Indianapolis WATER STOP[southside water center]How the provision of clean water can remediate land, people, and community

Rebecca A. Staley

[southside water center]How the provision of clean water can remediate land, people, and community

Rebecca A. Staley | ARCH 602 | spring 2011Advisors: Wes Janz + Ana de Brea

Table of Contents

Introduction Taxonomy Abstract

Research

Case Studies Critical Vehicles Portland Loo Bubble House Zero Yen House Urban Rest Stop

Context Indianapolis Service Network Analysis

Site Conditions Resources

Water Stop Why Water Program Water Systems Details

Summary Conclusion Future Potentials

Appendix

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Bankruptcy/Job Loss

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Entering this project on the topic of disaster, consequences, and relief efforts, a taxonomy was created to chart types of disasters and their results. It quickly became apparent that no location on Earth exists without the potential of a disastrous occurrence. Whether natural or man-made, disasters can occur at any place and at any time. One can strike in an instant or creep up in a slow progression; however, no matter the time frame, the effects can be devastating for individuals, cities, and entire nations.

The most commonly recalled disasters are the largest scale events with highly visible, widespread effects: the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center, Hurricane Katrina, the BP oil spill, the earthquake in Haiti, or flooding in Pakistan. Commonly overlooked is the less-visible array of after-effects spurred by disastrous events, which often have equally devastating results: job loss, property loss, injury, chronic illness, poverty, addiction, depression, and broken family and support networks.

Additionally, thousands of smaller scale events with disastrous effects happen every day with little to no awareness from the majority of the population. For the people involved, however, the effects can be permanent and life altering.

The nature of each type of disaster leads to varying circumstances within each location and context, but a commonality among most is often the need for basic shelter and sanitation. Regardless of the scale, such episodes often result in homelessness or poverty in some form or another. The United States is regarded as one of the most prosperous nations in the world, yet every night there are hundreds of thousands of citizens who do not have a safe place in which to sleep, a secure source of food, a way to maintain basic hygiene, adequate health services, or secure storage for belongings. Once a person enters this cycle, he or she frequently loses access to the cohesive structure needed to regain footing in society. Without a network of reinforcement, people have extreme difficulty overcoming these hurdles.

Story after story from cities large and small across the United States indicate that every day, millions of Americans could be one job loss, one major illness, one family divorce or death, one fire, one natural disaster or accident away from falling into disaster. This constant near-proximity to disaster is often unrecognized by the general population, and consequently, effective responses are not addressed in enough detail to provide lasting results.

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here are some of those stories:

People displaced by Hurricane Katrina were scattered around the country in order to escape destruction. This in turn led to financial and emotional destruction of many who escaped the initial environmental disaster. For example, James Scott took his brother, his sister, and his sister’s two children to Atlanta, GA, for refuge. Once there, they were forced to live out of James’s car because they had run out of money. James attempted to panhandle at a mall in the wealthy Buckhead neighborhood to earn enough money for a hotel. Due to Atlanta’s harsh solicitation laws, James was instead arrested even after showing proof that he was a Katrina evacuee. In James’s case, a large scale disaster led to his arrest and his family’s homelessness in Atlanta (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2005).

A large scale man-made disaster, such as the current economic crisis also has widespread personal effects. In the United States, the land of opportunity, the work has dried up leaving families stranded without income. Interviewed by the New York Times in January 2010, Rodrigo Saldaña lives in New York City while his wife and five children live in Ecuador. He has not worked in the last month and sleeps on trains or by the railroad tracks at night. “‘Do you want to know what the worst part is?’ Mr. Saldaña said. ‘My wife says I’m lying when I tell her there’s no more work in New York’” (Santos, 2010).

At the other end of the spectrum are individual disasters. Nathaniel Ayers studied music at Julliard 30 years ago. He suffered a breakdown that landed him on Skid Row in Los Angeles, CA, where he battles schizophrenia in addition to being homeless (Lopez, 2005).

“Grandpa,” an 84-year-old homeless man has grossly swollen, maggot-infested legs. His advanced peripheral vascular disease is exacerbated by being constantly on his feet. His legs and feet stay dirty, a focus of gangrene and flies in summer. Constant elevation of his feet is needed to drain the fluid and reduce the swelling, but this isn’t possible living on the street. Police won’t let him sit or lie down anywhere for long. Grandpa is representative of a large group of homeless street folk (“bag people”) whose mental illness is the gravitational force around which everything else orbits. A mild paranoid schizophrenic, his symptoms aren’t bad enough to warrant institutionalization, according to judges who have repeatedly overruled requests for his admission (Post, 1998).

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How can a community address basic needs in an open, non-binding, non-judgmental, dignified manner? How can personal infrastructure generate stability in social or economic realms while working alongside the people of a neighborhood?

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According to a 2010 count conducted by the Indiana University Public Policy Institute, 4,500 to 7,500 people are homeless in Indianapolis each year. On the day of the count, there were 1,500 homeless, and 39% were families. Additionally, more than 25,000 households, not individuals, are earning 30% or less of the city’s mean income, or $14,000 per year: the US poverty line as defined for a family of two.

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Responses must work within a larger network woven through the city.

Such complex issues as homelessness and poverty cannot be changed overnight or with isolated efforts.

This project synthesizes issues from three scales of proposals aimed to serve homeless or impoverished people in Indianapolis. On a broad scale, first-hand videos, personal blogs, community service data, and a study of successful homeless-serving efforts around the US built a knowledge base for the project. An investigation of small scale personal infrastructure, i.e. acquired, modified, or created carts to house personal belongings and wares, looked at individual responses to personal security and storage common among homeless people. A study of local affordable housing options reinforced the need for large scale, permanent services in a community for long term impact.

A city map was generated to identify and categorize the existing components in Indianapolis, such as meal suppliers, shelters, medical services, affordable housing, day centers, and other social services. This research located strong areas and gaps, and when overlaid with the city’s target areas for future development, foreclosure rates, and income as compared to the city average, it led to a site selection on the near-southeast side. Located adjacent to a massive inactive industrial plant, the facility will assist in preliminary remediation of the economic and environmental surroundings.

The design investigation addresses one of the most basic human needs: WATER.

Encompassing the need for clean drinking water and water for bathing and washing clothes, the Water Stop provides short and long term infrastructure and resources to the near-southeast side of Indianapolis. It would provide users the ability to remain clean in order to gain or maintain employment and to reduce health risks caused by inadequate sanitation. Additionally, it offers gathering and socialization space in conjunction with a proposed café and an existing neighborhood farmers’ market. By engaging a strong, but overlooked neighborhood, it aims to integrate into and strengthen the Indianapolis network by adding a unique set of services and amenities.

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Homeless or displaced persons are often at high risk levels on a daily basis. Lack of personal or private space can lead to victimization through harassment, violence, law enforcement efforts, and property destruction.

