Indian Space Research Organisation

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Indian Space Research Organisation 1

Indian Space Research Organisation

Coordinates: 12580N 77340E [1]

Indian Space Research Organisation

Acronym ISRO

Owner India

Established 15 August 1969

(superseded INCOSPAR)

Headquarters Bengaluru, India

Primary spaceport Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh

Motto Space Technology in the Service of Human Kind

Administrator K. Radhakrishnan, Chairman

Budget 67.92 billion (US$1.1 billion) (201314)[2][3]

Website www.isro.gov.in[4]

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO, /sro/; Hindi: Bhratya Antarik

Anusandhn Sangahan) is the primary space agency of India. ISRO is among the largest government space agencies

in the world. Its primary objective is to advance space technology and use its applications for national benefit.

Established in 1969, ISRO superseded the erstwhile Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR).

Headquartered in Bengaluru, ISRO is under the administrative control of the Department of Space, Government of

India.

Since its establishment, ISRO has achieved numerous milestones. It built India's first satellite, Aryabhata, which waslaunched by the Soviet Union on 19 April in 1975. In 1980, Rohini became the first satellit e to be placed in orbit by

an Indian-made launch vehicle, SLV-3. ISROsubsequently developed two other rockets: the Polar Satellite Launch

Vehicle (PSLV) for launching satellites into polar orbits and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV)

for placing satellites into geostationary orbits. These rockets have launched numerous communications satellites and

earth observation satellites. On 22 October 2008, India sent its first mission to the Moon, known as Chandrayaan-1.

On 5 November 2013, ISRO launched its Mars Orbiter Mission, which successfully entered the Mars orbit on 24

September 2014, making India the first nation to succeed on its maiden attempt and the first Asian country to reach

Mars orbit. Future plans include indigenous development of GSLV, manned space missions, further lunar

exploration, mars exploration and interplanetary probes.

Over the years, ISRO has also conducted a variety of operations for both Indian and foreign clients. ISRO's satellite

launch capability is mostly provided by indigenous launch vehicles and launch sites. ISRO has several field
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installations as assets, and cooperates with the international community as a part of several bilateral and multilateral

agreements. The June 2014 launch of five foreign satellites by the PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle) became an

impetus for Prime Minister Narendra Modi to proclaim his ability of showcasing India as a champion of its

neighboring countries, and thus envisioning development of a satellite which will be used by its neighbouring

countries, as gift from India.[5]

Formative years

Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, the father of India's Space

Programme.

Modern space research in India is most visibly traced to the 1920s,

when the scientist S. K. Mitra conducted a series of experiments

leading to the sounding of the ionosphere by application of ground

based radio methods in Calcutta.[6] Later, Indian scientists like C.V.

Raman and Meghnad Saha contributed to scientific principles

applicable in space sciences. However, it was the period after 1945

which saw important developments being made in coordinated space

research in India. Organised space research in India was spearheaded

by two scientists: Vikram Sarabhaifounder of the Physical Research

Laboratory at Ahmedabadand Homi Bhabha, who established the

Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in 1945. Initial experiments in

space sciences included the study of cosmic radiation, high altitude and

airborne testing of instruments, deep underground experimentation at

the Kolar minesone of the deepest mining sites in the world and

studies of the upper atmosphere.[7] Studies were carried out at research

laboratories, universities, and independent locations.[8]

In 1950, the Department of Atomic Energy was founded with Homi

Bhabha as its secretary. The Department provided funding for space research throughout India.[9] During this time,tests continued on aspects of meteorology and the Earth's magnetic field, a topic which was being studied in India

since the establishment of the observatory at Colaba in 1823. In 1954, the Uttar Pradesh state observatory was

established at the foothills of the Himalayas. The Rangpur Observatory was set up in 1957 at Osmania University,

Hyderabad. Both these facilities enjoyed the technical support and scientific cooperation of the United States of

America. Space research was further encouraged by the technically inclined Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal

Nehru. In 1957, the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik and opened up possibilities for the rest of the world

to conduct a space launch. INCOSPAR was found in 1962 with Vikram Sarabhai as its chairman.

Goals and objectivesThe prime objective of Indian space research organisation (ISRO) is to develop space technology and its application

to various national tasks. The Indian space programme was driven by the vision of Dr Vikram Sarabhai, considered

the father of Indian Space Programme.[10] As he said in 1969: Both China and India are great countries,

There are some who question the relevance of space activities in a developing nation. To us, there is no ambiguity of purpose. We do not have

the fantasy of competing with the economically advanced nations in the exploration of the Moon or the planets or manned space-flight. But we

are convinced that if we are to play a meaningful role nationally, and in the community of nations, we must be second to none in the

application of advanced technologies to the real problems of man and society. '

As the former Indian President Dr APJ Abdul Kalam said:
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Many individuals with myopic vision questioned the relevance of space activities in a newly independent nation, which was finding it difficult

to feed its population. Their vision was clear if Indians were to play meaningful role in the community of nations, they must be second to none

in the application of advanced technologies to their real-life problems. They had no intention of using it as a means of displaying our

might.[11]

India's economic progress has made its space programme more visible and active as the country aims for greater

self-reliance in space technology. Hennock etc. hold that India also connects space exploration to national prestige,further stating: "This year India has launched 11 satellites, including nine from other countriesand it became the

first nation to launch 10 satellites on one rocket."[] ISRO has successfully put into operation two major satellite

systems namely Indian National Satellites (INSAT) for communication services and Indian Remote Sensing (IRS)

satellites for management of natural resources. ISRO has also developed the PSLV for launching IRS type of

satellites and GSLV for launching INSAT type of satellites.

On July 2012, the former President, Dr APJ Abdul Kalam said that research was being done by ISRO and DRDO for

developing cost reduction technologies for access to space.

Launch vehicle fleet

Comparison of Indian carrier rockets. Left to

right: SLV, ASLV, PSLV, GSLV, GSLV Mk.III.

During the 1960s and 1970s, India initiated its own launch vehicle

programme owing to geopolitical and economic considerations. In the

1960s1970s, the country successfully developed a sounding rockets

programme, and by the 1980s, research had yielded the Satellite

Launch Vehicle-3 and the more advanced Augmented Satellite Launch

Vehicle (ASLV), complete with operational supporting

infrastructure.[12] ISRO further applied its energies to the advancement

of launch vehicle technology resulting in the creation of PSLV and

GSLV technologies.

Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV)

Main article: Satellite Launch Vehicle

Status:Decommissioned

The Satellite Launch Vehicle, usually known by its abbreviation SLV or SLV-3 was a 4-stage solid-propellant light

launcher. It was intended to reach a height of 500 km and carry a payload of 40 kg. Its first launch took place in 1979

with 2 more in each subsequent year, and the final launch in 1983. Only two of its four test flights were successful.

Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV)Main article: ASLV

Status:Decommissioned

The Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle, usually known by its abbreviation ASLV was a 5-stage solid propellant

rocket with the capability of placing a 150 kg satellite into LEO. This project was started by the ISRO during the

early 1980s to develop technologies needed for a payload to be placed into a geostationary orbit. Its design was

based on Satellite Launch Vehicle. The first launch test was held in 1987, and after that 3 others followed in 1988,

1992 and 1994, out of which only 2 were successful, before it was decommissioned.
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Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)

Main article: PSLV

Status:Active

The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, usually known by its abbreviation PSLV, is an expendable launch system

developed to allow India to launch its Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites into Sun synchronous orbits, a service

that was, until the advent of the PSLV, commercially viable only from Russia. PSLV can also launch small satellites

into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). The reliability and versatility of the PSLV is proven by the fact that it has

launched 70 satellites / spacecraft ( 30 Indian and 40 Foreign Satellites) into a variety of orbits so far. [13][14] In April

2008, it successfully launched 10 satellites at once, breaking a world record held by Russia.

On 30 June 2014, the PSLV flew its 25th consecutive successful launch mission, delivering a payload of five foreign

satellites into orbit. Its only failure in 26 flights was its maiden voyage in September 1993, providing the rocket with

a 96 percent success rate.[15]

Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV)

Main article: GSLVStatus:Active

The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, usually known by its abbreviation GSLV, is an expendable launch

system developed to enable India to launch its INSAT-type satellites into geostationary orbit and to make India less

dependent on foreign rockets. At present, it is ISRO's heaviest satellite launch vehicle and is capable of putting a

total payload of up to 5 tons to Low Earth Orbit. The vehicle is built by India with the cryogenic engine purchased

from Russia while the ISRO develops its own engine programme.

In a setback for ISRO, the attempt to launch the GSLV, GSLV-F07 carrying GSAT-5P, failed on 25 December 2010.

The initial evaluation implies that loss of control for the strap-on boosters caused the rocket to veer from its intended

flight path, forcing a programmed detonation. Sixty-four seconds into the first stage of flight, the rocket began tobreak up due to the acute angle of attack. The body housing the 3rd stage, the cryogenic stage, incurred structural

damage, forcing the range safety team to initiate a programmed detonation of the rocket.

On 5 January 2014, GSLV D5 successfully launched GSAT-14 into intended orbit. This also marked first successful

flight using indigenous cryogenic engine, making India sixth country in the world to have this technology.

Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark-III (GSLV III)

Main article: GSLV III

Status:Active

The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark-III is a launch vehicle currently under development by theIndian Space Research Organisation. It is intended to launch heavy satellites into geostationary orbit, and will allow

India to become less dependent on foreign rockets for heavy lifting. The rocket, though the technological successor

to the GSLV, however is not derived from its predecessor.

A GSLV III is planned to launch on a suborbital test flight in the third quarter of 2014/15; This suborbital test flight

will demonstrate the performance of the GSLV Mk.3 in the atmosphere. This launch has been delayed from May,

June, July and August of 2014.
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Earth observation and communication satellites

INSAT-1B.

India's first satellite, the Aryabhata, was launched by the Soviet Union

on 19 April 1975 from Kapustin Yar using a Cosmos-3M launch

vehicle. This was followed by the Rohini series of experimental

satellites which were built and launched indigenously. At present,

ISRO operates a large number of earth observation satellites.

The INSAT series

Main article: Indian National Satellite System

INSAT (Indian National Satellite System) is a series of multipurpose

geostationary satellites launched by ISRO to satisfy the

telecommunications, broadcasting, meteorology and search-and-rescue

needs of India. Commissioned in 1983, INSAT is the largest domestic

communication system in the Asia-Pacific Region. It is a joint venture

of the Department of Space, Department of Telecommunications, India Meteorological Department, All India Radioand Doordarshan. The overall coordination and management of INSAT system rests with the Secretary-level INSAT

Coordination Committee.

The IRS series

Main article: Indian Remote Sensing satellite

Indian Remote Sensing satellites (IRS) are a series of earth observation satellites, built, launched and maintained by

ISRO. The IRS series provides remote sensing services to the country. The Indian Remote Sensing Satellite system

is the largest constellation of remote sensing satellites for civilian use in operation today in the world. All the

satellites are placed in polar Sun-synchronous orbit and provide data in a variety of spatial, spectral and temporalresolutions to enable several programmes to be undertaken relevant to national development. The initial versions are

composed of the 1 (A,B, C, D) nomenclature. The later versions are named based on their area of application

including OceanSat, CartoSat, Resource Sat.

Radar Imaging Satellites

ISRO currently operates two Radar Imaging Satellites. RISAT-1 was launched from Sriharikota Spaceport on 26

April 2012 on board a PSLV.RISAT-1 carries a C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) payload, operating in a

multi-polarisation and multi-resolution mode and can provide images with coarse, fine and high spatial resolutions.

India also operates RISAT-2 which was launched in 2009 and acquired from Israel at a cost $110 million.

Other satellites

ISRO has also launched a set of experimental geostationary satellites known as the GSAT series. Kalpana-1, ISRO's

first dedicated meteorological satellite, was launched by the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle on 12 September 2002.

The satellite was originally known as MetSat-1. In February 2003 it was renamed to Kalpana-1 by the Indian Prime

Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in memory of Kalpana Chawla a NASA astronaut of Indian origin who perished in

Space Shuttle Columbia.

ISRO has also successfully launched the Indo-French satellite SARAL on 25 February 2013, 12:31 UTC.SARAL or

Satellite with ARgos and ALtiKa is a cooperative altimetry technology mission. It is being used for monitoring the

oceans surface and sea-levels.AltiKa will measure ocean surface topography with an accuracy of 8 mm, against2.5 cm on average using current-generation altimeters, and with a spatial resolution of 2 km.
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In June 2014, India launched Singapore's first nano satellite (VELOX-I), Canada's (CAN-X5), AISAT of Germany

and French Earth Observation Satellite SPOT-7 besides its primary payload of 714 kg via the PSLV-C23. [16][17]

Satellite navigation

GAGANMain article: GPS-aided geo-augmented navigation

The Ministry of Civil Aviation has decided to implement an indigenous Satellite-Based Regional GPS Augmentation

System also known as Space-Based Augmentation System (SBAS) as part of the Satellite-Based Communications,

Navigation and Surveillance (CNS)/Air Traffic Management (ATM) plan for civil aviation. The Indian SBAS

system has been given an acronym GAGAN GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation. A national plan for satellite

navigation including implementation of Technology Demonstration System (TDS) over the Indian air space as a

proof of concept has been prepared jointly by Airports Authority of India (AAI) and ISRO. TDS was successfully

completed during 2007 by installing eight Indian Reference Stations (INRESs) at eight Indian airports and linked to

the Master Control Centre (MCC) located near Bengaluru.

The first GAGAN navigation payload has been fabricated and it was proposed to be flown on GSAT-4 during Apr

2010. However, GSAT-4 was not placed in orbit as GSLV-D3 could not complete the mission. Two more GAGAN

payloads will be subsequently flown, one each on two geostationary satellites, GSAT-8 and GSAT-10. On 12 May

2012, ISRO announced the successful testing of its indigenous cryogenic engine for 200 seconds for its forthcoming

GSLV-D5 flight.

