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Low carbon
gas
Plentiful, secure,
indigenous low cost
wastes, coal & biomass Convert
intermittent renewables to storable
gas
Dry fracking, green
completions, enhanced shale
gas recovery
EOR, EGR and CCS/U
Utilise existing gas & electricity grid assets
High efficiency
energy conversion with low cost CCS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
A.R.DAY B.Sc Hons Phys BSc ARCS
54, Waterside Court, Paper Mill Lane,
Alton, Hants, GU34 2PQ.
Tel. 01420 542888 Mob. 0791 256 0740
Email [email protected]
British Gas Lurgi multi-fuel gasifier at SVZ Schwarze Pumpe
• DNV GL Group (Previously Advantica plc) • Johnson Matthey plc. • Davy Process Technology Ltd. • Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. • GE Energy Inc. • Timmins CCS Ltd • Waste Recycling Group Ltd • Kier Group plc • Envirotherm GmbH • Tectronics Ltd • CNG Services Ltd • Greenhill LLP • Planet Hydrogen Ltd.
PROFITABLE CCS
• NEGATIVE COST FUEL: WASTE IS UK’S CHEAPEST MOST PLENTIFUL FUEL @ £-8/GJ AVOIDED COST OF LANDFILL TAX AND 50 -65% BIOGENIC CARBON CONTENT
• HIGH EFFICIENCY: CONVERT 50% WASTE:30% BIOMASS:20% COAL TO LOW CARBON GAS @ ~77% EFFICIENCY WITH CCS.
• METHANE SYNTHESIS: IS INHERENTLY CARBON CAPTURE READY AT HIGH CO2 PARTIAL PRESSURE (CO2 CONC’N x PRESSURE).
• LOW COST CCS: 55% OF CARBON IN LCG IS SEPARATED AS sCO2 ZERO MARGINAL COST WASTE BY-PRODUCT OF LCG.
• SELL: CHEAP HIGH PURITY sCO2 TO INDUSTRY FOR CCU, OR FOR ENHANCED OIL AND GAS RECOVERY AND CCS.
• -ve EMISSIONS 60 bar LCG @ 45 p/therm (£15/MWh) • 150 bar HIGH PURITY sCO2 @ 40p/tonne • PROFIT 2030 CfD/CFP, ex by-products/haz waste: 150p/th
GAS, REFINING AND CHEMICALS ARE PROVEN ROUTES TO CCS. WHY BOTHER WITH CCS ON ELECTRICITY?
LCG CO2pp ~50 bar
CCS ENERGY REQUIREMENT v CO2 PARTIAL PRESSURE
CCGT CO2pp ~0.04 bar
Size
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CCSA COST REDUCTION REPORT CCS.costreductioncomparison.ARD.rev1.08122013
£/MWh Levelised Cost of Base Load (80% load factor) Electricity at 2012 nominal values
Post comb'n Post comb'n Oxy fuel IGCC pre Average Proportion STORABLE/DISPATCH'E
Natural Gas coal coal comb'n coal of total CARBON -VE SNG
2012 Efficiency loss 25% 19% 25% 17%(1)21.50% 0.06%
Generation and Capture 102.3 115.3 114.4 123.0 113.75 70.49% 40.0 to 45.0(3)
Carbon floor cost 1.1 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.1 1.30% -1.0
Transport and Storage 40.7 48.7 48.7 44 45.525 28.21% 14.0 to 16.0
Total 144.1 166.5 165.6 169.3 161.375 £53.0 to 60.0/MWh
Capture rate 85% 85% 85% 85% 85% 109.50%
Emissions gCO2/kWh 80 168 180 108 134 (45) gCO2/kWh(2)
CCS cost/tonne CO2 £244 £132 £133 £106 £153.8 £16.0/tonne CO2
2028 Efficiency loss 11% 15% 15% 12%(1)13.25% 0.06%
Generation and Capture 79.4 81.8 80.7 88.0 82.475 87.76% 40(3)
Carbon floor cost 2.5 5.5 5.5 5.3 4.700 5.00% -3.15(4)
Transport and Storage 3.7 8.0 8 7.5 6.800 7.24% 4.4 to 5.7
Total 85.6 95.3 94.2 100.8 93.975 £39.1 to 39.6/MWh
Capture rate 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 109.30%
Emissions gCO2/kWh 45 106 106 102 90 (45) gCO2/kWh(2)
CCS cost/tonne CO2 £75 £49 £53 £45 £55.5 £5.5/tonne CO2
Notes 1 IGGC efficiency loss is incorrect. Should be lower due to high CO2 partial pressure, and lower gas volume, compared with combustion.
