Indiana's Land Grant University - The Relationship Between Land … · 2019. 7. 30. · Remaining wild lands adjacent to intensive land use are negatively affected, and some of the

Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant College Program • Purdue University 1Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service • West Lafayette, IN 47907Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant College Program • Purdue University

ID-260IISG-01-19

The Relationship Between Land Use Decisions and theImpacts on Our Water and Natural Resources

Brian MillerAssociate Director andOutreach Coordinator,

Illinois-Indiana Sea GrantCollege Program

Robert McCormickCoordinator,

Planning with POWER

Planning with POWER765-494-3627

www.planningwithpower.org

Communities throughout the state ofIndiana are growing and changing. Thechanges that growth brings can have bothpositive and negative impacts. Acommunity’s natural resources are oneasset that can be negatively impacted bygrowth if careful planning and proactivesteps are not taken. This publicationdescribes the relationship between landuse decisions and natural resources andexplains how the Planning with POWERprogram can help communities “ProtectOur Water and EnvironmentalResources” as they grow.

Land Use Decisions Can AffectNatural Resources and Water Quality

Land use decisions are having significantimpacts on our water and other naturalresources in communities across thecountry. The potential negative impactsto our water and natural resources increaseas the intensity of land use increases.

Intensity of land use can be categorizedas low intensity (open space includingfarmland, wild lands, and managed greenspace) or high intensity (industrial,commercial, and urban centers). Moreintensively developed areas have a greaterlevel of impervious surfaces, includingroads, parking lots, sidewalks, rooftops,etc., than low intensity areas. Impervioussurfaces prevent natural infiltration ofwater and increase storm water runoff.

As the intensity of land use increases,infiltration and the ability to rechargeground water decreases becausepercolation of surface water into theaquifer is inhibited. The increasedrunoff that results can also lead toincreased water pollution and physicaldamage to our aquatic systems. Landsproviding natural resources are oftenremoved from this purpose anddeveloped. Remaining wild landsadjacent to intensive land use arenegatively affected, and some of thenatural functions they provide (habitatand travel corridors) can be impaired.

Lands Providing and SupportingNatural Resources

Open space includes farmlands, managedgreen space (golf courses, parks, recreationareas), and wild lands (forest lands,unmanaged habitats, field corners, fencerows, abandoned pastures, etc.).

INCREASED AMOUNTOF IMPERVIOUS

SURFACE

INCREASEDINTENSITY OF

LAND USE

INCREASEDPOTENTIAL WATER

QUALITY&

NATURAL RESOURCEPROBLEMS

Land Use Decisions Can Affect NaturalResources and Water Quality ................ 1

Lands Providing and Supporting NaturalResources ............................................... 1

Threats to Lands Supporting WildlifeHabitat ................................................... 2

Increased Runoff ................................... 3

Increased Pollution ................................ 4

What Can You Do About It .................... 5

Natural Resource-Based Planning ......... 5

Not All Growth Pays ............................. 6

Appropriate Site Design and BestManagement Practices ........................... 7

Remediation and MaintenancePractices ................................................. 8

Planning with POWER Can Help You .. 10

Additional Information .................. 10-11

Table of Contents

Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service • West Lafayette, IN 479072

Examples of Open Space

Farmland

Wild Lands Managed Green Space

Loss of Open Space

Each year, over 50,000 acresof farmland is converted todevelopment in Indiana(according to the NationalResources Inventory).

Indiana ranks second inacreage of prime farmland inthe country, behind Illinois.

What is open space?

These areas perform many vital andimportant functions such as collectingand filtering our water, filtering our air,providing critical habitat for wildlife,providing places for recreationalopportunities, and providing food andfiber for the world.

Unfortunately, this open space is rapidlydisappearing. From 1926 to 1997, therate of development in the United Statesdoubled to a level of three million acresper year. Indiana currently ranks secondin the nation in total acreage of primefarmland, of which over 50,000 acresare lost each year. This is equal to 9acres per hour – a trend in land usechange that has a serious impact on theamount of prime farmland for futureproduction needs.

Threats to Lands SupportingWildlife Habitat

What kind of threats?

Our natural resources – such as timber,wildlife, water, food, and plants fromwhich we derive medications – are allproduced in the “open space” on ourlandscapes. Land use changes permanently

impact lands providing our naturalresources and can negatively impact thequality of the remaining lands thatprovide natural resources or performnatural functions.

