India-Political

By the Freemasons

Kushan State• Vast trade with Europe• Use of monsoon winds to

facilitate trade with Europe• Establishment of Roman colonies

along trade routes from Indian Ocean and Mediterranean

• Exported cotton, ivory, indigo, pepper, and textiles

Kushan State - Continued

• Spread of Buddhism• Buddhist monasteries and stupas across trade

routes• Fell to the Sassanids (Persians) and Gupta

Gupta

• Came into power 320 CE• Dominant political force

in India– Still fragmented

• Capital at Pataliputra• Most powerful state in

India since the Mauryan power

Gupta - continued• Prosperity under Chandragupta II and

Samudragupta– Greatly expanded empire to the height of

power• Trade with China, Southeast Asia, and

Mediterranean– controlled by government

• Coinage– Coins from the Middle East led to banking– Barter transactions (mainly)

Chandragupta II

Gupta – Golden Age

• Development of “Arabic” Numbers

• The number zero

• Decimals

• Smallpox vaccine

• Buddhist stupas

• Plastic surgery

The Fall of the Guptas

• Hunas– Nomadic warriors from the northwest

• India returns to small regional kindoms– Competition with political fragmentation

• Further supported Islamic success in India

Cola Kingdom

• Located in the south eastern coast India • Heartland of Cholas in the fertile valley of the

Kaveri River.• The lasting legacy is literature and zeal of

building temples

Cola(Cholas) Kingdom

• Cholas kingdom dominated the SE Asia trade in the 9th century trading partners China, Addassids, Malayan archipelago

• Cholas spread Hinduism, and Dravidian culture to SE Asia

• Cholas kingdom on the Kaveri river southern India

• The kingdom Monarchy and local government based of self-governing unit. Village entity known as Kurram, Kurram entity known as Valandu.

• Justice local level crimes payed in fines but crimes against the state were heard by the king.

•A section to the empire of Asoka which lasted after the empire fell•Held off the Islamic invaders from the Delhi sultanate.•In 1010CE to 1200CE went on Military campaigns•In 13th century the Pandayas steadily routed the Cholas in to destruction

Delhi Sultanate• Several Islamic Turkic and Afghan Dynasties • Muhammad Ghori who started a Ghorid

Dynasty in 1193CE consolidated his power at Delhi

• He appointed Turkish generals like Qutb Aybak ruler of the region in India.

• Mamluks ( slave dynasty ) where military slaves.Ater Ghori's death Aybak took control. The Dynasty known for administration and centralized stability over the region.

• 1221CE the Mongols launched military campaigns were kept back out of India

• Timur weakened Delhi in 1398CE• Mongol Empire broke up and for some year

the threat of the Mongols were weakened• Under the Lodi Dynasty Delhi Sultanate

revived

In 1526CE emperor of the Mughal Babur conquered Delhi Sultanate

Tamerlane

• Wanted to restore old Mongol empire.

• Founder of Timurid empire and dynasty.

• Militaristic• Patron of the arts• Muslim – destroys lots of the

Christian church in Asia• Used propaganda• CONQUERS GOLDEN

HORDE!!!!!!

Campaigns

• Attacked Persia• Destroyed cities and

towns - brought chaos• Golden Horde attacks

Timur• Timur conquers the

Golden Horde – Destroys capital– Ruins Horde’s economy

Campaigns pt. 2

• Then turns his attention to India

• Easily conquers the Hindu Indians– Sacks and burns cities– Kills civilians and

prisoners– Great strategy – uses

camels to scare elephants

Indian Economics

By: WHAP Warriors

Trade Routes

• Silk Road passed through northern India.

• Most trade regulated by government

• Powerful caste guilds monopolized parts of trade.

Main exports were ivory, indigo, textiles, precious stones, and pepper

Samarkand

• Came under Muslim rule in early 8th century (previously was capital of Persian province)

• Important trade center between China and Mediterranean

• Contains mosques dating from early 14th century

Centrally located on the silk road which allowed trade to flourish.