2 Assumes - 9.3% carbon negative SNG is fired in a state of the art 60% efficiency conventional Natural Gas fired CCGT.
3 Decarbonised SNG supplied at 40 to 45 p/therm wholesale cost, reducing to 40 p/therm in 2030.
4 Assumes negative emissions technologies are rewarded at same rate as 2030 Carbon Floor Price.
CCS ON GAS MAKING CAN HALVE THE PRICE OF LOW CARBON ELECTRICITY COMPARED WITH CCS ON POWER GENERATION P
RIC
E OF EN
ERG
Y £
20
10 /G
J (GJth FO
R G
AS. G
Je FOR
PO
WER
)
ELECTRICITY PRICE
LOW CARBON GAS WITH CCS
CCS ON FOSSIL FUEL POWER GENERATION
DECC 2030 £100/MWh TARGET PRICE OF ELECTRICITY
CCS ON LOW CARBON GAS WITH CSS
FOAK
NOAK
GAS PRICE
CARBON NEUTRAL SNG aka LOW CARBON GAS (LCG) REACTION 2C + 2H2O = CH4 + CO2 PRODUCES 50:50% CO2:CH4.
55% OF TOTAL CARBON SEPARATED AS ZERO COST WASTE PRODUCT. 55% ADDITIONAL DECARBONISATION FROM PARTLY BIOGENIC FUEL.
BRITISH GAS HIGH TEMPERATURE HICOM CATALYST USED AT GREAT PLAINS: ELECTRICITY, SNG, CCS/EOR AND FERTILISER
Great Plains Synfuels PlantGPSP
FIRST NEW CHINESE SNG PLANT AT DATANG
USES BRITISH GAS HICOM CATALYSTS
BGL SLAGGING GASIFIER BASED ON PROVEN LURGI DRY ASH GASIFIER. HIGH EFFICIENCY, LOW STEAM & OXYGEN USE
BRITISH GAS HICOM HIGH EFFICIENCY COMBINED SHIFT AND CATALYTIC METHANATION PROCESS
Combined ‘shift’ and ‘methanation’ reactions reduces the quantity of heat exchange, and steam to be injected into, and subsequently removed from, the process. Exothermic methanation reaction is cooled by recycling SNG from second stage methanator to first stage methanator.
CO2 SEPARATED AT 1.2 BAR USING SELEXOL CHEMICAL SOLVENT LOOP WITH PRESSURE LET DOWN AND NITROGEN STRIPPING GAS
1.2 bar
60 bar
Novel Timmins low-energy CCS process • Introduce recycle loop round CO shift stage
to increase CO2 concentration
• CO2 Capture method:
– Step 1: refrigeration condensation at full process pressure (c. 30-70 bar in pre-capture)
– Step 2: Physical solvent wash with high pressure regenerator at full plant pressure, stripped by main process gas (CO Shift feed gas) + some low-grade heat
• Entire Step 2 regen’ mixture is heated and recycled* to CO shift (no separation, ‘closed-loop’ for CO2)
• All CO2 leaves CCS capture process as liquid at full process pressure or as supercritical fluid
• Minimal liquid CO2 pumping (compression) requirement to supercritical CO2 pipeline
(NOTE: The description above is for the IGCC/Hydrogen/shift case. In the
SNG/LCG case shift and methanation are combined in the HICOM process.)
