India Intelligence and Security Agencies1

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India Intelligence and Security Agencies

Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)

The Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) of the government of India analyzes intelligence data from the

Intelligence Bureau and the RAW, Directorate of Military Intelligence, Directorate of Naval Intelligence,

Directorate of Air Intelligence. JIC has its own secretariat that is under the Cabinet Secretariat,

The National Security Council (NSC), established on 24 August 1990, includes the Prime Minister as

Chairman, and the Home Minister, External Affairs Minister, Defence Minister and Finance Minister as

members. Since its inception the Council has met just once, on 05 October 1990.

Research and Analysis Wing [RAW]

The Cabinet Secretariat Research and Analysis Wing [RAW], India's most powerful intelligence agency, is

India's external intelligence agency. RAW has become an effective instrument of India's national power,

and has assumed a significant role in formulating India's domestic and foreign policies. RAW has

engaged in disinformation campaigns, espionage and sabotage against Pakistan and other neighboring

countries. RAW has enjoyed the backing of successive Indian governments in these efforts. Working

directly under the Prime Minister, the structure, rank, pay and perks of the Research & Analysis Wing

are kept secret from Parliament.

Current policy debates in India have generally failed to focus on the relative priority given by RAW to

activities directed against India's neighbors versus attention to domestic affairs to safeguard India's

security and territorial integrity. The RAW has had limited success in dealing with separatist movements

in Manipur and Tripura in the northeast, Tamil Nadu in the south, and Punjab and Kashmir in the

northwestern part of the country. Indian sources allege the CIA has penetrated freedom fighters in

Kashmir and started activities in Kerala, Karnataka, and other places, along with conducting economic

and industrial espionage activities in New Delhi.

In 1968 India established this special branch of its intelligence service specifically targeted on Pakistan.

The formation of RAW was based on the belief that Pakistan was supplying weapons to Sikh terrorists,

and providing shelter and training to the guerrillas in Pakistan. Pakistan has accused the Research and

Analysis Wing of sponsoring sabotage in Punjab, where RAW is alleged to have supported the Seraiki

movement, providing financial support to promote its activities in Pakistan and organizing an

International Seraiki Conference in Delhi in November-December 1993. RAW has an extensive network

of agents and anti-government elements within Pakistan, including dissident elements from various

sectarian and ethnic groups of Sindh and Punjab. Published reports allege that as many as 35,000 RAW

agents have entered Pakistan between 1983-93, with 12,000 are working in Sindh, 10000 in Punjab 8000


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in North West Frontier Province and 5000 in Balochistan. As many as 40 terrorist training camps at

Rajasthan, East Punjab, Held Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh and other parts of India are run by the RAW's

Special Service Bureau (SSB).

Throughout the Afghan War RAW was responsible for the planning and execution of terrorist activities

in Pakistan to deter Pakistan from support of Afghan liberation movement against India's ally, the SovietUnion. The assistance provided to RAW by the KGB enabled RAW to arrange terrorist attacks in Pakistani

cities throughout the Afghan War. The defeat of the Soviet Union in Afghanistan did not end the role of

RAW in Pakistan, with reports that suggest that India has established a training camp in the town of

Qadian, in East Punjab, where non-Muslim Pakistanis are trained for terrorist activities. Pakistani Prime

Minister Nawaz Sharif has blamed India for funding the current upsurge of terrorism in Pakistan, and

senior ministers have blamed the Research and Analysis Wing for the sectarian violence between Shias

and Sunnis which has resulted in thousands of deaths every year.

The Government of Pakistan frequently assigns responsibility for terrorist activity to the Indian

Government, even when no evidence can be verified. It is evidently in the interest of the Pakistani

government to blame terrorist actions on external rather than internal sources, just as it would be in the

interest of Indian services to obscure their hand in such actions. Terrorist activities in Pakistan attributed

to the clandestine activities of Indian and Afghan intelligence agencies include:

A car bomb explosion in Saddar area of Peshawar on 21 December 1995 caused the deaths of 37persons and injured over 50 others.

An explosion at Shaukat Khanum Hospital on 14 April 1996, claimed the lives of seven personsand injured to over 34 others.

A bus traveling from Lahore to Sahiwal was blown up at Bhai Pheru on 28 April 1996, causing thedeaths of 44 persons on the spot and injuring 30 others.

