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Indian meteorological satellite activities
Suman Goyal,Suman Goyal,Satellite Meteorology Division,Satellite Meteorology Division,
India Meteorological Department,India Meteorological Department,[email protected][email protected]
NAEDEX/APSDEU Meeting from 22nd - 26th October 2012
Introduction
The meteorological data on a global scale are so important for initialization purposes in Numerical Weather Prediction. Particularly over data-sparse areas like Indian Ocean, can be met only through derivation of products indirectly from satellite data.
Since 1984, India Meteorological Department (IMD) routinely provides the processed imagery and derived quantitative products from various INSAT satellites to the user community
INSAT Series
INSAT-1A – 10 April 1982 Two Channel VHRR INSAT-1B – 30 August,1983INSAT-1C – 21 July 1988INSAT-1D – 12 June,1990INSAT-2A – 10 July, 1992INSAT-2B – 23 July,1993INSAT-2E – 03 April 1999 Three Channel VHRRKALPANA-1 – 12 Sept.2002INSAT-3A – 10 April 2003
Operational Satellites
Meteorological Payloads on present Indian satellites
At present the following two Geostationary satellites are in operation
Kalpana –1 launched in Sept. 2002 is
located at 74.0°E INSAT-3A launched in April, 2003 is
located at 93.5°E
Channels Spectral Range Resolution
Visible 0.55 - 0.75 µ 2 Km.
Infrared 10.5 - 12.5 µ 8 Km.
Water Vapour 5.7 - 7.1 µ 8 Km.
VHRR
KALPANA-1
Channels Spectral Range Resolution
Visible 0.55 - 0.75 µ 2 Km.
Infrared 10.5 - 12.5 µ 8 Km.
Water Vapour 5.7 - 7.1 µ 8 Km.
Channels Spectral Range Resolution
Visible 0.63 - 0.69 µ 1 Km.
NIR 0.77 - 0.86 µ 1 Km.
SWIR 1.55 - 1.69 µ 1 Km.
(i) VHRR
(ii) CCD
INSAT-3A
At present volume of data : per day : appx. 2GB from Kalpana-1 & INSAT-3A
SPATIAL COVERAGE OF KALPANA-1 AND INSAT-3A
Current operational satellite products detail
Product Satellite ChannelTemporalResolution
SpatialResolution Disseminated to Whom and Which Format
OLRKalpana -1 IR &
WV Half hourly 10 x10
IMD Website all users and research agencies, JPEG & HDF-5
QPE Kalpana -1 IR Half hourly 10 x10 IMD Website all users and research agencies, PEG &
HDF-5
SST Kalpana -1IR &WV Half hourly 10 x10
IMD Website all users and research agencies, JPEG & HDF-5
CMV Kalpana -1 IR Half hourly 10 x10 IMD Website all users and research agencies,GTS,JPEG &
HDF5
WVW Kalpana -1 WV Half hourly 10 x10 IMD Website all users and research agencies,GTS,JPEG &
HDF5
UTH Kalpana -1 WV Half hourly 10 x10 IMD Website all users and research agencies, PEG &
HDF-5
NDVI Insat -3A CCD Once in dayPixel by
PixelIMD Website all users and research agencies,JPEG &
HDF-5
INSAT products availability
OLR,QPE, CMV,SST are available from 1990 onwards.
Water vapour imageries and related products were introduced from 1999 onwards.
UTH & NDVI are available from 2010 onwards.
INSAT Satellite ProductsCTT QPE
SSTAMV
OLR
WVW
UTH
NDVI
Satellite Data Storage/Archival
National Satellite Data Centre (NSDC)
NSDC has been commissioned in the SatMet Division w.e.f. 26.10.2005.
The Center provides the following key capabilities: Archival of processed imagery data (HDF-5 format ) of all available
channels and all data of derived quantitative products from a number of operational satellites (INSAT-1D,2E,3A and KALPANA-1) is available online.
Data can also be transferred to the user in JPEG and ASCII format as well.
The system is also maintaining on-line storage of current data and products for last 2-3 months.
