Indian Journal of Acarology Vol2(1)

8/3/2019 Indian Journal of Acarology Vol2(1)

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Volume 2, Number IJlme 1977

AcarologlcalSocietyIndia

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INDIAN JOURHAL OF ACAROLOGYThe journal, appearinll biannually in june and December each year, publishes

orillinal research papers on all aspects of Acarina, such a taxonomy, loolleollraphy,biology, ecology, morphology, physiology, evolution, cor.trol, etc.

Chid Editor:G. P. CHANNABASAVANNA

I'ubllshed by : The ACA ROLOG ICA LSOCI ETY0F IN D IA, Department of Entomology, Universityof Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore-S~O 024, India.

Editorial Board:L K. BHATTACHARYYAV. DHANDAS. EHARASWARAj GHAIL. S. HI REGOUDA RD. MacFARLANEJ . A. McMURTRYV. I. MITROFANOVM. van de VRIEEdi torial Assistonts :KU MA R D. GHO RPADEB . MAUIKEucutlYe Council 01 the Society :President:G. P.CHANNABASAVANNA,Y c e - Presid ents :S. K. BHATTACHA RYYASWA RAJ GHAtM. MOHANASUNDARAMY. D. PANDESecretary:B. K. NAGESHACHAND RATreosurer :N. H. lAKKUNDI

Professor of Entomology, Univers:ty of Agricultural Sclences,BangaloreS60 024, India.Zoological Survey of India, B lindsay Street, Calcutta700 016,India.Virus Researcll Centre, 20A Dr. Ambedkar Road, P.O. BoxNo. II, Poona-4tt DOl, India.81010gl,,1 Laboratory, Facu:ty of Education, Tottori UnI-versity, Toeteri, Japan.Division of EntomoloCY, Indian Agricultural Re..earc:hInstitute, New DelhiIIO 012, India.Department of Parasitology, Veterinary Collelle, Universityof Agricultural Sciences, IhngaloreS60 024, India.British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road. LondonS. W. 7, S. B. D., England.Division of &iological Control, University of California,Riverside, Californla92S02, U.S.A.Lenin AllUnion Academy of Agricu Itural Sciences, StateNlkita Botanical Garden, Yalta, Crimea, U.S.S. R.Research Station for Floriculture, Llnnaeuslaan 2a, Aalsmeer.The Netherlands.Department of Entomology, University of AcrlculturalSciences, 8angalore-S60 024, India.

Dept. of Ent., Univ. Agrll. Scl., BanCalore.

Zool. Surv. India, Calcutta.Indian Agril. Res. lnst., New Deihl.Dept. of Ent., Tamil Nadu ACri!., Unlv., Coimbatore.Dept. of Ent., Coil. of Alrl,., Udaipur.

Dept. of Ent., Univ. Agrll. Sci., Banlalore.

Dept. of Ent., Univ. Agrll. Scl., Bancalore.Mll'llbenhlp . f t . Subscription Rat .. :Life Members.: Rs. 200 (India) or US $ 100 (abroad).Active Members.: R s. 20 (India) or US$ 10 (abroad) per annum.Student Members: Rs. 10 (India) or US'S S (abroad) per annum.

An Admission Fee of Rs. 10 (India) or US$ 5 (abroad) is payable by all membeu.Members get the Indian Journa l O f Acarology and the Acarology Newsletter free.Annual Subscription Rates for nen- members and Institution are RI. 100 (India) or US$ 30(abroad).Rates for advertisments will be supplied on request.Please make all Money Orders and drafts payable to ACA RO lO G ICAL SOC lET Y 0FINDIA.


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Indian J . kar . 2: 1.....11 (Oec. 1977)

NEW INellS AND RECORDS OF T Y P H L O D R O M U S ANDPHYTf1!EflJS PROM EASTERN INDIA (Acarina: Phytolelidae)e

S.' K. GUPtA- , Z o " O I ' O I I c o i Survey o f fmJ lQ. ' .Madan Street, Calcuno-700 013. India

ABSTRACTFive new species. Typh iod romu l mOnIp~feftaIs. T. bambuslcolus. T. neomenonus.T. orissoensJs, and Phytaselus (Dubininellui) nfi!yltnre -._ atiicrlbed trom .astern India.

Phytose/us (Dubln/nellus) rUf!us Denmark Is rorded fo r. _ tint .... hm India. Collec-tion data for Typhlodromus homollf Gupta, T. rlckerl Chant, T. fludtnerl Chlnt. Phytoselus(Dubininellus) mocropllls (Banks) and P. (Phytose/us) kapur/ Gupta:1AI " '0, provided.

INTRODUCTIONThe author m ade surveys of the eas tern S tate s of India for phytose lld ,!,Ites andcould collect m any Interes ting specles, The pres ent paper is bas ed on m aterial of two

genera, Typhlodr~m-us Seheuten and Phytase/us R lbaga; m aterial of the other generaw ill be dealt W ith els ewhere .This paper Includes e leven species , of which four s pecies of Typhfodromus and onespecies of Phytose/us are described, as new to science and another species of Phytose/us

Is reported for the firs t tim e from liIdla. The collection data for the other species ofthe s etw o genera from thes e regions are also provided. Unles s ,O therw~se "ated. the colleC -tions w ere m ade by the author. Chant. Hansell and Yoshida (1974) have been follow edfor s e tal nom enclature as ' w ell, as 'for the CO hC4 ?pt'ofthe pnera. A l l measurement s ire Inm icrons . ..

Types and other m aterial are deposi ted In the Zoological S urvey of India, Calcutta .Genus Typh/odromus Scheaten

Typhiodromul maftlpurenlll s p. - no v.(Figs. 1-4) ,

Female: D orsal s hie ld w eakly sclerotlm d. smooth, 188 long, 160 wfde, with 18 pairs9f.set ae. All setae smooth and simple; setaZS _loneest-51, other setae m eas ure : 11 -10 .4.--.8, 1,,-12, 16-16, Ja-16, J,--6. 1,-11. Z,-8. Zt---18, 5.--18,54-104, 56-32, 5.-32.S4-H, SI-20, %4--12, Z4' .32; ra and R I on inters cutal m em brane . Thi. J. the-fifth paper In t~ .ries-;, Studies on Indla'n Ph"to.lidll".


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S. K, GUPTAS tern al sh leld al m os t as long as bro ad w ith 3 pairs of "S ternal s etae . fourth pal r ofs etae pres ent on m et as te rn al plates . Genital shie ld 60 wide , narrower than the greates tW idth of ventrlanal shie ld. Ventrianal shie ld longer (88) than wide (68) w ith 'f . pairs of

preanal s e tae and a pair of preanal pores : 4 pairs of s e tae pres ent around ventrlan al shield:;~2 pairs of m etapodal plates : prim ary 16 long. 4 wide; the other 8 long. Perltrem eext~nds anteriorly al m o st u pta base of J I. Fixed digit of chelicera m u I tldent ate. movabledigit w ith 3 teetli. Sperm atheca with thIck broad cervix.l eg c ha eto to xy : genu II 7 setae (4 dorsal . 3 lateral), IfInu III 7 setae (4 dorsal . 2Iater al, I 'I. en tr al) , g en u IV 7 setae (3 dorsal . 2 later al, 2 ventral) . tl bl a II 7 set ae (3 dorsal ,2 lateral, 2veiltral) . s etae on leg IV: genu - 25, tib ia -28 and bas itarsus - 56.

Mole; Unknown.HO LO TYPE.: ~ . INDIA: M anlpur: M ao. 16 . jx, 1975. ex . unid en tif ie d p la nt. Y. N . Guptacall. PARATYPES: 3U. data sam e a s f or h olaty pe .Remarks: This new specIes Is dis tinguished from Typhlodromus baker l (Garman. 1948 )In h av in g %1 tiny, about t as long as la. In the pres ence of m acrosetae on genu, tibIa andbas ltarsus , In having w ide eervlx of sperm atheca and In having non-re ticulate ventrianalshie ld. It further' differs from T. neorhenanus sp. nov. In shape of the ventrlanal shieldand ' sp e rma th e ca .

Typhlodromus bambuI.colul .p. nov.(F Igs . 5-9 )

Female : D ors al s hield w ell s c:lerotlzed . re tlcu Iate , 290 long. 160 W ide with 18 pal rs ofs e tae . Except Za' all other s e tae short and never touch the bases of the follow ing setae.M easurem ents of s etae : 11-12. 1.-10 . 1,-11, 1,-16, JI-20. J.-8, la-IS. %2-12.

, %8 . .. . .. 12sa-16, 5 " . . ; . . . . 1 6 . 56"""';'20,5,....-20, 5,,-22. 5,-12. ZI-+4. z,-I ....Z,,:"14; ra and R Ion Inters cuta I m em brane , each 16 long.h. _. S ternal shie ld well s clerotlzed, 68 long. 56 wide . w fth 3 pairs of s ternal s e tae;m eta;;te rnal plates each wIth seta dis tInct. Genital shIeld 60 W ide . narrower than thegreate .t w idth of ventrlanal shield w ith a pair of s etae. A fold pres ent between genital andventrianal shields . Ventrlanal shield alm os t squarish, 76 long. " J l wide , w ith 3 pairs ofpreanal s etae and a pair of preanal pg,res ; 4 pairs of s etae pres ent around ventrlanal shield;2 pairs of m etapodal plates pres ent. both being shore . F ixed digit of chelicera m ulti-.~~ntate . tee th ,on m ovable digit Indis cernible . Sperm atheca as figured.

- G enu. II 7. s etae (4 dorsal. 3 late ral) . ge nu 1117 se tae (4 dorsal, 2 Iate ral. I ve n tral) .genu IV 7 , s etae (4 dorsal, I lateral. 2 ventral) . tibia II 7 s etae (3 dorsal, 2 late ral.2 ventral) , tl bl a III 7 s e t ae (3 dorsal, -2 late ral. 2 ventral), tl bl a IV 6 se t ae (3 dors ai, I late ral.2 ventral); m acrose tae on leg IV : genu-8. tlb la-12. bas itarsus -20 , all w ith a bulging tip

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ON TYPHlODROMUS AND PHYTOSEIUS

2a

9

6

Figs. 1~1. Typhlodromus rmJnlputemls sp. nev., (emilie: I. do ... al shield: 2. VlIncral$IIrface; 3. slMrmatheca; 4. Iq. IV. Figi. 5-9. TyphlodromUi bambuslco/us . p .nev., (em ole : 5. dorsal shield: 6. ven1ral,urf,u: 7 perm'theca: 8. lea: IV 19. IMrltreme.

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S. K. GUPTAMo l e : Unknown.HO L O T Y P E ; !j!, INDIA : Ass am : M lklr hills , 3. xl, 1974,ex bam boo. P A R A T Y P E S :Ii. IN D IA : Ass am : Nowgong, 4 . xl. 1974,ex citrus.Remarks : This new species belongs to the bakerl-g,roup Including T. bakerl (Hughes,1948), T. s lngularls C hant (1957) and T. algonqulnens/$ Chant et a l. (1974), but It Is verywell dis tinguis hed from bakerl an d algonqufnens/s by the presence of a knobbed macrosetaon teg IV . In l5 and JV 4 being knobbed. by 5 6 being about t as long as 5 4 ' and by theshape of the sperm atheca. It further differs from T. s lngular1s in lacking cons trictions onlateral margins of ventrianal shie ld and in having macrosetae on genu. tibia andbas ltarsus of leg IV .

Typhiodromul neorhenan. sp. nov.(Figs. 10-17)

Female: D ors al $h leld sm ooth, u nretleu Iate . highly s dll'O t:lzed, 296 1 0 ng, 156 WIde.with 18 paIrs of setae . A ll se tae smooth. z" being s mall iod!as long as Zs ; Z ., almos ttoue hes bas e of Zs; be sl des Z. an d Zs all other se t ae short a A d never touch the bases offollowing setae. Measurem ents of setae: k--16, 1.-10, 1.;-16. 1,-20. Ja-:-24. Ja-.s.is-13, zl-8, Za-16. Sa-22, s,-25. 5,-28. 5.-33. 5.-)6.-;S,-32, Z.-56, z6-16.Z.-M; r, and RI on Interscutal m em brane and m easure 2 0 ..,d14 10 ng. res pectively.