Government Owned Mines

• Vast crown lands• Massive profits were

earned from their commercial dealings

• Almost all of economy was regulated through government

Caste Guilds

• Trade dominated by great caste guilds that monopolized key sectors of the economy

• Leaders possessed most wealth

• Acted as bankers

Fa Xian

• Chinese Buddhist missionary

• Visited India in the Mid-Gupta era

• Searched for Buddhist documents

• Majority of current knowledge of medieval India comes from Chinese missionaries

Other Facts

• Money economy in operation since 2nd century B.C.E.

• Traded with China, SE Asia, and Mediterranean

• Merchants were highly respected

• Copper coins and idea of banking were developed

India- Religion and Art

Golden Horde

Theravada Buddhism

• Members of a homogeneous community of faith and worship, built on notion Buddha was human being who taught by example

• Main scriptures are the Pali Canon

• Seek deliverance from rebirth by eliminating craving and ignorance through self discipline

• The model of the enlightened life is the arhat

• Nirvana is ultimate goal, believed to be a permanent state of knowledge, freedom and peace as result of personal effort

Mahayana Buddhism

• Belong to a wide variety of sub-communities

• Scriptures evolved in many languages as the tradition moved through Asia

• Teachings universalized a number of classical Buddhist concepts, expanding religious options

• Buddha was a spiritual presence

• Teachings expanded further by personifying wisdom as a feminine principle

• Developed the concept of “emptiness” or shunyata as a way of emphasizing the futility of clinging to anything at all

vs.

Theravada Buddhism

“Wisdom of the Elders”

• Primary intent during praying is to honor the Buddha more than to worship him

• All good acts can gain merit toward eradication of negative karma

• Merit making and transfer are more basic than the ethical discipline embodied in an arhat

• Some regional and cultural variations in Theravada, but less than in other main branches

Mahayana Buddhism“Great vehicle”

• One Mahayana school is the Pure Land communities

• Amitabha (a meditational Buddha) rules the western paradise or the Pure Land

• Chan lineages have been influential also

• Soto school emphasizes quiet, methodical meditation

• Rinzai school uses in addition the mind-stopping device called the koan to hasten the experience of enlightenment

vs.

25

Spread of Theravada

Spread of Mahayana

• Hinduism starts to have a resurgence

• Undermined traditional Hindu beliefs, and went against caste system

• Declined, due to Muslim invasions

Collapse of Buddhism

Islam in India

• Muslim leaders were tolerant of Hinduism and Buddhism

• Many Hindu’s converted to escape the caste system

• Role of Hindu women stayed the same (sati was still practiced)

• Purdah- isolation of Muslim women

Sikhism• Founded by Guru Nanak in the 1500’s

• Gained popularity in northwestern India

• Tried to integrate Islam with Hinduism but created conflict

• Became an alternative religion

Sikhism Beliefs• Believe that God was the only true reality

• Don’t agree with caste system, sati, etc.

• Believe in equality for races and sexes

Art, Literature, & Music

• Art

• Buddhist temples and monasteries

• Built in caves

• 28 caves of Ajanta

• Starting in the 8th century above ground temples were built

Art, Literature, & Music

• Literature

• Large number of written works, both secular, and religious

• Written in Sanskrit

• Much of the religious works talked about the lives and heroic acts by gods such as Vishnu

• Secular writing included poetry, drama, and prose

Art, Literature, & Music

• Music

• The vibrations or nada had a spiritual meaning

• Based on a scale called raga

• A good performer never performed a particular raga the same way twice

• Audience was concerned with the performers creativity

SE Asia-Geography & Political

By Team Zeus

Geography

• Geography– Very Mountainous due to

volcanoes in the area– Indonesian Peninsula – Many fertile river valleys– Mountains had dense forests

• Climate– Hot, humid, and tropical– Plentiful rainfall– Diverse animals

Origins of Settlement

• Biggest influences were China and India

• The earliest settlements were isolated from each other because of the many different islands

• Never unified under a central government.

Influences

• China and India were the main influences

• India: Sanskrit

• China: Buddhism

Srivijaya

• Trading society in Indonesia

• Located on the eastern coast of Sumatra

• Controlled much of the Indian Ocean trade

• Used Sanskrit from India

• “Spice Islands”

• Controlled the Strait of Malacca

Srivijaya cont.

• By controlling the pirates of the area trade became safer.