Risks include destruction of property or the theft of possessions by the general public, other homeless people, or law enforcement agencies removing settlements from public spaces. During street sweeps, people are frequently relocated and possessions are destroyed or discarded. This is often an attempt to force relocation and motivation to find housing. Instead, it puts the displaced at an even higher disadvantage. These measures conducted by a city can also result in the homeless being jailed, and consequently, being placed in the court systems, instead of a rehabilitation program. Once the person is released from jail, he or she is still homeless.

“Inside the shelter, there’s usually no place to store one’s stuff. Many people sleep fully clothed, shoes and all, to make sure that nothing is stolen. Add to that the questionable hygiene and mental instability of the person on the cot next to you, and it can be quite scary” (Raymond, 2010). .

“I have a bicycle with a trailer attached. This is a good solution to having to constantly carry around one’s belongings. It’s a lot more useful, and less ‘unattractive’ than the stereotypical shopping cart. However, shelters typically do not offer any kind of secure options for one’s belongings, usually severely limiting how much one can even carry in. This forces people to a ridiculous minimum of belongings; one of the factors that actually contributes to perpetuating a person’s homeless predicament” (Why I Choose Streets Over Shelter, 2009).

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“why don’t the homeless just go to a shelter?”

To some, the answer is simple: “Staying in many emergency shelters [can] lead to lice, bed bugs, athlete’s foot, the common cold, and lots of other things that are no big deal if you can stay home in bed, but can kill you if you’re homeless” (Raymond, 2010).

According to blog author known only as “SlumJack Homeless,” “shelters are often euphemized as ‘emergency shelter’...but the emergency is that you have nowhere else to just be and operate, so being at a shelter is the emergency” (Why I Choose Streets Over Shelter, 2009).

“Exposed to numerous deprivations and adverse environmental influences, such as inadequate nutrition, poor hygiene, exposure to the elements, and victimization, homeless adults are at increased risk of developing a broad range of physical health problems. During periods of shelter living, homeless persons typically stay in unclean and overcrowded settings in which infectious diseases are easily transmitted” (Herman & Manuel, 2008).

In addition to high disease risks, individuals can easily slip into a cycle of illness and homelessness that is self-perpetuating. Mental disorders, addiction, violence, and infectious diseases are known to be “conditions that increase the risk of homelessness,” but they also fall into the category of “conditions that homelessness may cause or exacerbate” (Herman & Manuel, 2008). Also included in the latter category are complications from exposure, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, accidents, asthma, and cancer.

Lack of access to affordable, regular health care keeps these seemingly common, treatable conditions among the housed population a source of deadly risks for the homeless. Many conditions could be significantly reduced if adequate hygiene was readily attainable.

The rarity of facilities such as the Urban Rest Stop in Seattle, WA, speaks to this massive need for personal hygiene resources for homeless and near-homeless populations.

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In addition to the safety, security, and health risks of numerous facilities within the current shelter system, another series of qualities makes them largely unsuccessful. The rigid rule structure of many shelters, designed to eliminate alcohol or drug abuse and other illegal activities from the premises, is highly restrictive to individuals who wish to spend their evenings socializing, working, job searching, or participating other activities.

According to homeless advocate, Eric Sheptock, people frequently have to make difficult decisions, such as, check into a shelter at 4:00 PM or 5:00 PM, or work one’s scheduled hours at job from 9:00 AM to 6:00 PM. If the person chooses to earn the money, he sleeps on the street. If he checks into a shelter, he loses the money, and possibly even the job. (Sheptock, 2010).

Eric also states that “we should see housing as a human right. Housing should not be treated as a commodity sold to the highest bidder. It should be...treated as a necessity to be afforded to everyone” (Sheptock, 2010).

The emergency shelter system is not the sole approach to housing. Housing units range from single-person sleeping units scattered in a city, tent cities, SRO’s, and large shelters. The diverse types of people living on the streets, much like the diverse housed populations, cannot all be placed into the same “one-size-fits-all” housing approach.

The book Designing for the Homeless: Architecture That Works explains that in order for shelters to succeed, they must be much more than just a bed in a space. A sense of belonging and personal responsibility is key to becoming part of a community and working toward a more stable life situation.

Shelters must fit into the city context and add to the local quality of life. They must reach farther than just the immediate clients served. A shelter cannot succeed alone. It must connect with a system of transitional housing, long term housing, and support networks such as public space, local businesses, public transit, and community organizations.

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Many individuals remain employed during time without housing, but maintaining a job becomes increasingly difficult. How does one stay clean and presentable when living outdoors or in emergency shelters? For those searching for employment, how do they find someone willing to hire a person without a regular place to stay? And for those out of work for lengthy periods of time, how do they regain necessary job skills to succeed?

“I don’t have the best work history and have had a few run-ins with the law…when an intelligent man has a checkered past, his knowledge and skills are no longer desired by society.” (Sheptock, 2010)

The Culinary Job Training program run by Second Helpings in Indianapolis employs the homeless and unemployed while teaching on-the-job kitchen skills. Upon completion of the program, students are assisted with job placement. It is life-changing for those with the opportunity to enroll, but the unemployment rates still far outweigh the available training positions in these types of programs.

A key element to the journey out of homelessness is steady source of income. According to Ronni Gilboa:

Approximately 60% of the Urban Rest Stop clients are employed. They use the facility to clean before work each day. This potentially provides assistance in maintaining a job to thousands of people in the city of Seattle.

Even with a steady job, there is a growing disparity between the living wage and earning minimum wage: $7.25 per hour in Indiana in 2011. A 40 hour work week earns a person $1160 per month before taxes. Affordable housing, defined as paying 30% of one’s income, equates to slightly less than $350 a month for rent. The average rent for a two-bedroom apartment is $765 per month, indicating that minimum wage earners are unlikely to access to affordable housing. Paying such high percentages, 50% or more, of their earnings for housing is unsustainable and prevents one from covering other costs, such as utilities, food, transportation, and childcare.

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Within an urban context, numerous service-oriented projects infill existing structures, often directly on the street front with little or no indoor waiting area.

How do people feel when they must line up along the side of a building in the sidewalk, street, or other place within the public realm in order to get a meal, a shower, or wash clothing?

How does it affect one’s dignity when he or she must bring all his or her personal items and valuables along? How long must one wait while being stared at, judged, and even harassed by passers-by?

In less-urban areas, service buildings are often isolated, neglected, and enclosed. Rarely can one see into or out of homeless services buildings in a way that connects people with the local context. Many are enclosed for security reasons, but enclosure creates unrelatable and outcast areas.

Often the design or re-design process comes in a “top-down” manner, with the big ideas coming from investors, government officials, professional designers, and program managers.

But what about the people who will be USING the space?

What can we learn from a person living in a storage shed, a portable bathroom, a tent, a car, or under a bridge?

Budget constraints in projects for the homeless are typically the driving force in the design for a facility. However, some of the most successful programs are very well designed within strict material and financial limits.

