/4'8 $ 3&''8:, 4' $, 8*3 *+''*86$0 /3*886$*8,3 < <*+

'660'38$3*86$0 $, 0$ *+8,'3 '' 4$*3 $, $**'%4* * %''* *+83 ,''. T+' 60$8%3 *+3'

+= $3 &86$3 G , '$*+= 3/:+* * %'0' 8*+ %/,$,' $, *'%4$0 $$83 $, $6/8'

'&', 408*86$0 4' $, 8,0/',6' ''= $*' $ 3*/::0' 4'= +86+ * 8'',* %3 8,

8'',* 6/,*8'3= 8,$00 ''$*' < E/4'$, K8,:3 8*+ *+' $8 *+'8 3/<'6*3. I,''=

*+'3' K8,:3 *8' * 3,$*6+= $,= ,* 8*+/* 3/66'33= * '$ 3488*/$0 6,3 +86+ *+' 0'3

'','3 *+' $8*+ 6$8' 8*+ *+'% 3 $3 * 3//, *+'%3'0&'3 8*+ $/$3 8&8,8*.

T+' *+' $ 0':$00 3&''8:, /,/'3*8,$<0' $/*+8* *+' K8,:= <$3' , 4+386$0 %8:+*

$, &86* 8, <$**0'= $44'$3 * +$&' <'', '&'04' 8, $,68',* I,8$ $3 '00= < K$/*$08$=

$0*+/:+ *+' 6,6'4* $ D+$%$= <$3' , *+' $/*+8* *+' $33'%<08'3 *+3' + ''

0'$,' 8, *+' +$%$3+$3*$3= $03 6%4'*' 6,*0 &' ''683' $0 3'6/0$ 4'.

H8:+ 4+8034+ $, '08:8,= +'&'= *', 3''% * +$&' 8,0/',6' $, $'6*' *+' $6*/$0




''683' 3&''8:, 4' $, 3/6+ 308:+* J$-%$8,: $3 *+' K8,: %$ +$&' $**'%4*'. T+'

8'$0 K8,:= 8, $,68',* I,8$= $3 6,6'8&' 48%$80 $3 $ J/:' '688,: 6$3'3 :8&8,:

'3 * %''* 34'6886 38*/$*8,3 8, $66$,6' 8*+ *+' D+$%$ S+$3*$3. I* $03 $44'$3 *+$* *+'

$6*/$0 ''683' *+' 4' * $%8,83*' /3*86' $3 *', '0':$*' < *+' K8,: * +83 /:'3

8, $,68',* I,8$. I,''= $668,: * 3%'= *+' *+' 3'4$$*8, 4'3 $44'$3 * +$&'

<'', 6$8' 3 $ ! *+$* *+' K8,: 6/0 ,0 ''6/*' *+' 0':$0 3',*',6' 4$33' < *+' J/:'.

T+' J/:'3 /*+' 0' <$6 $* *+' *+' $, 4$6*86' 3&''8:,*= 8, E/4'. T+''= 83'

K8,:3= 8, *+' 80' $:'3= 3/:+* *+' 3/44* *+'8 3/<'6*3 8, :$*+'8,:3 600/8$=

+86+ 8, *+' 3 . D' J/&','0= +$ *+' *840' 6+$$6*' $ 3'338, /3*86'= $ 6/,680

S*$*' $, *+' *8%8 <':8,,8,:3 $ 0':830$*8&' $33'%<0 '' *+' %'$,3 < +86+ *+' $$83

*+' '$0% 6$%' %' $,. %' 8,* *+' +$,3 *+' K8,:. H' :'3 , * <3'&' ; "The

council of the King and the Courts of justice progressivel developed an independent life! the

asse#l reaining under the nae of $arliaent in %ngland and States&General in 'rance.

B8,= 8*8,: 8, *+' '8:, H', *+' III ?$,6' (1551 * 15@9)= &8'' 3&''8:,* $3

$, $<30/*' /,08%8*' 4' +86+= *+/:+ '3*$<083+' < 0$= $3 ,* 6,*00' < 8*.

