Indian Constitution modified.doc

7/27/2019 Indian Constitution modified.doc

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1. Meaning.

The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. It lays down the

framework defining fundamental political principles, establishes the

structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions, and

sets out fundamental rights, directive principles, and the duties of citizens. Itis the longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world,

containing 448 articles in 22 parts, 12 schedules and

97 amendments. Besides the English version, there is an officialHindi translation.

The Constitution was enacted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November

1949, and came into effect on 26 January 1950. The date 26 January was

chosen to commemorate the Purna Swaraj declaration of independence of

1930. With its adoption, the Union of India officially became the modern

and contemporary Republic of India and it replaced the Government of India

Act 1935 as the country's fundamental governing document. The

Constitution declares India to be a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic

republic, assuring its citizens ofjustice, equality, and liberty, and endeavors

to promote fraternity among them. The words "socialist" and "secular" were

added to the definition in 1976 by constitutional amendment. India

celebrates the adoption of the constitution on 26 January each year as

Republic Day .
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Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar is hailed as the prime architect ofIndian Constitution

The first temporary 2-day president of the Constituent Assembly was

Dr Sachidanand Sinha. Later, Rajendra Prasad was elected presidentof the Constituent Assembly.[8] The members of the Constituent

Assembly met for the first time on 9 December 1946.[8]

===Drafting=== On the 14 August 1947 meeting of the Assembly, aproposal for forming various committees was presented. Suchcommittees included a Committee on Fundamental Rights, the UnionPowers Committee and Union Constitution Committee. On 29 August1947, the Drafting Committee was appointed, with Dr B. R. Ambedkar

as the Chairman along with six other members assisted by aconstitutional advisor. These members were Kanaiyalal ManeklalMunshi (K M Munshi, Ex- Home Minister, Bombay), AlladiKrishnaswamy Iyer (Ex- Advocate General, Madras State), NGopalaswami Ayengar(Ex-Prime Minister, J&K and later member ofNehru Cabinet), B L Mitter (Ex-Advocate General, India), Md.Saadullah (Ex- Chief Minister of Assam, Muslim League member)
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and D P Khaitan (Scion of Khaitan Business family and a renownedlawyer). The constitutional advisor was Sir Benegal Narsing Rau(who became First Indian Judge in International Court of Justice,195054). Later B L Mitter resigned and was replaced by MadhavRao (Legal Advisor of Maharaja of Vadodara). Owing to death of D PKhaitan, T T Krishnamachari was chosen to be included in thedrafting committee. A Draft Constitution was prepared by thecommittee and submitted to the Assembly on 4 November 1947.Draft constitution was debated and over 2000 amendments weremoved over a period of two years. Finally on 26 Nov. 1949, theprocess was completed and Constituent assembly adopted theconstitution. 284 members signed the document and the process ofconstitution making was complete. The architects of Indianconstitution were most heavily influenced by the British model of

parliamentary democracy. In addition, a number of principles wereadopted from the Constitution of the United States of America,including the separation of powers among the major branches ofgovernment, the establishment of a supreme court. The principlesadopted from Canada were Unitary government with strong centerand also distribution of powers between central government andprovinces along with placing residuary powers with centralgovernment. From Ireland, directive principle of state policy wasadopted. From Germany the principle of suspension of fundamentalrights during emergency was adopted. From Australia the principle ofConcurrent list and Language of preamble was adopted. The

Assembly met in sessions open to the public, for 166 days, spreadover a period of 2 years, 11 months and 18 days before adopting theConstitution, the 308 members of the Assembly signed two copies ofthe document (one each in Hindi and English) on 24 January 1950.The original Constitution of India is hand-written with beautifulcalligraphy, each page beautified and decorated by artists fromShantiniketan including Beohar Rammanohar Sinha and NandalalBose. Two days later, on 26 January 1950, the Constitution of India

became the law of all the States and territories of India. Rs.1,00,00,000 was official estimate of expenditure on constituentassembly. The Constitution has undergone many amendments sinceits enactment.
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Features of Indian Constitution

Features of Indian Constitution includes most of the aspects ofthe Western legal systems and runs on the system of the liberal

democracy. The most important aspect of the features of IndianConstitution is the tendency to eradicate inequality that the traditionalsocial relations have given birth to. The prime feature of the IndianConstitution is to look after the social welfare of the people of the

nation. There are elaborate explanations that are given to enhancethe social relationships and this is one of the prime reasons thatmany famous scholars have regarded the features of IndianConstitution as the motivating factors behind the ever changing andrebuilding society of India.

One of the special features of the Indian Constitution is the steadyconcentration of power in the hands of the Prime Minister and hisoffice. Although there is a wide range of ethnic groups and caste

races that are distributed all over the land, the ultimate power residesin the hands of the Prime Minister.