;Sternal shie ld with 3 pairs of s ternal setae , met aster" aIpi ... round, each with aseta. Genital shie ld narrower than greates t w idth of .,.nul"," shie ld. w tth a pair ofsetae . Ventrlanal shie ld broader at the anterior region 1 . I \ . _ c h C a Y 1 8 at the anal regionwith 4 pairs of preanal setae and a pair of preanal porel.". ,*'-rs of setae pres ent aroundventrl an al s h l eld; 2 pairs of m etapod a I pia tes present,,, Bott I dill" of chelicera m u Itl-dentate. Sperm atheea as figured. .

Maeros etae abs ent on genu IV and tibia IV , but pres ent on bas ltarsus IV-


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~. -

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17

ON TYPHLODROMUS AND PHYTOSE /US

18

1 5

16[J,FI,s. 10-17, Typh/odromu. Ifeorhenonu. sp. nQV., femole: 10. donll

shleld ; II. ventl"ll ILlrra~ ; .12. Ipern:luhe_CI; 13~ helloara: 14. leg IV.mole: IS. dOr5llshlllld; 16. ventral surface; 17. spermatophoral process.flp. 1821. TYflhlodromus orlssoensls sp. nov., femo/e: 18. donal shield;19. posterior ventral surface i 20. spermatheca: 21. Ie, IV.


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S. K. GUPTAohatas: h~24.14~26. J&-33.16-48, J .--5-4, 111-5.1.-44, %.-6. :la-53, s.~24, 5..-53.$6-64. 5,-.62, 5..-.40. S6,_..o16.Z6-64. 16-12. Z..-S6; r. and R t on lateral Integument.each 20 long.

Sternal shield indistinct with 3 pairs ef sternal setae, metasternal plates incon-spicuous. Genital shield 64 wide with a paIr of setae. Venttlanal shIeld 88 long. 76 Wide,broader at the anterior margin while latsral margins deeply concave with .. pairs of preanalsetae. A fold present between genital and 'lentrlanal shields: 4 pairs of setae aroundventrianal shield; 2 pairs of metapodal plates present: primary 24 long. the other 12 long.Chelicera not discernible because of position of specimen. Spermatheca with thick longc!lrvlx.

Genu n 7 setae (4 dorsal. 3 lateral). genu 1117 setae (4 dorsal. 2 lateral, I ventral).genu IV 7 setae (4 dorsal. 2 lateral. I ventr~), tibia II7 (3 dorsal, 2 lateral. 2 ventral),tl bla III 7 set ae (3 dorsal, 2 lateral, 2 ventral). tibial V 6 setae ( 3 dorsal. I lateral, 2 ventral):macrosetae on leg IV: genu-la, tibia - 14 and ba..ltarsus -36.Mole: Unknown.H 0 L O T Y P E: ~, IN D I A : Orissa: Angul 5 0 1 1 Conservatktn Farm~ 10 . iv . 1973, exunIdentified trailing piant.Remarks: This new species resembles Typhfodromll$ r icker ' ChaM, 1960. but I_seasilydl~lnguishad by the relative lengths of the dorsocanttal set... spad. l I l J . . and 1 6 ' andby the shape of the ventrianal shield.

T yp hlo dro mu s h om oll1 GuptaT yp hfo dro mus h om a/lf Gupta, 1970, O r ie nt. In sec ts . 4: 188.Material examfned; 1 ~, Orissa: Barl pad a, S . Iv. 1973; ex ficus benra/ensts ; 1 !i.Meghalaya: Cherrapunjl, 22. x, 1974; ex arum: I S:.Chandmarl, 21. x, 1974, ex citrus.Distribution: IND IA: West Bengal, Orissa (new record). Meghalaya (new record).

Typhlodromus ricker! ChantTyphlodrom us (Typh lodrom us) rlckerl Chant, 1960 . Can. Ent., 91: 62.M oter/al E xa min ed ; IS:, Nag al an d : Kohl ma, IS. lx, 1975. ex flower of an un dentlfiedplant. Y. N. Gupta call. .Dlstrlbutfon: iNOlA: Meghalaya, Karnataka, NagaJand (new record).

Typhlodromus ffeschnerl ChantT yp hlo dro m us (T yp hlo dro m us ) fleschnerl Chant, 1960. Can. ent . 92: 60 .M aterial ex am ine d: 1s , West Bengal: Baras at, 3. lx, 1968, ex G os sy plu m h erb oce umDistribution: IND IA: Assam, Karn ataka. Meghal aya. West Bengal.


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ON TYPHLOOROMUS AND PHYTOSE . /USGenus Phytose/u' Ribaga

Phytolelus ( Dublnlnellu.) meyerae sp, nov.(Figs. 22-26)

hmale: Dorsal shiel d rugose, elongated, 26 0 long, 170 wide wit h 15 pal rs of setae: 3pairs of dorsocentrals, 7 pairs of laterals, 2 pairs of medlolaterals, I pair of sublaterals,t pair of verticals and I pair of clunals, All setae thin, gently serrate except Z. which1$ smooth. Seta 56 longer than 5., Za3nd s! almost of equal length, Z~shorter than 5Measurements of Setae: i.-20, I.., I~.16, J5 and z~..--8 each ia-20, Zz..-12, Z a -20. Sa-20,5..-20, s& ,-6 0 . Z II. .. .-3 7, ra-28. Z ... . . . . - 4 4 (broken).

Sternal shield almost as long as broad. with 3 pairs of sternal setae, metasternalplate not discernible. Genital shield narrower than greatest width of ventrlanal shield.with a pair of setae. Ventrianal shield n long. 50 wide with 3 pairs of preanal setae anda pal r of prean al pores, ~ pal rs of set as prese nt around ventrlan al shield; 5 1 ngle pair ofmetapodal plates. Fixed digit of chelicera with 3 teeth. movable digit with one tooth.Spermatheea with thick, flask-shaped cervix.

Ge null 7 setae (4 dors al, 3 lateral). gen u III 7 setae (4 dorsal, 2 Iateral, I ve ntral),genu IV 7 setae (4 dorsal, 2 lateral. I ventral), tibia 11 7 setae (3 dorsal, 2 lateral, 2 ventral)t Ibl a III 7 setae (3 dors al, 2 lateral. 2 ventral). tl bl a IV 6 setae (3 dorsal, 2 later ai, I ventral);macrosetae on leg IV: genu - 7, tibia - 36 and basltarsus - 20.Male: Dorsal chaetotaxy as in female. but setae relatively shorter. Spermatophoralprocess as figured.H O L O T Y P E . : ~ . INDIA: Meghalaya: Tura, 16. x, 1974. ex unidentified weed.P A R A T Y P E . S : I 3, data same as for holotypei I i, Assam: Gossalngaon. 8. xl, 1974.ex banana.Remarks : This new species Is very close to P. ( D .) b re vlc rin ls Swlrski and Shechter( 1961),but differs from it In having Saserrate and spermatheca with more elongate cervix,

It Is named after Dr. M. K. P. Meyer, Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria,S. Africa, in recognition of her valuable contributions on phytoseiid taxonomy.

P hy tos e lus (Dub ln /ne llus ) rugosus Denmark(Figs. 27-30)

Phytose/us (Dubin/neHus) rugosus Denmark, 1966. Bull. F la. Dep. Agr /c . 6: 100.M a/e : Dorsal shiel d rugose, 200 Ion g, 155 wi de with 15 pal rs of set ae. Ex;cept Zz, sa.J " J. , Iii' i6 %5' other setae are thick and serrate. Setae s. and 55 almost equal, Zii longer

7


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J ~,.u

'S o JC .. ~GUPTA

~6

@.u . . .

~ "I ' J2 \.31

Fig 22-26. P hytO l elu s (D .) meyerae IP., nov., (emo/e: 22. dorsal 5hleld j'23. ventral surface; 24. lpermatheca j 25; '. IV. mote: 16. spermatophonl

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ON TY'HLODItOMUS -AND 'HYTOSE. /USa . n , Z... Measurements of setae: iI-19. 1.-4. J , . z,..:...s each. 1,-18. z.-9, Za-24.~fI. s...........S. s,--44. 2,-29. 2.-26. r,-26.Sterniti&enltal shield with 5 pairs of setae. Ventrlanal shield as figured with 3 pairstif preanal setae. Sperm aee phoral process as fiilir ed . Genu II 7 s etae (4 dorsal. 3~al). genu III 6 setae (~ dorsal. 2 veMral)~ ge'nu tv 6 setae (" I dorsal. I Iateral. I ventral) .. ..b fa 117 setae (3 dorsal. 2 lateral. 2 ventral). tibia II I & setae (3 dorsal. 2 lateral. I ventral).

tibia IV 6 setae (3 dorsal. 2 lateral. I ventral). maerosetae on leg IV: genu - 6 (peg~lIke)." tibia - 7 . basltarsus -20.Material examined: I 3. Orlna: Keonjhar. 30 . III.. 1973. ex Te rm in o /lo a rJ un o.Dls tr lbut lon: P A K 1STA N : Rawalpl ndl. 5 1alkot; IN 0 IA: Orissa .ie'marks: The specl m e n agreed with ihe origin al description of D e n m a r k In most features.However. s om e minor variations were observed: 2, slightly lon~rthin 2., J a . s... S , . Z . .and macrosetae relatively shorter.

' ny tos t !lu s -(DubIn /ne t/ u s ) macropil is (Ban ks )(Figs. 31-36)

Ie/us miJcropll is B-ank.s; 1909. "to~. ent, Soc. W(lsh II: 135.Femafe: Dorsal shield 280 long; ISOwide with 15 pairs of setae. Measurement ofsetae: 11-25. I.-I" I,. J,--6 each. 1.-36. Zt-5. Za-25t s,-5. s4~IOO. 5,-7'.25-70.z.-6. Z.-70. r . - - + t - . .

Sternal and genitat.shte,lds !:,ormal W rth 1 p'alrs of sterhal and I pair of genital setae,res pectWely. Ventrlant' shltJd ~Ibn'. Sl-iflde Wi'til 3 pairS' of distinct preanil setae.] pairs of setae present around ventrlanal shield . Macrosetae on leg IV: genu-20,tibia - " 1 8 and basltarsus - 32. Spermatheca with eervlx broadly elongate and knobbed.rlum.~oterl(J1 examined: I ~ . Orissa: aarl pa da . Arnarda Road. 22. I I I . 1973. on ShorearobustD.DlsUibutlon: Cosmopolitan.Remarks: The specimen did not agree with the re-descrtpetcns of Chant (1965) andDenmark (1966) In respect of the number of preanal setae on the ventrianal shield. Some

process. Fi,l. 27-10. Phytoselu. (0.) ru,o.u. Denmark. male: 27. dorsalshield: 18. venual surface; 29. spermatophoral procell: 30. lei IV.FilS. ~I:""~. 'hyweiu. 1D.) ma"oPlII, (8.nkl). fema/e: :U dorsal Ihield ;32. ventral surface; 31. spermatheta; 34. I e , IV. male; )5. ventrlanal,hleld; 36. 'perm,tophoral process.

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S. K. GUPTAworkers mentioned the presence of 3 pairs of preanal setae on ventrlanal shield whllP,,Chant (1965) and Denmark (1966) dearly Indicated the presence of usually 2palrf6f.preanal setae. but stated that 3 pairs when pre&ent may b e treated as aberratlons. hi 'the:present spec.1menboth sides of the ventrianal shield po~sed3 pairs of preana] setae.Besides the above character, variations were also noticed 'In the i"e'latlvele-ngehsof setae.speel ally zJ. sa and 56' whIch ware shorter' and also In having shorter mac~oseta on tlbl a: I~iAs the specimen agreed With P (D .) mo ,r o pi li s in most 'oftM basic _ssential features. t~.spec.1men Is treated here as t hls species. . . .:I .,_, . : f!:

P hyta se /u s (P hyto se lu s) ko pu rl Gupta"Phytose /us (Phytoseius) kapur/ Gupta. 1969. 'fsrdefJ.'ogt1C; 'Rb.. 1 9 ' : us ,Mater i a l examined:' I i,Orissa: BangrlPoSi Ght , '% ! ill. 1973, ex " Kendu" pJant:1 s, Baripada, 22. iiI. 1973, ex iJnldentl~p-lant; 7 ~~, Meghalaya: Tura, Chandmar],'M . x, 197... eX,unldentlfied plant; J-'~;'Tdr\4","u. It. x, 1974. ex bl'injal; I i, Assam~'Gossaingaon" 8. xt, "74, ex Sh6ted n d t u l6 : l . - ' " ' - .