The IRNSS series

Main article: IRNSS

IRNSS is an independent regional navigation satellite system being developed by India. It is designed to provide

accurate position information service to users in India as well as the region extending up to 1500 km from itsboundary, which is its primary service area. IRNSS will provide two types of services, namely, Standard Positioning

Service (SPS) and Restricted Service (RS) and is expected to provide a position accuracy of better than 20 m in the

primary service area. It is an autonomous regional satellite navigation system being developed by Indian Space

Research Organisation which would be under total control of Indian government. The requirement of such a

navigation system is driven by the fact that access to Global Navigation Satellite Systems like GPS are not

guaranteed in hostile situations. ISRO plans to launch the constellation of satellites between 2012 and 2014.

ISRO on 1 July 2013, at 23:41Hrs IST launched from Sriharikota the First Indian Navigation Satellite the

IRNSS-1A. The IRNSS-1A was launched aboard PSLV-C22. The constellation would be comprising 7 satellites of

I-1K bus each weighing around 1450 Kilograms, with three satellites in the Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) and 4

in Geosynchronous Earth Orbit(GSO). The constellation would be completed around 2015.

On 4 April 2014, at 17:14 Hrs IST ISRO has launched IRNSS-1B from Sriharikota, its second of seven IRNSS

series. After 19 mins of launch PSLV-C24 has successfully injected into its orbit.

Human spaceflight programme

Main article: Indian human spaceflight programme

The Indian Space Research Organisation has proposed a budget of 124 billion (US$2.0 billion) for its human

spaceflight programme. According to the Space Commission which recommended the budget, an unmanned flight

will be launched after 7 years of final approval. [18] and a manned mission will be launch after 7 years of

funding.[19][20] If realised in the stated time-frame, India will become the fourth nation, after the USSR, US and

China, to successfully carry out manned missions indigenously.
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Technology demonstration

The Space Capsule Recovery Experiment (SCRE or more commonly SRE or SRE-1) is an experimental Indian

spacecraft which was launched using the PSLV C7 rocket, along with three other satellites. It remained in orbit for

12 days before re-entering the Earth's atmosphere and splashing down into the Bay of Bengal. The SRE-1 was

designed to demonstrate the capability to recover an orbiting space capsule, and the technology for performing

experiments in the microgravity conditions of an orbiting platform. It was also intended to test thermal protection,navigation, guidance, control, deceleration and flotation systems, as well as study hypersonic aero-thermodynamics,

management of communication blackouts, and recovery operations. ISRO also plans to launch SRE-2 and SRE-3 in

the near future to test advanced re-entry technology for future manned missions.

Astronaut training and other facilities

ISRO will set up an astronaut training centre in Bengaluru to prepare personnel for flights on board the crewed

vehicle. The centre will use simulation facilities to train the selected astronauts in rescue and recovery operations and

survival in zero gravity, and will undertake studies of the radiation environment of space. ISRO will build

centrifuges to prepare astronauts for the acceleration phase of the mission. It also plans to build a new Launch pad to

meet the target of launching a manned space mission in 7 years of funding clearance. This would be the third

launchpad at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota.

Development of crew vehicle

GSLV Mk III payload fairing assembly mockup

Main article: ISRO Orbital Vehicle

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is working towards a

maiden manned Indian space mission vehicle that can carry three

astronauts for seven days in a near earth orbit. The Indian manned

spacecraft temporarily named as Orbital Vehicle intends to be the basis

of indigenous Indian human spaceflight programme. The capsule willbe designed to carry three people, and a planned upgraded version will

be equipped with a rendezvous and docking capability. In its maiden

manned mission, ISRO's largely autonomous 3-ton capsule will orbit

the Earth at 400 km in altitude for up to seven days with a two-person

crew on board. The crew vehicle would launch atop of ISRO's GSLV

Mk II, currently under development. The GSLV Mk II features an

indigenously developed cryogenic upper-stage engine. The first test of

the cryogenic engine, held on 15 April 2010, failed as the cryogenic

phase did not perform as expected and rocket deviated from the

planned trajectory. However the second test of the indigenouscryogenic engine was successful on 5 January 2014.
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Planetary sciences and astronomy

India's space era dawned when the first two-stage sounding rocket was launched from Thumba in 1963. Even before

this, noteworthy contributions were made by the Indian scientists in the following areas of space science research:

Cosmic rays and high energy astronomy using both ground based as well as balloon borne experiments/studies

such as neutron/meson monitors, Geiger Muller particle detectors/counters etc.

Ionospheric research using ground based radio propagation techniques such as ionosonde, VLF/HF/VHF radioprobing, a chain of magnetometer stations etc.

Upper atmospheric research using ground based optical techniques such as Dobson spectrometers for

measurement of total ozone content, air glow photometers etc.

Indian astronomers have been carrying out major investigations using a number of ground based optical and radio

telescopes with varying sophistication.

With the advent of the Indian space programme, emphasis was laid on indigenous, self-reliant and state-of-the-art

development of technology for immediate practical applications in the fields of space science research activities in

the country.

There is a national balloon launching facility at Hyderabad jointly supported by TIFR and ISRO. This facility hasbeen extensively used for carrying out research in high energy (i.e., X- and gamma ray) astronomy, IR astronomy,

middle atmospheric trace constituents including CFCs & aerosols, ionisation, electric conductivity and electric

fields.

The flux of secondary particles and X-ray and gamma-rays of atmospheric origin produced by the interaction of the

cosmic rays is very low. This low background, in the presence of which one has to detect the feeble signal from

cosmic sources is a major advantage in conducting hard X-ray observations from India. The second advantage is that

many bright sources like Cyg X-1, Crab Nebula, Scorpius X-1 and Galactic Centre sources are observable from

Hyderabad due to their favourable declination. With these considerations, an X-ray astronomy group was formed at

TIFR in 1967 and development of an instrument with an orientable X-ray telescope for hard X-ray observations was

undertaken. The first balloon flight with the new instrument was made on 28 April 1968 in which observations ofScorpius X-1 were successfully carried out. In a succession of balloon flights made with this instrument between

1968 and 1974 a number of binary X-ray sources including Scorpius X-1, Cyg X-1, Her X-1 etc. and the diffuse

cosmic X-ray background were studied. Many new and astrophysically important results were obtained from these

observations.