An explosion in a bus near the Sheikhupura hospital killed 9 persons and injured 29 others on 08May 1996.

An explosion near Alam chowk, Gujranwala on 10 June 1996 killed 3 persons and injured 11others.

A bomb exploded on a bus on GT Road near Kharian on 10 June 1996, killing 2 persons andinjuring 10 others.

On 27 June 1996, an explosion opposite Madrassah Faizul Islam, Faizabad, Rawalpindi, killed 5persons and injured over 50 others.

A bomb explosion in the Faisalabad railway station passenger lounge on 08 July 1996 killed 3persons and injured 20 others.


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RAW has responded to Pakistani arms and training for Muslim militants in the disputed region of

Kashmir state. RAW allegedly executed a hijacking of an Indian Airliner to Lahore in 1971 which was

attributed to the Kashmiris, to give a terrorist dimension to the Kashmiri national movement. However

soon the extent of RAW's involvement was made public.

RAW has a long history of activity in Bangladesh, supporting both secular forces and the area's Hinduminority. The involvement of RAW in East Pakistan is said to date from the 1960s, when RAW promoted

dissatisfaction against Pakistan in East Pakistan, including funding Mujibur Rahmanh's general election in

1970 and providing training and arming the Mukti Bahini.

During the course of its investigation the Jain Commission received testimony on the official Indian

support to the various Sri Lankan Tamil armed groups in Tamil Nadu. From 1981, RAW and the

Intelligence Bureau established a network of as many as 30 training bases for these groups in India.

Centers were also established at the high-security military installation of Chakrata, near Dehra Dun, and

in the Ramakrishna Puram area of New Delhi. This clandestine support to the Liberation Tigers of Tamil

Eelam (LTTE), some of whom were on the payroll of RAW, was later suspended. Starting in late 1986 the

Research and Analysis Wing focused surveillance on the LTTE which was expanding ties with Tamil Nadu

separatist groups. Rajiv Gandhi sought to establish good relations with the LTTE, even after the Indian

Peace Keeping Force [IPKF] experience in Sri Lanka. But the Indian intelligence community failed to

accurately assess the character of the LTTE and its orientation India and its political leaders. The LTTE

assassination of Rajiv Gandhi was apparently motivated by fears of a possible re-induction of the Indian

Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) in Sri Lanka and a crackdown on the LTTE network in Tamil Nadu.

The RAW and the Ministry of External Affairs are provided Rs 25 crore annually as "discretionary grants"

for foreign influence operations. These funds have supported organisations fighting Sikh and Kashmiri

separatists in the UK, Canada and the US. An extensive network of Indian operatives is controlled by the

Indian Embassy in Washington DC. The Indian embassy's covert activities are reported to include the

infitration of US long distance telephone carriers by Indian operatives, with access to all kinds of

information, to r blackmail relatives of US residents living in India. In 1996 an Indian diplomat was

implicated in a scandal over illegal funding of political candidates in the US. Under US law foreign

nationals are prohibited from contributing to federal elections. The US District Court in Baltimore

sentenced Lalit H Gadhia, a naturalised US citizen of Indian origin, to three months imprisonment.

Gadhia had confessed that he worked as a conduit between the Indian Embassy and various Indian-

American organisations for funnelling campaign contributions to influence US lawmakers. Over $46,000

from the Indian Embassy was distributed among 20 Congressional candidates. The source of the cash

used by Gadhia was Devendra Singh, a RAW official assigned to the Indian Embassy in Washington. Illicit

campaign money received in 1995 went to Democratic candidates including Sens. Charles S. Robb (D-

Va.), Paul S. Sarbanes (D -Md.) and Reps. Benjamin L. Cardin (D-Md.) and Steny H. Hoyer (D-Md.).


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Intelligence Bureau (IB)

The Intelligence Bureau (IB) is the Indian government's domestic intelligence agency, and reputedly the

world's oldest intelligence agency. It is rather difficult to ascertain what the IB does, since its operations

are outside the purview of audit or inquiry. In addition to domestic intelligence responsibilities, the IB is

particularly tasked with intelligence collection in border areas, following the 1951 recommendations ofthe Himmatsinhji Committee (also known as the North and North-East Border Committee), a task

entrusted to military intelligence organizations prior to independence in 1947. The IB was also tasked

with other external intelligence responsibilities as of 1951.