A668,: * +8%= /,' $, 8'$0 33*'%= 3&''8:,* $3 &'3*' 8, *+' K8,: < 8&8,' 8:+*. T+'

K8,:3 $3 0$. B/*= '&', $668,: * B8= $0*+/:+ *+' S&''8:, $3 '' % *+'

*$%%'03 438*8&' 0$= $3 +' $3 $<&' 8*= '*= +' $3 </, < 8&8,' 0$ $, *+' 0$

,$*/' $3 '00 $3 < *+' 6%%, 0$ ,$*8,3 +86+ '%<8'3 48,6840'3 83*8,6* % *+'3'5.

H<<'3= $ 6',*/ 0$*' 6,*8,/' *+83 08,' *+8,8,: , $, ',*8'0 3'6/0$ $, ,,-%$0

40$,'. H' 48,' ; "(nliited po)er and unfettered discretion as to )as and eans are

possessed # the sovereign for the end )ith a vie) to )hich civil societ is constituted! nael!

peace and escape fro the evils of the state of nature"! in )hich the life of individuals )as

"nast! #rutish! and short." A0*+/:+= H<<'3 &83/$083' *+' '83*',6' $ 368$0 6%4$6* $3 *+'

3/6' *+' $/*+8* *+' 3&''8:,= '*= +' 0' /4, *+' 6%4$6* ,0 $3 $ %'

3 K.P. J$$3$0 8, $,/ $, Y$,$&$0$-A <$386 H83* H8,/ L$-19!> E,. 4. @2

4 S&''8:,* $, I,/8 8,* *+' P08*86$0 G 4. 177

5 D/,,8,:3 H83* P08*86$0 T+'8'3 ; A,68',* $, ''8&$0 4. 2@

II NDIRA NDIRA GGANDHIANDHI VSVS. R . R AJAJ N NARAINARAIN P PAGEAGE ## 1"1"



3/',' < *+' 3/<'6*3 $00 *+'8 8,8&8/$0 8:+*3 $, 4'3 * *+' 3&''8:, + 6/0 <'

'8*+' $, 8,8&8/$0 $ < 4'3,3. S/<'6*3= $668,: * +8%= +$ , 8:+* * '0 /4,

*+' 6%4$6* $3 $ %'$,3 4*'6*8, $:$8,3* *+' 3&''8:,. H' 4&8' *+' /00'3* *+''*86$0

/,$*8,3 $ $6+8$&'008$, &8' 3&''8:,*.

III.III. TTHEORYHEORY O?O? PPOPULAR OPULAR SSOVEREIGNTYOVEREIGNTY

T+'8'3 44/0$ 3&''8:,* 4/* $ < L6' $, R/33'$/ 6$%' * *+' '-,* 8,

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4+8034+. R/33'$/3 *+' 3&''8:,* $3 '38:,' * <8,: /* *+$*; " there*s on earth a

et auguster thing! +eiled though it #e! than $arliaent and King.

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4'3 '%<8' 8, *+' A%'86$, C,3*8*/*8,.

IV.IV. LLIITATIONIITATION PLACEDPLACED UPONUPON THETHE SOVEREIGNSOVEREIGN

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7 L$ $, *+' C,3*8*/*8,. 5> L$ M/$*'0 R'&. 59>= ">.

II NDIRA NDIRA GGANDHIANDHI VSVS. R . R AJAJ N NARAINARAIN P PAGEAGE ## 1@1@



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10 W+$* 83 $, A6* P$08$%',* 19!9 K8,:3 C/,3'0 152.




V.V. SSOVEREIGNTYOVEREIGNTY ANDAND SSOVEREIGNOVEREIGN PPOWER OWER

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VI.VI. SSOVEREIGNTYOVEREIGNTY ININ II NDIAN NDIAN SSCENARIOCENARIO

T+' *'% 3&''8:, 83 ,0 /3' 8, *+' 4'$%<0' / C,3*8*/*8,= +86+ 3$3;

,e! the people of India! having solenl resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign

-eocratic Repu#lic and to secure to all its citiens.

/.In our Constituent 0sse#l this t)ent&sith da of Nove#er! 1232! do here# adopt! enact

and give to ourselves this Constitution.

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11 AIR 197! SC 1"1




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/:'.

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$3368$*8,3 8, *+' 8,*''3*3 S68'* $3 $ +0'.