NSDC has its own weblink on IMD website to facilitate data availability and request for retrieval. Data can be disseminated to the user via: 1. ftp link; 2. CD or DVD; 3. Portable media
Dissemination of Satellite Data
Digital Meteorological Data Dissemination System Digital Meteorological Data Dissemination System (DMDD) (DMDD)
•The S - band broadcast capabilities of INSAT – 3C is being used for Digital Meteorological Data Dissemination (DMDD) and Cyclone Warning Dissemination System (CWDS).
•A network of 37 nos. DMDD stations is operational at RMCs/MCs for receiving satellite imageries , synoptic data, analyzed weather charts and NWP outputs. Processed satellite data in digital form is also uplinked .
•DMDD stations are also installed at Nepal, Sri Lanka and Male. Half Hourly Processed imageries are transmitted to forecasting centers in near real time in LRIT/HRIT format
19
S- band Downlink
Satellite Division Satellite
images/data
GTS and NWP outputs
DMDD Receiving Stations in India and neighbouring countries.
C - band uplink
Insat-3C
Digital Meteorological Data Dissemination System
Cyclone Warning Dissemination System
A network of 353 CWDS (252 analog and 101 Digital) stations is operational along the east and west coast of India for warning the coastal regions in their local language in case of a cyclone approaching those areas.
This network is also going to be replaced by 500 nos. DTH modified type CWDS stations within a years time.
Cyclone Warning Dissemination System (CWDS)
S- band Downlink
Calcutta
Bombay
Coastal Stations of India
C band uplink
INSAT-3C
Earth Station
Chennai
ACWCs
Automatic weather stations (AWS)
NetworkAt present data from 615 numbers of AWS stations are being received at PUNE and New Delhi through INSAT-3A.
Indian Polar Orbiting (Meteorological) Satellites
ParameterParameter Oceansat-IIOceansat-II QuikSCATQuikSCAT
Frequency 13.515 GHz 13.4 GHz
Wind speed range 4 to 24 m/s 3 to 20 m/s
Wind speed Accuracy Better than 20% (RMS) 2 m/s
Wind direction Accuracy
20º (RMS) 20º
Resolution 50 X 50 km 25 km
Swath 1820 km 1800 km
Oceansat-II Winds
Polar satellite Receiving systems
Installation of data reception / processing systems from NOAA/Metop/MODIS polar orbiting satellites at New Delhi, Chennai and Guawahati is completed.
The images and products from these systems are also displayed on IMD website for use in weather forecasting.
L-band level-2 products (NOAA/METOP)
3.1. Cloud detection 3.2. Cloud-top pressure (AVHRR) 3.3. Cloud-top height (AVHRR) 3.4. Cloud-top temperature (AVHRR) 3.5. Cloud type (AVHRR) 3.6. Cloud amount (AVHRR) 3.7. Sea-surface temperature (AVHRR) 3.8. Land-surface temperature (AVHRR) 3.9. Fog 3.10. Normalised Difference Vegetation Index 3.11. Temperature profile (ATOVS) 3.12. Moisture profile (ATOVS) 3.13. Total ozone (ATOVS) 3.14. Surface emissivity (ATOVS) 3.15. Total column precipitable water (ATOVS) 3.16. Precipitation index (ATOVS) 3.17. Surface pressure (ATOVS) 3.18. Cloud fraction (ATOVS) 3.19. Surface temperature (ATOVS)
X-band level-2 products (MODIS)
4.1. MODIS true colour 4.2. Aerosol optical depth 4.3. Total totals index 4.4. Lifted index 4.5. K index 4.6. Surface temperature 4.7. Surface pressure 4.8. Water vapour /Precipitable water amount 4.9. Temperature profile /Moisture Profile 4.10. Cloud top pressure 4.11. Cloud top height 4.12. Cloud top temperature 4.13. Cloud fraction 4.14. Cloud effective particle radius 4.15. Cloud optical thickness 4.16. Cloud effective emissivity 4.17. Cloud mask 4.18. Cloud phase 4.19 Cirrus reflectance 4.20. Tropopause height 4.21. Brightness temperature 4.22. Sea-surface temperature 4.23. Vegetation index 4.24. Thermal anomalies 4.25. Fog
Application of Satellite Products
Satellite Bulletins
Synoptic bulletins providing descriptions of the cloud organisation and coverage are also sent as advisory to forecasting offices every synoptic hour.