One of most important achievements of ISRO in this field was the discovery of three species of bacteria in the upper

stratosphere at an altitude of between 2040 km. The bacteria, highly resistant to ultra-violet radiation, are not found

elsewhere on Earth, leading to speculation on whether they are extraterrestrial in origin. These three bacteria can be

considered to be extremophiles. Until then, the upper stratosphere was believed to be inhospitable because of the

high doses of ultra-violet radiation. The bacteria were named as Bacillus isronensis in recognition of ISRO's

contribution in the balloon experiments, which led to its discovery, Bacillus aryabhata after India's celebrated ancient

astronomer Aryabhata and Janibacter Hoylei after the distinguished astrophysicist Fred Hoyle.[21]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Hoylehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aryabhatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extremophilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultra-violet_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diffuse_X-ray_backgroundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diffuse_X-ray_backgroundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Her_X-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cygnus_X-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=X-ray_telescopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=X-ray_astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scorpius_X-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crab_Nebulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyg_X-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=X-rayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TIFRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyderabad%2C_Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dobson_spectrometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ionosondehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geiger%E2%80%93M%C3%BCller_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thumba


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Deep Space Exploration

Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalayaan)

The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), informally known as 'Mangalayaan' was launched into Earth orbit on 5

November 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and has entered Mars orbit on 24 September

2014. India is the first country to enter Mars orbit in first attempt. It was completed at a record cost of $74 million.MOM was successfully placed into Red-Planet's orbit on September 24 8:23 AM IST.

The spacecraft had a lift-off mass of 1,350 kilograms and 15 kg of scientific instruments as payload.

MOM is planned to be put into a highly elliptical orbit around Mars with a planned periapsis of 365 km (227 mi) and

apoapsis of 80,000 km (50,000 mi).

Facilities

ISRO's headquarters is located at Antariksh Bhavan in Bengaluru.

Research facilities

Facility Location Description

Vikram Sarabhai

Space Centre

Thiruvananthapuram The largest ISRO base is also the main technical centre and the venue of development of the

SLV-3, ASLV, and PSLV series. The base supports India's Thumba Equatorial Rocket

Launching Station and the Rohini Sounding Rocket programme. This facility is also developing

the GSLV series.[]

Liquid Propulsion

Systems Centre

Thiruvananthapuram

and Bengaluru

The LPSC handles design, development, testing and implementation of liquid propulsion

control packages, liquid stages and liquid engines for launch vehicles and satellites. The testing

of these systems is largely conducted at IPRC at Mahendragiri. The LPSC, Begaluru also

produces precision transducers.

Physical Research

Laboratory

Ahmedabad Solar planetary physics, infrared astronomy, geo-cosmo physics, plasma physics, astrophysics,

archaeology, and hydrology are some of the branches of study at this institute. An observatory

at Udaipur also falls under the control of this institution.

Semi-Conductor

Laboratory

Chandigarh Research & Development in the field of semiconductor technology, micro-electromechanical

systems and process technologies relating to semiconductor processing.

National Atmospheric

Research Laboratory

Chittoor The NARL carries out fundamental and applied research in Atmospheric and Space Sciences.

Space Applications

Centre

Ahmedabad The SAC deals with the various aspects of practical use of space technology. Among the fields

of research at the SAC are geodesy, satellite based telecommunications, surveying, remote

sensing, meteorology, environment monitoring etc. The SEC additionally operates the Delhi

Earth Station.

North-Eastern Space

Applications Centre

Shillong Providing developmental support to North East by undertaking specific application projects

using remote sensing, GIS, satellite communication and conducting space science research.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shillonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North-Eastern_Space_Applications_Centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North-Eastern_Space_Applications_Centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meteorologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remote_sensinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remote_sensinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surveyinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geodesyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahmedabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_Applications_Centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_Applications_Centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chittoorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Atmospheric_Radar_Laboratoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Atmospheric_Radar_Laboratoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandigarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semi-Conductor_Laboratoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semi-Conductor_Laboratoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udaipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archaeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astrophysicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahmedabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physical_Research_Laboratoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physical_Research_Laboratoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahendragirihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ISRO_Propulsion_Complexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banglorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thiruvananthapuramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liquid_Propulsion_Systems_Centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liquid_Propulsion_Systems_Centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GSLVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rohini_%28satellite%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PSLVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ASLVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satellite_Launch_Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thiruvananthapuramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vikram_Sarabhai_Space_Centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vikram_Sarabhai_Space_Centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangalorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apoapsishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periapsishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_%28ISRO%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars_Orbiter_Mission


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Test facilities


ISRO Propulsion

Complex

Mahendragiri Formerly called LPSC-Mahendragiri, was declared a separate centre. It handles testing and assembly of liquid

propulsion control packages, liquid engines and stages for launch vehicles and satellites.

Construction and launch facilities


ISRO Satellite Centre Bengaluru The venue of eight successful spacecraft projects is also one of the main satellite technology bases of

ISRO. The facility serves as a venue for implementing indigenous spacecraft in India. The satellites

Ayrabhata,Bhaskara,APPLE, andIRS-1A were constructed at this site, and the IRS and INSAT

satellite series are presently under development here.[]

Laboratory for

Electro-Optics

Systems

Bengaluru The Unit of ISRO responsible for the development of altitude sensors for all satellites. The high

precision optics for all cameras and payloads in all ISRO satellites including Chandrayaan-1 are

developed at this laboratory. Located at Peenya Industrial Estate, Bangalore.Satish Dhawan Space

Centre

Sriharikota With multiple sub-sites the Sriharikota island facility acts as a launching site for India's satellites.

The Sriharikota facility is also the main launch base for India's sounding rockets. The centre is also

home to India's largest Solid Propellant Space Booster Plant (SPROB) and houses the Static Test and

Evaluation Complex (STEX).

Thumba Equatorial

Rocket Launching

Station

Thiruvananthapuram TERLS is used to launch sounding rockets.

Tracking and control facilities


Indian Deep Space Network

(IDSN)

Bengaluru This network receives, processes, archives and distributes the spacecraft health

data and payload data in real time. It can track and monitor satellites up to very

large distances, even beyond the Moon.

National Remote Sensing

Centre

Hyderabad The NRSC applies remote sensing to manage natural resources and study aerial

surveying. With centres at Balanagar and Shadnagar it also has training facilities

at Dehradun in form of the Indian Institute of Remote Sensing.

Indian Space Research

Organisation Telemetry,

Tracking and Command

Network

Bangalore (headquarters) and a

number of ground stations

throughout India and World.

Software development, ground operations, Tracking Telemetry and Command

(TTC), and support is provided by this institution. ISTRAC has Tracking stations

throughout the country and all over the world in Port Louis (Mauritius),

Bearslake (Russia), Biak (Indonesia) and Brunei.