VII.VII. LLEGALEGAL ANDAND PPOPULAR OPULAR SSOVEREIGNTYOVEREIGNTY

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<'6$/3' 8* 83 $ 3&''8:, 4'. T+' 0:86$0 6,3'/',6' 3/6+ $, $:/%',* $03 83 *+$* *+' %$8*

&8' I, Kesavananda Bharti*s case $3 ','/3. I* $03 &'03 *+$* /868$0 '&8' 0$3 %$' <

P$08$%',* 83 $0$3 $ '&8' $, ''683' 3&''8:, 4'. I* %$ <' *+$* *+' <'6* *+' 0'$,'

C/,3'0 I, $&$,68,: *+83 '*$8,$ *+' $3 * 8,/6' /3 * '' *+83 6$3' * $ %/6+ 0$:' <',6+

3 *+$* *+' %$8* &8' 8, K'3$&$,$,$ B+$*83 6$3' %$. I ,'6'33$= <' &'/0'. T+' B',6+=

15 H$,3 K'03',= G','$0 T+' L$ $, *+' S*$*'= 4. 1!

II NDIRA NDIRA GGANDHIANDHI VSVS. R . R AJAJ N NARAINARAIN P PAGEAGE ## 2@2@



+'&'= /<* +'*+' 4/**8,: $ 3/6+ '*'%' $, /,*',$<0' 4438*8,3 83 *+' <'3* %'*+

3'6/8,: 3/6+ $ '3/0*. T+' /868$0 $, 0$ %$8,: /,6*8,3= +'&' <$0 6,6'8&'= 6/0 ,*

4338<0 +$&' <'', %'$,* * <' 8,*'6+$,:'$<0'. T+' $' ,* 8,6$4$<0' 83*8,6*8, $, 8'',*8$*8,=

8, $, C,3*8*/*8,$00 4'368<' 34+'' 4'$*8, 4' 8,60/8,: *+$* 6,3*8*/',* 4'.

E$6+ +$3 8*3 , $&$,*$:'3 $, 83$&$,*$:'3 $, 8*3 , ,$*/$0 %/3 4'$,8.

4.4. RRELEVANCEELEVANCE ININ AADMINISTRATIVEDMINISTRATIVE LLAWAW::

I.I. SSEPARATIONEPARATION O?O? PPOWERSOWERS;;

T+' 6*8,' 3'4$$*8, 4'3 83 6$8' 8,* ''6* 8, 6/,*8'3 08' A%'86$= A/3*$08$. I,/ C,3*8*/*8, *+'' 83 3'4$$*8, 4'3 8, $ <$ 3',3'. B/* *+' 0$:' /'3*8, 83 +'*+'

*+'' 83 $, 6*8,' 3'4$$*8, 4'3 +', 8* 6%'3 * ''683' 6,3*8*/',* 4'. T+'

6*8,' 3'4$$*8, 4'3 $3 '6:,83' 8, A%'86$ 83 ,* $44086$<0' * / 6/,*.

T+' 8:8 3'4$$*8, 4'3 $3 /,' *+' A%'86$, C,3*8*/*8, /,' *+' A/3*$08$,

C,3*8*/*8, '3 ,* $440 * / 6/,*. $, 4'3 +86+ $' 3*86*0 /868$0 +$&' <'',

'60/' % *+' 4/&8' *+' 6/*3. T+' +0' 3/<'6* '0'6*8, +$3 <'', 0'* * 6/*3

*$8*8,$00 /,' *+' C%%, L$ $, '0'6*8, 834/*'3 $, %$**'3 $' :&',' < *+'

L':830$*/'. T+' /'3*8, *+' '*'%8,$*8, '0'6*8, 834/*'3 +$3 4$*86/0$0 <'', ':$'

$3 $ 34'68$0 48&80':' P$08$%',* 8, E,:0$,. I* 83 408*86$0 /'3*8, 8, *+' U,8*' S*$*'3. U,'

/ C,3*8*/*8, P$08$%',* +$3 8,+'8*' $00 *+' 48&80':'3= 4'3 $, 8%%/,8*8'3 *+' B8*83+

H/3' C%%,3. I, *+' 6$3' '0'6*8, 834/*'3 P$08$%',* +$3 '8,' *+' 46'/' <

0$. I* 6$, $* $, *8%' 6+$,:' *+$* 46'/' $, *$' &' 8*3'0 *+' +0' /'3*8,. T+'' 83=

*+'''= , /'3*8, $, 3'4$$*8, 4'3 <'8,: 8,&0&' 8, %$**'3 6,6',8,:

'0'6*8,3 $, '0'6*8, 4'*8*8,3.