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A highly regarded example is the Downtown Drop-In Center near Skid Row in Los Angeles, California. “The building was built on a very tight budget...but contains architectural elements usually reserved for private, more expensive buildings” (Kimm, 2001).

The material palette is simple: concrete, wood, and landscape elements, but the connections and color palette are well refined and detailed.

In addition to meeting the required spatial needs, the center provides a generous landscaped entry and courtyard where guests can wait off of the streets in a calm area. Attention to scale, lighting, and proportion can change a structure from imposing to inviting in the simplest design moves.

Other times, directors are willing to spend the extra money for a quality product. According to Father Joe from the Joan Kroc Center in San Diego, “good architecture is critical to helping the homeless, even though it requires more money. His architects often suggested ways to reduce costs, but he argued that these cost savings would be counterproductive...details and embellishments are integral to the success of the building and the programs within” (Davis, 2004).

“Design must allow for people to have dignity in receiving aid or utilizing services. They must be integrated into the community, not shoved in some back alleyway. Hiding these resources is an attempt to hide people and disassociate from those who do not fit in with how the majority views a city or region.”

Conversation with Ronni Gilboa Manager of Seattle’s Urban Rest Stop

October 2010

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In 1988 the artist Krzysztof Wodiczko explored the traditional shopping cart used by much of the homeless population in New York City. He designed new variations and had homeless people test them in the city. After a period of use, Wodiczko had a dialogue about the strengths and failures of the carts.

“An initial proposal, the project is not put forward as a finished product, ready for use on the streets. Rather, it is conceived as a starting point for further collaboration between skilled designers and potential users. Both parties will have to play roles in the design and production of future versions of the vehicle...Only through such cooperation can the vehicle function usefully.” (Wodiczko, 1999)

Designed to call attention to the issue of homelessness in the city, the carts have a larger profile than a typical shopping cart and contain secure areas for storage of belongings and sleeping. Wodiczko synthesized feedback from local homeless people in an attempt to make a vehicle more optimized for life on the streets: welded steel, wire mesh, and large wheels. The carts expand or rotate to accommodate various functions.

“Although never intended as a solution to the problem of homelessness, these vehicles, designed in consultation with homeless men, do provide temporary refuge for those unwilling to subject themselves to the institutionalized system of shelters” (Ascher).

Wodiczko understood the power of DESIGNING WITH NOT FOR his client. By sharing ownership of the process and product, he created something much more meaningful than a donation.

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This public restroom unit located in Portland, Oregon, is a designed response to the lack of restroom facilities open to the public. It currently exists in three locations, one being near Union Station and the Greyhound bus terminal due to higher amounts of neighborhood complaints of people using any available surface as a restroom.

It serves ANYONE in the area, providing a dignified place to use the restroom.

To begin addressing public health and hygiene issues, cities must consider resources that will benefit a wide variety of people. A small, simple piece like the Portland Loo is inviting, widely accommodating, easily maintained, and functional. Something that can be embraced by the surrounding neighborhood can promote local ownership and unofficial monitoring of the facility by the community. If the area feels a sense of ownership and accessibility, the piece will have increased longevity.

The research issues of safety and security and health and hygiene are addressed in a short term manner by Wodiczko’s Critical Vehicles and the Portland Loo. They provide basic resources but are not designed to solve large-scale complex issues such as homelessness and poverty. They do, however, express the need for:

Materials: Steel, replaceable side panels, graffiti-proof

Systems: Toilet , button-activated hand wash feature

Lighting: Skylight, PV powered battery light, motion sensors

Use: Up to 20 minutes per use, 400 uses a day

Ventilation: Upper & lower louvers angled for privacy Accessibility: Large enough for bike/cart, ADA compliant

Module: Size of a single city parking space

Image: Contemporary, poster space on outside of door

Cost $60,000 to manufacture, $1500/month to maintain [Much less than clean-up + social impact of not having it]

a range of facilities from the scale of an individual to that of a city, WORKING TOGETHER, to provide servicesfor all members of the community.

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How does continuous mobility affect people mentally, physically, and emotionally? Homeless and near-homeless people are frequently forced to pack up and move to new locations. Moving can provide access to much needed services or be the result of forced evacuation.

High levels of mobility wear heavily on a person. The act of moving one’s belongings on a regular basis is physically and mentally draining. It makes accumulation and retention of possessions, even just the basics, extremely difficult. Personal items and documents often get lost or taken during the moving process. Many people who stay in shelters are limited on personal items due to lack of storage space and the risk of theft.

Single-person dwelling units exist worldwide in response to homelessness, poverty, mobility, and design-romanticized ideas about temporality. While vastly different in appearance, the Bubble House and the Zero Yen Solar House attempt to resolve similar issues. Originating from opposite ends of the design spectrum, one from an architectural firm in Spain seeking to explore upward mobility, and the other from a homeless man in Japan seeking basic shelter and security. Both saw a need for shelter, storage, and basic utilities and created a shelter based on the resources available to them.

The Bubble House, a prototype of a temporary living space for one or two individuals developed by Studio MMASA, was installed in various locations to study relationships that citizens exhibit with new objects in the urban landscape. The designers see the dwelling unit as a part of a contemporary lifestyle allowing people to “gradually settle in the city” (Bubble, 2010). They imply that it could also be applied to displacement situations but provide no further exploration into such conditions or the required

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adaptations for disaster use. Such an application would be vastly different from an installation merely for observation and interaction.

The Zero Yen Solar House is an ongoing work by a homeless man who has built it as his own mobile personal shelter. As he finds new materials, he adds to and changes the unit to function better. Like Studio MMASA, the man understands every detail about his shelter. Fully documented by designer Kyohei Sakaguchi, it contains arguably a much more in-depth level of detail and analysis than the Bubble House since it is based in the trial and error of daily life over time.

Both houses have been represented in nearly the same manner from opposite sides of the world: a clear step-by-step assembly, disassembly, and transportation. Each requires one to two people to unload and assemble the unit. Both developers illustrate sections to convey three-dimensional qualities and systems. They draw each individual component to indicate quantity of pieces and location within the design. Each structure is an individual solution to an individual or personal set of thoughts, issues, and locations.

issuesp r i v a c ys e c u r i t ys t o r a g ee a s e . o f . m o b i l i t y

shelter.from.elementse l e c t r i c i t yw a t e r . s u p p l y

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The Urban Rest Stop is an infill project in Seattle, Washington. The program is simple: a laundry facility, restrooms, and shower rooms serving thousands in downtown Seattle. An open laundry area occupies the front of the building with bathroom facilities behind. There are large men’s and women’s restrooms and five separate shower rooms. All areas are available on a first-come, first-served sign-up basis. Soap, shaving cream, razors, toothbrushes, towels and other hygiene supplies are all available upon request.