Unique Features of the Indian Constitution

There are some unique features of the Indian Constitution. Thesefeatures are mentioned below:

The Indian Constitution is said to be framed by the People of India.The Constituent Assembly formed for drafting the constitution ofassembly was framed by the people belonging to all parts of the

society. This Constituent Assembly is considered to be arepresentative body of people living in the country.

The draft of the Indian Constitution has been derived fromconstitutions of other countries. The constitution has also taken manyparts from the Government of India Act, 1935. The different parts of


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Indian Constitution adopted from other countries constitution arementioned below:

1. British Constitution: Parliamentary form of government,introduction of Speaker and his role, the concept of singlecitizenship, the Rule of law, procedure of lawmaking, procedureestablished by Law u/a 13.

2. Irish Constitution: Directive principles of state policy.3. United States Constitution: Federal structure of government,

due process of law u/a 13, power of Judicial Review andindependence of the judiciary, documentation of FundamentalRights (similar to the United States Bill of Rights), President assupreme commander of armed forces u/a 52,

4. Canadian Constitution: A quasi-federal form of government,where the central government plays prime role in governing the

country, the idea of Residual Powers5. Australian Constitution: Freedom of trade and commerce

between different states of the country, Power of the nationallegislature to make laws for implementing treaties

6. French Constitution: Ideals of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity7. Japan Constitution: Fundamental Duties u/a 51-A8. Weimar Constitution: Emergency Provision u/a 3569. Malaysian Constitution: The concept of the Concurrent list

Sovereignty of the people is another unique feature of the IndianConstitution. According to the Constitution, people of the country arethe supreme authority. Earlier, the supreme power was in the hand ofthe British Parliament. The term Sovereignty connotes that thepeople of India are not subordinate to any other external authority.

The Constitution of India renders the republican form of polity in thecountry. During British era, the king was the Head of the State.

The Indian Constitution also provides for a secular polity in India. The

term Secular implies that in the country, there would be nodiscrimination on grounds of religion. There should be equal respectfor all religions.

Fundamentals Rights and Duties of the citizens of India is anotherunique feature of the Indian Constitution, which was absent in theprevious constitutions. Fundamental Rights were mentioned in the


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constitution at the time of its adoption in 1949. The provision forFundamental Duties was included through the Constitution (FortySecond Amendment) Act, 1976.

The Indian Constitution has provision for the Directive Principles ofState Policy. These principles and policies are included in theChapter IV of the constitution. These rights cannot be enforced by thecourts of law, but these are fundamental principles, awareness ofwhich should be there among people and the government.

The Indian Constitution has provision for judicial review of the Acts ofboth the State Legislatures and the Union Legislature and the

activities of the Union and State executives, so that authority of thelegislative and executive branches is not misused.

Provision for the universal adult franchise is another unique feature ofIndian Constitution. In this provision, all adult citizens of the countryhas right to vote.

The Indian Constitution has given recognition of Hindi as the officiallanguage of the country. Earlier, English was the only officiallanguage of India. Apart from Hindi, the Constitution has alsorecognized 17 other Indian languages as regional languages.

Unique Blend of Rigidity and Flexibility is another feature of the IndianConstitution. The Constitution can be amended for revising the lawsmentioned in it. Amendments to Constitution can be made throughvarious procedures.

Other Features of the Indian Constitution

The other features of the Indian Constitution are mentioned below:

1. Indian Constitution is a comprehensive document including 395Articles and twelve Schedules.

2. The Indian Constitution has a provision of a full-fledgedParliamentary Democracy.

3. There is the provision for federal form of polity in India in theConstitution of India.


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4. The Constitution of India encourages affirmative action to betaken by the State to improve the conditions of the weakersections of society.

5. There are emergency provisions made in the IndianConstitution. There are provisions for national emergency,financial emergency and failure of constitutional machinery.

6. The constitution has also made provision for some IndependentAgencies to perform various functions assigned to them. TheElection Commission, the Comptroller and Auditor General andthe Union and State Public Service Commissions are threesuch agencies.

Structure

The Constitution, in its current form (March 2011), consists of apreamble, 22 parts containing 450 [Note 1] articles, 12 schedules, 2appendices[9] and 97 amendments to date (latest being related to co-operative societies in 2012).[10] Although it is federal in nature it alsohas a strong unitary bias.

PREAMBLE

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constituteIndia

into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATICREPUBLIC and

to secure to all its citizens:

JUSTICE, social, economic and political;

LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;

EQUALITY of status and of opportunity;
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and to promote among them all

FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and

integrity of the Nation;

IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of

November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO

OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

ArticlesIn this section of India Facts we discuss about Constitution of India -

Articles. You get all the articles i.e. Part I to Part XXII, in details. Inthese Part I to Part XXII you will learn about 395 articles. Article 123explains about the legislative powers of the President and article 213is for the legislative powers of the Governor. Article 300A is importantfor everyone because it explains about Right to Property.