Unwise land use decisions can negativelyimpact wildlife populations in severalways. Critical habitat is lost each timewetlands, forestlands, grass lands, oragricultural lands are converted to otheruses. The quality of the remainingwildlife habitat can also be affected bythe adjoining land use. Predation onnests and wildlife is increased by thegrowing population of dogs and cats inthe area. Increased levels of humanactivity and shrinking habitat size canfurther reduce the use of habitats astravel corridors or nesting areas by manyspecies sensitive to this disturbance.

Land use decisions often result inparcelization, which breaks large areasof habitat into smaller parcels. Thisprocess fragments a landscape and cannegatively impact wildlife populationsby inhibiting their dispersal or migratorypatterns, preventing them from movingfrom feeding areas to places providingcover, and can make animals vulnerableto predation as they move greaterdistances from one area of suitablehabitat to another.

Fragmentation and parcelization offarmland, forestland, green space, andwildlife habitat has three major impacts:

• It reduces the acreage of naturalwildlife habitats and farmland.

Fragmentation and Habitat Loss

Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant College Program • Purdue University 3

Why is it a Problem?

Impervious Cover is Integrative

As the intensity of land useincreases, there is a

corresponding increase in theamount of impervious surfaces

such as roads, parking lots,sidewalks, and rooftops.

From 1979 to 1994, the numberof private forest owners in

Indiana tripled, but the numberof acres in forest remained

approximately the same.

• It increases contact between landsproviding natural functions and poten-tially conflicting uses. For example,increased development near wildlifehabitats increases the conflicts betweenpeople and wildlife. This may result inwildlife damage or increased predationand disturbance to wild animals byhouse pets and people.

• It increases isolation of wildlife andplants, which can inhibit their dis-persal and genetic mixing and can leadto a species’ decline or even extinctionin an area.

In the last 16 years, the number ofprivate forest owners tripled, but thenumber of acres in forest remained aboutthe same. This increased parcelizationfacilitates fragmentation due to thediversity of management and use ofindividual tracts of land.

Planning with POWER encourages theprotection of large tracts of farmland,forestland, other open spaces, and wildlifehabitat in areas of your community mostsuited to this purpose. These valuablenatural resource areas can then thrive andfunction as a cohesive unit for generationsto come, thus maintaining a critical naturalresource base for the community.

Increased Runoff

What causes runoff? How can runoffimpact natural resources?

Scientific studies show a correspondingincrease in the amount of impervioussurfaces such as roads, parking lots,sidewalks, and rooftops as the intensity ofland use increases. An increase inimpervious surfaces causes the volume

and velocity of storm water runoff toincrease significantly. The results can beincreased flooding, severe erosion, andphysical degradation of stream and riverhabitats that adversely impact the entirewatershed and our valuable water supply.

Studies have shown that streams inwatersheds with greater than 10 percent oftheir land area in impervious cover begin toshow signs of ecological impairment. Asthe impervious cover in a watershedapproaches 25 percent, streams becomedegraded and the water quality, habitatquality, and biological diversity occurring inwatershed streams are all greatly reduced.

Flooding can have disastrous impacts onthe local community, both in terms ofprivate property damage and use of publictax dollars for clean up and removal ofdebris and sediment when floodwatersrecede. Erosion of our valuable topsoilresource can result in decreasedagricultural productivity and increasedsediment runoff. Sediment runoff oftencontains pollutants such as nutrients andpesticides, which degrade water.

Increased Runoff


Commercial

Farmland andManaged Greenspace

Residential

Industrial

Polluted runoff is the numberone water quality problem inthe United States today.

Physical degradation of natural streambeds,such as channelization and scouring, is alsocaused by increased runoff. Suchdegradation is detrimental to aquatic lifeand can result in the destruction of aquaticecosystems in rivers and streams.

Planning with POWER encourages theslowing of storm water runoff andincreasing infiltration through the use ofvegetated swales, retention/detentionponds, buffers, pervious paving methods,and other Best Management Practices(BMPs) to protect water and other naturalresources. By doing so, the overallintegrity of our streams, rivers, and otherwaterways are maintained and improved.