- ." - ~.,

Distribution: INDIA: West_ Be~.~. Assam (new record), Meghalaya (new record),Orissa (new record). r ,Remarks: The specimens .pet -:'th the original description except In some ml,norvariations. especially I,n ha'lln'~rter length of 54 and 56' This species was found feeding-en the eus ~,. Tetr~~"'1W!~'fflledon/'us Andre and T. , ' rmabar /nus (80isduval). '

ACKNOW L E D G E M ENTSThe author expres. hls,grateful thanks to Dr. S. Khera, Joint Dtrector-ln-Charge,Z4?ologlcal Survey of .lnClla,for faclUdes. and to Dr. S. K. Tandon, SuperintendingZoologist, Z.S.J . for encoura,ement. '

REFERENCESATH IASH EN RIOT, C. 1962. PhyttMild. et'Aceoseiidae (Acar.lna: Gamulna)_ d' Allene- III. Gtnt'aTyphlodromus 5ch.uten, 1857. 8ull. Soc. d, Hist. de d, Afrique du N ord, 51: 62-107 (1960).CHANT, O. A. 1957. Descriptions of some Phytosal1d mites (Acarina: Phytoselldae). Part I. Nine

new species from British Columbia With keys to the species of British Columbia. Part II. Redescrlp-tions from eight species described by krlese. Can. nt., It: 289-308.CHANT, O. A. 1960. Descriptions of flv~ new species of mites fr~m India (Acarina: Phytoselid"~Aceosejidae). CCIn. nt., 1 1 1 : 58-65.

10

CHANT. D. A. 1965., The identity and distribution of species of Phytoseius Ribllfa (Acarina: Phytooselldy) In C-anada.Can.nt., 97: 897-909.'


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ON TY I 'HLOD I tOMUS AND PH YTOU IU SC M A t t ' r . D. A., HANSELL, R. I.C. and YOSHIDA, E. 1971. The genus TY# ' h lod romus Scheuten",' i-":~tAcvlna: Phytoselidae) In Clnada and Aluk.. CaR . J. Zool. , 51: 1265-1291.-01lit""K, H, A. I~. - Revision of the ~us ,ohy!oseius Riba,I, 1904 (Acarina: Phyt?"lidu),:-L,-. )r : Fro. D ep . A t " , . , : 5-105. ,""I;MAN, P. 1948. Mite specl. frpm apple lrees In Connecticut. COIIII. alflc. Exp. Sta. Bull., No.

110: 5-127.l I U P T A .. S. K L 1970. Prelim inary ~ on .plant miteS (Ac~ina) rrom West. Bet)lat Sci. , Cu't.~36:- - 98-99.

-~:,)~"ul15HES, A. M. 1918. The mites associated With stored food producu. Min. A,ri. and Flsherlel.london, 16 8 pp.OUDEMANS, A. C 19O5. Blxonderhenden over bekendli en nleuwe Acli'l; 7/jdschr. lIt., 41: 77-81.SWI RSKI, E. AND SHECHTE R. R. i961. Some phytoselld mites (Acarina: PhytOMlldu) of Hon,

Kon, with a description of I new genus and seven new species. I.rael F Q.'ic.Res.~ ~,: 97-117.

- ' .. :

.. ;

II


14/46

Ind ian J . Ac:ar.,2: 12-20 (Dec. 1977)

LIFE CYCLE, FEEDING BEHAVIOUR AND OVIPOSITIONALABILITY OF R H I P I C E P H A L U S SANGUINEUS ANDR. tu R A N I CUS (Acarina: Ixodidae)

P. V. M. MAHADEVVirus Researc:hCentre. 20 A .. D r. A .m bed ka r Road , Po ona-4 I I 001. India

ABSTR.ACTLife cycles of Poona strain. of IUtlplcephDlu. 'DnfUlneu. (LatreIlJe), It. turtllli~,Pomerantav. Matkuhv\li and I,otoukll. and, Cyprus strain or It wronicus Were studied

In the laboratory. The number of dayt .-.qulred for various ev.nu In the life cycles shOWtldconsiderable differences amona the th",,,,alltl. Partial two--host behaviour of R. euranlcusand ita absence In R. IDn,uineul when thelmmaiure 1taps were fed on rodenu. and thedifferences In their host ranpl seem co li e of 101M tlXOnomlc utility. The reproductiveefficiency of the three maiM varted contlderabfy. This elucidates either uncertainty of thetaxonomic. status of the stralnl of R. tunNIIClfl or the non.utllity of this trait In the taxonomyof R. lanfU'neul com pie.. It" .Itthat the ltatUI ohhele .pecl. could be determined onl,after knowins the reprodualve efficiency of other lpedel and/or varieties In this complex.

INT R.ODUCTtoNFeldman- Muhum (1968) Included ten s.pede, under the Rhlplc:ephalussan,ulneus- complex', Only two, R, songulneus (Latreille)., l~ and R. turanlcus Pomerantzev.Matkashvili and Lototzkll, 1940, have so far been recorded in Ihe Indi.an subcontinent(Sharif, 1928; Mitchell and Splllet, 1968). Dhanda and Ramachandra Rao (1969).studled the collections of R. sangu ineus - ' complex' ffom dlffere'" localities In India.and noticed considerable variation and overlap In tile morpholoalcalcharacttrs. A study

-c f tbelr biological characters was therefore felt neceHary.The present paper gives an account of the life cycles of strains of It. ,an,ulne and R . turan/cus from Poona and of R. t u r on /cus from Cyprus.

MATERIAL AND METHODSThese studies were carried out on the laboratory colonies of ticks maintained atthe Virus Research Centre. Poona. Sources of the colonies were: R. so ngu in eu s, ~ ~ offdogs. Poona (Satavwadl and Hadapsar suburbs); R. turonlCus. ~2 off dogs. Poona(Magarpatta suburb) and R. turon/cus. 100engorged nymphs from Cyprus,Identit y of tic ks from Poona was confirmed with the help of the keys provided byShatas (1956) and Morel and Vassillades (1962) and comparing the Immature stages. withidentified specimens.

1 2 . :


15/46

ON R HIPIC HH AL US SANGUINEUS AND R . TUR A NIC USF or m aintaining the eotcnles, the adults were fed Ins ide metal cap su le s fi)(e d Oft

".bblts. A fter e very 3 or 4 generations , they were fed on dogs to keep up the. vigour of-the tolony (Srivas tava and V arm a. 196


16/46

, P. V.H. MAHADEV '.1

, ~.Tabl. I. 1.1fecycles of, IthIPlcet""'vs Hnpltfeu, .ncl ,R._tU,ctllicus in the laboratory

R ., Nnpineut (Poorr~ R ._ t(IMlticw .(POOfta ) R.turanic l is (Cyp)N~ f days :N.~ o~ N _ o . of d11s No. of ,No. of days No. ofranp obter'va ran .. oblerva- range ob.erva-tlOIII fiG'ni- tlons

Feedlnl of femu. ~ " 9 .' 7 - 1 1 . -7 6-19 ' '8'Pre-ov iposition U 7 l-S -1] -1-4 8OvlPoaltlon, - .; .1-14- 7 ,17-11 IJ, -,1748 8Incuba t IOn- 1 8 - 2 5 7 17-25 IJ .. , ,1.60-15 < - . - ,PnfHdlnl of larva ' ' 1 - 2 ' ] 1 - 2 ] . t~ ],Feedln, of larva ]-7 IS 2-5'" 2 0 ]-4" 17Moultln. of larva 10-1] ] 6-11 . . 9-10 . .'ret"dlng of nym.phs 1-2 ] 1 - 2 2 1 - 2 2Feeding of nymphs 4 - S 8 3 - 9 14 3 - 1 ] IIMoultinl of n~mphl 10-17 8 2 " 12-16 4 - 1 4 - 2 1 5

" A s~all proportion of larvae moulted, nymphs ... attach~ and dropped ued nymphs . ~ MOlJltln,~bser"'d b J ' 'holding ny~phs indlviduall,., .

R. songllfneusat all 'ambient temperature of 15-22.0C. 'In tile preterit studies-it . I S 52'days In R.turdnlcus (Poon strain), 55 days In R. turdnlcus (Cyprus StAin},' 'and 59' InR.-$dngulneu$. Thi.sshorter period was obviously due to the M,tier ambient tEfmperature~ ,POCina'(lSO-30C). The Immature stages of all the three strains showed lower min imumptefeedlng periods than those in earlier studies. Srivastava and' Varma (1964) suggestedthat this may be an adaptation to a tropical cllmate; Since the developmental periodsare temperature .dependant , utility of the observations made u ambient temperatureswould be-of limited use in the comparislon of the life cycles. Buti, as the studle, weremade under $lmHarcondltlons they elucldate valid d.lfFerences,tihe level cf sIgnificance -e fwhich canbesr-be a$$essedby studies l-ncontrolled temperaturecofldltlons. - The d-ttruIonof engorgement of the Immature stages In R.turanicus was also shorter,than In R.,Son(ulneut,a fact suppOrted, by Petrova~Polntkovskaya's (19~7) observations. But, simultaneousstudies on the same host would give,the best compariSon of feeding periods of.each ,of thestrains under study.

The tendency of R. turdnlcus as a partial two~host tick should b e accepted wld(caution since actual observation of the larvae moulting on the host was wanting. How-ever the numbe r of days required to get fed nymphs from the engorged and dropped offlarvae was mor e than those which moulted, reattached and fed on the same host. Thiswas similar to Bilashov's (1968) observatlon which states that the prefeeding and feedingperiods for one-host or two-host ticks were shorter than In three-host tleks, The host14


17/46

ON RHIPICEPHALUS S ANGU IN fU S AND R . TUR ANI,US,ange of the imm ature s tages of both the s trains of R . turanicus was In conform ity w iththe earlie r observations of B alashov (1968 ) and M itchell and Spillet (1968 ).R . s angulneus did not show a tendency towards being a, two-hos t tick. Its hos tnnge and life cycle were s im ilar to those described by L utterm os er (19 33) and S rivas tava

and Varm a (1964 ).The com parative s tatem ents of event:s subsequent to engorgem ent of fem alesobserved by various workers pres ent a high d~gree of overlap and variation which could

be due to the differences in am bient tern per at u res . (S apre , 194 5; Pet rov a- Po'intkovsk'aya,1947;! : A ehan, 1961 ; S ri_vas tava and Varm a., 1964 ; NagarJI968b). The fact-that. theobservations were m ade on populations from different regions could also contribute tothes e variations . Therefore, on the bas is of Inform ation available so far, thes e differenceseannoe be cons idered as of taxonom ic value . ; r.. -

It had been shown earlie r that in Ixodtd ticks a s ignificant correlation e xis ts betweenthe num ber ofeggs laid and the Initial w eight of the fed fem ale (Snow and A rthur, 1966;Drummond et 0 1 1971). The s lope of regreSSion line for fecundity has been sugges tedas . a fe atu re cf eaxencrntc Im portance (Nagar, 19680 ; Jagannath et 0 1 . , 1974 ). However.so far thes e com parisons were res tricted to species belonging to different genera.D u ri ng thi s s tudy the s lope val ue of R . s angufneus was 14 .784 , wh lie those of R . turonfcuswere 17 ,423 (Cyprus s train) and 21 .191 (Poona s train) . The s lope value forR . s angulneus com pares favourably w ith those reported earlier. viz" 13,939 by NagarJ968a). and 14 ,391 by Achan (1961 ) and unfavourably w ith 11 ,47 by Sweatm an (1967 ).S tral,n s o 'f R . turanlcus show cons iderable dl_tferences not only from R . s angulne us , butalso am ong the two ,s trai,.s .S t~d1ed. The dis tinct gap In the reproductive efficiency ofthe two s trains of R . turonlcus m ight warrant diff~nt .taJ) .Aom ic s tatus . If w e acceptt h 'at thes e two s tram s belon, to the sam e SpeCies , It . . follow s that the reprbd uctive,efficiency Is not a saltable taxonom ic trait for It turonkus (or R . sangulneus complexas a whole). On the contrary if this com plex is cons idered to depict a spectrum of r a w .productive efficiency am ong the cons tituent taxa, R . turcrnlcus from Cyprus would beplaced -between R . s angulneus and - It tur4nlcus f~om Poon a: Thus ' only after cons lder-J . I 1 & the di f fer~n c es betw een, th e ; ' : s lopes : - of all. t,he exis t! rig taxa (and/or varle t les ) the..s tatus of the above two s trains of R . tU.ranicus could b e d ete rm in ed .