Master Control Facility Bhopal; Hassan Geostationary satellite orbit raising, payload testing, and in-orbit operations are

performed at this facility. The MCF has earth stations and Satellite Control

Centre (SCC) for controlling satellites. A second MCF-like facility named

'MCF-B' is being constructed at Bhopal.[]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hassan%2C_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhopalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Master_Control_Facilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_Louishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Software_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Telemetry%2C_Tracking_and_Command_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Telemetry%2C_Tracking_and_Command_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Telemetry%2C_Tracking_and_Command_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Telemetry%2C_Tracking_and_Command_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Institute_of_Remote_Sensinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dehradunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahbubnagar_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balanagar%2C_Ranga_Reddyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyderabad%2C_Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Remote_Sensing_Centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Remote_Sensing_Centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangalorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Deep_Space_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Deep_Space_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thiruvananthapuramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sriharikotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangalorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laboratory_for_Electro-Optics_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laboratory_for_Electro-Optics_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laboratory_for_Electro-Optics_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangalorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ISRO_Satellite_Centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahendragirihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ISRO_Propulsion_Complexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ISRO_Propulsion_Complex


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Human resource development


Indian Institute of

Remote Sensing

(IIRS)

Dehradun Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS), an independent unit of Indian Space Research

Organisation (ISRO), Department of Space, Govt. of India is a premier training and educational

institute set up for developing trained professionals (P.G and PhD level) in the field of Remote

Sensing, Geoinformatics and GPS Technology for Natural Resources, Environmental and DisasterManagement. IIRS is also executing many R&D projects on Remote Sensing and GIS for societal

applications.

Indian Institute of

Space Science and

Technology (IIST)

Thiruvananthapuram The institute offers undergraduate and graduate courses in Aerospace engineering, Avionics and

Physical Sciences. The students of the first three batches of IIST have been inducted into different

ISRO centres as of September 2012.

Development and

Educational

Communication Unit

Ahmedabad The centre works for education, research, and training, mainly in conjunction with the INSAT

programme. The main activities carried out at DECU include GRAMSAT and EDUSAT projects.

The Training and Development Communication Channel (TDCC) also falls under the operational

control of the DECU.[]

Commercial wing


Antrix Corporation Bengaluru The marketing agency under government control markets ISRO's hardware, manpower, and software.

Other facilities include:

Balasore Rocket Launching Station (BRLS) Odisha

INSAT Master Control Facility (IMCF) Bhopal

ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU) Thiruvananthapuram

Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) Aerospace Command of India (ACI)

Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR)

Inter University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA)

Indian Department of Space (IDS)

Indian Space Science Data Centre (ISSDC)

Spacecraft Control Centre (SCC)

Regional Remote Sensing Service Centres (RRSSC)

Development and Educational Communication Unit (DECU)
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Space_Science_Data_Centre_%28ISSDC%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inter-University_Centre_for_Astronomy_and_Astrophysicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_National_Committee_for_Space_Researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Air_Force%23Aerospace_Commandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Regional_Navigational_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thiruvananthapuramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ISRO_Inertial_Systems_Unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhopalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=INSAT_Master_Control_Facilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odishahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balasorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangalorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antrix_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GSAT-3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=INSAThttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahmedabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ISROhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thiruvananthapuramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Institute_of_Space_Science_and_Technology_Thiruvananthapuramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Institute_of_Space_Science_and_Technology_Thiruvananthapuramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Institute_of_Space_Science_and_Technology_Thiruvananthapuramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dehradunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Institute_of_Remote_Sensinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Institute_of_Remote_Sensing


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Future projects

A model of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch

Vehicle III.

A model of the RLV-TD

ISRO plans to launch a number of new-generation Earth Observation

Satellites in the near future. It will also undertake the development of

new launch vehicles and spacecraft. ISRO has stated that it will send

unmanned missions to Mars and Near-Earth Objects. ISRO has

planned 58 missions during 201217; 33 satellites missions in next twoyears and 25 launch vehicles missions thereafter, costing 200 billion

(US$3 billion).

Forthcoming Satellites
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Satellite Name Details

ASTROSAT ASTROSAT is a first dedicated Indian Astronomy satellite mission, which will enable multi-wavelength observations of the

celestial bodies and cosmic sources in X-ray and UV spectral bands simultaneously. The scientific payloads cover the Visible

(35006000 ), UV (13003000 ), soft and hard X-ray regimes (0.58 keV; 380 keV). The uniqueness of

ASTROSAT lies in its wide spectral coverage extending over visible, UV, soft and hard X-ray regions.

GSAT-6 /INSAT-4E

The primary goal of GSAT-6/INSAT-4E, which is a Multimedia broadcast satellite, is to cater to the consumer requirementsof providing entertainment and information services to vehicles through Digital Multimedia consoles and to the Multimedia

mobile Phones. The satellite carries a 5 spot beam BSS and 5 spot beam MSS. It will be positioned at 83 East longitude with

a mission life of 12 years.

GSAT-7/INSAT-4F It is a multi-band satellite carrying payloads in UHF, S-band, C-band and Ku

band. The satellite weighs 2330 kg with a

payload power of 2000W and mission life of 9 years.

GSAT-9 GSAT-9 will carry 6 C band and 24 Ku

band transponders with India coverage beam. The satellite is planned to be launched

during 201112 with a mission life of 12 years and positioned at 48 East longitude. This I-2K satellite has a liftoff mass of

2330 kg and payload power of 2300 W.

GSAT-11 GSAT-11 is based on I-4K bus which is under advanced stage of development. The spacecraft can generate 1012 KW of

power and can support payload power of 8KW. The payload configuration is on-going. It consists of 16 spot beams covering

entire country including Andaman & Nicobar islands. The communication link to the user-end terminals operate in Ku-bandwhile the communication link to the hubs operate in Ka-band. The payload is configured to be operated as a high data

throughput satellite, to be realised in orbit in 2013 time frame.

GSAT-15 GSAT-15 is an Indian communication satellite similar to GSAT-10 to augment the capacity of transponders to provided more

bandwidth for Direct-to-Home television and VSAT services. The satellite will be the 10th one in the series of GSAT

satellites.

GSAT-16 GSAT-16 will be the 11th Indian communication satellite similar to GSAT-15 meant to increase the number of transponders

that in turn enhance the satellite based telecommunication, television, VSAT services in India.

NISAR Nasa-Isro Synthetic Aperture Radar (Nisar) is a joint project between NASA and ISRO to co-develop and launch a dual

frequency synthetic aperture radar satellite to be used for remote sensing. It is notable for being the first dual band radar

imaging satellite.

Future launch vehicles

GSLV-Mk III

Main article: Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk III

GSLV-Mk III is envisaged to launch four tonne satellite into geosynchronous transfer orbit. GSLV-Mk III is a

three-stage vehicle with a 110 tonne core liquid propellant stage (L-110) and a strap-on stage with two solid

propellant motors, each with 200 tonne propellant (S-200). The upper stage will be cryogenic with a propellant

loading of 25 tonne (C-25). GSLV Mk-III will have a lift-off weight of about 626 tonne and will be 43.43 m tall. The

payload fairing will have a diameter of 5-metre and a payload volume of 100 cubic metre. GSLV Mk III was plannedat the end of August 2014, but it has been postponed due to Mars Orbiter Mission's (MOM) next big challenge on 24

September 2014. It will weigh 640 tonnes at the time of lift-off, which will make it the heaviest rocket ever to be

built in India.