Increased Pollution

Sources and Types of Polluted RunoffFarmland Managed Greenspace Commercial & Residential

(golf courses, lawns, parks) Industrial

Nutrients Fertilizers Fertilizers Acid rain, Fertilizers, septicautomotive exhaust system effluent

Pathogens Domestic & wild Domestic & wild Malfunctioning/ Malfunctioninganimal waste animal waste overloaded septic septic systems,

systems and lagoons pet waste

Sediments Erosion from fields, Erosion from fields, Construction sites, Construction sites,stream bank erosion stream bank erosion roadside erosion, road sand, erosionfrom animals from animals road sand from lawns and gardens

Toxic Pesticides Pesticides Industrial pollutants, Household products,Contaminants automotive emissions pesticides

& fluids

Debris Litter, illegal Litter, illegal Litter, illegal Litter, illegaldumping dumping dumping dumping

Thermal Removal of Shallow water Heated runoff, Heated runoff,streamside impoundments, removal of streamside removal of streamsidevegetation removal of streamside vegetation, vegetation,

vegetation impoundments impoundments

As storm water runoff increases involume and velocity, the types andamounts of pollutants detrimental towater quality and aquatic life may alsoincrease. Very little infiltration of stormwater occurs. This lack of infiltrationeliminates the natural breakdown andfiltering processes of the soil profile thatnormally cleanses and filters water aspart of the natural water cycle.

Pollutants – such as sediment, nutrients,pathogens, and toxic contaminants – posea threat to our drinking water supply andcan reduce or destroy fish populations andaquatic life. Pollutants may also renderwater resources unfit for recreational usessuch as swimming and fishing.

Polluted runoff is the number one waterquality problem in the United Statestoday. There are four main sources ofpolluted runoff: farmland, managedgreen space, commercial and industriallands, and residential areas. The types ofpollutants from each of these sourcesvary, but some common pollutants areshared by several of these sources. Seetable below.

Sources of Polluted Runoff

Pollutants – such as sediment,nutrients, pathogens, andtoxic contaminants – pose athreat to our drinking water.

Where does the pollution come from?


What Can You Do About It How do we want to use our land?

Natural resource-based planning is aprocess that identifies critical naturalresources, evaluates potential impacts tothese resources from proposed land usechanges, and identifies practical strategiesthat can reduce the impacts on naturalresources from land use change. Throughthis process, communities can effectivelyprotect their valuable natural resources,such as farmland, forests, open spaces,and wildlife habitat, and reduce thefragmentation of lands while still accom-modating growth in their community.

One of the most important elements inland use decision-making is thecomprehensive land use plan for thecommunity. The comprehensive plananswers three key questions for thecommunity: What kind of growth? Howmuch growth? Where should we put it?

Comprehensive planning is a processwhere the local community develops along-term vision of what kind and howmuch development it wants, then finds thebalance between protection of naturalresources and economic growth anddevelopment. The comprehensive plan-ning process has to involve all segments ofthe public. Without public support andinvolvement, the planning process will notrepresent the entire community.

A community that does not have acomprehensive plan, or a recently revisedplan, is vulnerable to special interestgroups. Development could occur in thecommunity with little thought or concernfor the resources that are unique andPhotos courtesy of Cindy Salazar and Renee Gunn, Purdue University

Finding the Balance

What Can You Do About it?

Improving Site Designand Best Management

Practices (BMPs)

Natural ResourceBased Planning

Remediation andMaintenance

What can I do?

There are three main strategies in thePlanning with POWER message forcommunities to use as they plan theirfuture use and protection of vital andcritical drinking water, farmlands, forests,and recreation areas. They are:

1) Plan to protect critical natural re-sources in your community while stillaccommodating growth throughnatural resource-based planning.

2) Minimize the impact to initial naturalresources resulting from land usechange through appropriate site designsand use of best management practices.

3) Mitigate the negative impacts to criticalnatural resources or loss of open spaceproviding these functions throughremediation and maintenance measures.

Planning with POWER provides education,resources, and technical assistance to localcommunities as they address land usedecisions impacting water quality andenvironmental resources.

Natural Resource-Based Planning


Planning with POWERProject Partners

Purdue CooperativeExtension Service

Illinois-Indiana SeaGrant College Program

Indiana Department ofEnvironmental Management(IDEM)

Indiana Land ResourcesCouncil (ILRC)

Indiana Department ofNatural Resources (IDNR)

Natural ResourcesConservation Service(NRCS)

Soil and Water ConservationDistricts (SWCD)

Planning with POWER isfunded by:

Purdue CooperativeExtension Service

Illinois-Indiana Sea GrantCollege Program

Indiana Department ofEnvironmental Management(Sec. 319 Grant)

NOAA Coastal ServicesCenter

valuable to the area. Without a plan,severe degradation and loss of valuablenatural resources will occur.