W+', *+' 6,3*8*/',* 4' ''683'3 4'3 *+' 6,3*8*/',* 4' 6%483'3 0':830$*8&'=

''6/*8&' $, /868$0 4'3. A00 4'3 0 % *+' 6,3*8*/',* 4' *+/:+ *+'

C,3*8*/*8, * *+' &$8/3 '4$*%',*3 +'$3. I, *+' +$,3 *+' 6,3*8*/',* $/*+8* *+'' 83

, '%$6$*8, 4'3. I* 83 ,0 +', *+' 6,3*8*/',* $/*+8* '8,'3 *+' $/*+8*8'3




'%$6$*'3 *+' $'$3 *+$* 3'4$$*8, 4' 83 836/33'. T+' 6,3*8*/',* 4' 83 8,'4',',*

*+' 6*8,' 3'4$$*8, 4'3. T+' 6,3*8*/',* 4' 83 3&''8:,. I* 83 *+' 4' +86+

6'$*'3 *+' :$,3 $, 83*8</*'3 *+' 4'3.

W+''$3 8, *+' U,8*' S*$*'3 A%'86$ $, 8, A/3*$08$= *+' /868$0 4' 83 &'3*'

'60/38&'0 8, 6/*3= *+'' 83 , 3/6+ '60/38&' '3*8,: /868$0 4' 8, *+' S/4'%' C/*

I,8$ $, *+' 6/*3 3/<8,$*' * 8*. A, 8 *+' $%',8,: < ''683' /868$0 4' 8,

$/:8,: *+' &$088* *+' '0'6*8,= 8* 6$,,* <' 3$8 *+$* < *+$* $6*= 8* +$3 $%$:' $ <$386

3*/6*/' *+' C,3*8*/*8, '%<8' 8, *+' 6*8,' 3'4$$*8, 4'3. E&', 3= *+'

/'3*8, 800 '%$8, +'*+' 8* 6/0 ''683' /868$0 4' 8*+/* 4$338,: $ 0$ ',$<08,: 8* *

3. A3 I 3$8= *+' ''683' /868$0 4' 6$, '3/0* ,0 8, $ /:%',* 3',*',6'. T+'

6,3*8*/',* 4'= , /<*= 83 $00-'%<$68,:= 6%4838,: 8*+8, 8*3 $%<8* *+' /868$0= ''6/*8&'$, 0':830$*8&' 4'3. B/* 8 *+' 6,3*8*/',* 4' 83 $ 4' * $%' $%', $ C,3*8*/*8,=

8* 6$, <' ''683' ,0 < %$8,: 0$3 $ 4$*86/0$ 8,.

T+' 433'338, 4' 83 83*8,6* % 8*3 ''683'. T+' 433'338, 0':830$*8&' 4' < *+'

$%',8,: < /0 ,* ',*8*0' 8* * 4$33 $, 8,$ 0$= /,0'33 *+' C,3*8*/*8, 83 83*

$%',' < 4$338,: $ 6,3*8*/*8,$0 0$ $/*+8F8,: 8* * 3. I, *+' 3$%' $= *+' 433'338,

/868$0 4' < *+' $%',8,: < /0 ,* $$,* *+' ''683' *+' 8* * 3. U,*80

*+$* 83 ,'= 8*3 4*',*8$0 /868$0 4' /0 ,* <'6%' $6*/$0. N< 6$, ', *+$* <

4$338,: $ 0$ 8*+8, 8*3 6%4'*',6'= P$08$%',* 6$, &'3* /868$0 4' 8, $, $/*+8*

'688,: $ 834/*' &'3* $ 4$* *+$* 4' 8, 8*3'0 '30&8,: $ 6,*&'3= $3 *+'' 83 ,

'60/38&' &'3*8,: /868$0 4' 8, 6/*3 < *+' C,3*8*/*8,. T+' 6*8,' 3'4$$*8,

4'3 +86+ 83 8'6*' $:$8,3* *+' 6,6',*$*8, *+' +0' 3/<3*$,*8$0 4$* *+' /868$0

4' 8, *+' L':830$*/' *+' E'6/*8&' /0 ,* <' $ <$ * *+' &'3*8,: 3/6+ $ 4' 8,

8*3'0. B/*= /,*80 $ 0$ 83 4$33' ',$<08,: 8* * 3.