Part I - consists of Articles 1 - 4 on the Union and its TerritoryPart II - consists of Articles 5 - 11 on Citizenship.Part III - consists of Articles 12 - 35 on Fundamental Rights.

Articles 14 - 18 on Right to Equality, Articles 19 - 22 on Right to Freedom, Articles 23 - 24 on Right against Exploitation, Articles 25 - 28 on Right to Freedom of Religion, Articles 29 - 31 on Cultural and Educational Rights, Articles 32 - 35 on Right to Constitutional Remedies.

Part IV - consists of Articles 36 - 51 on Directive Principles of StatePolicy.Part IV (A) consists of Article 51A - Fundamental Duties of eachcitizen of India.


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Part V - consists of Articles on the Union.Chapter I - Articles 52 to 78 on The Executive.

Articles 52 - 73 on the President and Vice-President, Articles 74 - 75 on Council of Ministers, Articles 76 - Attorney General of India, Articles 77 - 78 on the Conduct of Government Business

Chapter II - Articles 79 - 122 on Parliament. Articles 79 - 88 on Constitution of Parliament, Articles 89 - 98 on Officers of Parliament, Articles 99 - 100 on Conduct of Business, Articles 101 - 104 on Disqualification of members, Articles 105 - 106 on Powers, privileges and Immunities of

Parliament and its Members,

Articles 107 - 111 on Legislative Procedure, Articles 112 - 117 on Procedure in Financial Matters, Articles 118 - 122 on Procedure Generally.

Chapter III - Article 123 on the Legislative Powers of the President. Article 123 on Power of president to promulgate Ordinances

during recess of Parliament

Chapter IV - Articles 124 - 147 on The Union Judiciary. Articles 124 - 147 Establishment and Constitution of Supreme

Court

Chapter V - Articles 148 - 151 on the Controller and Auditor-Generalof India.

Articles 148 - 151 on Duties and powers of Comptroller andAuditor-General.

Part VI - Articles on the States.

Chapter I - Article 152 on the General definition of a State of theUnion of India

Article 152 - Exclusion of the state of Jammu and Kashmir fromthe general definition of a state of the Union of India.

Chapter II - Articles 153 - 167 on The Executive Articles 153 - 162 on The Governor, Articles 163 - 164 on The Council of Ministers,


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Article 165 on the Advocate-General for the State. Articles 166 - 167 on the Conduct of Government Business.

Chapter III - Articles 168 - 212 on The State Legislature. Articles 168 - 177 General Articles 178 - 187 on the Officers of the State Legislature, Articles 188 - 189 on Conduct of Business, Articles 190 - 193 on Disqualification of members, Articles 194 - 195 on Powers, Privileges and Immunities

Parliament and its Members, Articles 196 - 201 on Legislative Procedure, Articles 202 - 207 on Procedure in Financial Matters, Articles 208 - 212 on Procedure Generally.

Chapter IV - Article 213 on the Legislative Powers of the Governor Article 213 - Power of president to promulgate Ordinances

during recess of Parliament

Chapter V - Articles 214 - 231 on The High Courts in the States. Articles 214 - 231 on High Courts in the States,

Chapter VI - Articles 233 - 237 on the Subordinate Courts Articles 232 - 237 on Subordinate Courts

Part VII - consists of Articles on States in the B part of the Firstschedule.

Article 238 Repealed, Replaced by the Constitution (SeventhAmendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch.

Part VIII - consists of Articles on The Union Territories Articles 239 - 242 Administration, creation of Council of

Ministers and High Courts

Part IX - consists of Articles on the Panchayat system. Articles 243 - 243O on the Gram Sabha and Panchayat system

Part IXA - consists of Articles on Municipalities. Articles 243P - 243ZG on Municipalities

Part X - consists of Articles on the scheduled and Tribal Areas


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Articles 244 - 244A on Administration, creation of Council ofMinisters, and legislatures.

Part XI - consists of Articles on Relations between the Union andthe States.

Chapter I - Articles 245 - 255 on the Distribution of Legislative Powers Articles 245 - 255 on Distribution of Legislative Relations

Chapter II - Articles 256 - 263 on Administrative Relations Articles 256 - 261 - General Article 262 - on Disputes relating to waters. Article 263 - on Co-ordination between States

Part XII - consists of Articles on Finance, Property, Contractsand Suits

Chapter I - Articles 264 - 291 on Finance Articles 264 - 267 General Articles 268 - 281 on Distribution Revenues between the Union

and the States Articles 282 - 291 on Miscellaneous Financial Provisions

Chapter II - Articles 292 - 293 on Borrowing

Articles 292 - 293 on Borrowing by States

Chapter III - Articles 294 - 300 on Property, Contracts, Right,Liabilities, Obligations and Suits

Articles 294 - 300 on Succession to property assets, liabilities,and obligations.