Whenever cyclones are detected in satellite imagery, these bulletins are sent every hour. Such advisories are also transmitted to the neighbouring countries.
SATELLITE BULLETIN DATED: 22/10/2010
TIME: 0300UTCTCIN50 DEMS 220300SATELLITE BLLETIN BASED ON INSAT PIC OF 220300 UTC (.) AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY: EQ TO 40.0N LONG 60.0E TO 100.0E (.) SALIENT FEATURE: -VORTEX OVER EC ADJ NE BAY FURTHER INTENSIFIED AND NOW CENTRED AT 18.9N/92.9E (.) INTENSITY T5.0 REPEAT INTENSITY T5.0 (.) EYE VISIBLE (.) METEOSAT WINDS SHOWS WIND SHEAR IS BET 5 TO 10 KTS AND WIND SHEAR TENDENCY IS BET -10 TO –20 KTS SHOWS FURTHER CHANCES OF INTENCIFICATION (.) ASSTD BKN TO SOLID INT TO V INT CONVTN (CTT MINUS 81 DEG C) OVER BAY BET LAT 16.0N TO 21.0N EAST OF LONG 90.0E ARAKAN COT ADJ MYANMAR (.)BKN M/LAYERED CLOUDS OVER J&K ADJ PAK N HP EXT N PJB AND OVER AREA BET LAT 36.0N TO 47.0N LONG 74.0E TO 87.0E IN ASSW WD OVER THE AREA (.) NORTH: -SCT LOW/MED CLOUDS OVER REST PJB REST HP N UTRKND E UP ADJ W UP AND ISOL OVER W HARY (.) EAST: -BKN LOW/MED CLOUDS WITH EMBDD MOD TO INT CONVTN OVER S ASSAM AND E BD (.) BKN LOW/MED CLOUDS WITH EMBDD ISOL WK TO MOD CONVTN OVER REST PARTS OF THE REGIONAND BHUTAN EXCEPT SCT LOW/MED CLOUDS OVER BHR (.)WEST: - BKN LOW/MED CLOUDS WITH EMBDD ISOL WK TO MOD CONVTN OVER SE MP S M MAHA S KKN & GOA (.) SCT LOW/MED CLOUDS OVER REST MP REST MAHA N RAJ AND S GUJ (.)SOUTH: -BKN LOW/MED CLOUDS WITH EMBDD MOD TO INT CONVTN OVER E TLNGN RYLSM ADJ NIK COTL KRNTK ANDAMAN IDS AND LKSWDP (.) BKN LOW/MED CLOUDS WITH EMBDD ISOL WK TO MOD CONVTN OVER REST PARTS OF THE REGION EXCEPT SCT LOW/MED CLOUDS OVER S TN (.)
Continue….
BAY OF BENGAL & ANDAMAN SEA: -SCT LOW/MED CLOUDS WITH EMBDD MOD TO INT CONVTN OVER REST EC BAY SW BAY AND WK TO MOD CONVTN OVER REST BAY ANDAMAN SEA GULF OF MARTABAN (.) ARABIAN SEA: - BKN LOW/MED CLOUDS WITH EMBDD MOD TO INT CONVTN OVER ARSEA BET LAT 9.5N TO 18.0N EAST OF LONG 67.0E (.) SCT LOW/MED CLOUDS WITH EMBDD ISOL WK CONVTN OVER REST S ARSEA (.)OUTSIDE INDIA: - BKN LOW/MED CLOUDS WITH EMBDD MOD TO INT CONVTN OVER N SUMATRA STR OF MALACCA AND OVER INDIAN OCEAN BET EQ TO 5.0N EAST OF LONG 90.0E (.) BKN LOW/MED CLOUDS WITH EMBDD ISOL WK TO MOD CONVTN OVER E TIBET ADJ CHINA REST MYANMAR ADJ THAILAND (.)TOO: 22/0940EF= TCIN51 DEMS 220300INTENSE PRECIPITATION ADVISORY BASED ON INSAT PIC OF 220300 UTC (.)SCT INT PPTN LIKELY OVER J&K HP N PJB LKSWDP AP AND ISOL OVER KRNTK DURING NEXT SIX HOURS (.)TOO: 22/0942EF=
Severe weather Forecast Demonstration Project (FDP)
At present four sub-projects are there under this programme: FDP on landfalling tropical cyclones over the
Bay of Bengal Severe Thunderstorm Observations and
Regional Modeling (STORM ). FOG
FDP on landfalling tropical cyclones over the Bay of Bengal
In addition to present services provided to all countries in our RSMC region some special products will be added like
• Special satellite bulletins• Special satellite images for all vortices in the
region
These products will also be sent to the other neighboring countries : Thailand, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia.