AC_K~OW LE D G EM ENTSThe author gratefully acknow ledges D r. T . R am achandra;R ,aq, form er D irector,and O r. N . P. Gupta, D irector. V . R .C ., Poona, for their encouragem ent during the-S tudy and thanks O r. V . Dhanda for his interes t in the s tudy. S incere thanks are.a[so due to D r. M . N . Kais er. U .S . Naval Medical R esearch Unit-3, Cairo. Egypt, who

s 'uppli_ed Ii,ve ' speclrnens of ticks , from Cyprus for '. the s tudy. A s s l~tance of M es s rsP . S. $ hetty :and P. K , Deshm ukh, and other. m em bers of s taff of' the Entom ology-4 ivls ion. V iru s R ese arch Centre , Poon a, Is al so ae;know lecl g ed.

I S


18/46

P. V. M . MAHADEVTabIe II. Correlation of-,nit'al wellht of fed feinaleswith total eg,'

A . ,QJJluineusf rom Madru 8

Initial wt. of fed females Inmil (X)

Ranle Mean Standarderror7)0 122+4 1782-190'11311' o llO'2$S j7U_-1812$"

117;15.- 151"'2 1521--US-4$0.7$- 213'53 3317

_, . . . . . . . . ,. . .

TIcu No. ofobs er v . .tlons

I. rOlll'neusfrom Poone, 10

1 1 : . turan/cllafrom Poone

Ii tarclrJicuifrom Cyprus

,., > 0 '001 Pleva'!

t...III. Pattern of enlorpmeni of larave of I t. SGnlll/nell'and'% fed on each day after ,.Ie ..N O ; . " ,... of,Spiel. Host . . . . . . . . lirf. 2 3 4 5 6 7

tlons fe d LarvaeIt .an,ujn..,. ~Ice 7 1 1 ; " 1936 7016 1048(Poon.) R a t S Hit 074 5 8 s a 4068Rabbit :i 4 S 4 0 4 4 '172' 55- 07 . , , ' 1 0 6 4 0.....Chick. I I I > 1090 ~It tilranICIIS Mice 13 1200 1217 6515 2225(Poona) Rat 3 314 56-6' 1 4 ' 0 8RabbitChick :I 26 5385 "'IS

R . tllran/cus Mite 8 1118 6889 24'66 34' 15' 03(Cyprus) Rit 5 1206 272 67'91 1' 02SRabbit 2 274 1;09 4891 4 1 ." "'1

16


19/46

ON RHIPICEPHALUS SAHGOINUS A N O R . TORAN/CUSoutput In A. iaH,u/nells ,and .R . tUI'CI"j(;IIS

No. of eu s 'laid (Y) Correlation Linear Variance ofcoefficient rqresslon Y aroundRanp M e i n Standard 1 ' * - Ifqtlatlon the lineetrot

823 15()8-0 258225 +09941 Y-14 3972X- 141625-2565 250 ...38237 14817 277"'67 +0 9236 Y='47839 X- 3191912-2


20/46

-P. V. M. MAHADEY. . , I ~0

~

--0. 1 ! ! !. . i 'fJ ~c : 0- - : -. . . . 1" 1 . . .i l!. . $ ;aDI ~ 1" 1 "CI . . . . ." ." . . .~ ~ 'f' r :- r:' '!'c 1 1 !! '" . . .0 ". . c . . . ;~ :; G it - : -. . '" . . . ~ III~ . . . .a a.E ;; II'! . . . ~G I ! ~ II'! 9 r:' ~ '? 'i' cp . . . ;;; . . . ~ '" II'!"CI . . . . . . . . . .c l. ~ No ~ '"j ~ . . . -: 'i' '!' '? 'i' '!':1 : !;: :J ~. . . '" . . .r - . . . . 1 ' < 1 1 1 ' 1 s ~= . . . 'i' , . r:'. . . e E l '" ~ ~I I I !- $No.!a.E~'0. .: : I I - .. ci1 8 i.z 8 Ie ~ < :> gi ci E-~ CD i:- a- ~ - ;;, ~ . . .~ z ~l e . . . '" a ; -S 1 1 ' 1 ~f - o r .o ~ ..cil~ . . . . . . CD '" - . . . . . . - 1 1 ' 1i

z-g ...I! . . . ' . : : ! . ..D i 8 :g j! .D s :g. . 1 ;1 .D U .D 1 ;1 il- i: " :E . . f:t . I I I : . I I I : a: . I I I : . I I I : . I I I :

- ; ; - . . . . -:;-c~

C : : : I I. .a.i. , . .9 . _ . , ~.; . . !; . ..5 : : : I I8 . .~ . . .r r: s10') E E:II a. . .Ii Ii Ii1 8


21/46

ON RHIPICEPHA LUS SANGUINE.US AND It TUR AN/cUS

. _ ~II . rOIlAM!GUSPOOIt. STRAINAyitU")(~"".1H

&~C'l'PR IM ..... ,.0 .1 '1 '. 41$) ( ~l17au

~~--~~~~~~~' .IG . tRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TOTAL EGG OUTPUT AND IN ITIAL WEIGHT OF EN80RGEQ 'EMALII

1 9

. :


22/46

., M. MAHADEVREFERENCES

l"ACHAN, P. O. 1961. Obwrvations on tbe oviposition of Rhlpic!phalul lan,uin!uI Lair. 8ull. Ent.' . ' . D e P . zs. Presldenty C olI. M ad ra s, 1: 39-42.BAL~~OV. Yu. s . 1968.-" Blood sucking ticks (Ixodoidea) - Vectors of diseases of man and animals.

. Mr". Publl. ent. Soc. Am., 1(5): 319 pp. (Translation from Russian by U.S. Naval Medical Unlt-3,Calr())o,.

DHAN ~A, ,V';,and RAMACHAN D RA RAO, T. 1969. Status of Rhipicephalus san,lIinelis (Latrlen ..18(6) 'ind'!t::turanlclls Pomeranttev, 1940 (Acarina: Ixodidae) in India. J . Bombay not. Hlst.Soc., 66(1): '211-214.o RUMMOND, R. 0 WHETSTONE, T. M. and GLADN EY, W. J . 1971. Oviposition ofthe lonestartick. Ann. ent'.- Soc. Am., 64(1):, 191-1901.

FHD MAN- MUHSA M, a. 1968. Rhipicephailis san,lIineus complex: WHO Seminar on the EcololY.BlololY and Control of ticks and mites of Public Health Importance, Geneva II-IS Dec. 1967.WHO/VBC/68-57: 113-120.GEEVARGHESE, G., BHAT, H. R. and SREENIVASAN, M. A. 1973. Life History of Haema-"hY la" , kyasanllrensls Trapldo~ Hooptraal and RajalOpalan, 19604 (Acarina: Ixodidae) In theI.I.bou.l;Ory~ Indion J. med. Res . , 61.: .639-6+4.

JAGA~N'AT"'. M. 5., NAGARAJA, K. V. Ind HEGDE, K. S. 1974. Features of taxonomic valueIn Hya l omma marglnatllm /$ClClCiharif. 1928. Curro Scl.,43(7): 222-22-4.LUtT-e RMOs'E R, G. W. "U.White rat and .ulnea pig uhosts for larvae ofthe Brown dOl tick,

RhipIcephalus $(lngulneus. J. Paraslt., 3] (Suppl.): p.25, Abstt'. 66.MITCH ELL, C. J . and 5PILLET, J . J . 1968. Ecolollcal notes on lIItiplcephaills W.1anlcU$ Pomerancev,In Weat Benlal, India (Acarina: Ixodid ae). J . m e d . ElIt.,):: 5 i -8 ; . , 'Me REL. P. C. and VASS ILIAD E5, G. 1961. Les Rhlplc!phalus du Ir9upe ,anplneu.: I I l Ipec.s afrlcanu

(Acarlens: Ixodoidea). Rev. flev., N.S., 15(-4): 343-386. (r,.n.latlon T -26of of U.S. NavalMedical Unit No.3, Cairo). . ..NAGA R, S. K. 1968C1. The value of ovipositional ability in tick taxonomy. Aca r a / ag lQ , 10(4): 614-620.NAGA R. S. K. 1968b. On the Significance of duration of preovlposltlon and oviposition perlbd. in Ixodid

ticks. Acaro/o, la, 10(4): 621~29.PET ROVA-PO INT KOVS KAVA. 1947. Comparative data on the biolo,y of Rhlpicepbalus SGnp/IIMLatr. and R. blronlcus Pom. under laboratory condition.. Zool. Zh., 15 (2): 173-17'. (Trant-

lation from RUSSianby U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No.'.l, Cairo).SAP RE. S. N. 19015. Some observations on the liM history 6f the dOl tick: Rhipicephalus sangulneus

(Latreille) at Mukteshwar. Indllln}. vet. SCi. 14: III.SHA RIF. M. 1929 . A revision of Indian Ixodidae with special reference to the collection In the Indian

Museum. R ec. IndIan Mus., 30: 217-3+4.SHATAS, J . F. 1956. Larvae and nymphs of .orne .pecies olthe pnus RhiPicephCllusKoch (Acarlnl,

Ixodidae). E m . Rev.,35(4): '4 .....955 (Translation from Russian by U.S. Naval Medical RularchUnit No.3, Cairo).SRIVASTAVA, S. C. and VARMA, M. G. R.19604 . The culture of the tick Rhipicephalus san,uineus

(Latreille) (Ixodidae) In the laboratory. J. med. fnt., I: 154-157.SNOW. K. - R.. and' A RTH U R..D. R. 1966. Oviposition In Hya lomma anatollcum anatollcum (Koch,

1844) (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). PClrositoJogy, 56: 555-68.SW EAT MAN. G. K. 1967. Physical and blolo,lca1factors affelOtln. the lonlevlty I,l1d ovlposk,lon o f

Cln,or,ed Rhipicephalus san,ui,, 'lIs ~m\lle ticks. l- I 'ara, i t . , n: 43~~,


23/46

Indian j. Acor.,2: 21-13 (Dec. 1977)

A NEW BLATTISOCIUS AND FIRST RECORD OFG A MA SH 0 L A S PI S B R O W NIN G I (Acarina: Melostigmata)fROM THE KUMAONHIMALAYA

S . K . B HATTACHAR YYAZoologica l Survey of India, 8 Unds ay S tre et, C olcutto-7 00 016, India

ABSTRACT810ftl.oclu, Ilfcl~s .p. nov. Is descrIbed from Uttar Pradesh. IndIa. Gamorho/asfJ/s

brown/If,1 (Bnptova and Koroleva). Is recorded from India for the f l T ' 5 t time and Isredescrlbed.

Fam ily B LATTISOCIDAE Garm anBlattlsocius Incisul sp. nov.

(FIgs . I, 2)Female : D ors al s hie ld 0.364 mm long., 0.188 m m wide, retIculate, w Ith 36 pairs ofse tae, of which 21 pairs are on the anterior region.

Trltos ternum w ith a usual basal part and a palr of pilose Iaclnlae, Pre-stern-alregion reticulate. F Irs t and second pair of s ternal setae lying on s ternal shield. S ternal.etae III and IV s ituated ona sm all shie ld. G enital shield narrow , re ticulate . w ith apair of s e tae , pos teriorly tru ne ate. V entrl-an al shie l d r etlc ul a te , trlangu Iar, with, ns e tae . Inters cutal m em brane s triate, w ith 3 patrs of setae. S tigm a s ituated betweencoxae III and tV . peritrem e extending to level of coxa I. Pos t-s tigm atal extens ion ofperltrem atal shie ld JoInIng coxa IV .

Trochanter. fem ur and genu of pedlpalp w ith 2, 5 and 6 s etae respectively. B othdigits ofeheltcera unldentate. V entrally, gnathosom a w ith 1 - pairs of setae.Mole: Unknown.HOLOTYPE : i. IND IA : U ttar Pradesh: A lm ora dis trict, M atela, \ \40 m, 28. Iv .1971 , ex; leaf litter of walnut (A /eur/tes sp.), S . K . B hattacharyya coll., depos ited In theZoological Survey of India, Calcutta.Remark s : This species res em bles 8. den t r i t i cus (Ber lese) . 1918, but diffe rs In havingthe thIrd and fourth s ternal setae lying on a plate which Is not connected w ith the s tern.'linlClld.