Bio-SNG injection
Power to Gas
Natural Gas
CCS
CCS
Coal gasification
Shift reactor
Enhanced shale gas
Low Carbon Gas (LCG)
Wet green BioC
Dry woody BioC
Synthetic fuels
Mixed wastes
Contaminated BioC Coal
Intermittent renewables
Zero carbon Low carbon High carbon CO2
GAS GRID STORAGE
CCS IN DEPLETED UCG, SHALE OIL OR GAS WELLS
HICOM METH-ANATION +
TIMMINS CCS
POWER TO GAS (P2G) ELECTROLYSIS
30% BIOMASS
20% COAL
INTERMITTENT RENEWABLE
ENERGY
BGL MULTI- FUEL CO-GAS-
IFICATION
CONVENTIONAL GAS FIRED POW- ER GENERATION
50% WASTES
ZERO CARBON
LOW CARBON
HIGH CARBON
KEY:
ELECTRICITY GRID
GAS GRID
TO HEAT, INDUSTRY, TRANSPORT
TO POWER GENERATION
HYDROGEN
OXYGEN
45% CH4
55% SUPERCRITICAL CO2
55% bioC 45% fossilC
NOTE: TYPICAL MIXED WASTES CONTAIN ~65% BIOGENIC CARBON
FAST RESPONSE POWER
GENERATION
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
TIMMINS CCS
SHALE FRACKING & ENHANCED
GAS RECOVERY
sCO2
sCO2
CH4 + CO2
CH4
CH4
HYDROGEN
UNDERGROUND COAL
GASIFICATION SYNGAS
BGL GASIFIER
WASTE BIOMASS
COAL (NOTE)
SYNGAS QUENCH & RECTISOL
COS HYDRO- LYSIS, H2S REMOVAL
60 – 150 BAR LIQUID
PUMP
SELEXOL FLASH
REGENERATOR
HICOM SHIFT &
METHANATION
ADAPT GAS
DRYING
CRYOGENIC SEPARATION
OXYGEN STORE
54.6% 150 bar sCO2 TO CCS/U
5400 C 155 bar STEAM
SITE POWER
AIR SEPARATION
UNIT
45.4% 60 bar CH4 TO GRID
NITROGEN STORE
NITROGEN EXPORT
70 bar
BOILER WATER
LP STEAM
TAR RECYCLE
SULPHUR CHLORINE
INERT VITRIFIED
AGGREGATE
WATER
PROCESS UTILITIES
SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS (SNG)
FOSSIL CARBON
REMOVAL
KEY TO PROCESSES
NOTE ON FUELS MIXED WASTES ~ 65% BIOGENIC CARBON. 50% WASTE:30% BIOMASS;20% COAL FUEL MIX CONTAINS 54+% BIOGENIC CARBON
SELEXOL ABSORBER
TIMMINS LOOP
CLEAN SYNGAS
CO, CO2, CH4, H2
CO2 HEAT
60 bar CO2
12 HOUR SYNGAS STORE
DUAL FUEL FAST START
CCGT
BACK-UP AIR
PUMP
POWER IMPORT FROM GIRD
POWER EXPORT TO GRID
GAS GRID BACK-UP
WIND POWER FROM GRID
FAST RESPONSE
ELECTROLYSER
WASTE HEAT
RECOVERY
HYDROGEN STORE
HEAT EXPORT TO CHP GRID
FUEL CELL
80 bar 80 bar
H2
POWER GENERATION
POWER TO GAS
FOSSIL FUELS
£13.90/GJth REVENUE MIN REGULATORY RISK
NG CCGT
CO
STS
2030: DECARBONISED SNG ENHANCES FOSSIL FUEL ‘SPREAD’ BY 370%
NOTE: EXCLUDES BENEFITS OF CCS
g
e
0
5
15
20
10
Net
Rev
enu
e £
/GJt
h I
NP
UT
EPS ENDS 2045
COMPARATIVE NET REVENUE PER GJth INPUT FUEL FOR THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES. CARBON FLOOR PRICE 2010 - 2050
RHI 2011
DECARBONISED SNG
WASTE INCINERATOR
BIOMASS COMBUSTION