II.II. R R ULEULE O?O? LLAWAW;;

I, *+' 48,8, 3%' *+' /:'3 6,3*8*/*8,: *+' %$8* 8, K'3+$ N$, B+$$*83 6$3'

R/0' L$ 83 $ <$386 3*/6*/' *+' C,3*8*/*8, $4$* % '%6$6.

II NDIRA NDIRA GGANDHIANDHI VSVS. R . R AJAJ N NARAINARAIN P PAGEAGE ## !>!>



T+' /0' 0$ 43*/0$*'3 *+' 4'&$38&','33 *+' 3488* 0$ *+/:+/* *+' +0' $,:'

G&',%',* 8, *+' 3',3' '60/8,: $<8*$ 868$0 $6*8, 8, $, 34+''. R/0' 0$ 83 $,

'4'338, * :8&' '$08* * 3%'*+8,: +86+ 83 ,* '$80 '4'338<0'. T+$* 83 + S8 I&

J',,8,:3 3$8 *+$* 8* 83 $, /,/0 +3'. R/0' 0$ 83 <$3' /4, *+' 08<'* *+' 8,8&8/$0

$, +$3 $3 8*3 <'6*= *+' +$%,8F8,: *+' 4438,: ,*8,3 8,8&8/$0 08<'* $, 4/<086

'. T+' ,*8, /3*86' %$8,*$8,3 *+' <$0$,6' <'*'', *+' * $, /3*86' +$3 $ &$8$<0'

6,*',*. D86'3 %/0$*8, *+' /0' 0$= ,$%'0= *+' $<30/*' 3/4'%$6

4'%8,$,6' ':/0$ 0$= $3 443' * *+' 8,0/',6' $<8*$ 4'= '60/8,: *+'

'83*',6' $<8*$8,'33= 4':$*8&'= '&', 8' 836'*8,$ $/*+8* , *+' 4$* *+'

G&',%',* +$3 <'', 836$' 8, *+' 0$*' '8*8,3 +83 <. T+$* 83 <'6$/3' 8* $3 '$08F'

*+$* 8* 83 ,* ,'6'33$ *+$* +'' 0$ ',3= *$,, 3+/0 <':8,. A3 C/04 D$&83 3$8= +'' *+'

0$ ',3= 836'*8, <':8,3 $, *+' ''683' 836'*8, %$ %'$, '8*+' <','86',6'

*$,,= '8*+' /3*86' 8,/3*86'= '8*+' '$3,$<0','33 $<8*$8,'33. T+'' +$3 <'', ,

G&',%',* 0':$0 33*'% 8, 0 +83* +86+ 8 ,* 8,&0&' <*+ /0'3 $, 836'*8,. I*

83 8%4338<0' * 8, $ G&',%',* 0$3 $0,' $, ,* %', 8, *+' 3',3' '08%8,$*8,: $00

836'*8,$ 4'3. A00 G&',%',*3 $' G&',%',*3 0$3 $, %',. J'%' ?$, +$3

3$8 T+83 %/6+ ' 6$, 3/'0 3$ ; ? A83**0'= % +% H$8,:*, '8&' *+' ,*8, $

G&',%',* 0$3 $, ,* %',= *+$* ,*8, $3 ,* '4'338&' +3*808* * +$* *$ '

6$00 $%8,83*$*8&' 836'*8,. N 8 8* +$&' 3/6+ $ %'$,8,: H$8,:*,. S'' I ', ''

A,:'03 (192)= 4. 2>!.

A,*+' '8,8*8, /0' 0$ +$3 <'', :8&', < ?8'86+ A. H$' 8, +83 <3 ; R$ *

S'% $, C,3*8*/*8, L8<'*. I* 83 %/6+ *+' 3$%' $3 *+$* 4 4/,' < *+' ?$,3

C%%8**'' 8, E,:0$,= R'4* (1957) 4.";

T+' /0' 0$ 3*$,3 *+' &8' *+$* '6838,3 3+/0 <' %$' < *+' $44086$*8, ,,

48,6840'3 0$3. I, :','$0 3/6+ '6838,3 800 <' 4'86*$<0'= $, *+' 68*8F', 800 , +''

+' 83. O, *+' *+' +$, *+'' 83 +$* 83 $<8*$. A '6838, %$ <' %$' 8*+/* 48,6840'=

8*+/* $, /0'3. I* 83 *+''' /,4'86*$<0'= *+' $,*8*+'383 $ '6838, *$', 8, $66$,6'

8*+ *+' /0' 0$.