The rest stop recently celebrated 10 years of service to nearly 30,000 unduplicated individuals.

“One has to wonder what people did before we opened our doors.” (Gilboa, 2010)

The use of an historic building allows the rest stop to recede into the cityscape and maintains the architectural character of the block. A small extended sign states the name, but the most important feature is the rest stop’s ability to blend into its context.

“Thirty years ago when I went to England, they

had public restrooms and showers. They have

them in Rome and in Paris and there’s no

reason why we can’t have them here, too.”

Ronni Gilboa (Willis,1999)

The storefront windows were maintained, ensuring visibility to and from the street. Nothing says, “homeless services” or “free laundry service,” just simply “Urban Rest Stop.”

During an interview with Ronni Gilboa, she expressed the importance of not hiding such facilities off of back alleyways. People using the services must be allowed dignity. Attempting to hide these resources is an attempt to hide a group of people and disassociate from those who do not fit it with the majority in a city or region. She discussed the value of dignified projects that encourage clients to become more integrated into the local community. This facility allows visitors to use the same streets and public realm as the local housed population.

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According to Healthcare for the Homeless: A Family Medicine Perspective, the two main underlying issues with diseases are unsanitary living conditions and poor hygiene. These contribute to skin conditions, dental issues, infections, and many other problems. Since access to healthcare services is often unpredictable, increased personal hygiene could reduce strain on the immune system and lessen the frequency of need for health services. Hygiene services can also increase one’s ability to care for and clean wounds or injuries.

headlines“Urban Rest Stop - 10 year track record - 29,000 served”“Urban Rest Stop, A Clean Break”“Julie Apartments To House Seattle’s 1st Public Hygiene Center”“Remodeled Downtown Hygiene Center Already at Capacity”“Urban Rest Stop lifts up the city’s down and out”“A unique appoach to helping Seattle’s homeless”“Rest Stop an urban oasis for Seattle’s homeless”“Urban Rest Stop - City should be commended”

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affordable housingsocial serviceshealth servicesfood supplierindustrial businessauto sales/servicesretaileducationfast food/drinkparks + public areasreligious

1/2 mile radius

1 mile radius

2 mile radius

SITE

Pleasant Run Creek

Interstate 70

Monument Circle

Interstate 65

E. Washington St.

women

fleeing

domestic

violence

26%

still employed19%

15%enrolled in

educa

on

programs

veterens22%

job losscited

as

#1 reasonfo

r

homelessness

34%

childrenunder

age 1824%

family mem

bers

39%

Indianapolis homeless data

gathered by the Indiana University

Public Policy Institute in

January 2010

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Responses to such complex issues as homelessness and poverty must work within a larger network woven through the city. This proposal synthesizes issues from three scales of proposals aimed to serve homeless or impoverished people in Indianapolis.

Analysis of Marion County data on foreclosure densities, percentages at or below of the area’s median income, and target areas of Indianapolis neighborhood stabilization programs pointed to the near-southeast side of the city as potentially needing additional resources. (See maps in appendix.)

A key component to siting a project is the existing network of Indianapolis service entities. The success and longevity of the project hinges on how it would integrate into its context.

In order to determine that context, the map to the left was created to label and locate all service-oriented organizations and facilities within the city. These consist of affordable housing, transitional housing, medical services, food services, social services, and public transportation.

A site on the near-southeast side at the corner of South Keystone Avenue and Prospect Street was selected due to its connection to an existing farmers’ market, industrial adjacency, and active but struggling surrounding neighborhood.

Within a 1-mile radius of the site, further analysis was conducted to identify features vital to a community’s potential for success: educational facilities, religious organizations, businesses, retail and commercial areas, and recreational space. (Details in appendix.)

To address heath and hygiene issues, basic human comfort, and access to clean water, the Water Stop would be situated immediately north of Wilcher’s Southside Farmers’ Market.

site

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The site is bounded to the north and east by an inactive heavy industrial plant. An industrial coke plant for nearly 100 years, the property poses numerous environmental hazards as it slowly becomes reappropriated into lighter industrial and commercial lots. (Citizens Gas Utility Plan)

The surrounding residential and industrial neighborhoods contain decaying and dilapidated but mostly occupied homes and businesses. The area is underserved by public amenities but does not lack in community spirit. Many residents have been in the area for years, even decades, and take pride in the neighborhood, as evidenced by the work done by the South East Community Organization (SECO).

M. Heidelberger

M. Heidelberger

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WIL

CHER

’S M

ARK

ET

PLEASANT RUN CREEK

Prospect St.S.

Key

ston

e Av

e.

PLEASANT RUN TRAIL

COKE UTILITY GAS STORAGE

Indian

apolis

Coke U

tility

Twin Aire Drive-In

SITE

Google

To the immediate south of the site, the family-owned Wilcher’s Southside Farmers Market is an area staple but is also struggling to survive tough economic conditions.

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N.

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W A T E R . S T O P V I S I T O R S

unsheltered homeless

people living in shelters

housed.people

employed.people

unemployed.people

on.the.way.to.work

on.the.way.to.school

after.work.or.school

industrial.workers

overcrowded.families

unaccompanied.youth

market.truck.drivers

farmers.market.vendors

job.applicants

community.gardeners

market customers

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one-stop-shop style facilities cannot solve

a community’s problems all in

one place

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wat

er s

top

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“There’s this bogus theory that if people get hungry and dirty enough, they’ll get a job. But how can you get a job if you’re not clean? If we want people clean and healthy, if we want a healthy community, we need to do this.” Ronni Gilboa on Seattle’s Urban Rest Stop, January 2008

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reduced risk of infectiondecreased healing time of prior infectionsreduced aggravation of other conditionsreduced demand for medical attentiondrinking water for pets of the homeless

employee cleanlinessclothing cleanlinessenables job searches and clean appearance at interviews

water for housed lacking adequate plumbingadditional facilities for overcrowded familiesallows industrial workers to clean up after work

ability to wash personalcarts/bikes outdoorsability to clean blankets +household linens

bio-remediation landscape helps filter industrial toxins out of ground water and soil on the sitefiltered land provides community garden area

rain water collection and gray water reuse lessen burden on city’s aging water infrastructureprovides a hub in an underserved neighborhooddraws people and support to an existing market

Access to clean water has the ability to offer personal infrastructure to individuals or families working to live their lives in the best way they can.

It is a basic human need.

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W A T E R - S T O Pwater core collection filtration redistributionlaundry + shower facilityadjacent café extended farmers’ marketbio-remediation landscape

38

WILCHER’S

Existing site including Wilcher’s Southside Farmer’s Market

Water core bisects the building between main hygiene area and café.

Welcoming Entry: Entrance area extends onto sidewalk, includes outdoor seating space

Site Visibility:Guests using laundry facilities can see out to storage area and garden plots to the north

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Phasing

Stage 1: Repair roof and structure of Wilcher’s Southside Farmers’ Market

Add front windows and door to proposed expanded market area

Build arbor over proposed outdoor market

Stage 2: Plant bio-remediation gardens to pull toxins out of the ground. Trees and large plants are removed and replaced after 5 years.