Chapter IV - Article 300A on the Right to Property Article 300A - on Persons not to be deprived of property save

by authority of law

Part XIII - consists of Articles on Trade and Commerce within theterritory of India


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Articles 301 - 305 on Freedom of Trade and Commerce, andthe power of Parliament and States to impose restrictions on thesame

Article 306 - Repealed - Replaced by the Constitution (SeventhAmendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch.

Article 307 - Appointment of authority for carrying out thepurposes of articles 301 to 304.

Part XIV - consists of Articles on Services Under the Union andthe States

Chapter I - Articles 308 - 314 on Services Articles 308 - 313 on Services Article 314 - Repealed - Replaced by the Constitution (Twenty-

eighth Amendment) Act, 1972, s. 3 (w.e.f. 29-8-1972).

Chapter II - Articles 315 - 323 on the Public Service Commissions Articles 315 - 323 on Public Service Commissions

Part XIVA - consists of Articles on Tribunals Articles 323 A - 323 B

Part XV - consists of Articles on Elections Articles 324 - 329 on Elections

Article 329A - Repealed - Replaced by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 36 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).

Part XVI - consists of Articles on Special Provisions Relating tocertain Classes.

Articles 330 - 342 on Reservations

Part XVII - consists of Articles on Official LanguageChapter I - Articles 343 - 344 on Language of the Union

Articles 343 - 344 Official Language of the Union

Chapter II - Articles 345 - 347 on Regional Languages Articles 345 - 347 on Language of the State

Chapter III - Articles 348 - 349 on Language of the Supreme Court,High courts, Etc


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Articles 348 - 349 on Language used in Supreme Court, Highcourts Etc

Chapter IV - Articles 350 - 351 on Special Directives Article 350 - on Language to be used in representations

forredress of grievances. Article 350A - on Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at

primary stage. Article 350B - on provision for Special Officer for linguistic

minorities. Article 351 - on Directive for development of the Hindi

language.

Part XVIII - consists of Articles on Emergency Provisions

Articles 352 - 359 on Emergency Provisions Article 359A - Repealed - Replaced by the Constitution (Sixty-

third Amendment) Act, 1989, s. 3 (w.e.f. 6-1-1990) Article 360 - on Provisions as to financial emergency.

Part XIX - Miscellaneous Articles 361 - 361A - Miscellaneous Article 362 - Repealed - Replaced by the Constitution (Twenty-

sixth Amendment) Act, 1971, s. 2. Articles 363 - 367 - Miscellaneous .

Part XX - consists of Articles on Amendment of the Constitution Articles 368 on the Power of parliament to amend the

constitution and procedure therefor

Part XXI - consists of Articles on Temporary, Transitional andSpecial Provisions

Articles 369 - 378A on Temporary, Transitional and SpecialProvisions

Article 379 - 391 - Repealed - Replaced by the Constitution(Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956,s. 29 and Sch.

Article 392 - on the Power of the President to removedifficulties.

Part XXII consists of Articles on short title, date ofcommencement, Authoritative text in Hindi and Repeals.


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Articles 393 - 395 Commencement, authoritative text in Hindiand repeals.

List of amendments of theConstitution of India

As of January 2012, there have been 97 amendments to the

Constitution of India since it was first enacted in 1950.

No. AmendmentsEnforced

sinceObjectives

1

Amend articles 15, 19, 85,

87, 174, 176, 341, 342, 372and 376.

Insert articles 31A and

31B.

Insert schedule 9.[2]

18 June

1951

To fully secure the

constitutional validity of

zamindari abolition laws and to

place reasonable restriction on

freedom of speech. A new

constitutional device, calledSchedule 9 introduced to

protect laws that are contrary

to the Constitutionally

guaranteed fundamental rights.

These laws encroach upon

property rights, freedom of

speech and equality before law

2 Amend article 81.[3] 1 May 1953

A technical amendment to fix

the size of each parliamentary

constituency between 650,000

and 850,000 voters.
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sinceObjectives

3 Amend schedule 7.[4]22 February

1955

Limits maximum no of seats inlok sabha up to 500.States

would be divided into

constituencies such that one

member of a constituency will

represent not less than every

750000 people but not more

than every 500000 people.

4

Amend articles 31, 35 band

305.

Amend schedule 9.[5]

27 April

1955

Restrictions on property rights

and inclusion of related bills in

Schedule 9 of the constitution

5 Amend article 3.[6]24

December

1955

Provide for a consultation

mechanism with concerned

states in matters relating to the

amendments to the territorial

matters and in the renaming ofthe state

6

Amend articles 269 and

286.