II NDIRA NDIRA GGANDHIANDHI VSVS. R . R AJAJ N NARAINARAIN P PAGEAGE ## !1!1



I, 4aisinghani v. (nion of India *+$* *+' /0' 0$ % ,' 48,* &8' %'$,3 *+$* '6838,3

3+/0 <' %$' < *+' $44086$*8, ,, 48,6840'3 $, /0'3= $,= 8, :','$0= 3/6+ '6838,3

3+/0 <' 4'86*$<0' $, *+' 68*8F', 3+/0 , +'' +' 83.

T+83 '438*8, *+' /0' 0$ 83 ,0 *+' $348$*8, $, 8'$0 $, 8* 83 ,* <$3' , $,

,-*-'$*+ $,$0383 4$6*86$0 4<0'%3 8*+ +86+ $ %', :&',%',* 83 6,,*'. I,

*+' 0 $6*8,= *+83 8'$0 6$,,* <' ' /* $, *+$* 83 *+' '$3, + *+83 '438*8, +$3

<'', ''6*' < $00 4$6*86$0 %',.

I 8* 83 6,*$ * *+' /0' 0$ *+$* 836'*8,$ $/*+8* 3+/0 <' :8&', * :&',%',*

'4$*%',*3 4/<086 86'3= *+', *+'' 83 , /0' 0$ 8, $, %', 3*$*'. A /:' +

4$33'3 $ 3',*',6' +$3 , *+' :/8$,6' '6'4* $ 3*$*/*' +86+ 3$3 *+$* *+' 4'3, %$ <'

3',*',6' * 8%483,%',* $ *'% +86+ %$ '*', *= 3$= $ 4'8 *', '$3. H' %/3*

''683' 6,38'$<0' 836'*8,. T+' H8:+ C/*3 $, *+' S/4'%' C/* &'/0' *+'8

4'6'',*3. W+$* 4'&8/30 $,,/,6' /0'3 :/8' *+'% 8, 0$8,: , *+' ,' 4'6'',*3 A

6/* 0$ '68'3 $ 6$3' 83* 8%4'338, , 3*$*/*' :&',3= , 4'6'',* 83 $44086$<0'. I*

83 4'683'0 <'6$/3' $ /:' 6$,,* 8, $ 4'&8/30 $,,/,6' /0' *+$* +' <'6%'3 $ 0':830$*

* $ 08%8*' '*',* A00 *+'3' /0 3+ *+$* 8* 83 8%4338<0' * ',/,68$*' *+' /0' 0$ +86+

+$3 $3 8*3 <$383 *+$* , '6838, 6$, <' %$' /,0'33 *+'' 83 $ 6'*$8, /0' * :&', *+' '6838,.




!

5.5. CCONCLUDINGONCLUDING

RREMAR EMAR

T+' S/4'%' C/* 4$33' 8*3 ' 8, 8*3 /:'%',* , 7*+ N&'%<'= 1975. T+' 8&' /:'

<',6+ *+' S/4'%' C/* :$&' 8*3 '3 ':$8,: *+' $<&' %',*8,' 833/'3= 8, $66$,6'

8*+ *+' '$3,3 %',*8,' $<&' 8, *+' A44086$*8, S'6*8,.

I* $3 +'0 *+$* 60$/3' $, 5 A*860' !29 A $3 /,6,3*8*/*8,$0 $3 <'8,: &80$*8&'

*+' <$386 3*/6*/' *+' I,8$, C,3*8*/*8,.

R'4'3',*$*8, P'40'3 (A%',%',*) A6*=197 E0'6*8, L$3 (A%',%',*) A6*=1975

'' 6,38'' * <' 0':$0= 4''6*0 6,3*8*/*8,$0 $, '' % $00 8,8%8*8'3.

E0'6*8, I,8$ G$,+8= % +' 6,3*8*/',6 R$' B$'08= $3 6,38'' * <' &$08.

T+' S/4'%' C/* 3'* $38' *+' /:'%',* :8&', < *+' A00$+$<$ H8:+ C/*= 8* '%&' $00

6/4* 6+$:'3 0'&8' $:$8,3* I,8$ G$,+8 $, $6/8**' +'= *+''< %$8,: +' '0'6*8,

&$08.