11


24/46

S. K. aHATTACHARYYA

Fam ily PAR HOLASPIDAE KrantzG am a sh ola sp is b ro w nin gl (B regetova and Koroleva)

(Figs. 3-10)G a masholaspfs b r ow nf n gl B regetova an d Koro leva, 1960 , Parazlt. Sb., 19 : 54 .Fem ale: Dors al shleld 0.693 m m long, 0.456 mm wide, well sderotized, entl,re ly pitted.re ticulate, w ith 29 pairs of s etae .

Tritos ternum with a basal part and a pair of pilose laclniae . A pair of pre-endo-podal s hields pres ent. Sternal s hie ld retIculate , w ith 3 pairs of setae. Matuternal s hIeldfus ed with endopodal shield and bearing a s eta. Genital shie ld truncate pos teriorly,with a paIr of s etae . Ventri-anal shield with IIse tae. S tigm a s ituated between coxaeIII an d IV ; peritrem e exten ding to coxa I. Pe r it r em at al shIe Id fused wit h exopod alshl_eld and reticulate . A pair of m etapodal shie lds pres ent.

Tectum as in fig. 6. Trochanter, femur and genu of pedipalp with 2, 5 an d 6 setaerespectively; apotele 3-tined. F ixed and movable digits of chelicera te tradentate andbldent ate r es p ec t iv el y j s yn arth rod il me m b rane brush-like . Venter of gn a thoso m a a sIn fig. 8 .

L eg I without pulv" Ius . D is tinctive features of fem ora of legs II and '" delineatedIn figs . 9 and 10 respectively ..Ma le : Unknown.Mater ia l examined: r s . INDIA : Uttar Pradesh: Nalnl Tal dls tria, Ayarapatta, II.Iv. 1971, ex soil under rhododendron, S . K . B hattacharyya coil. (Z.S .I., Calcutta) .Remarks: This specIes h as previous ly been recorded from the U. 5.S . R . (B regetovaand Koroleva, 1960 ). The present record Is the firs t from India.

AC KNOW LEDG EM ENTI am grateful to D r. G . P. ChannaB asavanna, Profes sor of Entom ology, Univer-

s Ity of Agricultural Sciences , B angalore , (or having critically exam ined the m anuscript,

REFERENCES8ERl.ESE, A. 1918. Canturla quarta di Acari nuovi. Radla, IJ: IIS-I92.BREGETOVA, N. G. and KOROLEVA, E. V. 1960. The macrochelid mites (Gamasoidea, Maa-Oe

c:helidae) in the U.S.S. R. Parozlt. Sb. 19: 32-154.

22

CHANT, D. A. 1963. The subfamily Blattisoclnae Garman (= Ataosejlnae Evans) (Acarina:'Blattlsocidae Garman) ("'" AceoseJidae aaker and Wharton) In North America, wltllde.scriptlons of new species. Can. J. Zool., 41: 2-43-305.


25/46

ON B L A T T / S O C I U S AND G:AMASH()LASP/$," . - 'J '

"It _ . . ,.'.......

FIIS.I 2. alo t t / soc lus Inc/sus sp. nov., f emo l e : 1. Donum ; 2. Venter. FilS.3-10. Gomosholospls brownlngl (Bregetova and Koroleva). (emole: 3. Dorsum j4. Enlarpd donal seta ; 5. Venter; 6. Tectum j 7. Chelicera; 8. Gnathosoma ;9. Femur of lei II j 10. Femur of lei 111.

23


26/46

Indlao j. Acar . , 2: 2+29 (Dec. 1971)

D1GESTIVE SYSTEM OF ALEU ROG L Y PHU S OVATU S(Acarina: Tyroglyphid )V. VIJAYAMB IKA AND P. A . JOHN

D epartm en t o f A quatIc 810logy a nd F is he rIe s, Universi ty of Kerala.T rlvan drum -6 95 007, Ind ia

ABSTRACTThe Internal morphology and hlstololY of the adult dlillstive system of Aleuro,lyphlisOYotusTroupeau are described from serial paraffin _etlons. It has a typical acarid form .wlth

a well developed stomach, a pair of caeca, a colon and a rectum. The oesophaceal wallhas an outer cellular tunic. Two types of cells. squamous and globular, are present In thestomach and lucaeca. The colon Is for.,_d of tall column ar cells and the rectum of conicalwedle-shaped cells. The anal sphincter is guarded by transverse bands of Intrinsic muscles.

INTRODUCTIONThe tyrogfyphlds have aroused Interes t In vIew of their rem arkable s tructure

and II,re hl,s tory. profound rate of reproduction. wide dl,s trl,bution and thel,r capacity toInfes t s tored food products . Our knowledge of the s tructure of these m ites I,s fragm entary(N alepa. 1884 , 1885; M I_chae I, 190 I ; Grand jean, 1937; V ltzt hum , 1943; Hughes . 1950 jR hode and Oem l_ck, 1967; Kuo and Nesb!tt, 1970), and In India It Is very scanty(V IJayam bi,ka and John 1974; 19750, b, c). ThIs paper deals w ith the dlges ti_ve sys tem ofA /e uro gly ph us o va tu s Troupeau.

MATER IAL AND METHODSThese m ites were occas ionally found on dried anchovy, A n c ho v/e lla c ommer so n il(L acepede), (Pis ces : EngrauH dae), ln as socl,atl_on w i,th anothe r m ite , Lardoglyphus konol

(Sas8 and Annum a). For secti.onl,ng. actively feeding young adults were selected, fiXedIn alcoholic bouln, em bedded In paraffli,n and cut at 5 to 6"u. thicknes s . The sectionswere e1 .ther s tained with Iron haem atoxylln and e051,n or ann. Several s e ts of serials ections , elther In the transverse or longitudinal planes . were s tudied for the orlertatlonof the Internal organs and detailed his tology.

RESULTSThe alim entary canal (fig. I) cons is ts ofthe pharynx. oesophagus , s tom ach and Its

caeca, colon and-rectum and lies som ewhat loosely ln the body cavity. firm ly attached only':2+


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ON DIGESTIVE SYSTE M OF A L E U I t O G L Y P H U S O V A T U Sat the oral and anal end s and suspended fro m the bod y wall by short con nectlve tlss uestrands at wl~e intervals.

Pharynx : The pharynx starts with a crescentic mouth-opening situated at the tip ofthe gnathosoma. It then runs longitudinally backwards and upwards along the medianline. It is formed of two half tubes joined together along their lateral margins andenclosing a dorsal furrow In between. 80th the floor and roof of the pharynx areehtttnlsed but the roof Is more flexible.Oesophagus (fig. I.0E): About the level of the base of t he chelicera. the ph arynxtakes a loop-like curve upwards and opens Into the oesophagus. The oesophagus thenforms an angle with the pharynx and runs obUquely backwards and upwards through amedian foramen In the brain. Posteriorly. the oesophagus dilates Into a flask-shapedstructure and opens Into the stomach. more or less at the level of'the second pair of legs.The oesophagus projects slightly Into the stomach as In other acarlnes. The oesophagusIs roughly x-shaped In crou ..sectlon and comphrtely fills the foramen within the braineven when empty.

The wall ofthe oesophagus consists of an outer basement epithelium and an Innerchitinous tube. The basement epithelium is formed of a syncltium of uniform thicknessresting firmly on the outer surface of the chitinous tube. The syncitlum contains veryfew nuclei and the protoplasm Within is granular and deeply staining. The chitinousc u b e Is very thin and surrounds the lumen.Stomach a nd its caeco (fig. I. S'T}: The stomach is an oval sac situated mesally andobli_quely in the hysterosoma. On each side, thE stomach carries a caecum which opensinto It towards the centre of the lateral wall. The caeca are blunt at their free ends andare placed obliquely parallel to the alimentary canal. Anteriorly, the caeca extend onlyupto t he front margl n of the sto mach. where as posteriorly they exte n d up to the posteriorJ(mlt of the rectum.

The wall of these structures Is lined externally with a prominent basement membraneand Internally with the epithelium. The epithelium ofthe stomach as well as ofthe caecaIs simple, formed of a single layer of cells. Except for very few cells on the dorsal sideof the stomach and almost entirely In the anterior' half of the caeca, the epithelium Isformed of flattened squamous cells (fig. 2. 50). These cells have a faintly basophilic..cytoplasm which Is granular. and centrally located ovoid nucleI. The rest ofthe epitheliumIs formed of globular cells (fig. 2. G L). These cells. though termed globular. do nothave a uniformly globular shape. But all ofthem have a convex border that projects wellI,to the lumen. The major part ofthese cells Is made up of a large vacuole which pro-jects prominently Into the lumen of the stomach or caeca as the case may be. Thecytoplasm of these cells is faintly basophilic and granular. In some cells the cytoplasmoccupies the basal half of the cells. In few, the cytoplasm Is shifted to one side or formsa rim around the vacuole. The vacuoles from different cells seem to merge together Inthe lumen. The nuclei are always bas all y situ ated and contain a pro mInent n ucleol us,

25


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V. V IJAYAHB IKA AND P. A. JOHN

Fig.l

FilS. 1-2. A'euror 'yphu$ ovotus Troupeau. Vertical loncltud inal sectionof: I. Alimentary canal. (CHO. Chambered orcan, CO. Colon, OE.oesophaJus. PE. penis, RE. rec;tum, ST. stomach, T. teltls, VD. vas deferens).2. Caecum. (GL. Ilobulir cells, SQ. squamous cells, VAC. Vacuole).

26


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ON DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF AlWROGlYPHUS OV A T U SColon (fig. I. CO): The globular colon extends from the posterior end of the stomachto the rectu m. The wall of the co Ion Is th lcker 1;han th at of the sto mach and caeca an dIs lined externally with a basement membrane. Inner to the basement membrane, thewall Is formed of a single layer of epithelial cells. Almost all the cells are tall andcol umn ar and of un i,form height. Their free borders are entire and pro lect Into the lumen.The cells contain deeply staining and homogeneous cytoplasm. The nuclei of the cellsare prominent. spherical. or oval and basally situated. A few flattened squamous cellswith strongly basophilic cytoplasm and small nuclei are scattered among the tall columnarcells.Rectum (fig. I. RE) : The rectu m is an oval sac; st artl ng from the pcsterc-ventralwall of the colon It destands almosr vertically downward and opens outside by a medianslit. the anal opening. in the ventral body wall. _ .

Externally. the wall of the rectum Is also Invested by a basement membrane, andinternally by the epithelium which consists of a single layer of cells. Most of the cellsare conical In shape. The cytoplasm takes a deep stain and is homogeneous. Thenuclei are comparatively larger, vesicular and located towards the base of the cells.Distributed between the conical cells. there are a few short squamous cells also. Theircytoplasm Is homogenous and contains a centrally located. small. spherical nucleus.

Distally. the rectum tapers into an anal atrium. Here, the epithelium is formed ofsimple squamous cells and the free border of the cells is Hned by chitin. The junctionbetween the rectum and the anal atrium is guarded b y a sphincter, which Is seen If).sections by the presence of three pro minent bands of muscles running across the wall.

DiSCUSSIONA review of t he previa us st ud les on the intern al mor phology of tyrogly phIds shows-

that the main points of contsntlon are: (I) whether the chitinous tube of the oesophagus,has an outer lining of epithelium. (2) the number and types of cells In the stomach andcaeca. (3) the types of cells forming the wall ofthe colon, (4) the cells forming the rectalwall. and (5) the presence or absence of Intrinsic muscles on the alimentary canal.

Among the tyroglyphids studied so far. Nalepa (1884) and Michael (1901) havefalled to notice an outer epithelium on the wall of the oesophagus in Tyrog lyph us long/orGerrais. The papers on C aloglyp hus m ycop hag us (Megnln) (Rhode and Oemick, 1967~Kuo and Nesbitt, 1970) do not mention anything about this matter. A tunic has beendescribed on the outer side of the oesophageal tube in L. kono/ (Vijayamblka and John,1974) and a layer of syncitlum In the present species. Further studies are required to-establish firmly the presence and th'l nature of the structure on the outer side of theoesophageal wall in the tyroglyphids.

About the cell types present in the stomach and caecal wall. the description ofNalepa which is quoted by Michael, and one which \s provided by Michael himself suggestthat only two types of cells are present in the stomach wall. one forming an even layerI.e., the squamous type and rha other the,globular type subsequently described in othertyroglyphids. In T yroglyp hus far/nae Linnaeus, Hughes (1950) found only two types of

27


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V. VIJAYAM8IK .... AND PA . JOHN

J!\i

cells, the squamous and the tall vacuo.Jated cells. In C. mycophagus. Rhode and Oemick(1967) describe only two types of cells, the squamous type and the vacuolated or the:Iandular cells which correspond to the globular cells described In L. konol (Vijayambikaand John! 1974).