Replace topsoil for community garden plots north of Water Stop

Stage 3: Build Water Stop facility and surrounding outdoor seating spaces

Build adjoining café and community kitchen space

Site Movement

Vehicle traffic, deliveries

Delivery truck parking

Market food movement, sales to community, supply to cafe kitchen

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SITE WATER MOVEMENT

WATER NEEDS

supplied by harvested rain

water

supplied bycollected

gray water

supplied by Indianapolis

Water

*Demand calculated as an

average monthly need of 177,000

gallons

rain water filtration gardens

rooftop raincollection

area

permeable outdoor

market area

rooftop rain collection

area

permeable truck parking

area

[ ][ ][ ]

Sustainable design, planning, and construction practices are not to be reserved only for the elite clients. They should be available to all client bases and project types.

Large potentials for rain water harvesting and subsequent use onsite demonstrates the need for resource conservation regardless of project type. A facility with such high water consumption as this one must take advantage of natural resources in order to lessen the burden on aging city infrastructure.

Water is the focus inside and out:Rain water collected from all major roof surfaces (including the Water Stop and Wilcher’s Market) is directed to storage and filtration for use in the Water Stop’s facilities.

At the front of the Water Stop is a two-story water collection meter indicating the amount of rainwater available for reuse within the building at any given time. This also pushes water conservation into the community dialogue.

[ ][ ]

[ ][ ]

[ ]

Building Water Cycles

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Water collection from market

Supplies 36% of needs

uses:washing machines

showers

OVERALL WATER SYSTEM NETWORK

Water Stop conceptual section showing water circulation through building.

Rain water

City water supply

Gray water collection

Rain water from Wilcher’s Market

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Supplies 8% of building needs

uses:toilets, landscape

collected from sinks, washing

machines

Amount collected from building

Supplies 56% of needs

uses:sinks, drinking

water, dishwasher, showers not

supplied by rain water

[ ]=reference: average monthly residential water use for a family of 4 or 12,000 gallons

Additional calculations and data on water collection, estimated water demand, rain fall, and gray water catchment can be found in the appendix.

rain water

gray water

citywater

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Encompassing the need for clean drinking water and water for bathing and washing clothes, the Water Stop provides short and long term infrastructure and resources to the near-southeast side of Indianapolis. It would provide the ability to remain clean in order to gain or maintain employment and reduce health risks caused by inadequate sanitation. Offering socialization spaces in conjunction with an adjacent café and the existing family-owned Wilcher’s farmers’ market and truck service, the Water Stop allows people to be productive while waiting on laundry or in line for shower rooms.

Engaging a strong but overlooked neighborhood, it aims to integrate and strengthen the Indianapolis network by adding a unique set of services and amenities.

1 2 3

5 6

4

8 9

10

11 12

15

1 laundry area, comfortable seating, computer work stations2 individual shower rooms + storage space3 facility storage, loading dock, staff room4 entry courtyard with seating and rain water collection feature5 front desk check-in area6 public restroom area, shared sinks7 café dining area, waiting area8 café counter9 café kitchen + community kitchen10 rain water storage area11 cart + bike storage12 outdoor spigot13 bio-remediation + community gardens (see appendix)

16

14 outdoor market expansion area15 temporary market stands 16 herb garden plot for café17 truck + delivery entrance18 additional truck parking19 covered outdoor eating + gathering area20 shared parking for Wilcher’s Market, Water Stop, and Café

17

19

14

20

12

the WATER STOP

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1 shared kitchen for apartment rooms2 short-stay apartments for emergency shelter3 facility storage + staff space4 comfortable seating + children’s play area5 private shower room6 office space for case work, counseling, etc.7 administration office8 gray water collection + filtration9 rain water filtration10 rain water storage area

2 2 2

4 5 6 6 7

8 9 10

second floor

basement18

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1 3

Opportunities while waiting:Reading or studying at desk space or in other seating

Internet use at desk spaceEating a meal at the pay-what-you-can style caféPreparing food in the community portion of the café kitchen

Sitting in outdoor spaces

Visiting market

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LARGE LOCKERS for carts, bikes, or other possessions, visible from the laundry area. A place welcoming to carts and personal storage offers an added layer of comfort and security to those using the Water Stop.

BIO F ILTERS Planted beds used to filter discharged excess gray water on site. Will provide filtered water for adjacent community garden plots.

OUTDOOR SEATING for individuals and groups facing both the street and onsite garden areas. Seating will invite people to gather and linger on the site, encouraging neighborhood discourse and connection.

WATER GUAGE to indicate current levels of rain water stored on site. Places water at the forefront of the facility.

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SHADED OUTDOOR seating area at south café façade, facing Wilcher’s Southside Farmers’ Market.

OUTDOOR MARKETfor local vendors to sell produce and other wares.

TRUCK ACCESS for deliveries and back access to all buildings.

OUTDOOR MARKET addition to Wilcher’s Southside Farmers’ Market. Provides a connection to the Water Stop outdoor seating and increases market visibility.

WATER STORAGE for rain water collected from roofs.

LOADING DOCK for donations, supplies, and mechanical access.

CART ENTRY for facility users bringing larger items or carts into shower rooms.

OUTDOOR spigots for cart washing.

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2

3

PLANTED BUFFER zone between café seating and parking.

NEW WINDOWS and doors for added visibility into and out of Wilcher’s Market.

STORAGE Lockers

The main underlying issues in diseases among the homeless and near-homeless are unsanitary living conditions and poor hygiene. These contribute to skin conditions, dental issues, infections, and other health issues. Since access to healthcare services is often unpredictable, increased hygiene could reduce strain on one’s immune system and lessen the need for emergency health services. Hygiene services can also increase one’s ability to care for and clean wounds or injuries, preventing them from becoming larger health problems.

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CHECK- IN DESK for reserving shower and laundry times. The desk also contains information and referrals to other social services in the Indianapolis area, promoting a connected network.

RAIN COLLEC TION from the roof is visible on the main axis of the building. Water is stored in holding tanks immediately outside and filtered in basement.

WAITING AREA for shower rooms or laundry machines. Seating also lines the main hallway through the Water Stop, following skylights and the path of collected rain water.

Café seating looking at front entry and laundry area

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1

2

DRINKING WATER station containing free, clean drinking water open to the public.

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WORK STATIONS with computer space so users can maintain online contacts, check email, job listings, and news.

WIDE AISLES for easy movement of carts, laundry bins, and other storage methods.

FOLDING TABLES L IV ING ROOM STYLE SEATING for relaxed waiting during laundry time or in shower line.

LAUNDRY MACHINES 10 washing machines and 12 dryers.