I.I. CRITICAL ANALYSISCRITICAL ANALYSIS

A*' *+/:+ '$%8,$*8, *+' $*8,$0' :8&', < *+' J/:'3 8, *+83 4$*86/0$ 6$3'= $, $*'

:8,: *+/:+ *+' <$6:/, +83* *+83 6$3'= I 4'3,$00 ''0 *+$* *+' J/:'%',* $0*+/:+

$3 $6$'%86$00 $, *+''*86$00 6'6*= </* 8, 4$6*86$08* $, , *+' :/,3 J/3*86'=

II NDIRA NDIRA GGANDHIANDHI VSVS. R . R AJAJ N NARAINARAIN P PAGEAGE ## !!!!



E/8* $, G C,368',6' 8* $3 $ $80' /:'%',*. I,8$ G$,+8 +$ *$', $3383*$,6' <

G&',%',* O86'3 8, +' '0'6*8, 6$%4$8:,= 3+' $03 $&$80' 3'&86'3 % *+' $% $, *+'

$86'= /8,: +' '0'6*8, 6$%4$8:,3. T+' A00$+$<$ H8:+ C/*= &' 8:+*'/30 /, +'

:/80* 6/4* 4$6*86'3 $3 %',*8,' 8, S'6*8, 12!(7) T+' P'40'3 R'4'3',*$*8&' A6*=

1951= $, +',6' %$' +' '0'6*8, &8= 8* $03 <$' +' % 6,*'3*8,: $, '0'6*8,3 *+'

,'* " '$3. I,8$ G$,+8 * $, /,6,8*8,$0 3*$ ' % J/3*86' J$:%+$, 0$0 S8,+$=

$, *+', $44'$0' * *+' S/4'%' C/*= %'$,+80' 3+' &' $*/00 8%43' '%':',6 , *+'

,$*8, $, *+', :* %$, +' 4438*8, %'%<'3 $'3*' /,' 4'&',*8&' '*',*8,= <

8,: *+83 3+' $3 $<0' * 4$33 *+' T+8*-,8,*+ A%',%',* A6* *+' C,3*8*/*8, 8*+ 08**0'

886/0*. S+' $03 4$33' *+' P'40'3 R'4'3',*$*8&'(A%',%',*) A6*=197 $, *+' E0'6*8,

L$3 (A%',%',*)A6* 1975= (800 , <' ''' * $3 A%',%',* A6*3 197= 1975). T+'3'

*+'' %$ $%',%',*3 '' 60'$0 %$' * '%&' $00 :/,3 , +86+ 3+' $3 /, :/80*

8, *+' A00$+$<$ H8:+ C/*. T+' S/4'%' C/* 8, 8*3 /:'%',* +'0 *+$* A%',%',* A6*3

197= 1975= '' 6,3*8*/*8,$00 &$08 $3 *+' '' 0':830$*8&' /0'3 $, *+' 4$08$%',* +$

4'3 * $%', *+'%= </* *+' J/:'3 3+/0 +$&' ,*86' *+$* *+'3' $%',%',*3 '' %$'

*+' 30' 4/43' '%&$0 $00 8,3 6+$:'3 % I,8$ G$,+83 +'$. A03 $* *+' *8%'

4$338,: *+'3' $%',%',*3 %3* *+' 4438*8, %'%<'3 '' /,' 4'&',*8&'

'*',*8,= 8*+/* $, 6$/3'= *+83 4'&',*' *+'% % :8&8,: *+'8 48,8,3 $, &*'3

$:$8,3* *+$* 0':830$*8,. T+' S/4'%' C/* &' 8:,$,*0 3$8 *+$*= *+$* $3 $ %$**' *+'

P$08$%',* $, *+' S/4'%' C/* 6/0 ,* $,*+8,: $</* 8*. T+' /* *+' S/4'%'

C/* 83 * /4+0 *+' 6,3*8*/*8,= 8* 83 6,38'' $3 *+' :/$8$,= *+' $*6+: *+'

6,3*8*/*8, = $, +'' *+' 6,3*8*/*8, $3 <'8,: *$%4'' 8*+ 8, $, 800':$0 %$,,'= $, $00 *+$*

' +'$ % *+' S/4'%' C/* J/:'3 $3 *+$* 8* $3 /* *+'8 /8386*8, $, +',6' *+'

