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India On The MoveAn overview of Urbanization in India and Implications for UNICEF
UNICEF Mumbai PresentationTransition States MeetingJuly, 2012
Trends in Urban Population
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 20110
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
360.3439.1
523.8
628.7
742.5
833.1
78.9 109.1159.5
217.6286.1
377.1
Total Population Rural Urban
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 20110
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
78.9109.1
159.5
217.6
286.1
377.1
PeriodPo
pula
tion
(in M
illio
n)
Increase in Urban Population
In 2011, urban
constituted 31.2
percent of the total
population
Source: India’s Urban Demographic Transition – National Institute of Urban Affairs, December 2011
The Total Population of India in 2011 is 1210.2 Million of which Rural is 833.1 Million
and Urban is 377.1 Million
Level of Urbanization
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 20110
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.082.0 80.1
76.7 74.3 72.268.8
18.0 19.923.3 25.7 27.8
31.2
Total Population Rural Urban
Year
Popu
latio
n (in
Mill
ion)
as a percentage of total population
Source: India’s Urban Demographic Transition – National Institute of Urban Affairs, December 2011
An
important
feature of
urbanizatio
n in India
during the
period
1981 to
2001 was
the
relatively
small
contributio
n of
migration
from rural
to urban
Urbanization Ranking: Top 10 Major States of India, 2011
Source: Report on Indian Urban Infrastructure & Services, March 2011 (Estimates based on Census of India data)
Tamil Nadu got
ahead of
Maharashtra and
Gujarat in the race
of urbanization in
the Census 2001
when more than
1000 rural
settlements were
classified as urban
in all states of
India, of which
nearly 400 were in
Tamil Nadu
Metropolitan Cities: Number & Population
Source: Report on Indian Urban Infrastructure & Services, March 2011 (Based on Census of India data)
The number of
metropolitan
(million plus)
cities has risen
sharply, out of
which eight
metropolitan
cities are 5-
million plus.
The 50
metropolitan
cities now
account for
42.6% of the total
urban population,
up from 37.8% in
2001.
Issues in Urban India
Urban Population Below Poverty Line
1973-74 1977-78 1983-84 1987-88 1993-94 2004-050.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
4945.2
40.838.2
32.4
25.7
Period
Perc
enta
ge o
f Urb
an B
PL P
opul
ation
Source: Report on Indian Urban Infrastructure & Services, March 2011
Though the urban
poor (defined as
anyone living on
less than 20
rupees a day)
accounted for
25.7% of the
country's total
urban population
in 2004-5
compared with
49.01% in 1973-
74, in absolute
numbers it grew
from 60 million to
81 million during
the period
Slum Population in Key Metropolitan Cities
Ahmedabad Bangalore Chennai Delhi Hyderabad Kolkata Mumbai Pune0
10
20
30
40
50
60
13.510.0
18.9 18.7 17.2
32.5
54.1
19.4
Metropolitan Cities
Perc
enta
ge o
f Slu
m P
opul
ation
, 200
1
Source: Report on Indian Urban Infrastructure & Services, March 2011
In India there are
49000 Slums with
an estimated
population of 93
Million. 70% of
India’s slums are in
5 States –
Maharashtra (35%),
Andhra Pradesh
(11%), West Bengal
(10%), Tamil Nadu
(7%) and Gujarat
(7%)
State of Urban Service delivery
Urban Water SupplyService Norms• 100% individual piped water supply for all
households including informal settlements for all cities
• Continuity of Supply: 24x7 water supply for all cities
• Per capita consumption norm: 135 lpcd for all cities
Status• 64% of urban population is covered by
individual connections and stand-posts
• Duration of water supply range from 1 hour to 6 hours
• Per capita supply of water ranges from 35 to 298 lpcd for a limited duration
• Average access to drinking water is 73% in Class I Cities, 63% in Class II, 61% in Class III and 58% in Class IV+ Cities
• 66% households have source of drinking water within their premises
Urban Sewerage and SanitationService Norms• Underground sewerage system for all
cities• 100% collection and treatment of waste
water• Drain network covering 100% road
length on both sides for all cities
Status• 94.2% cities/towns in India do not
even have a partial sewerage network
• Less than 20% of the road network is covered by storm water drains
• 54th round of NSS reported 26% households having no access to latrines, 35% using septic tanks and 22% using sewerage system
• Treatment facilities exist only for 3750 liters out of the total 15800 million liters waste water generated per day in 300 Class I cities
Source: Report on Indian Urban Infrastructure & Services, March 2011
Urban Solid Waste ManagementService Norms• 100% of solid waste collected,
transported, and treated for all cities as per Municipal Solid Waste 2000 Rules
Status• It is estimated that about 115000
metric tonnes of municipal solid waste is generated daily in the country
• Waste collection coverage ranges from 70 to 90% in major metropolitan cities and is less than 50% in smaller cities
• Less than 30% solid waste is segregated
• Scientific disposal of waste is almost never practiced
• Proportion of organic waste to total is much higher in India compared with other countries.
Urban TransportationService Norms• Rail-based and Road-based mass rapid
transit system (MRTS) for Class IA & Class IB cities, and city bus service for other class cities
Status• Public transport accounts for only 22%
of urban transport in India, compared with 49% in lower middle income countries (e.g. Philippines, Venezuela and Egypt) and 40% in upper middle income countries (e.g. South Africa, Korea, Brazil)
• Share of public transport fleet in India has decreased sharply from 11% in 1951 to 1.1% in 2001
• Only 20 out of India’s 85 cities with a population of 0.5 million or more in 2009 had a city bus service
Parks and Open Spaces2.7 Square Meters per capita as compared to basic minimum requirement of 9 Square Meters per capita
HousingAgainst a basic service demand for 30 Million Affordable Housing units, the current availability is 5 Million units
LivelihoodDespite National Policy on Urban Street Vendors & Model Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood & Regulation of Street Vending) Bill they continue to remain poor. Nearly 77% of microcredit clients are in the rural sector and still the SHG-Bank Linkage Prog. remains a rural phenomena.
Food SecurityThe percentage of population with a calorie intake of less than 1890 Kcal per day has increased from 16.2% in 1999-2000 to 16.7% in 2004-2005.
Source: Report on Indian Urban Infrastructure & Services, March 2011
Growing-up in an ‘urbanizing’ India
29% Adolescent Girls are married as child brides, among urban poor it is 48%
12%
Of India children aged 5 to 14 years are into labour activities
63%
children of less than five years are anemic, among urban poor 71.4% children are anemic
7.6 Million children or 13.1% of the total child population are living in slums
8th
Every 8th child in India in the age group of 0-6 years stays in slums
1.7 Million children (0-6 years) in Maharashtra (highest in the country) are staying in slums
33% Of children under five years of age in urban India are underweight, among urban poor it is 47%
42 Out of 1000 live births is the IMR in urban areas, among urban poor it is 55
42%Children miss total immunization before completing one year, among urban poor it is 60%
Source: DLHS 3, 2007-08
Themes: VIPP
Capacity Development Partnerships
Knowledge Management
Decentralization/ Governance
How do we embed children issues in the urban planning process?
What kind of partnership does UNICEF need to foster in urban programming?
•What do we know about the best practices around children in urban areas?•Need for disaggregated data on urban areas?
Do we need to focus only governance & advocacy issues OR we also get into developing models in select geographic areas OR we do both?
*Inclusion lens to be included in all four areas
Thank You!!!
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