In c. mycophogus, Kuo and Nesbitt (1970) have described a third type of cell ..yiz., cuboidal cells, Previous studies on L . . kono l and the present study sugge~ that. theeubeldal cells described separately by Kuo and Nesbitt (1970) may also b e one of the.transitory stages of the globular cells. If the vacuoles described In the distal halves ofthe globular calls of C. mycophagus and L. konoi. datatch themselves and fall Into the lumen,what will remain on the stomach and caecal wall. of the globular cells. will resemble the-cuboidal cells which will project well into the lumen with an inner convex border.Michael (1901) has clearly described the sequence of the changes taking place in tn",'Cuboidal type of cells. T h e measurements. of length and Width provided for these .cell~suggest that InJtrally these cells project well Into the lumen. The cells. then elongateindividually or collectively, accumulate droplets at the distal ends and finally becomeglobular at the clavate ends. Such a condition has been seen in the present species also.The different stages in the transformation Into the globular c 9 1 1 s could be notlc$d In a .single specimen; at first It Is cuboidal (fig. 2). later, a vacuole develops at the distal endpushing the cytoplasm to the basal half or to one side.

In L . konol. a thIrd type, the tall columnar cells. have been described. The natureofthe Inc:iusions and the probable role ofthese cells enunci.ated subsequently (Vljayamblkaand John. 1975c) with the help of specific staining. indicate that they may belong to a


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ON DIG ES T I VE SYSTE M 0 F ALEUROGLY PHUS O V ATUSThe present study confirms the presence of such a lining as in all the tyroglyphids studiedsubsequently.

Michael (1901) and Hughes (1950) expressed the view that the alimentary canal-e f Acaridae possess no Intrinsic musc:les. In the present species the anal sphincter Is.guarded by transverse muscle bands; Kuo and Nesbitt (1970) have also described thepresence of muscles in the rectal and anal regions of C. mycophagus.

ACKNOWLEDGE MENTThe first author expresses her gratitude to Dr. N. Balakrishnan Nair, Professor

and Head of t he Department. for prOVidingthe necessary facrutles for t hls study.

REfERENCES< G RANDJEAN, F. 1937. Sur qulqu. ~ d.. Acar1dln Ilbru.--luU. Soc. Zoo l . Fr.,62: 388-398.HUGHES, T. E. 1950. 1lMt ''')'tIoto., of t....aU_mary canal of Tyro, lyphulI (orlnoe. Q.}I mlcrosc.5


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' nd lan J. A c a r 2: 30-32 (Dec. 1977)

OBSERVATIONS ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF THEBAT..TICK, 0 RN I THO DO R O S ( R E. TICU L IN A SU S)CH I R O PTE. R PH I LA (Acarina: Argasidae)

A. C. MISHRA. V. DHANDA and H. R. BHATVi ru s Research Centre, 20 A,Dr. Ambed ka r Rood . P aona -41 1001. I nd ia

ABSTRACTObservatloni made on the life-history of Ornithodoros chiropterphilQ, a bat-tick,

revealed that the duration of different stages was as follows: Iarv al moult 5-10 days, firstnymphal moult 9-12 days, second nymph al moult 9-13 days, third nymphal moult '-17 daysand fourth nymphal moult 41-64 days. Notes on feedln. behaviour ofthB stq;es on differenthosts and on broodin. of _lis are presented.

INT RO DUCTIONDhanda and RaJagopalan (1971) reported three species of Ret icu l inasus Schulze.

a subgenus of Orn i thodoro s Koch. as occuring in India. All these. v iz O. piri formisWarburton. O. fa ln l Hoogstraal, and O. chiropterphfla Dhanda and RaJagopalan are.assoclated with bats. The subgenus Includes 6 other species, all from bats, In theEthiopian, Oriental and Australian Regions. The only specIes on whIch some infor-mation on life-hIstory Is available is O. so lah l Hoogstraal. associated With Rouse t tu seg y pt l o c u s (Hoogstraal, 1953). The present co mmun ic ation records certal n 0bserv atio nscarried out on the life-history of O. chiropterphl lo . which along with Its host Rhlna/ophusrauxl , an lnseetlvorous bat, is suspected to be Involved In the natural history of the.Kyasanur Forest Disease (RaJagopalan et 01. , 1969) .

MATERIAL AND METHODSThe tIcks were hand-picked during June and July 1973 from the crevices on the

laterite roof of a man-made ancient tunnel at Hale Ikkeri, Shimoga district, Karnataka,India, Inhabited by approximately 2000-3000 Rhlna laphu$ rauxi. In the laboratory.they were maintained in plastic jars which had a layer of plaster of paris containing asmall quantity of charcoal powder set at the bottom, and kept moist throughout toprovide high humIdity. The surface of the plaster of paris was provided with groovesand crevices. The Jars were kept at 30 1C.

The hosts used for feeding various stages included certain frugivorous bats(Rausettus l e s chenou / t i and Cynopterus sphinx), laboratory rnlce, domestic rats, rabbits,guinea pigs and baby chicks. For feeding the Iarvas, the hosts were held in cages over

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ON I,IFE HISTOR Y OF OR NITHODOR OS CHIA .OnE.R PH/lAtrays of water. The cages were covered with a wet cloth to maIntain high humidity.For feeding the nymphs and adults. the hosts Were lmmoblllsed by fastening them onto:a wooden board. and the ticks were placed directly on-their bodies In a glass tube openat both ends. held in position by an adhesive tape.

RESU LTSAND DISCUSSIONThe life-cycle cons'ists of egg. larva. nymph (4-lnstars) and adult. The larvae

were slow feeders. and remained attached on the host for 3to 7 days. Only limitedsuccess was-achieved with bats and laboratory- mice as hosts. A.fter detachment fromt he host. t he larvae did not d ro p down to t he surface of water. as happens In most of thelxodld ticks. but kept crawling on the wet cloth used to cover the cages.

Unlike larvae, the nymphs and adults required only 5 to 15 minutes to complete ablood meal. All the nymphal lnst ars required a full blood meal for moulting. Theywere placed on the host for feeding after about one week of emergence. The durationof differ~nt stages in the life cycle is summarised In Table I.

Table I. Life-cycle of O rnlth od oros chI ropterphll 0No. of

Stage specimens Number fed Durationobserved or emerged In days

larval feeding 200 L 102 L 3-7Larval moult 102 L 74 NI 5-10fIrst nymphal moult nNI 103",44 NI 9-12'Second nymphal moult 41 N. II e, Is, 19 NB 9-13Third nymphal moult 17 NB 4d", 2~. 7 N, 9 - 1 7fourth nymphal moult 7 N " 3~ 41-64first larval emergenc:') 2 25-29after engorgement of females broods-do- 2- 21-23

broods... These females were given second blood meal 70 days after the first blood meal.

Copulation was usually observed Immediately after feeding and involved repeatedmating. Two to three days after feeding. the females settled down. usually in the groovesprovided and remained there until egg-laying and hatching were completed. Unlessdisturbed they did not leave the grooves during this period. In the natural habitat.-eggs and larval broods were invariably hidden by the adults. Similar observations weremade by Hoogstraal (1953) for O. salah; and by the present authors for O. piri formIs(unpublished). This type of parental care or brooding' is known In many argasidticks and probably offers protectlon to the eggs and the young ones In their naturalhabitat.

3 1


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A. C. MISHItA; V.DHANDA AND H. R. BHATThe time of commencement and completion of oviposition could not b e observed

because the brooding females abandoned the eggs when- disturbed. In broods of twofemales, first larval emergence was observed 25 and 29 days after engorgement. Twoother females required another blood meal before oviposition. In these broods, the larvalemergence was observed 21 and 23 days after the second blood meal. The number ofeggs laid In the first gonotroplc cycle varied from 27 to 44. Only a single female com-pleted a second gonotropic cycle and laid 67 e"s.

Nymphs and adults fed wen on bats and rats and frequently attacked workers.han dll ng the min t he Iaboratory as wen as In t he field. A high mort ality rate was observedwit hIn one or two c i ayS after feeding. All the st ages were una ble to wit hst and deslccatio nand required high humidity and a motst su~face to rest on.

Due to the high rate of mortality in all the stages after feeding and she difficultyto feed t he Iarvae on an y of t he avail able hosts, It was not poss Ible to establ ish a co ntl-tlnuous colony under laboratory conditions.

ACKNOWLEDGE MENTSWe are grateful to Dr. N. P. Gupta. Director. Virus Research Centre, Po,ona, for

encouragement and advice. Thanks are also due to the technical staff oftheEntomologyDIvision for their assistance t n various ways.

REFERENCESDHANDA, V. and RAJAGOPAI.AN, P. K. 1971. Ornithodoros (RectjcllljtIQsu.) chlropterphlla, sp,

nov. (Acarina: Ar.uldae). a new bat ecCoparasite from Mysore state, India. Orjent. Insects._$: 135-1 .....

HOOGST RAAL" H. 1953. Ornithodoros salahi sp. nov. (Ixodoidea: Argasidae) from the Cairo Citadel.with notes on D. piriformis Warburton, 1918 and O. boWensi. Hirst, 1929. }. Paralft., 39 : 156-26J.

RAJAGOPALAN. P. K., PAUL, S. D. and S REENIVASAN. M. A. 1969. Iioluion of Kyasanur Forest-Disease virul from the Insectivorous bat, Rhln%phus rauxl and from Ornithodoros tick . Indian }~med. Rel.,57: 805-808.

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IndIan J. Acar . , 2: 3337 (Dec. 1977)

NERVOUS SYSTEM OF- A L E .U R O G L Y P H U S O V A T U S(Acarina : T,rollyphidae )V. VijAYAM81KA and P. A. JOHND epartm ent of A q ! I Q t l C _ , " 'o f . , - . " , , , : _"""rles, Un,w :rs lty o f Kerala ,,TrJy.mJtu"MOo'1/ladld

-, ,-,-.: .. ~ ABSTRACT

The nel"f'oUi)'tUm of a4uk ~rorI""'ur OrotlnTroupeau II described from paraffinserial section, cut at I I x : _~.~Jcu.1I;I1f- v'" under Immersion l e n . . The nervoussys tem conllsts ~f t..... P."~ .....,pbepal pnJIla. clrcumoesophapal connectIveS.the ventral,anjlii.irid . . ~ . , t n ~ -enCra! chaIn, at leas t four .. parate ,.n,lIonlcdUNn of CIi I l"~~, l".aI1tlOtt 'to .Iuboesophaaeal ,In,llon. Hence, It IIIU,...... _~ ~., Of .... " not _ much centralised and fusedueporuKlp,.vkWII,. '.-Thi 1I8n'OU':.s)'II*tnlt ~ wlChth'at of other tyro,lyphlds.INTRODUCTION

In a separate paper (VIJayamblkaand john. 1971), the morphology and histologyof the alimentary canal of Aleuro,/yphus o v m u s Troupe.au are described. The presentpaper reports the detailed morpholo&y and histology of the nervous system. Themethod des.crlbed by VIJayamblkl ~nd john (l977)\s followed.RESULTS

The nervous system consists ofth.e brain, a pair of clrcumoesophageal connectives.a ventral cord and Its ganglia and a few peripheral nerves.The bratn or the supraoesophageal gan&llon Is median In position, dorsal andanterior to the oesophagus within the anterior proterosoma (fl,. 2. SG). It IS'wedgeshaped. resting on the dorsal surface ohhe oesophagus. the narrow end pointing anter'lorly.

The two dorsal angles of the broad posterior end are curved so that posterodOrsally thebrain has a bulbous appearance. The brain Is divided Into two hal'l" by the presenceof a median furrow on the dorsal surface. Slightly behind the anterior end, the twovertical sides are also eurved: In, near about the middle of their heights so that on thetwo sides, the outer surface of the brain Is produced sllghtfy outwards to form a lobe(fig. I).

