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By
Catherine . V. Nnamani (PhD)Ebonyi State University Abakaliki, Nigeria
Visiting Senior Research Fellow UNU-INRA
Indigenous Technologies Utilized by some Local Communities in South -eastern Nigeria for Climate Change
Adaptation
21 Sept, 2012
Outline of Presentation
IntroductionResearch gap Objectives.MethodologyResultExpected Outcome
21 Sept, 2012
Introduction Climate change is a shift in the mean state of
the climate or in its variability, persisting for an extended periods time (decades or longer). It could be due to……..
Natural changeso Externally- extra-terrestrial systems. o Internally-ocean, atmosphere and land systems.
Prolong Anthropogenic Activities-o Burning of fossil fuelso Decomposition of animals or plants materials o Deforestation for construction & development
etc.
Pidwirny, M. (2006)
Natural Causes
Anthropogenic Activities
Introduction Adaptation- is a measure of resilience or
resistance to negative climatic stimuli as well as the coping capacity of a community or nation in response to these changing conditions (GFCS, 2012).
Vulnerability- is the degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes.
Indigenous Technology- is the knowledge /practice by the native inhabitants of a country that constitute an important part of its cultural heritage………..to manage disaster or risk
Rural Poor FarmersApproximately 15% ……. world’s population.
Occupy /use 22% …the world’s land surface.
Manage 11% of the world’s forest lands. Maintain 80% of the planet’s biodiversity.Custodians to 85% of the worlds protected areas (Galloway, 2010)
Introduction
High Tempt
• Drought• Bush burning• Massive crop failure
ERRATIC RAINFALL
• Flooding• Prevalence of diseases
Envir‐mtalDegradatio
n
• Desertification• Loss of Biodiversity Extinction of species
In Nigeria C C ….. reality.
Its deleterious effects are recorded in changes
Seasonal cycles
Natural ecosystemstrends ….global estimates (Adesina & Odekunle, 2011).
Introduction
Nigeria therefore needs to focus on Adaptive Technologies
Introduction Impacts Scenario in Nigeria
Flooding around River Niger displaces Millions from their homes inKogi, Benue, Imo & Edo leaving millions of land transport travelersstranded Lokoja city and some on tree tops as the flooding persist .
Premium Times 09/2012 reported that NEMA is currently campingover 10,000 displaced flood victims in Kogi and Benue states.Cause- Cameroon Govt. released water from the Lagdo Dam, East ofNigeria .Source: (Premium Times ,2012)
Introduction Impacts Scenario in Nigeria
Scenario in NigeriaImpactsIntroduction
A newly constructed road awaiting commissioning in Jigawa State,destroyed by the flood. Down: Left - Ruins caused by flood inNasarawa State. Right: A scene of the disaster in Minna, the NigerState capital ( DG, NSEMA, M M. Saba. Saturday Tribune , 2012)
Introduction Impacts Scenario in Nigeria
Flooding destroye many houses, shops and property in Kogi
Reuters/George Esiri, Nigeria, (2009).
Introduction Impacts Scenario in Nigeria
Source: BNRCC, 2008),
Introduction Impacts Scenario in Nigeria
Introduction Impacts Scenario in Nigeria
Why High Level of Vulnerability
Their greater reliance on climate-sensitive sectors ……….
o Agriculture, Lands and Resources from it (USAID, 2007). Their geographical location. Low income status. Low institutional capacity to address these
imparts.
Research Gap
Programs, activities & institutional strategiesimplemented by policy makers to mitigate andadapt to climate change effects often do nottake rural poor communities into accountproperly and ……increases their vulnerability toclimate shocks.
However, they have close traditional relationshipwith their environments & uniquely endowedwith some strategic potentials of resilience to CC shocks
Information on these unique strategicpotentials of adaptation to climatevariability and change are lacking.
Key Livelihood
Issues
1.Food Insecurity
Scarcity
2. Water Scarcity
3.Primary 3.Primary Health Care
Services
4. Sustainable Agricultural
General Objective Document approaches which have enhanced the
resilience of these local communities in South-eastern Nigeria to climate change effects
21 Sept, 2012
Specific objectives o Identify and document
effective indigenous technologies and innovations utilized…
Methodology The Study Area
Three states in South eastern Nigeria: Ebonyi, Enugu and Anambra States. 4x30=120 were selected.
Occupying a land area of about 75,488 km2. (Madu, 2005).
Temperature and rainfall uniformly high (37 o) and seasonal bimodal (1500-2500mm) (Ezemonye and Emeribe, 2012).
Vegetation is…. Mosaic of the lowland Rainforest vegetation belt.
Data Collection
Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA)
Focal Group Discussions
Structured Oral Interview
Field Survey to markets andcommunities
Data Analysis• Percentages• Frequencies• Mean score analysis• Standard deviation• Journals identification.
RESULT Result identified some socially integrated local technological innovations ……….. their resilience to effects C. C. ……………
Food insecurity
Sustainable Agricultural practices e.g. Rice & yam production
Water scarcity
Health care services
Three core crops of South eastern Nigeria
Pressure on the three main core crops - Oryza sativa, Dioscorea spp and Zae mays by impact of climate variability and change……………………….