FOLDING SPACE with views to outdoor storage area and bio-remediation gardens.

INDIVIDUAL SHOWER ROOMS with storage area and space for personal belongings that clients do not wish to leave in lockers. Individual rooms allow for clients’ privacy and dignity.

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Most importantly, the Water Stop demonstrates that EVERYONE deserves dignified access to clean water.

In focusing on a single element, water, the Water Stop is specific in program but able to serve a broad range of people. By providing resources needed by multiple groups of people, it becomes flexible to a neighborhood’s needs.

The aim is not to solve an entire city’s problems but to demonstrate that one resource, well-thought out and highly detailed, can fit into its context and reinforce the other existing resources of a community. It can provide additional support to people working to support themselves.

The resource is layered to address varied issues surrounding water.

At the site level, rain water is harvested to help supply the fixtures without overburdening local infrastructure. Carefully selected plants absorb toxins from industrially-polluted ground water and soil. After bio-remediation and soil renewal, the landscape will provide space for community members to maintain small garden patches.

The building collects and filters gray water for reuse inside the facility and to help maintain the planted areas at the north end of the site. Its footprint is small enough to allow the Wilcher family to continue occupying a large portion of the site for their trucking company.

People who use the Water Stop can benefit from a clean water source for drinking, bathing, cleaning clothes or other possessions, reducing health and infection risks, all while maintaining personal dignity.

As a water destination, the wide range of people using the site would bring new traffic to the adjacent farmers’ market. It could encourage interaction among various factions of the neighborhood, and strengthen the community dialogue.

Most importantly, the Water Stop demonstrates that EVERYONE deserves dignified access to clean water.

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Future expansion and development potential:

If successfully developed, the Water Stop could become part of its own new network weaving through Indianapolis with satellite facilities based on individual neighborhood characteristics.

Downtown: A commuter biking hub could serve downtown workers who bike into and around the city on a regular basis. It would house showers and individual bathrooms, bike storage, bike repairs, and a coffee shop. Sports Arenas: Near the various sports facilities in the city, the Water Stop could provide single public bathroom units in areas where large groups of fans congregate before and after sports games.

Social Areas: Near the downtown bar areas and around concert and festival venues, the Water Stop could have additional single public bathroom units much like in the sports areas.

Recreation: Showers and bathrooms could partner with biking and other excercise activity along the Monon Trail and other trails linked throughout the city.

Clothing: Laundry facilities could join local used clothing businesses to create a clothing and household linens exchange.

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Contents

Indianapolis + Marion County Maps: Neighborhood Analysis

Indianapolis Service Network Map

Site mapping data

Rain water collection calculations, building water calculations

Site Zoning

Indianapolis Homeless Study Data

Bio-Remediation Data

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SITE

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SITE

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SITE

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SITE

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IndyGo BUS ROUTES:Routes run across Washington Street and cross the city in several north/south routes. Most run from the edge of the city to the center and back over the course of the day.

While not strongly reliable, this system is often the only transit available to people using the network of services listed. Riders often wait long periods of time in harsh weather, as the majority of stops consist of nothing more than a sign with a route number. Few have benches, and even fewer have shelters to escape rain, wind, and snow.

HealthNet Dental CenterHealthNet OB/GYNHealthNet Administration OfficeHealth Recovery Program

SUPPORT SERVICES:Catholic CharitiesCoalition for Homelessness Intervention & Prevention[CHIP] Coburn PlaceCompassion CenterDamien CenterDanny’s Closet of HopeDayspring CenterDress for SuccessGood Shepherd Community CenterHoly Family ShelterHoosier Veterans Assistance Foundation (HVAF)Horizon HouseIndy Housing AuthorityJohn H. Boner Community CenterLighthouse MissionNeighborhood Christian Legal ClinicOutreach IndianaSalvation Army Women and Children’s ShelterSalvation Army CenterSalvation Army Food CenterSalvation Army Worship Center & Adult Rehabilitation ServicesSchool on WheelsWheeler MissionWheeler Mission Center for Women and Children

OTHER:Indianapolis Central LibraryPogue’s Run Grocery Co-Opvisited December 22, 2010 with Ashley Smith, former Director of Property Development at PIHDC

HOUSING:Blue TriangleBurton Apartments Colonial Park*Crown Pointe ApartmentsThe Georgetown Gladstone*Guerin PlaceLinwood ManorMapleton Park Mozingo Place*(Partners in Housing Development Corporation)

Amber Woods Cooperative Beechwood Gardens Bishop Joseph D. Farris Living Center Blackburn TerraceByrne Court ApartmentsConcord VillageHawthorne PlaceHoly Family Transitional Housing Indiana Ave. ApartmentsJohn J. Barton Apartments Laurelwood Apartments Lugar Tower Apartments One Step Two StepsRed Maple GroveRowney TerraceTwin Hills

FOOD SERVICES:Cathedral KitchenGleaners Food BankSecond HelpingsSt. Vincent de Paul Food Pantry

HEALTH SERVICES:Gennesaret Free ClinicGennesaret Dental Clinic Gennesaret Mobile ClinicsHealthNet Care Center

*

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Auto Sales (2)Auto Service + Repair (6)Tire Sales (2)

RELIGIOUS FACILITIES (12)

PARKS + RECREATION:Parks (4)Pleasant Run TrailSoutheast Community OrganizationEDUCATION:Christian School DaycareEarly Childhood CenterElementary School (2)

FOOD + BEVERAGEBarFast FoodGrocery StoreLiquor Store (2)Restaurant (2)

SUPPORT SERVICES (5) see previous page

AFFORDABLE HOUSING (6) previous page

COMMERCIAL + RETAILAce HardwareAppliance Sales + Service BarberCash AdvanceFamily DollarGas Station (2)Roofing Company (2)

SITE SELECTION:The dashed box in the 3000 block of E. Washington St. is a potential historic renovation of the 1924 P.R. Mallory Building into affordable housing units.