11

September

1956

Amend the Union and State

Lists with respect to raising of

taxes

7


81, 82, 131, 153, 158, 168,170, 171, 216, 217, 220,

222, 224, 230, 231 and

232.

Insert articles 258A, 290A,

298, 350A, 350B, 371,

1 November

1956

Reorganization of states onlinguistic lines, abolition of

Class A, B, C, D states and

introduction of Union

Territories
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sinceObjectives

Election procedure fromchallenge on grounds of

existence of any vacancies in

the electoral college

12Amend article 240.


20

December

1961

Incorporation of Goa, Daman

and Diu as a Union Territory,

consequent to acquisition from

Portugal

13 Amend part 21.[14]1 December

1963

Formation of State of

Nagaland, with special

protection under Article 371A

14

Amend articles 81 and 240.

Insert article 239A.Amend schedules 1 and 4.[15]

28

December1962

Incorporation of Pondicherry

into the Union of India and

creation of LegislativeAssemblies for Himachal

Pradesh, Tripura, Manipur and

Goa

15

Amend articles 124, 128,

217, 222, 224, 226, 297,

311 and 316.

Insert article 224A.


5 October

1963

Raise retirement age of judges

from 60 to 62 and other minor

amendments for rationalizing

interpretation of rules

regarding judges etc.

16

Amend articles 19, 84 and

173.


5 October

1963

Make it obligatory for seekers

of public office to swear their

allegiance to the Indian

Republic and prescribe the
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sinceObjectives

various obligtory templates

17Amend article 31A.

Amend schedule 9.[18]20 June

1964

To secure the constitutional

validity of acquisition of

Estates and place land

acquisition laws in Schedule 9

of the constitution

18 Amend article 3.[19]27 August

1966

Technical Amendment to

include Union Territories in

Article 3 and hence permit

reorganisation of Union

Territories


December

1966

Abolish Election Tribunals and

enable trial of election petitions

by regular High Courts

20 Insert article 233A.[21]22

December

1966

Indemnify & validate

judgments, decrees, orders and

sentences passed by judges and

to validate the appointment,

posting, promotion and transfer

of judges barring a few who

were not eligible for

appointment under article 233.Amendment needed to

overcome the effect of

judgement invalidating

appointments of certain judges

in the state of Uttar Pradesh
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sinceObjectives

21 Amend schedule 8.[22]10 April1967

Include Sindhi as an OfficialLanguage

22

Amend article 275.

Insert articles 244A and

371B.[23]

25

September

1969

Provision to form Autonomous

states within the State of

Assam

23Amend articles 330, 332,

333 and 334.[24]23 January

1970

Extend reservation for SC / ST

and nomination of Anglo

Indian members in Parliament

and State Assemblies for

another ten years i.e. up to

1980

24Amend articles 13 and 368.[25]

5 November

1971

Enable parliament to dilute

fundamental rights through

amendments to the constitution

25Amend article 31.

Insert article 31C.[26]20 April

1972

Restrict property rights and

compensation in case the state

takes over private property

26

Amend article 366.


Remove articles 291 and362.[27]

28

December

1971

Abolition ofprivy purse paid

to former rulers of princely

states which were incorporatedinto the Indian Republic

27Amend articles 239A and

240.

Insert articles 239B and

15 February

1972

Reorganization of Mizoram

into a Union Territory with a

legislature and council of
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sinceObjectives

371C.[28] ministers

28Insert article 312A.

Remove article 314.[29]29 August

1972

Rationalize Civil Service rules

to make it uniform across those

appointed prior to

Independence and post

independence

29 Amend schedule 9.[30] 9 June 1972

Place land reform acts and

amendments to these act under


30 Amend article 133.[31]27 February

1973

Change the basis for appeals in

Supreme Court of India in case

of Civil Suits from value

criteria to one involving

substantial question of law

31Amend articles 81, 330 and

332.[32]17 October

1973

Increase size of Parliament

from 525 to 545 seats.

Increased seats going to the

new states formed in North

East India and minor

adjustment consequent to 1971

Delimitation exercise

32

Amend article 371.

Insert articles 371D and

371E.


1 July 1974

Protection of regional rights in

Telengana and Andhra regions

of State of Andhra Pradesh
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sinceObjectives

33Amend articles 101 and

190.[34]19 May

1974

Prescribes procedure forresignation by members of

parliament and state

legislatures and the procedure

for verification and acceptance

of resignation by house speaker

34 Amend schedule 9.

[35] 7 September

1974


amendments to these act underSchedule 9 of the constitution

35


Insert article 2A.


1 March

1975

Terms and Conditions for the

Incorporation of Sikkim into

the Union of India

36


Insert article 371F.Remove article 2A.

Amend schedules 1 and 4.