The Indian Telegraph Act authorizes the surveillance of communications, including monitoring

telephone conversations and intercepting personal mail, in case of public emergency or "in the interest

of the public safety or tranquility." These powers have been used by every state government. It has

been reported that as many as 5,000 letters from abroad are intercepted every day by the Intelligence

Bureau under the provisions of the Indian Post Office Act. Indian courts do not issue warrants or accept

wiretaps as evidence, giving the police little incentive to intercept. Many wiretaps are conducted"informally" by agencies such as the Intelligence Bureau, and the targets are frequently opposition

politicians. From time to time a few such cases have come to light, been furiously debated in Parliament,

and declared illegal.

The IB has also employed officers, who submit letters and opinion pieces under assumed names, to

ensure that newspapers carry the government's point of view. The Intelligence Bureau (IB) procures

information which is more often than not related to the security of the current Government rather than

of the nation.

The DMK government led by M. Karunanidhi in Tamil Nadu was dismissed in 1990 on grounds of having

encouraged the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) movement in the state. karunanidhi had

portrayed the fellow Tamils' cause in Sri Lanka as just and noble. Imposition of central rule in Tamil

Nadu, a political step taken under pressure from the Congress (I) Party, was taken following a series of

reports filed by the Intelligence Bureau (IB) that reveale the growing informal relationship between the

followers of the DMK and the LTTE. Although the IB had established Karunanidhi's sympathy towards

the LTTE, it was unaware of the group's plan to assasinate Rajiv Gandhi.

Defense Ministry

Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA)

Joint Cipher Bureau

Army

Directorate of Military Intelligence Defence Security Corps
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Special Frontier Force Special Security Bureau

Air Force

Directorate of Air IntelligenceNavy

Directorate of Naval Intelligence Coast Guard

Minister of State for Home Affairs

Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)

Department of Internal Security

Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) National Security Guards (NSG) Rapid Action Force (RAF) Special Protection Group (SPG) Central Industrial Security Force Border Security Force (BSF) Indo-Tibetan Border Police Home Guards

Ministry of Finance

Economic Intelligence Council

Department of Revenue

Central Economic Intelligence Bureau

Directorate General of Revenue Intelligence

Directorate of Enforcement
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Directorate General of Anti-Evasion

Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation

Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)

Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA)

The Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA) was created in March 2002. The new agency combines the

intelligence networks of all three armed services of India (Army, Navy, and Air Force) and is the product

of long-standing demands by the armed forces for such an organization and the recommendation of the

Group of Ministers's report investigating the intelligence failures leading to the Kargil incident of 1999.

According to Defence Ministry officials, the DIA, unlike the previous Directorate of Military Intelligence,

is to benefit from ample resources and manpower to allow it to fulfil its role.

The agency's primary task it to track troop movement in countries neighbouring India. The agency,

unlike the Directorate General of Military Intelligence, is also assigned the mission of monitoring

terrorist groups operating both within and outside of the country and is to have a section dedicated to

gathering intelligence on terrorist groups and monitoring the internal security threat. The agency's

mission is to be accomplished using satellite and high-altitude aerial reconnaissance imagery.

The creation of the DIA significantly reduces the reliance of the Indian Armed Forces on civilian

intelligence agencies such as IB and RAW for information and enemy troop assessments, as was the case

during the conflicts of 1948 with Pakistan, 1962 with China, 1965 and 1971 with Pakistan and during the

Kargil intrustion of 1999. During these operations, intelligence products were often found to contain

discrepancies.

Prior to the creation of the Defence Intelligence Agency, the Armed Forces' military intelligence

capability was limited to a few Field Intelligence Units (FIU) tasked only with gathering intelligence

during ongoing operations and with maintaining liasion with foreign military forces.

The head of the Agency is the Director General; the first of which was Lt Gen Kamal Davar, an armoured

corps officer and former Director General of Mechanized Forces. The Director General reports to the

Defence Minister and, should the position be created, to the Chief of Defence Staff. The post is to rotate

among all three of the armed services.

The Director General of the Agency is assisted by the Deputy Director General. The first to hold that

position is Air Marshal S C Malhan.
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Joint Cipher Bureau

The inter-services Joint Cipher Bureau has primary responsibility for cryptology and SIGINT, providing

coordination and direction to the other military service organisations with similar mission. Most current

equipment providing tactical intelligence is of Russian origin, including specialised direction finding and

monitoring equipment.