Natural resources are part of the planA comprehensive plan should have theprotection of a community’s water andnatural resources as one of its goals. Theplan’s objective is to find the balancebetween the protection of naturalresources and growth or development.

To effectively protect the naturalresources of a community, several keysteps must be taken:

1) Inventory the natural resources inthe community.

2) Prioritize areas for protection.3) Target development to the most

appropriate areas.4) Incorporate open space planning.5) Develop a plan of action and revise

zoning and subdivision regulations.

The Purdue Extension Land Use Team,made up of Extension educators fromacross the state, can assist local communi-ties with land use planning and the compre-hensive planning process. ContactPlanning with POWER to locate yournearest Land Use Extension Team member.

For help in watershed planning andincorporating protection of criticalnatural resources in your community,you can contact the ConservationPartnership in Indiana (composed of theIndiana Department of NaturalResources (IDNR), the Natural ResourceConservation Service (NRCS), PurdueCooperative Extension Service (CES),and the Soil and Water ConservationDistricts (SWCD)). Your local office ofthe U.S. Department of Agriculture(USDA), including the Natural ResourceConservation Service (NRCS), the FarmService Agency (FSA), and your localSoil and Water Conservation District(SWCD), is a starting point forConservation Partnership assistance (seelocal listing).

Not All Growth Pays . . .

What kind of growth do we need toachieve our economic goals?

Local decision-makers are often facedwith the dilemma of how much and whatkind of growth will be optimal in termsof economic benefits for theircommunity. In addition, they mustbalance environmental goals andregulations with economic and growthgoals of the community.

Growth Increases Public Costs

Looking at the Complete Picutre

Comprehensive Planning is a Key Step

Inventory naturalresources

Prioritize areasfor protection

Target development tomost appropriate areas

Incorporate openspace planning

Develop plan of actionRevise zoning and

subdivision regulations

Unequal Growth

Percentage

Mea

sure

PopulationGrowth

Public CostIncrease

Assessed ValueIncrease


Photo courtesy of Renee Gunn, Purdue University

Photo courtesy of Robert McCormick, Purdue University

Designs that reduce gradingand filling and retain natural

features are often lessexpensive and more pleasing

to the eye.

Jobs must grow at abovenormal rates to provide othertax revenues to cover the cost

of growth.

Property tax rates must rise toprovide more total tax

revenues to cover the cost ofgrowth.

Growth in single-family housing is oftenassumed to have a positive economicbenefit for the local community. Inreality, increases in population andhousing growth generally increasescommunity costs for public services suchas schools, roads, and police and fireprotection. A recent study in Indianafound that “a 10 percent increase inpopulation increased county governmentcosts approximately 8 percent while onlyincreasing county assessed valueapproximately 5 percent” (Larry DeBoer,Purdue University, AgriculturalEconomist). To make up the difference,a tax increase is required.

The process of development has tended toraise tax rates because the positive fiscalimpacts of added business have not beenenough to offset the negative fiscalimpacts of additional housing. Studiesfrom across the country illustrate the factthat commercial and industrial develop-ments tend to have positive fiscal impactsfor a community, while residentialdevelopment tends to have negative fiscalimpacts. Agriculture ranks betweencommercial/industrial and residential, buttends to be positive in its fiscal impacts.

In order to support and balance increasedresidential growth and the increasedpublic services required, the communitymust increase employment and keep jobsabove the present rate or increase taxrevenues to cover the shortfall inproviding public services.

When business and residential growth iscombined, counties must see 7 new jobs forevery 10 new people in order to break even.Currently in Indiana, there are around fiveexisting jobs for every ten people.

The type of growth and development inyour community can greatly influencefiscal impacts, either positively ornegatively, which in turn affects the costof providing public services. Ultimately,this affects tax rates and revenues.

Incorporating open space (agriculturaland forest lands) into a community’s planmay help achieve the positive fiscal goalsa community desires while protectingnatural resources vital to the community.

Appropriate Site Design and BestManagement Practices

How do we decide what to build andwhere to build it?

Natural resource-based planning sets acourse to reduce negative impacts tonatural resources that your communitywants to protect. You can minimizeimpacts through appropriate site designand Best Management Practices (BMPs).