Remove schedule 10.[37]

26 April1975

Formation of Sikkim as a Statewithin the Indian Union

37Amend articles 239A and

240.[38]3 May 1975

Formation of Arunachal

Pradesh legislative assembly

38Amend articles 123, 213,239B, 352, 356, 359 and

360.[39]

1 August

1975

Enhances the powers ofPresident and Governors to

pass ordinances

39 Amend articles 71 and 329.

Insert article 329A.10 August

Amendment designed to negate

the judgement of Allahabad
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22/33


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sinceObjectives

139A, 144A, 226A, 228Aand 257A.

Insert parts 4A and 14A.


43


228 and 366.

Remove articles 31D, 32A,

131A, 144A, 226A and

228A.[44]

13 April

1978

Amendment passed after

revocation of internal

emergency in the Country.

Repeals some of the more

'Anti-Freedom' amendments

enacted through Amendment

Bill 42

44


31A, 31C, 38, 71, 74, 77,

83, 103, 105, 123, 132,

133, 134, 139A, 150, 166,

172, 192, 194, 213, 217,

225, 226, 227, 239B, 329,

352, 356, 358, 359, 360

and 371F.

Insert articles 134A and361A.

Remove articles 31, 257A

and 329A.

Amend part 12.


6 September

1979

Amendment passed after

revocation of internal

emergency in the Country.

Provides for human rights

safeguards and mechanisms to

prevent abuse of executive andlegislative authority. Annuls

some Amendments enacted in

Amendment Bill 42

45 Amend article 334.

[46] 25 January

1980




and State Assemblies foranother ten years i.e. up to

1990

46

Amend articles 269, 286

and 366.


2 February

1983

Amendment to negate judicial

pronouncements on scope and

applicability on Sales Tax
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sinceObjectives

47 Amend schedule 9.[48] 26 August1984

Place land reform acts andamendments to these act under


48 Amend article 356.[49] 1 April 1985

Article 356 amended to permit

President's rule up to two years

in the state of Punjab

49

Amend article 244.

Amend schedules 5 and 6.[50]

11

September

1984

Recognize Tripura as a Tribal

State and enable the creation of

a Tripura Tribal Areas

Autonomous District Council


September

1984

Technical Amendment to

curtailment of Fundamental

Rights as per Part III as

prescribed in Article 33 to

cover Security Personnel

protecting property and

communication infrastructure

51Amend articles 330 and

332.[52]16 June

1986

Provide reservation to

Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland,Meghalaya, Mizoram and

Arunachal Pradesh Legislative

Assemblies

52


190 and 191.


1 March

1985

Anti Defection Law - Provide

disqualification of members

from parliament and assembly

in case of defection from one

party to other

53 Insert article 371G.[54] 20 February1987

Special provision with respectto the State of Mizoram.

54


221.

Amend schedule 2.[55]1 April 1986

Increase the salary of Chief

Justice of India & other Judges

and to provide for determining

future increases without the
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sinceObjectives

need for constitutionalamendment

55 Insert article 371H.[56]20 February

1987

Special powers to Governor

consequent to formation of

state of Arunachal Pradesh

56 Insert article 371I.[57]30 May

1987

Transition provision to enable

formation of state of Goa


September1987


Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland,

Meghalaya, Mizoram andArunachal Pradesh Legislative

Assemblies

58Insert article 394A.

Amend part 22.[59]9 December

1987

Provision to publish authentic

Hindi translation of

constitution as on date and

provision to publish authentic

Hindi translation of future

amendments


Insert article 359A.[60]30 March

1988

Article 356 amended to permitPresident's rule up to three

years in the state of Punjab,

Articles 352 and Article 359A

amended to permit imposing

emergency in state of Punjab

or in specific districts of the

state of Punjab


December1988

Profession Tax increased from

a maximum of Rs. 250/- to amaximum of Rs. 2500/-

61 Amend article 326.[62]28 March

1989

Reduce age for voting rights

from 21 to 18


December




26/33


sinceObjectives

1989Indian members in Parliamentand State Assemblies for

another ten years i.e. up to

2000


Remove article 359A.[64]6 January

1990

Emergency powers applicable

to State of Punjab, accorded in

Article 359A as per

amendment 59 repealed

64 Amend article 356.[65] 16 April1990


President's rule up to threeyears and six months in the

state of Punjab


1990

National Commission for

Scheduled Castes and

Scheduled Tribes formed and

its stututory powers specifed in

The Constitution.