SPECIAL SATELLITE BULLETIN DATE: 22-10-2010 TIME: 0400 UTC
TCIN50 DEMS 220400 SPL SAT BLTN BASED ON INSAT PIC OF 220400 UTC (.)VORTEX OVER EC ADJ NE BAY CENTRED AT 18.8N/92.8E (.) INTENSITY T4.5 (.) EYE VISIBLE (.) METEOSAT WINDS SHOWS WIND SHEAR IS BET 5 TO 10 KTS AND WIND SHEAR TENDENCY IS BET -10 TO –20 KTS SHOWS FURTHER CHANCES OF INTENSIFICATION (.) ASSTD BKN TO SOLID INT TO V INT CONVTN (CTT MINUS 81 DEG C) OVER BAY BET LAT 16.0N TO 21.0N EAST OF LONG 90.0E ARAKAN COT ADJ MYANMAR (.)TOO: 22/1015EF=
FDP on Severe Thunderstorm Observations and Regional Modeling (STORM )
This project taken up during pre-monsoon season from 2006 onwards.
Neighboring countries; Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh are also participating in this project.
Hourly satellite based bulletins are issued and concerned region is also informed by phone.
Satellite based criteria for onset of monsoon over Kerala
SL. No Parameter Region of observation Criteria
1 OLR 5-100 N , 70- 750 E below 200wm-2
2 SSM/I Surface Winds 5-100 N , 55- 800 E Maxima > 16ms-1
On the day of onset & 2 two days prior.
3 SSM/I Water Vapour 5-100 N , 55- 800 E Maxima ≥ 6gcm-2
On the day of onset & 2 two days prior.
4 Depth of Westerly 0- 100N, 55- 800E. should be maintained up to 600 hPa
OLR
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
5/20
/201
1
5/21
/201
1
5/22
/201
1
5/23
/201
1
5/24
/201
1
5/25
/201
1
5/26
/201
1
5/27
/201
1
5/28
/201
1
5/29
/201
1
5/30
/201
1
5/31
/201
1
OLR
SSMI
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
5/20
/201
1
5/21
/201
1
5/22
/201
1
5/23
/201
1
5/24
/201
1
5/25
/201
1
5/26
/201
1
5/27
/201
1
5/28
/201
1
5/29
/201
1
5/30
/201
1
5/31
/201
1
SSMI_WIND_SPEED SSMI_WATER_VAPOUR
Depth of Westerly upto 600hpa
Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) activity
NWP Activities Data Assimilation NWP Model run Generate customize products To support various FDPs Model Validation R & D Capacity Building in NWP Coordination & Collaboration
Operational NWP System Medium Range Forecast > GFS T-574/L64 with GDAS ( 00 & 12 UTC) > MME based District Level Forecasts Short Range Forecast > WRF (ARW) VAR at 27 km and 9 km > WRF (NMM) at 9 km for TC 4 times a day > HWRF > MME based cyclone track prediction > Polar WRF for Antarctica Nowcast and Very Short Range Forecast > Hourly venue specific forecast- WRF (3 km) > ARPS with assimilation of DWR > Nowcast System with assimilation of DWR
PREPBUFR non-conventional
SOURCE: GTS SOURCE: ftp
GSI Analysis
GDAS FCST
06 hourly FCST
GFS FCST7 days
Fixed Fields(climatology)
Obs./BG Error StatisticsUsage Control Coefficient TablesLand Surface Parameters
GLOBAL DATA ASSIMILATION
Global Forecast System• Global Data Assimilation > NCEP Decoder PREPBUFR > NESDIS Sat Inputs > Other surface analysis: CEP > Grid Statistical Interpolation
• Global Forecast Model GFS T574/L64
Processed Radiance data Source: ftp NCEP
Assimilation (6 hourly)(1) AMSU-A & B (Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit)
(2) HIRS-3 & 4 (High-Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder)