The dashed yellow triangle is the site selected for the Indianapolis Water Stop facility and bio-remediation gardens

INDUSTRIAL BUSINESSES:Advanced Municipal EquipmentAppliance RecyclingDairy PlantEngineered CoatingsEwing Light MetalsHydraulicsIndianapolis Drum ServicesIndy Recycling and Transfer StationInterstate WarehousingMaterials Handling WarehouseMetal FinishingMidwest MachineryOmniSource MetalsPlywood DistributionStorage FacilityTool + Supply ShopToyoshima Steel

AUTO SERVICES:Auto Parts (3)

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Month Inches (in ft.) Ft.3 Gallons Ft.3 Gallons Total % DemandJan 2.3 0.192 1,449 10,837 2,818 21,075 31,912 18.0%Feb 2.5 0.208 1,575 11,779 3,063 22,908 34,687 19.6%Mar 3.8 0.317 2,394 17,905 4,655 34,819 52,724 29.8%Apr 3.7 0.308 2,331 17,434 4,533 33,903 51,337 29.0%May 4 0.333 2,520 18,847 4,900 36,652 55,499 31.4%Jun 3.5 0.292 2,205 16,491 4,288 32,071 48,562 27.4%Jul 4.5 0.375 2,835 21,203 5,513 41,234 62,436 35.3%Aug 3.6 0.300 2,268 16,962 4,410 32,987 49,949 28.2%Sep 2.9 0.242 1,827 13,664 3,553 26,573 40,237 22.7%Oct 2.6 0.217 1,638 12,251 3,185 23,824 36,074 20.4%Nov 3.3 0.275 2,079 15,549 4,043 30,238 45,787 25.9%Dec 3.3 0.275 2,079 15,549 4,043 30,238 45,787 25.9%

25,197 188,471 49,000 annually554,991366,520

Water Stop Roof Collection Wilcher’s Roof Collection

Totals

Fixtures Qty Supply Collect Outflow GPM Gal/Use Time(mins)Daily Use Units Gal/Day Gal/Mon. Collect/Day Collect/Mon.Shower 11 gray yes gray 2 20 10 170 washes 3400 102000 3230 96900Washing mach. 10 gray yes gray 2 15 25 100 washes 1500 45000 1425 42750Bathroom sink 19 gray no black 0.5 2.5 5 600 mins 300 9000Toilet 18 gray no black 1.6 1.6 n/a 300 flushes 480 14400Kitchen sink 3 city no black 1 10 10 10 users 100 3000Drinking water 2 city n/a minimal 0.5 1 2 100 users 100 3000Dish washer 1 city yes gray 2 10 60 2 washes 20 600 19 570

Total: 5900 177000 4674 140220Total Daily Use 5900Collected Gray Water 4674 79.2% recovered

rain water 36% 63,796 gallons

14,400 gallons

99,120 gallons

gray water 8%

city water 56%

total water 100% 177,000 gallonsMontly Water Demand

Rainfall data source: http://countrystudies.us/united-states/weather/indiana/indianapolis.htm

Estimated Water Needs for Facility

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Zoning District Synopsis:I-3-U Medium Industrial Urban District“This district is designed as an intermediate central city district for industries which are heavier in character than those permitted in the Light Industrial Urban District but which are not of the heaviest industrial types.

Because of the nature of these industries, the district will be located away from protected districts and buffered by lighter industrial districts. Where this district abuts protected districts, setbacks are large and enclosure of activities and storage is required.”

Selected I-3 Permitted Uses:Industrial bakery.Electroplating operations.Motor Truck Terminals.Power Plant: electric, steam, thermal.Rolling or extruding of metal.Vehicle storage.Manufacture, assembly, or repair of:Household appliances, boats, motor vehicles,Glass, paints & dyes, paper,Structural metal,Textile mills, etc.I-2-U uses.

I-2-U Uses:Bottling of beverages.Contractors.Industrial schools or training facilities.Printing & publishing.Upholstering shops.Manufacture, assembly, or repair: biological products, computers, electrical components, milk & dairy products, pharmaceutical goods, tools, etc.I-1-U uses.

Selected I-3-U Development Standards:Minimum building side & rear yards: 10 feet.Minimum building front transitional yard: 40 feet.Minimum building side & rear transitional yards: 40 feet.Minimum transitional yards abutting a railroad or spur: 0 feet.Maximum building height not along a transitional yard: 35 feet.Maximum building height along a transitional yard:* 22 feet.* Height may increase 1 foot for each 1 foot increase in transitional yard, up to a maximum height of 35 feet.Minimum Required Parking computed on the basis of the greatest estimated number of persons at any period: One space per 2 personsOutside operations & storage area limitation as a % of the total gross floor area of enclosed structures and buildings: 50%All operations, servicing or process must be enclosed operations if located within 300 feet of a protected district.Outside storage must be enclosed by 6-10 ft. fence and screened if located within 300 feet of a protected district.

Citizens Gas Coke Utility:Zoned I-4-U [Heavy Industrial Urban District]

Surrounding Land:D-5 [Medium Density Urban Dwelling]C-4 [Community-Regional Commercial District]SU-1 [Religious Use]

Sources: Indianapolis Zoning Browserhttp://imaps.indygov.org/Zoning/

Zoning Synopsishttp://www.indy.gov/eGov/City/DMD/Planning/Zoning/ordinances/Zoning%20Synopsis.pdf

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I-4-U

D-5

D-5C-4

C-4 C-4

SU-1

I-3-U

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“According to HUD’s definition, a person is considered homeless if he or she meets one of two different classifications: 1) resides in a place not meant for human habitation, such as a car, park, sidewalk, abandoned building, or on the street (unsheltered homeless); or 2) resides in an emergency shelter or transitional housing for persons who originally came from the streets or emergency shelters (sheltered homeless).”

Findings:“There were 1,488 individuals experiencing homelessness in Marion County on the date of the count (January 21, 2010). According to Table 1, that is an increase of 34 people from the Winter 2009 count. The number of people in emergency shelters decreased while the numbers in transitional housing increased and the number of unsheltered that we found decreased. As discussed below, an additional 143 individuals would have been homeless at some point leading up to and possibly including the night of the count but for the positive impact of prevention initiatives and a new federal program for prevention and intervention with individuals with low barriers to housing. In addition, anecdotal information available from shelters and service providers suggests that the number of unsheltered individuals found on the night of the count would be higher but for the negative impact of the inclement weather on that night and individuals who elected not to participate in the survey.”

Of those who answered the question (825 adults), a total of 19 percent reported that they were employed (down from 25 percent in 2009), and another 15 percent reported that they were in school (up from 12 percent in 2009).

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Source: Indiana University School of Public Policyhttp://www.policyinstitute.iu.edu/PubsPDFs/Homeless_PPI_Pr4.pdf

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bio-remediation

In order to begin detoxifying the area surrounding the now-inactive Indianapolis Coke Utility, plants known to absorb chemicals and metals from the ground or to filter water.

The bio-remediation areas would line the property edge shared by Wilcher’s and the railroad and occupy the northern part of the site closest to the utility plant.