Reusable Launch Vehicle-Technology Demonstrator (RLV-TD)

As a first step towards realising a Two Stage To Orbit (TSTO) fully re-usable launch vehicle, a series of technology

demonstration missions have been conceived. For this purpose a Winged Reusable Launch Vehicle technology

Demonstrator (RLV-TD) has been configured. The RLV-TD will act as a flying test bed to evaluate various

technologies viz., hypersonic flight, autonomous landing, powered cruise flight and hypersonic flight using

air-breathing propulsion. First in the series of demonstration trials is the hypersonic flight experiment (HEX).
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RLV_Technology_Demonstration_Programmehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle_Mk_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle_Mk_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radar_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radar_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remote_sensinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_aperture_radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NISAR_%28satellite%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GSAT-16http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GSAT-15http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GSAT-11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I-2Khttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ku_bandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GSAT-9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ku_bandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=INSAT-4Fhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=INSAT-4Ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ASTROSAT


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Extraterrestrial exploration

India's first mission beyond Earth's orbit was Chandrayaan-1. ISRO plans to follow up Chandrayaan-2 with

unmanned missions to Mars, Venus and Near-Earth objects such as asteroids and comets.

Lunar exploration programme

Chandrayaan-1 was India's first mission to the Moon. The unmanned lunar exploration mission included a lunarorbiter and an impactor called the Moon Impact Probe. India launched the spacecraft using a modified version of

the PSLV on 22 October 2008 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota. The vehicle was successfully

inserted into lunar orbit on 8 November 2008. It carried high-resolution remote sensing equipment for visible,

near infrared, and soft and hard X-ray frequencies. During its 312 days operational period (2 years planned), it

surveyed the lunar surface to produce a complete map of its chemical characteristics and 3-dimensional

topography. The polar regions were of special interest, as they proved contain ice. The lunar mission carried five

ISRO instruments and six pinstruments from other international space agencies including NASA, ESA, and the

Bulgarian Aerospace Agency, which were carried free of cost. The Chandrayaan-1 became the first lunar mission

to discover existence of water on the Moon.

Chandrayaan-2 (Sanskrit:-) will be India's second unmanned mission to the Moon will include an orbiterand lander-rover module. Chandrayaan-2 will be launched on India's Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle

(GSLV-MkII) around 2016 - 2017 timeframe. The science goals of the mission are to further improve the

understanding of the origin and evolution of the Moon.

Mars exploration

Main article: Mars Orbiter Mission

The Indian Space Research Organisation launched its first Mars orbiter, called Mars Orbiter Mission, or

Mangalyaan, on 5 November 2013. Mangalyaan carried a 15-kilogram suite of five science instruments to study the

Martian upper atmosphere, surface features and mineralogy. It was India's first interplanetary mission.

The spacecraft had crossed its half-way mark on 9 April 2014. On 24 September 2014, it created history by

successfully reaching the Mars orbit, the first Asian space agency to do so, and the first country in the world to do it

successfully on its very first attempt. ISRO monitors the spacecraft using the IDSN (Indian Deep Space Network).

Venus exploration

ISRO is planning a mission to Venus, by May 2015 to study its atmosphere. The probe will reach Venus by

September 2015 and would carry at least five instruments.

Solar exploration programme

Main article: Aditya (spacecraft)ISRO plans to carry out a mission to the Sun by the year 2015-16. The probe is named as Aditya-1 and will weigh

about 400 kg.[22] It is the First Indian space based Solar Coronagraph to study solar Corona in visible and near IR

bands. Launch of the Aditya mission was planned during the high solar activity period in 2012 but was postponed to

20152016 due to the extensive work involved in the fabrication and other technical aspects . The main objectives is

to study the Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) and consequently the crucial physical parameters for space weather such

as the coronal magnetic field structures, evolution of the coronal magnetic field etc. This will provide completely

new information on the velocity fields and their variability in the inner corona having an important bearing on the

unsolved problem of heating of the corona would be obtained.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aditya-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aditya_%28spacecraft%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Deep_Space_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars_Orbiter_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars_Orbiter_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GSLVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_Aerospace_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ESAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NASAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lunar_icehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PSLVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moon_Impact_Probehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Near-Earth_objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1


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Space science missions

Space Capsule Recovery Experiment II The main objective of SRE II is to realise a fully recoverable capsule and

provide a platform to conduct microgravity experiments on Micro-biology, Agriculture, Powder Metallurgy, etc.

SRE-2 is proposed to be launched on board PSLV.

Applications

India uses its satellites communication network one of the largest in the world for applications such as land

management, water resources management, natural disaster forecasting, radio networking, weather forecasting,

meteorological imaging and computer communication.[23] Business, administrative services, and schemes such as the

National Informatics Centre (NICNET) are direct beneficiaries of applied satellite technology. [24] Dinshaw

Mistryon the subject of practical applications of the Indian space programmewrites:

The INSAT-2 satellites also provide telephone links to remote areas; data transmission for organisations such as the

National Stock Exchange; mobile satellite service communications for private operators, railways, and road

transport; and broadcast satellite services, used by India's state-owned television agency as well as commercial

television channels. India's EDUSAT (Educational Satellite), launched aboard the GSLV in 2004, was intended foradult literacy and distance learning applications in rural areas. It augmented and would eventually replace such

capabilities already provided by INSAT-3B.

The IRS satellites have found applications with the Indian Natural Resource Management programme, with regional

Remote Sensing Service Centres in five Indian cities, and with Remote Sensing Application Centres in twenty Indian

states that use IRS images for economic development applications. These include environmental monitoring,

analysing soil erosion and the impact of soil conservation measures, forestry management, determining land cover

for wildlife sanctuaries, delineating groundwater potential zones, flood inundation mapping, drought monitoring,

estimating crop acreage and deriving agricultural production estimates, fisheries monitoring, mining and geological

applications such as surveying metal and mineral deposits, and urban planning.

India's satellites and satellite launch vehicles have had military spin-offs. While India's 93124-mile (150250 km)

range Prithvi missile is not derived from the Indian space programme, the intermediate range Agni missile is drawn

from the Indian space programme's SLV-3. In its early years, when headed by Vikram Sarabhai and Satish Dhawan,

ISRO opposed military applications for its dual-use projects such as the SLV-3. Eventually, however, the Defence

Research and Development Organisation(DRDO)based missile programme borrowed human resources and

technology from ISRO. Missile scientist Dr APJ Abdul Kalam (elected president of India in 2002), who had headed

the SLV-3 project at ISRO, moved to DRDO to direct India's missile programme. About a dozen scientists

accompanied Kalam from ISRO to DRDO, where he designed the Agni missile using the SLV-3's solidfuel first

stage and a liquid-fuel (Prithvi-missile-derived) second stage. The IRS and INSAT satellites were primarily intended

and used for civilian-economic applications, but they also offered military spin-offs. In 1996 New Delhi's Ministry

of Defence temporarily blocked the use of IRS-1C by India's environmental and agricultural ministries in order to

monitor ballistic missiles near India's borders. In 1997 the Indian air force's "Airpower Doctrine" aspired to use

space assets for surveillance and battle management.[25]

Institutions like the Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) and the Indian Institute of Technology use

satellites for scholarly applications.[26] Between 1975 and 1976, India conducted its largest sociological programme

using space technology, reaching 2400 villages through video programming in local languages aimed at educational

development via ATS-6 technology developed by NASA.[27] This experimentnamed Satellite Instructional

Television Experiment (SITE)conducted large scale video broadcasts resulting in significant improvement in rural

education.