66 Amend schedule 9.[67]

7 June 1990


amendments to these act underSchedule 9 of the constitution

67 Amend article 356.[68]4 October

1990


President's rule up to four years



1991


President's rule up to five years


69Insert articles 239AA and

239AB.[70]1 February

1992

To provide for a legislative

assembly and council of

ministers for Federal National

Capital of Delhi. Delhi

continues to be a Union

Territory

70 Amend articles 54 and 21 Include National Capital of
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sinceObjectives

239AA.[71]December

1991

Delhi and Union Territory ofPondicherry in electoral

college for Presidential

Election

71 Amend schedule 8.[72]31 August

1992

Include Konkani, Manipuri and

Nepali as Official Languages

72 Amend article 332.[73]5 December

1992


Scheduled Tribes in Tripura

State Legislative Assembly

73 Insert part 9.[74]24 April

1993

Statutory provisions forPanchyat Raj as third level of

administration in villages

74 Insert part 9A.[75] 1 June 1993

Statutory provisions for Local

Administrative bodies as third

level of administration in urban

areas such as towns and cities

75 Amend article 323B.[76]15 May

1994

Provisions for setting up Rent

Control Tribunals


1994

Enable continuance of 69%

reservation in Tamil Nadu by

including the relevant Tamil

Nadu Act under 9th Schedule

of the constitution

77 Amend article 16.[78]17 June

1995

A technical amendment to

protect reservation to SC/ST

Employees in promotions


1995

Place land reform acts andamendments to these act under


79 Amend article 334.[80]25 January

2000



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sinceObjectives

and State Assemblies foranother ten years i.e. up to

2010

80


270.

Remove article 272.[81]9 June 2000

Implement Tenth Finance

Commission recommendation

to simplify the tax structures

by pooling and sharing all

taxes between states and The

Centre

81 Amend article 16.[82] 9 June 2000 Protect SC / ST reservation infilling backlog of vacancies

82 Amend article 335.[83]8 September

2000

Permit relaxation of qualifying

marks and other criteria in

reservation in promotion for

SC / ST candidates

83 Amend article 243M.[84]8 September

2000

Exempt Arunachal Pradesh

from reservation for Scheduled

Castes in Panchayati Raj

institutions

84Amend articles 55, 81, 82,

170, 330 and 332.[85]21 February

2002

Extend the usage of 1991

national census population

figures for statewise

distribution of parliamentary

seats


2002

A technical amendment to

protect seniority in case of

promotions of SC/ST

Employees

86


51A.

Insert article 21A.[87]

12

December

2002

Provides Right to Education

until the age of fourteen and

Early childhood care until the

age of six

87 Amend articles 81, 82, 170 22 June Extend the usage of 2001
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sinceObjectives

and 330.[88] 2003national census populationfigures for statewise

distribution of parliamentary

seats

88

Amend article 270.



15 January

2004

To extend statutory cover for

levy and utilization of Service

Tax


Insert article 338A.[90]

28September

2003

The National Commission for

Scheduled Castes and

Scheduled Tribes wasbifurcated into The National

Commission for Scheduled

Castes and The National

Commission for Scheduled

Tribes


September

2003

Reservation in Assam

Assembly relating to Bodoland

Territory Area

91


Insert article 361B.


1 January

2004

Restrict the size of council ofministers to 15% of legislative

members & to strengthen Anti

Defection laws

92

Amend article 270.


Amend schedules 7 and 8.[93]

7 January

2004

Enable Levy of Service Tax &

Include Bodo, Dogri, Santali

and Maithali as Official

Languages


2006

To enable provision of

reservation for other backwardclasses (O.B.C.) in government

as well as private educational

institutions

94 Amend article 164.[95]12 June

2006

To provide for a Minister of

Tribal Welfare in newly


30/33


sinceObjectives

created Jharkand andChattisgarh States


2010

To extend the reservation of

seats for SCs and STs in the

Lok Sabha and states

assemblies from Sixty years to

Seventy years

96 Amend schedule 8.[97]23

September

2011

Substituted "Odia" for "Oriya"

97Amend Art 19 and added

Part IXB.[98]12 January

2012

Added the words "or co-

operative societies" after the

word "or unions" in Article

19(l)(c) and insertion of article

43B i.e., Promotion of Co-

operative Societies and added

Part-IXB i.e., THE CO-

OPERATIVE SOCIETIES

The amendment objective is toencourage economic activities

of cooperatives which in turn

help progress of rural India. It

is expected to not only ensure

autonomous and democratic

functioning of cooperatives,

but also the accountability of

the management to the

members and other

stakeholders.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_amendments_of_the_Constitution_of_India#cite_note-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_amendments_of_the_Constitution_of_India#cite_note-96http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_amendments_of_the_Constitution_of_India#cite_note-97http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_amendments_of_the_Constitution_of_India#cite_note-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_amendments_of_the_Constitution_of_India#cite_note-96http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_amendments_of_the_Constitution_of_India#cite_note-97


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PartsThe individual Articles of the Constitution are grouped together into the

following Parts:

Preamble

Part I[11] Union and itsTerritory

Part II[12] Citizenship.

Part IIIFundamental

Rights.

Part IV[13] Directive

Principles of State Policy.

Part IVA Fundamental

Duties.