The supraoesophageal ganglion Is surrounded on all sldes by a supporting con-nectlvet issue sheath. t he heurllemma, whlch Is very thl n wit h widely dIltrl buted, elongatedand pyriform nuclei.33


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V. VIJAYAMB IKA AND " . A . , JOHNThe cell rind of the supraoasophageal ganglion Is localised to Its dorsal surfaceand the tip of the two lateral ridges. The cells are small. of uniform size and shape,with peer cytopl asm and promInent centrally-Iocaced nucleI. They are clo:>alypackedIn several layers. At some points on the ventral margin ofthe rind, the eellsstnk deeper.The more superficial layers of c~lts on the dorsal surface of the brain are alsodivided Into two lateral halves by the mid-dorsal furrow. The cell rind lies on the fibrous,core or medulla of the brain.Starting from the "entral surface of the lateral ridges of the supraoesophagealganglion and running vertically downwards on either side of the oesophagus, are bundlesof parallel fibres, the clrcumoesophageal connectives. These bundles are devoid of cellrind on the outer surface. The lower ends of these connectives loin the ventral cord atIts anterior end.The ventral cord Is median in position and extends only up to half of'the fdfosoma(fig. 2, VC). It Is unpaired throuchout Its length without any transverse commlssures.The ventral surface of the cord is Interrupted b y short transverse depressions of whichthe one close to the posterior end Is deeper. makin, the distal end of the ventral cordclub-shaped. The anterior and posterler end. of ch. ventral cord are capped by rindsof cells. Of these, the group of cells at the anterior end belong to the suboesophagealganglion (fig, 2, SUG). Along the ventral surface of the cord between the anteriorand posterior cell rinds are a series of three cllI rinds forming gangllonlc clusters, sepa-rated by short lengths of bare ventral cord. These clusters have several layers of cells

which arec.losely packed. small, of uniform size and shape and wlt~ rlttle cytoplasm.In the ganglionic groups of cells on the ventral cord there Is no median furrow asIn the supraoesophageal ganglion. The ganglionic clusters do not show differentiationInto transverse eornmtssures .Beyond the club-shaped tip. the ventral cord tapers into a median nerve. Whichruns afong the ventral body wall, glv",ng branches on Its way to the genitalia, stomachand rectum during Its course.In addition to the above. the followln, nerves could alS() be dlsc:erned from a

'Closescrutiny of longitudinal as well as transverSe sect!ons.I. A pair of nerves from the anterior end of the supraoesophageal ganglion to1:herostrum.'2. A . pall' of nerves from the posterior half of the s.upraoesophageal ,anglionto th~ caeca and a median nerve from the same re,lon to the pharynx.3. A pall' of nerves from the anterior end of the suboesophageal ganglion to thechelicerae.- 4 . A pair from each of the four ventral ganglia to the legs.


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_',.. l '.ON N E R V O U S SYSTEM O F A LE .U IWGLYPHU S O VATU S

l. .FI,s. 11. A/.lJro,lypitu.oratur Troupe.u: I. T. S. of the ,nlthoaom.

thrOUlb the ,...Ion of the brllft. (COE. Clrcumouoph ... al Iln,lIon, SG.Supr'lOUOph....... la11lllon. SUG. S!IboeIopn.,.al,an,IIon, TL. Trltocerebrallobe) : l.V.rtlc:allona:ltudlnal MCt ion of the prcterotoma (SG. Supraouoph ..... ,connecth ... SUG. Suboelophapal lanillon, OE. eeJophl,uJ, v e . Ventralcord, 1-4 V.n(ioal-,a"'cl1onic dustMl).

')5


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3 6

V. VIJAYAMIIKA AND P. A. ~H"DISCUSSION

Accord Ing to Horrldge (1965) the Chellcerat a have no anten nae and 10corres-pondingly no deutocerebrum. Also according to him. the tritocerebrum Is the ventralor Inferior part of the brain from whIch arise the nerves to the I~brum: and also thestomatogastric system. innervating the alimentary canal. etc. !n the present species. ,f'ldges on the lateroventral region of the brain are capped by separate Clusters ,of cells.AlsO from these regions. a pair of nerves Is g'ven out to the caeca and another media"one to the pharynx. It may be fair to eenslder the lobe-like ridges on the lateroventralsides of the brain as the trltocerebrum. Ap'art from this. there Is no other dlfferentla;!9"Jnto separ,ategroups within the btaln.Thus. as In the other chaUcer.s. the brain ofAleuroglyphus also has only the protocerebrum and trltocerebrum:

Another noteworthy feature of the nervous system Is that there Is amarked{ forward shifting and concentration of 'ganglia because It was seen that the ventral ~dreaches only apto halfthe length of the Idlosoma; the club-shaped distal tip ohhe .vfntratcord stops below the anterior half of the colon; the Internal organs situated afterWardsare Innervated by peripheral nerves. Horrldge (1965) has stressed that among the-chellcerates there Is a progressive forward concentration of gangUa. He has' pointedout that In the Acarina. the concentration has proceeded further than any other arthropodgroup so that the protocerebrum and the ventral' ,an,lIa tocecher form a single mass.In the accounts of the nervous system of thjl acarlnas studied so far (Nalepa, 1884;Michael. 1901 ; Woodring ,and Cook. 1962 : Kuo and N esbitt. 1970 ), the fused and un-segmented nature of the central nervo,us system has been rtressed. But ehe presentauthors (VIJayamblka and John. 1975) after their study In Lardoglyphus kono'. haveexpressed the opinion that the nervous syrtem in the acarlnes Is not so much fused and,concentrated as to be described as a single mass. The present study further confirms.eh Is0pInIon. On the ventral cord itsel f t here are fouri ndIvldual gangll a' separated fromtach other by short lengths of connectives. The sub- and supra-oesophageal gangliaare also Intervened by a pair of circumoesophageal connectives. '

The high degree of concentration whtch the neural apparalus'o:' the spe:cies ha sreached, indicates t he high level of organ lsatlon of the grou p to' ~~IC:~ 'ie belo~s.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The first author Is grateful to Dr. N. Balakrl~hn~nN:irr .. Professor and Head ofthe Department. for prOViding laboratory.l.facIJitles,' fot ' th" study. ' .

REFERENCESHO R R IDG E. G. A. 1965. Structure and Function In the NefYOU$ SY$tel l : l$ af In.,ef1ebr~~~. W . H . Freemaaand Company. London, 1611 pp. . . , 'NALEPA, A . 18& 4 . 0111Anatom ie d e l ' " Tyro,lypbus .$hr. AlUM.Will. Wf.".." :,H7.. .22J.


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'- -ON NERVOUS S~,sT.M O~ A_"~.Aoc.l.nHIlS 0'.1""" !. I ." .. to- ... '. .~ '1 j ~. - -, ~." j. j l , ~ . , - :

HICHAEI., A. D. 1901. 8r!t~h T 1 r o , ' . , , , , . _ ~ . V~ I., ,""lay Sodt9'.~"".KUO. J . S. A~ ~ NUB 1 1 - ' : - . N. H. J . 197~, The "'-mal morpholoey .and hlstalolJ D f i.dult CelI . -""" 'us myc.h",ilt. Cern.J. Zool., .. : S05-SIt.V I J A Y I t . . MB IKA. V. and JOHN, P. A . 1975. Internal MorphololY and HlstololY of theflsh-mlte,

l t l r c /o f lyphU$ kOno; (Sasa and Asanuml)' (Ac:Wlaa!' Atarlctu). 3.';NeriouiS)'Slam.' , 'Ai:Grolo,~.1 7: 1 1.... 1 19 . .' " ;', .i ~ . - : ! :::... i! _ "' i'; _. ~,".V IJAYA M aiKA, V.and JOHN, P. A . 1977. Dipst1v .. yDlI'I of Alacrro,lyP,hus,ovatu.f ,1rololpll,u (Acarina:Tyi-oalyphld_) IItd/tllI J . AcGr 2(1): 1449.

' . .. , , .~ . .J_ "" . " : ~II~ '" ~ ..:. -_:~ ... "y !j, . ,. ~i;.. ." )WOOD RING, J . P. and COO K, E. F. 1962. ThII fntllmailftatoJny.rtprodlolctlv. ph,.lalOlY and moltin,procul of Ceratozetes clso/plnus. A nn ,," Soc. A m ... : ..... I8t.

I" '.1 .: /~~ " . . ,} ".: .~.", ~

S O O K REVIEW: ','." .~;"',,'

Prof. EIchler 's PAR ASITOLOGISCH INSEKTIZIKUNDL ICHESWOER TER BUCH. 525 pp. Vo' Gus tav F is cher Verlag. jenl. 19n. Price:(Inland) DO R19M, (O ther-CDaIllflll) ' DDR . 39 ' M . _ . .-Prof. Wd. E ichle r's p ub licatio n, .. P arulto io& \s ch-Ifls ektizidk un dllche s W oe rte rbu ch "

(a glos sary of term s used In, par,as l~O lo:j m e.dlcln~. and, lnsecttetde I_ndus try) Is aval u able ad dit Ion to the .parqltolo~t 1 1 ,_ . . 'UN. ,The glos sary Includes 5886 serially nllm bered and alp.h,abe~lc,aH 'y'arranged G erm anterm s (both sctentlti'c an 'd ~vefnac:ular) - ' o l e i d 'In ' p aras Itolog y. - ~ 'e d'lclrie .' b iochem is try.

tOXicolo gy , an d Ins ecticl.d e: :Ihd us try;' ;fo lloW ed b y the ll'- E nglis h and R u ss ian e qui_ vale nts .The m eanings of the term s are glven1ln _Germ an. Separa~ _i~dlces for the English.R us s ian. and scientific no'm e'nct':iture ' use 'd-fn'(his 'w ork are also provided. The difficulty1n trans latingG erm an paras ltolo& lC afw orks _l. 'often fe lt -and this gios saryw -ill undoubtedlys ,rve as a ready reckoner In future .

~ .L-.. ~< , ~_ . . . . . . .;/.' ':1, i ~ Prof. E ichler, w ith hJs nearly S O year experJence In _the fields of paras itology and

.applied entom ology, togethe!' ,w ith his w.1 I known collaborators , D r. M. J . As s , H. Bel tz .V . 8 ozd ech . J . Jlra, and Prof. K. Ode~lng, des erve all congratulations for bringing outsuch a useful com pilation. - The value of this work would 'h .ve been ,!'Guly enhancedif the Germ .n explanations of the term s were als e given in the other two languages . ItJs hoped that the auth9 rsand the.publis hers -w lll provide the lacuna-~n a future edition.

K. V. L AKSHMINARAYANA

37,_.':~ .~. __ . __. __ . :~_ -~~.- , . , ...-:, .... "/'.'--_. '~"" -----to

, ,-


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iINDIA:N'~ 'JOtIIlNAL: : ; : i F ' ~ACA:ROLOGYPublishes 1Q'II:1: t I i"Jn' l ! ii r iglJ ih ' 'O~ alt I s P e < c ' 'o f m t e N ~--ttcis

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ENTOMON( Half-yearly journ al of Entomology; covered by the leadl ng

abstracting and indexing Journals)Issued regularly on June 30 and December )1

Volu~e 2, Num~er 2 < : Decem ber 1977) s:heduled to contain about 3 0 ar ticle sSubscrlptl.., ratas (per volume) ~Institutions: : R s 80/- (in IndIa)

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Trlv",drum ( India) 695581.

.,

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'\,X( ".,

INSTRUCTIONS TO. AUTHORSThese Instructions ara meant for the ,uldance of ~lbuton to the INDIAN JOURNAL OF

AC A It01G Y~ Manuscripts not conformlns to th eM ' lufch,llM._ a n d to the style of the [e urn al .. .. IIableto be returned for amendment and retyplnl whidl mar'.~'irl.laYln publication. Intendina contrlbuton should therafore study these Imtructio", eartfully ~. f o l l o W tf'itimatrlctly whll. preparin, theirmanuscripts, and keep a recant iSlue of thelournal beiide them\vhile dolnl so, at It is not pOSilble tospecify every requirement here.

The INDIAN JOUltNA-L OF ACA'RO-tOGY~ papen (In Enallsh only) based on originalreselrch on all upeCts of AcarinLM.~ IIioldd ftMIlt-tO: The Chief Editor, Acorolo,fcafSociety of IlIdia, OejXlrtllllJlt r4 1IComaI.",lifMHrrIfty o f Atr1culcurcll Sciences, 8on,olore-560 024,IndiO, preferably by registered mill. Short ~Vcb ComI'l:UnlcltJons, News and Notes are not acceptabl.for the Journal, but may be .ubmlttlld to the ACAR010G Y N E W S LETTEIl, also published by theSociety. The papers .. nt for p~~ 1M........ an d must 'not have '*tn ,lmultalMlously Mntfor publication to any otbeT )oUtg. ~who 'llltclllemllren- of the Society Or subscribers to theJournal will have priority . -ra,.rs MI4 noI,bt:tulJUlhedtn 'the Or_ they are received; thOle wlllchrequire a minimum of, edIdec . ..11 lit .~ ,,._r.r.n..The _itOrs I'fIIII"Ie the rllht to revise the styMand langu ... of papers for tM .a . of unlfonnttr aM brevity.