Site Design and BMP’s for NaturalResources

• Implementsetback distancesfrom criticalresources

• Riparian bufferzones for streams

• Watershedapproach


The proper maintenance ofon-site septic systems byhomeowners is crucial to theprotection of our naturalresources.

By incorporating improved site designand use of BMPs to slow storm waterflow and increase its infiltration,communities can reduce and, in somecases, eliminate toxic pollutants carriedthroughout waterways and naturalresource areas.

Minimize, whenever possible,impervious surfaces such as roads,parking lots, structures, etc. and increasethe amount of open space and perviouspavement alternatives. Doing so willpromote and encourage infiltration ofstorm water. This is also a criticalstrategy for reducing pollutants enteringwaterways and impairing drinking waterand degrading natural wildlife habitat.

Site Design

The site planning stage offers the bestchance for local officials, designers,and builders to work together to reducepolluted runoff and negative environmentalimpacts from a potential building site.

Common steps in implementing sitedesign practices that protect naturalresources include:

� Evaluate site plans to minimize bothimpervious areas and disruption ofnatural drainage and vegetation.

� Consider cluster development areasthat reduce the amount of pavedsurfaces and increase open space.

� Use brick, crushed stone, or perviouspavements as a viable alternative inlow traffic areas.

� Reduce proposed sidewalks, roads,and parking lot sizes as much aspossible.

� Utilize vegetated swales or filter stripsinstead of curbing and piping, whenpossible.

Designs that reduce grading and fillingand retain natural features should beencouraged. In addition to protectingwaterways, such designs are often lessexpensive and more pleasing to the eye.

Best Management Practices (BMPs)

Best Management Practices (BMPs)include a range of methods designed toprevent, reduce, or treat storm waterrunoff. Choosing the correct BMP isoften highly site-specific. Planning withPOWER project partners can provideassistance and guidance. Here are somebasic BMP concepts to keep in mind:

1) Encourage natural and vegetatedstorm water controls—swales vs.curbs when possible.

2) Emphasize on-site drainage of stormwater to increase percolation andinfiltration. Use of porous pavingmaterials and percolation basins aretwo strategies that could be used.

3) Target and protect open space, farm-land, and critical wildlife habitat.Retain natural landscapes and mini-mize impervious surfaces.

4) Encourage urban and agriculturalBMPs. Use of buffer strips alongwaterways and creation of wildlifehabitats in undeveloped areas areexamples of BMPs.

5) Require proper septic system place-ment, design, and maintenance. Usecluster systems when possible. Regu-lar cleaning and maintenance is arequirement for long-term septicoperation.

Remediation and MaintenancePractices

Is there a right way to lower impactson natural resources?

Remediation measures are practicesdesigned to mitigate unavoidableimpacts to natural resources caused by

Improving Site Design and BestManagement Practices (BMPs)

• Encourage natural and vegetated stormwater controls–swales vs. curbs.

• Emphasize on-site drainage of stormwater–percolation vs. detention.

• Target and protect open space, primefarm land, and critical wildlife habitat–retain natural landscape and minimizeimpervious surfaces.

• Encourage agricultural BMPs.

• Require proper septic systemsplacement, design, maintenance.Use cluster systems when possible.



Photo courtesy of Shawnee County Conservation District, Kansas

Photo courtesy of Brian Miller, Purdue University

Wetlands support naturalprocesses that facilitate the

deposition of sediment,reduction of nutrients, and

deposition and reduction ofsome pollutants.

development. Most remediationmeasures are designed to slow or reducestorm water runoff, and associatedsediment and pollutants that result fromincreased development.

Remediation measures are often mosteffective when used in combination withBMPs. Both remediation measures andBMPs allow pollutant removal to takeplace through the settling of particles andthrough chemical and biologicalinteractions in the standing water or soil.

As with any management practice,remediation measures must be correctlydesigned in order to work properly. Forinstance, basins must be large enough totreat runoff generated by the combinationof local climate and site configuration.

The following are some examples ofconstructed and natural remediationpractices:

Detention/Retention Basins. Detentionbasins are shallow depressions that aredesigned to slow and hold storm waterbefore releasing it, whereas retentionbasins are designed to hold water perma-nently until it infiltrates into the ground.

Wetlands. Wetlands – natural andconstructed – serve as nature’s sponges,soaking up rain and storing excess floodwater runoff and then slowly releasing itback into streams, lakes, and groundwater.Wetlands also support natural processesthat facilitate the deposition of sediment,reduction of nutrients, and deposition andreduction of some pollutants.