(3) IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer)
(4) AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder)
(5) AMSRE (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System)
(6) GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)
(7) MHS (Microwave Humidity Sounder)
(8) TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission)
(9) SBUV/8 (Solar Backscattered Ultraviolet system/Version 8)
(10) GPS RO (GPS Radio occultation)
Assimilation of satellite winds (source GTS)
• GOES-11, GOES-13• Meteosat-7, Meteosat-9• MTSAT-1R• MODIS (TERRA and AQUA)• EUMETSAT including Meteosat Second Generation (MSG)
• Japan Sat Wind • ASCAT
Data Requirement
SEVIRIWINDSAT ( Coriolis satellite )CMA (along with decoder in case of GTS)COMS (along with decoder in case of
GTS)
Future Aspects
MEGHA-TROPIQUES
Products of Megha-Tropiqies under validation
Instruments Available and planned for MT _validation
Proposed Megha Tropiques Data Utilization at IMD
MADRAS
SAPHIR
Megha-Tropique sample products
SAPHIR microwave humidity profile
Forthcoming Geo. Satellite -INSAT –3D INSAT –3D Channel Characteristics
Imager channels VIS 0.55- 0.75 uM 1X1 Km.
SWIR 1.55 – 1.70 uM 1X1 Km.MWIR 3.8 - 4.0 uM 4X4 Km.
WV 6.5 – 7.1 uM 8X8 Km.TIR1 10.2 – 11.3 uM 4X4 Km.TIR2 11.5 – 12.5 uM 4X4 Km.
Sounder channels
VIS 0.67 - 0.72 uM 1 band
SWIR 3.67 - 4.59 uM 6 bands
MWIR 6.38 - 11.33 uM 5 bands
LWIR 11.66 –14.85 uM 7 bands
VIS 0.67 - 0.72 uM 1 band
SWIR 3.67 - 4.59 uM 6 bands
Geophysical Parameters to be derived from INSAT -3DNo. Parameters Input Channels No. Parameters Input Channels
1. Outgoing Long wave Radiation (OLR)
TIR -1, TIR -2, WV 10. Water Vapor Wind (WVW)
WV, TIR -1, TIR -2
2. Quantitative Precipitation Estimation ( QPE)
TIR -1, TIR -2, WV 11. Upper Tropospheric Humidity (UTH)
WV, TIR -1, TIR -2
3. Sea Surface Temperature (SST)
SWIR,TIR -1, TIR -2, MIR
12. Temperature, Humidity profile & Total ozone
Sounder all channels
4. Snow Cover VIS, SWIR, TIR -1, TIR -2
13. Value added parameters from sounder products
Sounder products
5. Snow Depth VIS, SWIR, TIR -1, TIR -2
14. FOG SWIR, MIR , TIR -1, TIR -2
6. Fire MIR, TIR -1 15. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
CCD
7. Smoke VIS, TIR -1, TIR -2, MIR
16. Flash Flood Analyzer TIR -1, TIR -2, VIS
8. Aerosol VIS, TIR -1, TIR -2 17. HSCAS VIS
9. Cloud Motion Vector (CMV)
VIS, TIR -1, TIR -2 18. Tropical Cyclone-intensity /position
AODT technique,TIR-1,TIR-2
Establishments for the “centres of Excellence” (COE)
Establishments of the “COE” for training and education in satellite Meteorology at Satellite Division, Satellite Building, Lodi Road, New Delhi-110003.
To run international level training events.Develop and run regular weather
discussions.
IMETCAST
DMDD will be replaced by IMETCAST in future.
Transmission of all satellite (INSAT-3D & polar orbiting) products.
Speed of transmission will be at least four times better than DMDD (128kbps).
Upgradation of data centre
IMD is going to upgrade the existing data centre to meet the requirements of the users