ManulCripts must be typewritten, doulal_plld, on OM .Ide of , o a d qUllity white quarto.(bond) piper, with a" cm left hand marlin, 1nd;. 3 C;fIt m.... ln on the other three sides. Two coplelof each typescript, lnclud Ing In abstract and orllin" ...... atlYe material, plus one photocopy, are requlrH.The second (carbon) copy of the typescript may ,...ferably b t l ! "nt on thin paper. The author .houklretain a third copy, Iiong with a ph~py oftM IU_"'loM, (or his own nference.

It Is 1mport ant that the mInu.c:rlpt Is.dean typed anel checked for typo,raph Ical and othererron before It Is mailed. Paps must b e numbertld ..... lIyat.,the top right-hand corner. Paperl, otherthan taxonomic ones, should, generally, be ora:anbed Ul\der the following heads In the same order: Title,Al.lthor/s namels and addressles, Abatrac:t, IntroductiOn, Macerlal and Methods. R_ults, Discussion,Summary, Acknowledlements, References, Tab"". ,"-ntis, and Footnotes. The metric system sholiidbe uMd for all measurements. Symbol. and abbNYladOM Ihould be In standard .form. In taxonomicpapers, the elucidatlon of synonymy aAd ,materbl exutkled should be uniform with our style. Onlyscientific names should be underlined, leaylnl other Indications of type to the editors. The subject mattershoUild be clelr and concise, ayolding unnecessary details a!'ld speculations. Descriptions of taxa should. be in dear, telegraphic language. Tabular matter should be kept to I minimum and supplied on sheets5eparate from the teXt. Their approximate location In the text should be Indicated by In arrow Ind thetable number.

Drawinp must'be made in Indls Ink on white Bristol Board or Ivory Soard paper, and Ihouldbe of a sid that will permit their reduction, slnlly or after grou ping, to an area of 13 em X 17 cm. Thedrawlnp may preferably be sent Irouped and numbered In pencil. When numbers are .tencllled orprjnted and glued on, they should be lup enough to stand reduction. Photographs should b e on glossyglued piper, show ,oad contrast, and at least of half pllte Size, pssted on a thick mount. If more thanone photolraph is sent, they may preferably be ,rouped so as to reduce to 'n area of 13 cm X 17 cm.Photolraphs should be sent only If Ibsolutely relevant to the subject of the paper. Figure legends fordrawln,.!photographs shOuld conform to OUr s tyle and be sent typed on pagll separate from thl text.Copies of the lagend .hould b e puled, alon, with the author's name and short title of the piper, on th.b a ck s of the approprlue plltll for easy l


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An abstraa must be Pl"9Vlded for IverY paper and .hould be both concise and Informative. ThlrialnlM of all new taxa lrected In the paper .hould be liven, ruher than just stUlna .. a number of new.pecles ara deKrlbed." All Illnlfieant flndlnp of the paper .hould be Indl:lded. Abstraa. of the type,Inlrally used by leadln, abstractlne periodicals arl what WI require.

Thl title should be brlef~ In OI"derto facilitate Indlld"e. I.InJthy Ind repetltlve titles. and tho ..with more than one eatelDrY of headlnls are not atcepted. The hl,hlr taxonomic catller ...... ,."(Acarina: PhytoselldM)" must always be Included ,In the title. Authon of taxa must be omitted fromthe tltll .Inte thlY do not form part of the scientific name. The comp_ postal addreSS/II of the author /"Inc\udlnr the pin/zip code must Invariably be supplied below their nUMI. Chanp In add,.... may beIndicated u a footnote.

Thl ext unck.r the different head. lpeclfled above Ihould be u succinct is'posllble. The Iafleuap,,rammar, 'pallln" etc., .hould be carefully elJec:ked. Attention should be ,Iven to brevity and clarity.Common nam. of all or,anitms (mites, tltJg, inMal, plaMl, 1tC.) should be foll--cl by tM currentlyvalid Icientlflc naml, with authority, whlin ft f 'St mentioned. Later, the IInlrlc nime may be abbrevl-.d,and thl authority deleted. .

For taxonomic papers, authora are advised to refer to the style adopted In a recent; number ofthl Journal and to oreanlse their manuscript accordlnsly. Only a few of the more Important polnta areIndicated hIre. Papers must conform With the rullS laid down In tbllatest edition orthe InternationalCod. of Zoological Nomenclature and with the published Oplrnonl of the' International Commltslon onZoolorleai Nomenclature, All uxa must be aliened In the Clntre of the pap and reproduced In full'with the authority. No new name must be authored by more thon two workers unl... absolutely unavoidable.The terms" len, nov., .p. nev., subsp. nov., comb. nov., syn. nov., and _-. nov." must be used fordeslenatlng a new IInuI, species, subspecies, combination, synonym or stltUt ... pectlv"y. One specimenof the nlw specill$ or subspecies must be dllignated as the .. Holotype" and .,...,...ably deposited In arecornlsed mus.um or institution. Allotypes need not be separately dlll,naced. N.w pnerl must beaccompanied by the deflnlte fixation of I .. type-spec1e5 ", for which the term "pnotype" muse: not beused. All type. seen and examlnld by the luthor must be so Indicated, with their preMnt location.preferably In the .. Material eXlmlned ", 'or In the synonymy. Misidentlflcatlol\l cited In the Iynonymyshould be mentioned u .. Pruad, 1970 not B-~ker, 1972" Instead of uslne the term nee.

The style of 5yJ,onymy i. important and should conform wkh the practice of the Journll. Thesubsequent user of a scientific name must be placed Ifter the naml and separated from It by a colon.o.talis of types, type locality and present knowndeposltor1eslhould also be Included In the synonymy,or in " Haterlal examined ". For titatlon of synonymy, the followl", Ihould Ml'Ve u anexampll:

Oll,onycilul man,i(erus (Rahman and- Sapra)(Fles. 1-3)

Porotetranycllus man,i(erus Rahlllan and Sapra, 1"'0, P r oc. in d ia n kod. Sci . , Hr. B, If: 192.Type ~,Paklstan: LyaJlpur (Depository unknown).Ollronychus monriferus: Prltehard and Baker, 1955, Pac/f. Coast ellt. Soc. Mem., .... 1: 330.

The Ilucldatlon of Moterial examined (includln, types for new taxa) should be complete and citedstflaly II In the followlne examples:H 0 LO T Y P E : ~ , iN OIA: Karnataka: BanSalore, Hlbbal, 916 r' l'.v.l976" ex dry leaf litter,G. P. Chann,Basavanna coli., deposited In the Zoololical SurvlY of India, Calcutta. PARATYPS:25~ ~ 63 ~, dau .. me as for holotypa, deposited In the Oepartl1'llnt of EntomolCliY, U. A.S., BI"lalOI'I.


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IMcrteriol exam/nOd: 4~ f I a " . INDIA: Wf!4t Benla!: Calcutta. -l.xll.I969, on Neln.,. ,om mUML., S. K. GUptl coli. [Z.S.I., Calcuttl}i 3~~, '1" locality. 7')(11.1969.b.. tlln from Ndnll l ,ommunl .S.K.G. eelt., [Z. 5.1. i Authcw's Collection].

If specimen. are not sexed they must b e dtlld IS I adult or I ex., etc. The Immlture st ... shouldb e cltlld IS I,larva, I nymph, etc.

Th. taXonomic keys should be In couplet (dlchotomic) form. Only thl fim Item -or .ach Iupletshould be numbered and the subsequent Item I~. In thl c... of I 1'"111 couplet, the num"r maybe omlttacl. Names of the luthors mlY be jlVen for known tax .. and _ tl)(a IndlCltlld by plac:lnl "lin.npv Ip. nov .. or lubsp. nov ... after the nl,fM In the kay. A. far upossIbl., only stro"liy contrutlnlcharacters, useful for euy ..,paratlon. mUtt 1 M utllbld In the kay; Irldad or ralltlve charlCtllrl shouldba avoided.

Re(erenc;esshould be cited Inthe text as followa: Pr. . ad (1975). (Prand, 1975). Chann.B ... vann.and Lakkundl (1976). (Ch.nnaBauvanna and LakkuJ\dl, t914; N .... h.Chlndr .. 1975), Bhadurl et .,.(19n), and (Bhld uri ee 0/., 1971). Alll"lfaran~ ckitd In the tIIlCt (not neoaqarlly t~ose In tM Iynonymy)mllst 1 M listed under REFE RENCES at the .nd oftha paper IIIn tM foIlowinllJtamplll:M ITC HE LL, It. D. 1957. Major .votutlonary lines In WItM MI_. Syst . Zoo / . , 6{l): 137-148.NAGESHACHAND RAo B. K. and CHANNABA5AVANr\lA. G. P. 1974. Faunbdc study of F aIMSpider MI_ (Acarin.: T.nulpalpld .. , of lridla. 'roc. IV Intemcrtn. Co",r. kor., Austria

(Abstract): p.27.BAKER, E. W. and WHARTON, G. W. 1952. A n IlttradUalOll' to ActJroiOfY. Macmillan" Co.,

New York. xiii + 4 6 5 pp.- . .EVANS, G. 0., SHEALS. J . G. and MacFARLANE, D. '1961. Th e TerrestrltJl ActJrI of the BrlUsI!Isles. Volume I: Introduction and 81010,y. ,British MUHum (Natural History), London.219 pp.

MacFAYDEN, A. 1955. A comparilon ofmetbodsfor..trlCt{nJ soil anhropods. In: 5 0 1 1 Zo o l0 lY_Academic PreQ, New York. pp. 315-332.Authors must be listed alphabetically and more than one paper uncler tha .. m e author du'ono-10glc.lIy. TIdes of perlodlcala mutt be abbreviated It ,mn In the World Lis t 0( ScIentific; PerladlctJ/.,4th edition. and supplement.. If a referanc. Induded In the list hu not been IMn in orI,lnai form, thismust be marked with an asterisk and ex:pfalned In a footnote. .Authors havln, official publication fund. '" requ.tad to pay a pa,e -chtJrfe of RI.2 D 1 - par PIP(U.S. $ 4) and rellev. the Society of financial bu~en. If the number of line and half ton. blocp ar e

m.ny, the authcw or his Institution may have to pay' for th.m. Manuterl ptt and illustrative material ar enot returnad to author., unl.s requested at the tlma of malllnl' th.m.A total of twanty-flve (25) reprInts will ba supplied .... of cost, except for post"e .nd plCklnleh ... .. . for each paper. The number of extra raprlnt$ required ahould be apecifled, at thl time of return.Inl thl proof, on the Reprint Order Form prol'ldfld, Oft which the raw aN Indlcatad. bet. raprlnt$ w IIIonly b e .uppllecl In mUltiplet of 25, snd will have to be paid for In advance.Th. proof should b e carefully corrected, comparlnclt with the manuscript copy with the authcw.usln, standard proof_ader's marks. It mus t be returned on or before the data mentloned;lf not received

wlt.hln that data, the adlton claim nOresponsibility for .rron In the printed paper. i:xceull'e alt.rltl~nsand correalo", and f,..h In.. rtlons are not allowed by the p..... .nd must be Ivolded; their COlt, IfIncluded, may be


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Indian Journal of Acarolo94_.. . . _ .Volum e 2, Number I June 1977

CONTENTSNew species and records of Typhlodromus and Phytose/us from eas tern India(A carina: Phytoielldae)

S . K . GUPTA

Life cycle, feeding behaviour and ovipos itional ability of Rhipicephalus sangulneusan d R . tu ra n lc us (Acarina: Ixodidae).

P. V . M . MAHADEV 12

A new Blat t /socius and first record of G oma sho la sp;s br ow nin gl (A carina: M esos tig~m ata) from tile Kumaon Him alaya.

S . K . BHATTACHARYYA 21

D iges tive sys tem of A/euroglyphus avows Troupeau (Acarina: Tyroglyphidae)V. VIlA YAMSI KA and P. A. JOHN 14

Observations on the Ilfe ':hls tory of the bat-tick, Orn i thodoros (Ret lcul inasus) chlro4pterphila (A

Documents

Indian Journal of Acarology Vol2(1)