UNABATED GAS
UNABATED COAL
ABATED COAL
ABATED GAS
Ener
gy C
ost
£/G
J
30
25
20
15
35
40
45
50
55
60
10
5
0 2010 2020 2030 2040 205
0
450 gCO2/kWh
EPS ENDS
CARBON FLOOR PRICE
OFFSHORE WIND + 33% COST OF FOSSIL BACK-UP
NUCLEAR CfD
OFGEM CENTRAL PRICE PROJECTION
DECARBONISED SNG TO GAS GRID
POWER FROM DECARBONISED SNG
FOSSIL FUEL WITH CCS
UNABATED NATURAL GAS
DECARBONISED SNG WITH CCS: LOWEST COST STORABLE, DISPATCHABLE LOW CARBON ENERGY RESOURCE
1 £100/MWh 2030 LCOE INTERMITTENT WIND, NUCLEAR & CONVENTIONAL CCS 2 LOW COST SNG FROM LOW COST WASTE CONVERTED TO SNG AT 76% NET EFFICIENCY 3 NUCLEAR CfD MID £100 - £140/MWh 2012 REPORTED PRICE RANGE
LANDFILL TAX ENDS
IS SHALE GAS THE FRIEND OR FOE OF CCS?
BOWLAND SHALE GAS ~50:50 FREE:ADSORBED. 95% CH4, BALANCE MAINLY CO2 & N2. INTEGRATING LOW COST sCO2 FROM LCG WITH ESGR AND CCS CAN: 1. DOUBLE EUR IN DEEP BOWLAND SHALE. 2. REDUCE SHALE GAS UNIT CAPEX BY 50%. 3. REDUCE WHOLE LIFE SHALE WELL CO2 EMISSIONS BY
75%. 4. INCREASE LCG PROFITS BY USING FOR ESGR. 5. PROVIDE HIGH VALUE USES FOR sCO2 FOR ADVANCED
AND ‘DRY’ FRACKING. 6. PROCESS SHALE GAS ECONOMICALLY TO MEET GSMR.
BGL GASIFIER
WASTE BIOMASS
COAL (NOTE)
SYNGAS QUENCH & RECTISOL
H2S REMOVAL
OXYGEN STORE
5400 C 155 bar STEAM
SITE POWER
AIR SEPARATION
UNIT
NITROGEN STORE
NITROGEN EXPORT
70 bar
LP STEAM
TAR RECYCLE
SULPHUR
CHLORINE AMMONIA
INERT VITRIFIED
AGGREGATE
PROCESS UTILITIES
POWER GENERATION
SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS (SNG)
KEY TO PROCESSES
NOTE ON FUELS MIXED WASTES APPROX 65% BIOGENIC CARBON APPROX 50% WASTE:30% BIOMASS;20% COAL FUEL MIX CONTAINS OVER 50% BIOGENIC CARBON
TIMMINS CCS/SNG
SITE USE
CLEAN SYNGAS
TIMMINS CCS/EGR
SHALE GAS FRACK- ING, PROCESSING,
ENHANCED GAS RECOVERY, CCS
150 bar sCO2
Mixed CH4 + CO2
WASTES BY-PRODUCTS
60 – 150 BAR LIQUID
PUMP
SELEXOL FLASH
REGENERATOR
HICOM SHIFT &
METHANATION
ADAPT GAS
DRYING
CRYOGENIC SEPARATION
54.6% 150 bar sCO2 TO CCS/U
45.4% 60 bar CH4 TO GRID
BOILER WATER
WATER
SELEXOL ABSORBER
CO2 HEAT
60 bar CO2
60 – 150 BAR LIQUID
PUMP
SELEXOL FLASH
REGENERATOR
ADAPT GAS
DRYING
CRYOGENIC SEPARATION
54.6% 150 bar sCO2 TO CCS/U
45.4% 60 bar CH4 TO GRID
WATER
SELEXOL ABSORBER
CO2 HEAT
60 bar CO2
LOW CARBON GAS: REVENUE STREAMS • Avoided Landfill Tax: approx £-8/GJ (2015)
• Sales of wholesale gas (60 to 65 p/therm wholesale price
less 40 to 45 p/therm production cost): 15 – 20p/th
• By-products: CO2, S, HCl, NH3, N2, He, Ar, Ne, vitag, fertiliser.