Part V[14]

The Union. Part VI[15] The States.

Part VII[16] States in the B

part of the First

schedule(Repealed).

Part VIII[17] The Union

Territories

Part IX[18] The Panchayats.

Part IXA The

Municipalities.

Part IXB The CooperativeSocieties

Part X The scheduled and

Tribal Areas

Part XI Relations between

the Union and the States.

Part XII Finance, Property,

Contracts and Suits Part XIII Trade and Commerce

within the territory of India

Part XIV Services Under the

Union, the States.

Part XIVA Tribunals.

Part XV Elections

Part XVI Special Provisions

Relating to certain Classes.

Part XVII Languages Part XVIII Emergency

Provisions

Part XIX Miscellaneous

Part XX Amendment of the

Constitution

Part XXI Temporary,

Transitional and Special

Provisions

Part XXII Short title, date ofcommencement, Authoritative

text in Hindi and Repeals
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Part_I&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Part_I&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_nationality_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India#Fundamental_Rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India#Fundamental_Rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India#Directive_Principles_of_State_Policyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India#Directive_Principles_of_State_Policyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India#Fundamental_Dutieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India#Fundamental_Dutieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Part_Nine_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Part_Nine_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Part_IXB_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_Ten_of_the_Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_Eleven_of_the_Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_Twelve_of_the_Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_Thirteen_of_the_Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_Fourteen_of_the_Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_Fifteen_of_the_Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_Sixteen_of_the_Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_Seventeen_of_the_Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PART_Eighteen_of_the_Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PART_Nineteen_of_the_Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PART_Twenty_One_of_the_Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PART_Twenty_Two_of_the_Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Part_I&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_nationality_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India#Fundamental_Rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India#Fundamental_Rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India#Directive_Principles_of_State_Policyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India#Directive_Principles_of_State_Policyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India#Fundamental_Dutieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India#Fundamental_Dutieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Part_Nine_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Part_IXB_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_Ten_of_the_Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_Eleven_of_the_Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_Twelve_of_the_Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_Thirteen_of_the_Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_Fourteen_of_the_Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_Fifteen_of_the_Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_Sixteen_of_the_Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_Seventeen_of_the_Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PART_Eighteen_of_the_Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PART_Nineteen_of_the_Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PART_Twenty_One_of_the_Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PART_Twenty_Two_of_the_Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi


32/33

SchedulesSchedules are lists in the Constitution that categorize and tabulate

bureaucratic activity and policy of the Government.

First Schedule (Articles 1 and 4)- This lists the states and territories

of India, lists any changes to their borders and the laws used to make

that change.

Second Schedule (Articles 59, 65, 75, 97, 125, 148, 158, 164, 186

and 221)- This lists the salaries of officials holding public office,

judges, and Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.

Third Schedule (Articles 75, 99, 124, 148, 164, 188 and 219)

Forms of Oaths This lists the oaths of offices for elected officials

and judges.

Fourth Schedule (Articles 4 and 80) This details the allocation of

seats in theRajya Sabha (the upper house of Parliament) per State or

Union Territory.

Fifth Schedule (Article 244) This provides for the administrationand control of Scheduled Areas[Note 2] and Scheduled Tribes[Note 3] (areas

and tribes needing special protection due to disadvantageous

conditions).

Sixth Schedule (Articles 244 and 275) Provisions for the

administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and

Mizoram.

Seventh Schedule (Article 246)The union (central government),

state, and concurrent lists of responsibilities.

Eighth Schedule(Articles 344 and 351)The official languages.

Ninth Schedule (Article 31-B) Originally Articles mentioned here

were immune from judicial review on the ground that they violated

fundamental rights. but in a landmark judgment in 2007, the Supreme

Court of India held in I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu and others

that laws included in the 9th schedule can be subject to judicial review
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comptroller_and_Auditor_General_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajya_Sabhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India#cite_note-SA-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_Tribeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_Tribeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India#cite_note-ST-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India#cite_note-ST-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comptroller_and_Auditor_General_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajya_Sabhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India#cite_note-SA-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_Tribeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India#cite_note-ST-20


33/33

if they violated the fundamental rights guaranteed under Article 14,

15, 19, 21 or the basic structure of the Constitution.

Tenth Schedule (Articles 102 and 191)"Anti-defection" provisions

for Members of Parliament and Members of the State Legislatures.

Eleventh Schedule (Article 243-G)Panchayat Raj (rural local

government).

Twelfth Schedule (Article 243-W)Municipalities (urban local

government).

APPENDICES

Appendix 1 The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir)

order 1954.

Appendix 2 Re-statement with reference to the present text of theconstitution, of the exceptions and modifications subject to which theconstitution applies to the Jammu and Kashmir.

Appendix 3 Extracts for the constitution (Forty-fourth amendment) act1978.

Appendix 4 The constitution (Eighty-sixth amendment) act 2002

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