The following plants would help to clean the Water Stop site and lessen the negative environmental impact of the industrial site.Plant name (toxin absorbed)Birch Trees (chromium)Broadleaf Arrowhead & Water Hyacinth (selenium)Perennial Ryegrass (petroleum products)Winter Vetch (petroleum products)Willow Trees (benzene)

Sources:

http://www.superorg.net/archive/proposal/plant%20species%20phyto.pdfhttp://www.clu-in.org/download/remed/phytotechnologies-factsheet.pdf

Images

10 __ Bicycle Storage Cart

11 __ Urban Rest Stop client

12 __ Partners in Housing, Colonial Park Apartments

12 __ Resource Access Center, Portland, OR

13 __ Second Helps Culinary Job Training School

15 __ Downtown Drop In Center

18 __ Critical Vehicles

19 __ Portland Loo

20 __ Bubble House

21 __ Zero Yen House

22 __ Urban Rest Stop

30 __ Indianapolis Citizens Gas Coke Utility

http://news.change.org/stories/why-i-choose-streets-over-shelter

http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/Rest-Stop-an-urban-oasis-for-Seattle-s-homeless-1182095.php#

Google street view

http://chatterbox.typepad.com/portlandarchitecture/2009/09/resource-access-center-for-homeless-going-forward-after-urban-renewal-settlement.html

http://www.secondhelpings.org/culinary-job-training

images 1 - 3: http://www.lehrerarchitects.com/inst/dropin/dropin.htmimages 4 - 5: http://www.architectureweek.com/2001/0411/design_2-1.html

sketch: http://www.xcp.bfn.org/ascher.htmlimages: http://www.xcp.bfn.org/ascher.htmlhttp://evictionart.blogspot.com/2008/12/name-of-artist-title-of-piece.html

http://www.portlandonline.com/water/index.cfm?c=51250&

http://bubbleprototype.blogspot.com/

sketches + image: http://www.0yenhouse.com/en/A_Solar_Zero_Yen_House/

left: Google street viewtop right: http://www.urbanreststop.org/bottom right: http://www.urbanreststop.org/urban-rest-stop-laundry.html

top: http://www.flickr.com/photos/mmheidelberger/tags/indianapoliscoke/sewer: http://www.flickr.com/photos/mmheidelberger/4302031326/industry: http://www.flickr.com/photos/mmheidelberger/sets/72157613726407062/with/3274912875/

31 __ Wilcher’s Southside Farmers’ Market

32 __ Neighborhood houses

57 __ Neighborhood Stabilization + Density Maps

66 __ Indianapolis Homeless Count

69 __ Bio-remediation

Google street view

Google street view

http://www.indy.gov/eGov/City/DMD/Community/Pages/home.aspx

charts: http://www.chipindy.org/uploaded/2010%20Homeless%20Count%20Report%20Final.pdf

birch tree: http://www.panoramio.com/photo/28024716broadleaf arrowhead: http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SALA2water hyacinth: http://amuraquatics.com/problemweeds1.htmlryegrass: http://www.dlfis.com/R_and_D/Forage_Breeding/Italian_ryegrass.aspxvicia villosa: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vicia_villosa.jpegwillow tree: http://www.dlfis.com/R_and_D/Forage_Breeding/Italian_ryegrass.aspx

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“A Dream Denied: The Criminalization of Homelessness in U.S. Cities.” National Coalition for the Homeless. Web. 25 Nov. 2010. <http://www.nationalhomeless.org/publications/crimreport/ meanestcities.html>.

Citizens Energy Group. Proposed Reuse Vision. Rep. Indianapolis: CAMS, 2009.

City of Indianapolis and Marion County. Web. <http://www.indy.gov/eGov/City/DMD/Community/Pages/home.aspx>.

Davis, Sam. Designing for the Homeless: Architecture That Works. Berkeley: Univ. of California, 2004.

“Design.” BuBbLe. Web. 10 Dec. 2010. <http://bubbleprototype.blogspot.com/>.

Gilboa, Ronni. Personal interview. 05 Oct. 2010.

Herman, D B, and J. Manuel. “Populations at Special Health Risk: The Homeless.” (2008): 261-68. Elsevier. Web.

Invisiblepeopletv. “Eric.” YouTube - Broadcast Yourself. Web. 10 Dec. 2010. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6g2gewmzx6U&feature=player_embedded>.

Kimm, Alice. “ArchitectureWeek - Design - Downtown Drop-In Center - 2001.0411.” ArchitectureWeek - 2010.1201. Web. 10 Dec. 2010. <http://www.architectureweek.com/2001/0411/design_2-1.html>.

Libby, Brian. “The Portland Loo: Design, Entrepreneurship, NIMBYism.” Chatterbox. 24 Sept. 2010. Web. 01 Dec. 2010. <http://chatterbox.typepad.com/portlandarchitecture/2010/09/the-portland-loo-design-entrepreneurship-nimbyism.html>.

Littlepage, Laura, and Jaree Ervin-Weeks. Focusing on Rapid Re-Housing Combats Family Homelessness in Indianapolis. Rep. Indiana University Public Policy Institute, Jan. 2010. Web. Nov. 2010. <http://www.chipindy.org/uploaded/2010%20Homeless%20Count%20Report%20Final.pdf>.

Lopez, Steve. “Life on the Streets.” Los Angeles Times. 2005. Web. 10 Dec. 2010. <http://www. latimes.com/news/local/la-me-lopez16oct16-series,1,1478819.special>.

Post, Pat, ed. “Operation Safety Net: Outreach to Unsheltered Homeless People.” Healing Hands 2 (Nov. 1998): 1. Breaking the Links between Poor Health and Homelessness. National Healthcare for the Homeless Council, Nov. 1998. Web. Feb. 2011. <http://www.nhchc.org/Network/HealingHands/1998/hh.11_98.pdf>.

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Raymond, Josie. “Why Many Homeless People Choose Streets Over Shelters.” Good News. Web. 08 Dec. 2010. <http://www.tonic.com/article/why-many-homeless-people-choose-streets-over-shelters/>.

Santos, Fernanda. “In the Shadows, Day Laborers Left Homeless as Work Vanishes.” New York Times. 01 Jan. 2010. Web. 10 Nov. 2010. <http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/02/nyregion/02laborers. html?_r=2&scp=1&sq=In%20the%20Shadows,%20Day%20Laborers&st=cse>.

Schmader, David. “A Clean Break: Urban Rest Stop.” The Stranger - Seattle’s Only Newspaper. Web. 23 Nov. 2010. <http://www.thestranger.com/seattle/Content?oid=490774>.

SlumJack. “Why I Choose Streets Over Shelter.” Web log post. Poverty in America. 03 June 2009. Web. 02 Dec. 2010. < http://news.change.org/stories/why-i-choose-streets-over-shelter >.

Usatine, Richard P., Lillian Gelberg, Mary H. Smith, and Janna Lesser. “Health Care for the Homeless: a Family Medicine Perspective.” American Family Physician 49.1 (1994): 139-46.

Willis, Ragan. “Julie Apartments Will Combine Seattle’s First Public Hygiene Center and Low-income Housing.” Seattle DJC Newspaper. 18 Oct. 1999. Web. 1 Dec. 2010. <http://www.djc.com/news/re/10059535.html>.

Wodiczko, Krzysztof. Critical Vehicles: Writings, Projects, Interviews. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1999.

“YouTube - MsBassgurl’s Channel.” YouTube - Broadcast Yourself. June-July 2010. Web. 12 Mar. 2011. <http://www.youtube.com/user/MsBassgurl>.

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