Diversification of Crops to include Underutilized Plant Genetic Resources
S/N Scientific Name Family English Name
1 Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Malvaceae Ladies finger
2 Adenia cissampeliodes Passifloraceae Planch,
3 Amaranthus spinosus L. Amaranthaceae Thorny pigweed
4 Cieba pentandra L. Malvaceae White silk cotton
5 Capiscum frutescens L. Solanaceae African pepper
6 Citrullus vulgaris Schrad var CucurbitaceaeWild gourd Melon
7 Colocasia exculentus L. Araceae Cocoa yam
8 Corchorus olitorius L. Tiliaceae Bush Okra
9 Cucurbita pepo L. Cucurbitaceae Pumpkin
10 Ficus capensis Thunb. Moraceae Fig
Underutilized Plant Genetic Resources
11 Ficus ottoniifolia Moraceae Hedge fig
12 Gongronema latifolium Benth AsclepiadaceaeSodom apple
13 Ipomoea aquatica Forsk Convolvulaceae Swamp mor.glory
14 Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. ConvolvulaceaeSweet Potato
16 Lecaniodiscus cupaniodes Sapindaceae -
17 Monodora myristica Gaertn AnnonaceaeCalabash Nutmeg
18 Moringa olerifera Lam Moringaceae Drum stick
19Newbualdia leavis (P.Beauw) Seem
BignoniaceaeBoundary tree
20Nuaclea diderrichii (DeWild &Th. Due
Rubiaceae Opepe
Underutilized Plant Genetic Resources
21 Occimum gratissimum Linn. Tiliaceae Tea bush
22 Piper guinensis Schum PiperaceaeBlack peppe
24Pterocarpus santalinoides L Papilionaceae African
25 Pterocarpus soyauxii Taub. Papilionaceae Padauk
27 Solanum nigrum Linn SolanaceaeBlack nightshade
28 Talinum triangulare Willd Portulacaceae Water leaf
29 Teliferia occidentalis Hook CucurbitaceaeFluted pumpkin
30 Venonia amygdalina Del. Asteraceae Bitter leaf
31 Vitex doniana Sweet Verbenaceae Black plum
32 Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloids Rutaceae Aka
INCREASED INCOME CAPACITY FOR LIVELIHOOD OPTIONS
0.00 10,000.00 20,000.00 30,000.00 40,000.00 50,000.00 60,000.00 70,000.00 80,000.00
Young Boys
Young Girls
Elderly Women
Meddle Aged
Men
Income
Income
Fig: 4. Average income generated from the TLVs (5 respondents per species in a year (#86=1GH. Cedi’s))
Adaptation to Food Insecurity
Diversification to includeo Seed banks conservation
systems (14 types)o 13 underutilized edible
fruits/seeds to cushion malnutrition
o Wildlife management.
Three major protected forest
which are communal harvested for wildlife on appointed dates.
15 apicultural farms NTFP-
Adaptation to Food Insecurity
Good Agricultural Practices (Oryza sativa)
Adaptation Strategies in Rice Production
Mean (Max = 5)
Std. Deviation
Conservation of water along the paddy 3.9 0.9Use of organic manure for soil conservation 3.8 0.9Planting pest and diseases resistant variety 4.4 0.7Draining of wetland for rice cultivation 3.2 1.2Use of agric‐forestry practices 3.0 1.2Use of zero tillage system 3.2 1.2
Adaptation Strategies in Rice Productiono Use of climate tolerant rice lines with
high yielding capacity under erraticweather‐ IWA 3, IWA6, IR82574‐566‐2‐B,&IR 06N‐184 & Nwadende. o 4.3 o 1.0
o Use of early maturing rice varietieso 4.4 o 1.8
o Proper preservation of rice seedso 3.9 o 1.0
o Transplanting of rice seed with earlyrainfall o 4.0 o 1.1
o Use of recommended space of plantingo 3.7 o 1.1
12
3
4567
8
910
Adaptation to Dioscorea spp cultivation
Digging of deep trench “Ukoro ibo”
Laying farmyard/ weeds ……
By March …make big mount
Sow their yam
These ensures better yield
“Ukoro Ibo Trench”
Water scarcity
Storing water in pots half buried in the soil & planting trees to shade them.
Digging chains of wells along the river beds with trees to shade.
Underground tanks.Man made ponds
For Primary Health Care Services- (72 Medicinal Plant spp)Moringa olerifera /Phyllanthus amarus
• Moringa olerifera• Oil from seed edible &
better than sunflower oil• Could yield +3 ton oil per
ha.• Solution to global
malnutrition. A meal yields about 61% protein,
* Medicinal and nutritionalbenefits• seeds contain 30 -40%
oil that is oleic acid. • 7 X Vit C• HBP, Diabetics, Sickle
Cell Anaemia, IFIM Booster, Rejuvenation of cells, Weight loss
Biodiesel has betteroxidative stability……….
Expected outcome
Nutritional characterization of these underutilized crops and to compare these with two conventional/exotic species
Findings of this work will be converted into a
o Working paper to scale up awareness on their Nutritional Values…….
o Policy brief to guide future policy and the decision making process on their incorporation into manures in public places e.g. schools, hospitals and if possible to inform policy in other parts of Africa .
Expected outcome
Three journal publications are expected to come out of this work:
o Nutritional values of these TLVso Phytochemicals compositiono Antioxidant values
Most importantly- Well Articulated Taxonomic Identification and Ethno botanical
Monograph