Constructed wetlands are often designedas part of a system of remediationmeasures to reduce the impacts ofdevelopment by reducing storm waterrunoff and improving the quality of waterleaving the site. Wetlands can also bedesigned to improve aesthetics andwildlife habitat on a site and may cost lessthan some other remediation alternatives.

Maintenance Measures

Most structural BMPs require regularmaintenance to ensure peak pollutant-removal efficiency. Maintenance rangesfrom the frequent and simple (sweepingparking lots, cleaning storm drains) tothe infrequent and complex (sedimentremoval from detention/retention pondsor catch basins). But, maintenance mustbe budgeted and planned for in all cases.

Remediation and Maintenance

• Ensure maintenanceof roads, lots, catchbasins, and BMPs.

• Encourage properinstallation andmaintenance ofonsite septic systems

• Clean storm drains

• Sweep Streets



In addition to maintenance of BMPs andremediation practices (cleaning stormdrains, retention and detention ponds,etc.), the proper maintenance of onsiteseptic systems by homeowners is crucialto the protection of our natural resources.The on-site septic system should becleaned approximately every three tofive years, depending on water usage.

The Purdue Residential OnsiteWastewater Disposal (PROWD) Web site<http://www.ces.purdue.edu/onsite/>has many publications and technicalresources to assist your community.

Communities are all in different stageswith respect to the planning process.Some communities may not have aformal planning process initiated toguide development to the mostappropriate areas, while othercommunities may be in the process ofupdating their comprehensive land useplan for the first time in many years.Still, other communities may becontinually revising plans andordinances due to tremendous growthpressures and population changes.

Regardless of where you are in theplanning process, some basic Planningwith POWER steps can help yourcommunity:

1) Evaluate where your community isin the planning process.

2) Identify the steps needed to incorpo-rate natural resource protection intoyour community’s long-term compre-hensive plan.

3) Connect your community with theappropriate technical and educationalresources needed to identify naturalresources at risk in your community;evaluate management and policyoptions that can protect those re-sources, and select practices neededto balance natural resource objectiveswith economic objectives.

4) Regularly evaluate your community’sprogress toward natural resource-based planning and protection andidentify additional steps that mayneed to be taken.

Additional Information

Communities should implementeducational programs for their localofficials and the general public on theimportance and proper care of BMPs andon-site septic systems. This is a veryimportant step in protecting our naturalresources from non-point pollution andcontaminated runoff that threatens theoverall health and safety of citizens.

Planning with POWER Can Help You

How can we help?


Credits: Unless otherwisenoted, all photo compilationsare taken from the Planning

with POWER multimediapresentation.

NOTES

The Planning with POWER project is astatewide educational program that linksland use and watershed planning at thelocal level.

The Planning with POWER program canassist you in learning more about how tostart protecting your community frompolluted runoff by providing educationalprogramming and resources.

Planning with POWER has additionalpublications available to assist you asyou start the planning process. Thesepublications are available on thePlanning with POWER Web site andfrom the project coordinator.

ID-255 Protecting Our Water andEnvironmental Resources

ID-256 Nonpoint Source Pollution: AThreat to Our Waters

ID-257 Impacts of Development onWaterways

ID-258 Strategies to Minimize PollutedRunoff

ID-259 How to Get Started: ProtectingYour Community From Polluted Runoff

Additional Information

For additional information, or to learnhow your community can start Planningwith POWER, please contact:

Robert McCormick765-494-3627

Fax: 765-496-6026

<[email protected]>

Purdue University1200 Forest Products Building

West Lafayette, IN 47907-1200

<www.planningwithpower.org>


New 10/02It is the policy of the Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service, David C. Petritz, Director, that all persons shall have equal opportunity

and access to its programs and facilities without regard to race, color, sex, religion, national origin, age, marital status, parental status, sexualorientation, or disability. Purdue University is an Affirmative Action employer. This material may be available in alternative formats.

http://www.ces.purdue.edu/extmedia1-888-EXT-INFO

Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant College Program is 1 of 30 National Sea Grant College Programs. Created by Congressin 1966, Sea Grant combines university, government, business and industry expertise to address coastal and Great

Lakes needs. Funding is provided by the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

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Documents

Indiana's Land Grant University - The Relationship Between Land … · 2019. 7. 30. · Remaining wild lands adjacent to intensive land use are negatively affected, and some of the