The Joint Cipher Bureau is also responsible for issues relating to public and private key managment. The

cryptographic situation in India is in the early stages of development. Cryptographic products are

export-controlled licenced items, and licences to India are not generally available for products of key

length of more than 56 bits. The domestic Indian computer industry primrily produces PCs, and PC-

compatible cryptographic products have been developed and are being used commercially. More robust

cryptologic systems are not commercially produced in India, and progress of in this field has been slow

due to the general inavailability of technology and know-how. Customised cryptographic products have

been designed and produced by organisations in the defense sector are engaged in the implementation

of cryptographic techniques, protocols and the products.

The Directorate of Military Intelligence (MI)

is theintelligencearm of theIndian armed forces.

The agency was set up in 1941 (then as part of the British Indian Army) to generate field intelligence for

the army. The agency is based at Sena Bhavan in Delhi. MI was initially tasked with generating only

tactical or field intelligence in all countries bordering India. Its geographical mandate was set to 50 km

from the border. These limits were quickly crossed in the mid-1990s when the organisation began

playing an increasing role in countries within the subcontinent and its outer periphery. MI's mandate

also includes counter-terrorism in the north and North-east and generating pinpoint intelligence for

small team operations. It is also tasked with counterintelligence in the army, which entails detecting

spies in military areas.

The agency was set up in 1941 to generate field intelligence for the Indian army. After India gained

independence in 1947, it became a small army department primarily that investigated corruption within

the force. Little is known about its activities.

In 1978, the directorate was embroiled in theSamba spy scandal, wherein it was later found that the

directorate had falsely implicated three Indian Army officers as being Pakistani spies.

The agency gathered momentum in the 1990s especially after theKargil conflictwith Pakistan. The army

had to handle the poor quality tactical intelligence provided by theIntelligence Bureau(IB) andR&AW.

Hence the MI's mandate was ultimately boosted.
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MI operatives moved intoTajikistanand laterAfghanistanin support of theAhmad Shah Massoud-

ledNorthern Alliancethat overthrew the Taliban in 2001 with aid of US-led coalition forces in the

aftermath of theSeptember 11 attacksand the subsequentWar On Terror.

MI was also active inMyanmar, which nurtured insurgent groups. In 1998, an MI operative

impersonated aKhalistaniterrorist and infiltrated a gun-running Myanmarese insurgent group. He ledthem into a death trap in theAndaman islands.Operation Leech, as the operation was called, marked

the start of the Indian Army outreach to theMyanmarese juntain the 1990s. It also aimed to offset

China's expanding footprint on India's eastern border.

MI Has carried out operations inBangladeshtoo because of safe sanctuaries provided to insurgent

groups like theUnited Liberation Front of Asom(ULFA), theUnited National Liberation Front of

Manipur(UNLF) and theKamtapur Liberation Organisation of Assam. Within months of

theHasinagovernment taking over in 2009, the entire leadership of the ULFA and UNLF was handed

over to Indian authorities.

MI officials say these 'third country operations' allowed the agency to peep into countries of their

immediate interest besides furthering national goals.

In January 2012, the MI warnedSheikh Hasina, the then prime minister of Bangladesh, about a coup

brewing in the Bangladeshi Army which was ultimately foiled

Organisation

The organisation comprises just over 700 officers, including women officers, and over 3,000 men. It is

still tiny when compared toR&AWandIB, whose staff is over 25,000. MI's operating budget, too, is a

tiny fraction of the well-entrenchedIBandR&AW, though all three agencies have somewhat

overlapping mandates vis-a-vis trans-border tasks.

The director-general, MI, a lieutenant general-rank officer who reports directly to the army chief, is

indispensable when it comes to furthering Indian Army's diplomacy and exchanging intelligence with

friendly countries likeMyanmar,Israel,AfghanistanandVietnam

Post-Kargil Changes

Indian Intelligence agencies have been often embroiled in turf wars, with theIntelligence Bureauand

theResearch and Analysis Winglocked in constant power struggle. The MI too has lost turf to two new

intelligence agencies, theNational Technical Research Organisationand theDefence Intelligence