• Zero emissions destruction of high value hazardous wastes
VARIOUS STATUTORY INCENTIVES
• RHI for 55% biogenic carbon gas: 100p/th
• 1.8 ROC for 55% biogenic electricity
(1.8 x ~£50/MWh @ 58% efficiency): 75p/th
• CfD for advanced gasification (£100 -135/MWh ‘strike price’
@ £65/MWh reference price ex indexation) 80 -107p/th
• GROSS PROFIT MARGIN (ex by-products/haz waste) 90 - 122p/th
• Plus benefit avoided 2030 CPF (£70/tonne) 40p/th
• Plus benefit of enhanced shale gas recovery ?????
1st stage recovery: free gas only
2nd stage enhanced recovery with sCO2: remaining free gas + adsorbed gas
sCO2 INJECTION DOUBLES ESTIMATED ULTIMATE RECOVERY IN DEEP SHALES
SYNERGIES: ULTRA LOW VISCOSITY SUPERCRITICAL CO2 FOR ENHANCED SHALE OIL, GAS & CCS
• Dry fracking. Use sCO2 to drive drill; coiled tubing; under-balancing; enhance fracturing; improved proppant, fewer blockages. Hybrid processes.
• Green completions: Reduced water use; less flow-back water disposal, fewer CH4 and CO2 emissions.
• Enhanced gas recovery. 5 mols CO2 : 1 mol CH4
desorption ratio. Re-pressurise reservoir from bottom up @ ~80% depletion. Act as ‘sweep’ gas.
• Separate mixed CH4 and CO2. Reinject sCO2 for EGR.
• CO2 sequestration in capped depleted shale gas well. Avoided 2030 CFP £70/tonne sCO2.
• Natural Gas worth ~£340/tonne @ 67 p/th • CH4 mol wt = 16; CO2 mol wt = 44. • 3:1 CO2: CH4 volume ratio = 8.25 tonnes CO2 injected per tonne
additional CH4 recovered. • Delivered well head value of sCO2 ~£40/tonne. Assume
£5/tonne transport costs. sCO2 plant gate value ~£35/tonne. • 128 tonnes/hour sCO2 produced per 1GWhrLCG. • £4480 value of sCO2 per 3600GJLCG = 13 p/th
LCG AND ESGR: 2030 REVENUE STREAMS
• Avoided Landfill Tax: approx £-8/GJ (2015):
• Gas sales (60-65 p/th less 40 to 45 p/th production cost) 20p/th
• By-products: CO2, S, HCl, NH3, N2, He, Ar, Ne, aggregate, fertiliser.
• Zero emissions destruction of high value hazardous wastes
VARIOUS STATUTORY INCENTIVES
• RHI for 55% biogenic carbon gas: 100p/th
• 1.8 ROC for 55% biogenic electricity @ 58% efficiency: 75p/th
• CfD (£100/MWh indexed ‘strike price’ @ £65/MWh ref price): 80p/th
• PROFIT MARGIN (Inc CfD ex by-products/haz waste): 100p/th
• Benefit avoided 2030 shale gas CPF (75% x £70/tonne CO2): 30p/th
• Benefit reduced capital cost of shale gas: 10-11p/th
• Benefit of enhanced shale gas recovery: 13p/th
• GROSS PROFIT (Inc CfD & ESGR ex by-products/haz waste): 150p/th
THANK YOU