• Collapse occurred when Cola attacked in 1025

Angkor Wat

• built for the king Suryavarman II

• Hindu temple built for Vishnu

• Architecture was based on Mt. Meru

Islamic Malacca

• Founded in the 14th century by a Hindu prince-Parameswara

• He took the name Iskandar Shah after marring a princess from modern day Indonesia and converting to Islam

• Malacca was ruled by a sultan who's man purpose was to facilitate trade

• Due to its location it was prospers in trade and became a center of Islamic missionaries

• Islam spread to areas of south east Asia because of Muslims scholars from Malacca

• In 1511 the Portuguese came & turned Malacca into a colony

Mongol Conquest of SE Asia

• Mongol invasion of Vietnam – three times , ALL FAILED , 1257,1284 & 1287 , General Tran Hung Vs. Kublai Khan’s Mongol army

• Battle of Ngasaunggyan- 1277 Kublai Khan Vs. Narathiapate of Pagan empire , Mongols won , first of three battles ( Battle of Bhamo and Battle of Pagan)

• Mongols now controlled Pagan empire ( puppet government)

• 1293 Java king refused to pay tribute, Mongols attacked , ambushed by a surprise attack & were defeated

• 1294- Kublai Khan dies

Southeast Asian Economy- TRADE• TRADE~ Channeled between two

straights: The Straight of Malacca (between Sumatra and Malasia) and The Sunda Sraight (between Sumatra and Java)

• Contact with India and China = catalyst for state development

• Location of routes gave rulers taxation ability- could tax any ships passing through straights…periods of decay- area for pirating

• from 1403-1433 Malacca was a major center for International Trade

•Portuguese conquered Malacca in 1511

• dominated trade and were major power in SE asia for 130years

Southeast Asian Economy

• Cultivated Specialized plants : Bananas and Yams --These goods were exported throughout Asia, the Middle East and Africa

•Large rice farming Industry due to Monsoons –developed wet-rice farming methods

•Bronze and Iron working introduced to region.

• in the early 8th century– Srivijaya gained control of both trading straights monopolizing trade over India and China

• Chinese Tributary— diplomatic ties and trade agreements between China and SE Asia

•Strong chinese influence throughout region

•Brought about invasions • traded tropical oils, resins, minerals, gold, gems, plants for medicine

• Had local trade as long as world trade with India and China- Cultural Diffusion

• Decline- Mongol Conquest in 1257 diverted sea trade to silk road…decreased trade in Southeast Asian Sea Ports

SE Asia: Religion&Art/Technology

Quetzalcoatl

Introduction to Hinduism/Buddhism

• In between India and China• Missionaries travel into Southeast Asia• Hinduism and Buddhism greatly affect Southeast Asian

society

Hinduism/Buddhism-Cont.• Starting in the first

century in SE Asia, Hinduism and Buddhism began to spread into SE Asian countries, such as Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam

• Primarily, Theravada Buddhism affected SE Asian countries, such as Cambodia and Thailand

• They provided an explanation for nature and gave rulers a means as to enhance their power and prestige

• It also provided plausibility for their relations with the people

Spread of Buddhism

Architecture of Angkor Wat

• Hindu temple found in the mountains Mt. Meru, or the home of the gods

• Most beautiful creation of Angkor Thom(capital city of Khmer empire)

• Uses aspects of Indian architecture along with native ideas

• Dedicated to Hindu gods, especially Vishnus

• Surrrounded by a moat

Angkor Wat-Cont.• Used the Temple

Mountain style, representing Mount Meru

• Contains many galleries

• Has many levels like a pyramid and represents a mountain

• Basic structural depiction for Cambodian state temples

Angkor Wat

Picture of a gallery

View from the sky, showing the moat

Islam in Southeast Asia• Was introduced in the 12th

century after the Srivijaya kingdom was attacked by an Indian navy

• Further spread throughout Southeast Asia though trade

• Islam in southeast Asia was a mixture of pre-Islamic beliefs in southeast Asia and orthodox Islam

• Many converted to avoid tax payments

• It is the most common religion in Southeast Asia

Introduction of Christianity

• Introduced through the Portuguese when they captured Malacca in 1511.

• Spanish captured Manila in 1572 causing the Philippines to become Christian.

• Most prominent in the Philippines and Malacca.

• Spread by Europeans by Indian Ocean Trade, Silk Road, and Spice Trade.