Agency(DIA), created in the aftermath of theKargil Conflictto address the intelligence failures that led

to massive cross border infiltration.Defence Intelligence Agencytook away some of its signal monitoring

capabilities and foreign military attaches who used to report to the MI.
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rgil_Conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Agency_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Agency_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Technical_Research_Organisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Winghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26AWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26AWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Hasinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Hasinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamtapur_Liberation_Organisation_of_Assam&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_National_Liberation_Front_of_Manipur&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_National_Liberation_Front_of_Manipur&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Liberation_Front_of_Asomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burmese_Junta&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Leechhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_On_Terrorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan


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Samba spy scandal

The Samba Military Spy Scandal[1][2]was acold warmilitary intelligenceprogram which would

eventually emerged as a scandal in 1979. According to theIndian Army, the military program was run by

theMIof Pakistan to seek information on Indian Army's deposition inWestern India. TheIndian

Armyand associatedintelligence agenciesled the arrest of 168 active duty army officers and personnelon suspicion of working for theMilitary Intelligenceof thePakistan Armyfrom Samba in the northern

disputed state ofJammu & Kashmir.Samba, Jammuis a sleepy town in theJammuregion of the state.

The region bordering withPakistan. Revelation of scandal led to a serious breach inforeign

relationsofIndiaandPakistan.

Between August 24, 1978 and January 23, 1979, 50-odd persons who had worked in the 168 Infantry

Brigade and its subordinate units at Samba, 40 km from Jammu on the international border, were

arrested on charges of spying for Pakistan at the instance of the Directorate of Military Intelligence (MI).

Its investigations involved practically the whole officer cadre of the Brigade. Those arrested included a

Brigadier, three Lieutenant Colonels and a number of Majors, Captains, Junior Commissioned Officers(JCOs), Non-Commissioned Officers (NCOs) and personnel of other ranks, plus 11 civilians who had

worked in the Samba sector. They were all taken into custody at the instance of two self-confessed

Pakistani spies who worked as gunners in the Indian Army - Sarwan Dass and Aya Singh. In December

1994, Sarwan Dass swore an affidavit and appeared at a press conference to admit that he had falsely

implicated the men. In December 1990, Aya Singh was shot - while crossing the India-Pakistan border.

The falsely implicated victims received justice only in December 2000, and not fully either .[3]

The whole story, written by A. G. Noorani, was published inFrontline. The book The Price of Loyalty,

written by Captain Ranbir Singh Rathaur, is a first hand account of the brutal and inhuman torture

inflicted on the officers and men who were falsely implicated in the so-called Samba Spy Case.

Defence Security Corps (India)

The Defence Security Corps (DSC), previously known as Defence Department Constabulary Centre, was

founded on 25 April 1947 atMathurainUttar Pradeshstate innorth India. The Defence Security Corps,

with 31,000 personnel, provides security at Defence Ministry sites. The role of Defence Security Corps is

to ensure the protection and security of designated Defence Installations against sabotage and pilferage.

The Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) and the Defence Security Corps (DSC) provide security

atIndian Ordnance Factories, India's nuclear laboratories andDefence Research and DevelopmentOrganisation(DRDO) establishments, respectively. The CISF is purely acivilianCentral government

security force and though the DSC is a force under the Ministry of Defence and it comprises

mainlysuperannuatedsoldiers who are re-employed for a few years.[1]

On 3 May 1947, the centre moved toDelhi. The DSC was formed in the form of a semi-policeforce with

police titles and badges of ranks. In 1948, these were replaced with military titles and badges of ranks.
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i/India-Pakistan_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba,_Jammuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Intelligence_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Intelligence_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Intelligence_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Intelligence_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_spy_scandal#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_spy_scandal#cite_note-1


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In August 1958, the Corps was re-organised and brought under the control ofIndian

ArmyHeadquarters. The DSC and Records moved from Delhi toChakratainUttar Pradesh(Presently

inUttarakhand) in April 1959 and then toKannuron 21 November 1961.

Today, the DSC Centre and DSC Records is located inKannur town, on the road toPayyambalam Beach.

The area is a part of theCannanore Cantonmentand is well-maintained by the Cantonment Board. TheDSC centre at Kannur is the mother depot to allplatoonsin the country.

The centre imparts training to ex-service personnel of theIndian Army,Navy,Air Forceand Territorial

Army and recruits them to various agencies under the Army, Navy, Air Force and Territorial Army and to

theDirectorate General of Ordnance Factoriesand Directorate General of Research and Development.