ISRO has applied its technology to "telemedicine", directly connecting patients in rural areas to medicalprofessionals in urban locations via satellites. Since high-quality healthcare is not universally available in some of
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the remote areas of India, the patients in remote areas are diagnosed and analysed by doctors in urban centres in real

time via video conferencing. The patient is then advised medicine and treatment. The patient is then treated by the

staff at one of the 'super-specialty hospitals' under instructions from the doctor. Mobile telemedicine vans are also

deployed to visit locations in far-flung areas and provide diagnosis and support to patients.

ISRO has also helped implement India's Biodiversity Information System, completed in October 2002. Nirupa Sen

details the programme: "Based on intensive field sampling and mapping using satellite remote sensing and geospatialmodelling tools, maps have been made of vegetation cover on a 1 : 250,000 scale. This has been put together in a

web-enabled database which links gene-level information of plant species with spatial information in a BIOSPEC

database of the ecological hot spot regions, namely northeastern India, Western Ghats, Western Himalayas and

Andaman and Nicobar Islands. This has been made possible with collaboration between the Department of

Biotechnology and ISRO."[]

The Indian IRS-P5 (CARTOSAT-1) was equipped with high-resolution panchromatic equipment to enable it for

cartographic purposes. IRS-P5 (CARTOSAT-1) was followed by a more advanced model named IRS-P6 developed

also for agricultural applications. The CARTOSAT-2 project, equipped with single panchromatic camera which

supported scene-specific on-spot images, succeed the CARTOSAT-1 project.[28]

Global cooperation

ISRO has had the benefit of International cooperation since inception.

Establishment of TERLS, conduct of SITE & STEP, launches of Aryabhata, Bhaskara, APPLE, IRS-IA and

IRS-IB/ satellites, manned space mission, etc. involved international cooperation.

ISRO operates LUT/MCC under the international COSPAS/SARSAT Programme for Search and Rescue.

India has established a Centre for Space Science and Technology Education in Asia and the Pacific (CSSTE-AP)

that is sponsored by the United Nations.

India hosted the Second UN-ESCAP Ministerial Conference on Space Applications for Sustainable Development

in Asia and the Pacific in November 1999. India is a member of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Cospas-Sarsat,

International Astronautical Federation, Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), Inter-Agency Space Debris

Coordination Committee (IADC), International Space University, and the Committee on Earth Observation

Satellite (CEOS).[]

Chandrayaan-1 carried scientific payloads from NASA, ESA and the Bulgarian Space Agency.

The United States on 24 January 2011, removed several Indian government agencies, including ISRO, from the

so-called Entity List, in an effort to drive hi-tech trade and forge closer strategic ties with India.

ISRO and the Department of Space have signed formal Memorandum of Understanding agreements with a number

of foreign political entities, including:-

Australia Italy

Brazil Japan

People's Republic of China Kazakhstan

Canada Netherlands

Egypt Norway

European Union Russia

France Sweden

Germany Ukraine

Hungary United Kingdom

Israel United States
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India carries out joint operations with foreign space agencies, such as the Indo-French Megha-Tropiques Mission.

On 25 June 2002 India and the European Union agreed to bilateral cooperation in the field of science and

technology. A joint EU-India group of scholars was formed on 23 November 2001 to further promotejoint research

and development. India holds observer status at CERN while a joint India-EU Software Education and Development

Centre is due at Bengaluru.[] In the 39th Scientific Assembly of Committee on Space Research held in Mysore, the

Chairman of ISRO called upon international synergy in space missions in view of their prohibitive cost. He also

disclosed that his organisation is grearing up to meet the growing demand of service providers, security agencies,

etc. in a cost effective manner.

Logo

ISRO's current orange and blue logo was

adopted in 2002. The blue boxes form solar

arrays, providing energy to a satellite

depicted by a part of the orange chevron.

The chevron, pointing upwards, also

signifies a launch vehicle - exploring the

new heights of space.

The logo also renders two 'words' spelling

"ISRO", on either side of the chevron: the

English letters "ISRO", in the 'Prakrta' font

(on the right), are balanced the transliterated

depiction of the same 'word' in the

Devanagari script.

The latest issue of 'Space India' (journal of

the organisation) at the time of adoption,described the chevron as a visual

representation of ISRO's upward mobility,

symbolising the organisation's vanguard

actions in breaking barriers both of gravity,

and mindsets. It goes on to say that the vibrant, dynamic and energetic logo - full of vitality, depicts the in-space

ambitions and aspirations of the organisation.

Notes

[1] http:/ /tools.wmflabs. org/geohack/geohack. php?pagename=Indian_Space_Research_Organisation&

params=12_58_0_N_77_34_0_E_type:landmark_region:IN-KA

[2] http:/ /www.isro.gov.in/pdf/BUDGET_AT_A_GLANCE.pdf

[3] http:/ /www.isro.gov.in/pdf/Outcome%20Budget2013-14. pdf

[4] http:/ /www.isro.gov.in/

[5] http:/ /online. wsj.com/articles/india-launches-five-foreign-satellites-1404126863

[6][6] Daniel, 486

[7][7] Daniel, 487

[8][8] Daniel, 488

[9][9] Daniel, 489

[10][10] Burleson, 136

[11] In Wings of Fire: An Autobiography of APJ Kalam (1999), his autobiography.

[12][12] Gupta, 1697

[13] ISRO's Website: ISRO's Launch Vehicle (http://www.isro.org/launchvehicles/launchvehicles.aspx)[14] PSLV-C11 Successfully Launches Chandrayaan-1 (http://isro.org/pressrelease/Oct22_2008. htm)

[15] ISRO's Website: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (http://www.isro.org/launchvehicles/PSLV/pslv.aspx)
http://www.isro.org/launchvehicles/launchvehicles.aspxhttp://www.isro.org/launchvehicles/PSLV/pslv.aspxhttp://www.isro.org/launchvehicles/PSLV/pslv.aspxhttp://isro.org/pressrelease/Oct22_2008.htmhttp://www.isro.org/launchvehicles/launchvehicles.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wings_of_Firehttp://online.wsj.com/articles/india-launches-five-foreign-satellites-1404126863http://www.isro.gov.in/http://www.isro.gov.in/pdf/Outcome%20Budget2013-14.pdfhttp://www.isro.gov.in/pdf/BUDGET_AT_A_GLANCE.pdfhttp://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Indian_Space_Research_Organisation&params=12_58_0_N_77_34_0_E_type:landmark_region:IN-KAhttp://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Indian_Space_Research_Organisation&params=12_58_0_N_77_34_0_E_type:landmark_region:IN-KAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AIndian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangalorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CERNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Megha-Tropiques_Mission


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[16] http://zeenews.india.com/news/space/pslv-c23-launch-a-global-endorsement-of-india-s-space-capability-narendra-modi_943885. html

[17] http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singapore-s-first-nano/1232324. html

[18] ISRO To Put Unmanned Test Capsule In Orbit in 4 years. (http://www.space-travel.com/reports/

ISRO_To_Put_Unmanned_Test_Capsule_In_Orbit_By_2013_999. html)

[19] BBC.co.uk India announces first manned space mission (http://news.bbc. co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8483787. stm)

[20] Where [[China (http://thediplomat.com/china-power/where-china-leads-india-follows/) Leads, India Follows?]