/0 ,* : 8,* *+$* %$**'. I* $3 < '$3, *+'3' A%',%',* A6*3= *+$* I,8$ G$,+8

$3 $00' * : 36* ''. H$ 3+' <'', $, 8,$ 4'3,= 3+' /0 +$&' ,'&' <'', $<0'

* %$' *+'3' $%',%',*3= 3+' %83/3' *+' 4' :8&', * +' $3 *+' P8%' 8,83*'= +'

, <','8*3. E&' 6+$:' *+$* $3 %$' , +' < *+' A00$+$<$ H8:+ C/* $3 '00 *$',

6$' 8, *+'3' A%',%',* A6*3. S+' 6+$,:' *+' '8,8*8, 6$,8$*' T+' '8,8*8,

6$,8$*' 8, S'6*8, 79(<) *+' 1951 A6* /,*80 *+' $%',%',* *+'' < *+' E0'6*8, L$3

(A%',%',*) A6*= 1975 $3 $3 003; C$,8$*' %'$,3 $ 4'3, + +$3 <'', 60$8%3 *

+$&' <'', /0 ,%8,$*' $3 $ 6$,8$*' $* $, '0'6*8,. S+' $03 %$' 3/' *+$* Y$3+4$0

II NDIRA NDIRA GGANDHIANDHI VSVS. R . R AJAJ N NARAINARAIN P PAGEAGE ## !!



K$43 '38:,$*8, $3 +'0 &$08 % $, '$08' $*'= < S'6*8, @(<) *+' A%',%',* A6*=

1975= < 8,*/68,: E40$8,$*8, ! $* *+' ', S'6*8, 12!(7) P'40'3 R'4'3',*$*8&' A6*.

T+'3' * 6+$,:'3 +'04' +' * 3+ *+$* 3+' 8 ,* *$' $, +'04 % Y$3+4$0 K$4 +80'

+' $3 $ G$F'**' 86'.

T+/3 3+' '%&' $00 :/,3 :/80* 6+$:' , +'3'0. I *+''' ''0 *+$* *+' S/4'%' C/*

$6*' 8, $ &' 8:,$,* %$,,'. I*3 /* $3 * /3*86'. H'' I,8$ G$,+8 +$ 6%%8**' $,

',6' </* 3+' /3' +' 4' * $%', *+' &' 0$3 *+$* 6+$:' <'8,: :/80* $, *+'

S/4'%' C/* $00 *+83 +80' $3 30''48,:= $, +', R$ N$$8, 40'$' J/3*86' = $00 *+$*

S/4'%' C/* 6/0 +8% '' 0,: /,,'6'33$ $, /,$,*' '$3,3 $*8,$0' + *+'

833/' $3 /* *+'8 /8386*8,. T+' ,0 *8%' 8, *+83 /:'%',* +'' *+' S/4'%' C/* 8

/4+0 *+' 6,3*8*/*8, $3 +', 8* 3*/6 , 60$/3' 5 A*860' !29 A $3 <'8,:

&80$*8&' B$386 S*/6*/'. O&' $00 I 4'3,$00 ''0 *+$* *+' S/4'%' 6/* $6*' 8, $ <8-

<$8,' %$,,'= *+' '$3, + 8* ,0 3*/6 , 60$/3' 5 A*860' !29 A $3

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6.6. BIBLIOGRAPH! BIBLIOGRAPH!

JOURNALOURNAL

• A00 I,8$ R'4*'= 1975= S/4'%' C/*

BBOOKSOOKS

•

$+$$, V.D.= 4urisprudence and 5egal Theor (E$3*', B C%4$,= L/6,= 5

*+

E.= 2>12).

• P$,$4' N.V.= Studies in 4urisprudence and 5egal Theor (C',*$0 L$ A:',6=

A00$+$<$= "*+ E.= 2>11).

• S+$%$ G/0'3+= 0n Introduction to 4urisprudence (D''4 $, D''4 P/<086$*8, P&*.

L*= N' D'0+8= 2>>@).

WWEBSITEEBSITE

• +**4;QQ.%$,/4$*$.6%

• +**4;QQ.0':$03'&86'8,8$.6%Q$*860'3Q*+:.+*%• +**4;QQ.%$,/4$*$$3*.6%Q$*860'3QP4O4',A*860'.$34ID"1<>7$-@6@>-@"@-

<7>7-<99!9'9$'@7**3'$6+S/<'6*;2>A%8,83*$*8&'2>L$

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