Special Frontier Force

The Special Frontier Force (SFF) is aparamilitaryspecial forceofIndiacreated on 14 November 1962. Itsmain goal originally was to conduct covert operations behind Chinese lines in the event of another Indo-

China war.

The SFF came to be known as 'Establishment 22' due to its first Inspector General, Major General (Retd.)

Sujan Singh Uban of Indian Army,[1]who used to be commander of 22 Mountain Regiment during World

War II,[2]aMilitary Crossholder and a legendary figure in theBritish India Army. Singh commanded the

22nd Mountain Regiment duringWorld War II in Europeand a Long Range Desert Squadron (LRDS)

inNorth Africa.

Based inChakrata,Uttarakhand,[3]the force was put under the direct supervision of theIntelligence

Bureau, and later, theResearch and Analysis Wing, India's externalintelligence agency.

Special Frontier Force

Founded 14 November 1962 present

Country India

Type special force

Role Primary tasks:

Special reconnaissance, Direct action, Hostage rescue,
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rg/wiki/Payyambalam_Beachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannur_townhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakratahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Army


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Counter-terrorist, Unconventional warfare, covert operations.

Size 10000 active personnel

Part of Ministry of Defence

Indian Armed Forces

Headquarters Chakrata,Uttarakhand,India

Engagements Indo-Pakistani War of 1971,

Operation Blue Star,

Operation Cactus,Operation Pawan,

Kargil War(1999),

Operation Rakshak

Aircraft flown

Helicopter HAL Dhruv,HAL Chetak,HAL

Cheetah,HAL Lancer,Mi-17V-5

Transport Gulfstream III, IAI Astra 1125

History

EthnicTibetanshave been a part and parcel of the modernIndian Armyfor as long as it has existed.

Independent formations of Tibetan (includingLadakhi,Bn, andSikkimese) units were to patrol and

police the lands they were native to. During the time of theGreat Game, the British Indian Army began

to employ Tibetans as spies, intelligence agents, and even covert militia innorthern Indiaand Tibet

proper.

At the time ofIndian independence, theNorthern Hillsof India remained the most isolated and

strategically overlooked territory of the subcontinent. During the 1950s, the AmericanCentral

Intelligence Agencyand theIndian Intelligence Bureauestablished Mustang Base

inMustanginNepal,[5]which trained Tibetans inguerilla warfare. The Mustang rebels brought the14th

Dalai Lamato India during the1959 Tibetan Rebellion.
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Formation

After theSino-Indian warand towards the end of 1962, after hectic lobbying by Intelligence Bureau (IB),

theNehru governmentordered the raising of an elitecommandounit and specialized mountain

divisions primarily composed ofTibetan resistancefighters.Chushi Gangdrukleaders were contacted for

recruitment ofKhampasinto this new unit. An initial strength of 5000 men, mostly Khampas were

recruited at its new Mountain Training Facility atChakrata,Dehradun.

The SFF made its home base at Chakrata, 100 km from the city of Dehra Dun. Chakrata was home to the

large Tibetan refugee population and was a mountain town in the foothills of the Himalayas. Starting

with a force of 12,000 men, the SFF commenced six months of training in rock climbing and guerrilla

warfare. The Intelligence agencies from India and the US also helped in raising the force; namely CIA &

RAW. The SFF's weapons were all provided by the US and consisted mainly of M-1, M-2 and M-3

machine guns. Heavy weapons were not provided.[2]

Established under the direct supervision of the Prime Minister, the unit under the operational command

of IB and laterR&AW, was designated the Special Frontier Force (SFF), and was primarily used for

conductingclandestineintelligencegathering and commando operations along the Chinese Theatre.

Initial training was conducted by the CIA paramilitary officers and the IB's ownspecial operationsunit. In

1968 SFF, with the help of theAviation Research Centrewhich provided airlift facilities, became fully

airborne-qualified and a dedicatedmountainandjungle warfareunit.