[21] ISRO finds alien life in upper atmosphere (http://sify.com/news/fullstory. php?id=14871264& ?vsv=TopHP1)

[22] ISRO targets Sun after the Moon (http://www.ndtv. com/video/player/news/after-the-moon-isro-eyes-the-sun/201990)[23] Bhaskaranarayana, 17381746

[24][24] Bhaskaranarayana, 1738

[25] Mistry, 9495



[28][28] Burleson, 143

References

Bhaskaranarayana etc. (2007), "Applications of space communication", Current Science, 93 (12): 17371746,

Bangalore: Indian Academy of Sciences.

Burleson, D. (2005), "India", Space Programmes Outside the United States: All Exploration and Research

Efforts, Country by Country, pp. 136146, United States of America: McFarland & Company, ISBN

0-7864-1852-4.

Daniel, R.R. (1992), "Space Science in India",Indian Journal of History of Science, 27 (4): 485499, New Delhi:

Indian National Science Academy.

Gupta, S.C. etc. (2007), "Evolution of Indian launch vehicle technologies", Current Science, 93 (12): 16971714,

Bangalore: Indian Academy of Sciences.

"India in Space", Science & Technologyedited by N.N. Ojha, pp. 110143, New Delhi: Chronicle Books.

Mistry, Dinshaw (2006), "Space Programme",Encyclopedia of India (vol. 4)edited by Stanley Wolpert,

pp. 9395, Thomson Gale, ISBN 0-684-31353-7.

Narasimha, R. (2002), "Satish Dhawan", Current Science, 82 (2): 222225, Bangalore: Indian Academy of

Sciences.

Sen, Nirupa (2003), "Indian success stories in use of Space tools for social development", Current Science, 84 (4):

489490, Bangalore: Indian Academy of Sciences.

"Space Research", Science and Technology in Indiaedited by R.K. Suri and Kalapana Rajaram, pp. 411448,

New Delhi: Spectrum, ISBN 81-7930-294-6.

Further reading

[ISRO plans human colony on Moon]; by Bibhu Ranjan Mishra in Bangalore; 18 December 2007; Rediff India

Abroad (Rediff.com) The Economics of India's Space Programme, by U.Sankar, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2007,

ISBN.13:978-0-19-568345-5

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Space program of India.

ISRO Home Page (http://www.isro. org/)

NARL Home Page (http:/

/

www.narl.

gov.

in/

) FAS article on ISRO. (http://www.fas.org/spp/guide/india/agency/isro.html)
http://www.fas.org/spp/guide/india/agency/isro.htmlhttp://www.narl.gov.in/http://www.isro.org/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Space_program_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Commons-logo.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rediff.comhttp://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/after-the-moon-isro-eyes-the-sun/201990http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14871264&?vsv=TopHP1http://thediplomat.com/china-power/where-china-leads-india-follows/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8483787.stmhttp://www.space-travel.com/reports/ISRO_To_Put_Unmanned_Test_Capsule_In_Orbit_By_2013_999.htmlhttp://www.space-travel.com/reports/ISRO_To_Put_Unmanned_Test_Capsule_In_Orbit_By_2013_999.htmlhttp://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singapore-s-first-nano/1232324.htmlhttp://zeenews.india.com/news/space/pslv-c23-launch-a-global-endorsement-of-india-s-space-capability-narendra-modi_943885.html


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ISRO (https://twitter.com/isroofficial) on Twitter

How Indias cryogenic programme was wrecked (http://indrus.in/blogs/2013/12/04/

how_indias_cryogenic_programme_was_wrecked_31365.html)

Article on India's space programme. (http://www.indianembassy.org/dydemo/science.htm)

About India's space programme, launch Vehicles,Chandrayaan. (http://dilipkumar.in/india/space.php)

(http:/ /indiandefenceboard.com/threads/isro-news-and-events.1676/page-2#post-15063)

India, US to collaborate on Mars, Moon missions. (http://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2013/03/24/

india-us-to-collaborate-on-mars-moon-missions/)
http://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2013/03/24/india-us-to-collaborate-on-mars-moon-missions/http://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2013/03/24/india-us-to-collaborate-on-mars-moon-missions/http://indiandefenceboard.com/threads/isro-news-and-events.1676/page-2#post-15063http://dilipkumar.in/india/space.phphttp://www.indianembassy.org/dydemo/science.htmhttp://indrus.in/blogs/2013/12/04/how_indias_cryogenic_programme_was_wrecked_31365.htmlhttp://indrus.in/blogs/2013/12/04/how_indias_cryogenic_programme_was_wrecked_31365.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twitterhttps://twitter.com/isroofficial


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Article Sources and ContributorsIndian Space Research Organisation Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=627400235 Contributors: 1ifes4v3r, 28421u2232nfenfcenc, 2D, 4throck, 6syfgenbhtrc4nc,Aakashrajain, Abhinav, Abhishek b4u, Abilngeorge, Aceinfo, AdelaMae, Adoniscik, Afterthewar, Ageo020, Ajay19aug, Ajith Kumar KV, Akar2, Akinkhoo, Aksi great, Alexiurs, Alexmcfire,Alfredmanson, Alpha 4615, Alren, Amarrg, Amchec, Ami651, AmitWikiCool, Amitrc7th, Amog, Anaxial, Andrewman327, Andyjsmith, Angr, Anir1uph, Ankit2000anand, Ann Stouter,Anuandraj, Apocno10, AreJay, Aris Katsaris, Arthur Rubin, Arunram, Arunrj, Arunsingh16, Arvy.in, Ash sul, Ashish Gaikwad, Ashishindemand, Ashley Y, Ashutosh28f, Ashwatham,Atulsnischal, Azumanga1, Balagopal.k, Balakarthik.s, BatteryIncluded, Bawrai, Bdwolverine87, Belasd, Bender235, BendersGame, Betterusername, BharaniD83, Bharatveer, Biblbroks,BiggKwell, Bijee, Bijeshn, Bizzawooba Zimbabwe, Blacksun, Blowtorch, Bogdan, Brandmeister, BrightStarSky, BrownInSpace, Bryanchunhk, Btmiller, C21K, CFIF, CRGreathouse,

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Indian Space Research Organisation