During this period, the Indian government also formed theLadakh Scoutsand the Nubra Guards

paramilitary force on similar lines. SFF was later incorporated in the Special Services Bureau (SSB) of

R&AW. By late 1963, inter-service rivalry led to severe criticism by the Indian Army. To prove that the

SFF's worth, the Inspector General sent 120 men from the SFF for a field exercise, codenamed Garuda,

with the Army. The exercise proved to be a dramatic success for the SFF and the Army was now less

inclined to criticise the force. In 1964, the SFF led by the Inspector General, began its airborne training at

Agra. The SFF then began its own airborne training program atSarsawa airbase near Saharanpur. By the

late 1960s, the SFF was organised into six battalions for administrative purposes. Each battalion,

consisting of six companies, was commanded by Tibetan who had a rank equivalent to a lieutenant

colonel in the Army. A Tibetan major or captain commanded each company, which was the primary unit

used in operations. Females also participated in the force and they were in the signal and medical

companies. During this time, the SFF was never used against its intended enemy, China. However, the

unit did conduct limited cross-border reconnaissance operations, as well as highly classified raids to

place sensors in the Himalayas to detect Chinese nuclear and missile tests

The Organization

SFF is headed by the Inspector General (IG) who works under the supervision of Director General of

Security, Cabinet Secretariat (this post is held ex-officio by the Secretary,Research and Analysis Wing)

(R&AW). The current SFF force levels are around 10,000 men.
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Battalionshave a strength of around 900, are composed of six companies each company consisting of

123 men. There is also a force of around 700Gorkhasin the SFF at any given time. Transport is provided

by theIndian Air Force's Sarasawa based 117 Helicopter Unit Himalayan Dragons which provides airlift

capability with itsHAL DhruvsandMi-17ShTransport Helicopters. ARC also provides air surveillance

facilities through the Chakrata Air Base near SFF HQ.

Training

Most training is still conducted at Chakrata, initial training lasting nine months and is similar to Indian

Army training, with extensive additional courses onguerrilla tactics, mountain and jungle warfare. All

commandos areparachutequalified after five jumps, with three refresher jumps every year. SFF

personnels are trained in four basic areas:

Mountain: Experts inmountainandArctic warfare, these men are trained to survive and fight inextreme conditions. Mountain troops' skills can be called on anywhere from theSiachen

Glacierto theHimalayanranges in the east. They are also known to have trained in the famed

GermanAlpineGuides course at the Mountain Warfare School atMittenwaldand theHigh

Altitude Warfare SchoolatGulmargreaching proficiency levels that rival the best climbers in the

world.

Amphibious: These troop's combatdiversare the outfit'samphibiousexperts. In essence, itprovides a comparable amphibious warfare capability to the SFF as theMARCOSprovide to

theIndian Navy. While they have overlapping mission profiles, the Special Group clearly does

not have as extensively maritime roles. There is close cooperation and cross-training between its

amphibious troops and the MARCOS and a rivalry exists between them.

Air: Air Troop is the Special Group's free-fall parachuting specialists, tasked with jumping behindenemy lines, either on their own missions or to pave the way for other squadron troops. Air

Troop also employ less conventional forms ofair insertionsuch asmicro-litesandpowered

parachutes. For HALO/HAHO combat jumpsskydiversuse square-type RAMparachuteswhich

are more maneuverable also allow for softer, controlled landings than the standard round

chutes.

Jungle warfare: Jungle operations are considered to be one of the toughest in the world andmore men here fall to nature than the enemy. The Special Group's Jungle troopers are the

masters in jungle craft. They are skilled at carrying out deep interdiction andsearch and

destroyoperations for extended periods of time.

SFF operations

SFF was raised with covert operations in mind, mainly along the Indo-China border, however SFF has

been fielded by R&AW and the Indian government in various covert and overt operation theatres.[2]
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China

In 1964 intelligence reports kept indicating that China was preparing to test a nuclear bomb at its Lop

Nornuclear installation inXinjiang. On October 16, 1964 China tested a nuclear weapon in Xinjiang. It

was expected but not enough details were known. Later in November 1964, the CIA launched aU2flight

out ofAviation Research Centre(ARC)'sCharbatia Air BaseinOrissa, but its return turned out to be a bitof a mishap.[7][8]The U2 overshot the runway and got stuck in slushy ground caused by heavy rain in

themonsoons.

Getting it unstuck and out of India without being noticed by the Indian press, then even much more

subject to leftist influences and hence antagonistic to the USA, was another clandestine operation. This

gave all concerned quite a scare and it was decided to rely on other technical means.[9]SoCIAdecided to

launch anELINToperation along with R&AW andARCto track China's nuclear tests and monitor its

missile launches.

The operation, in the garb of a mountaineering expedition toNanda Deviinvolved celebrated Indian

climberM S Kohliwho along with operatives of Special Frontier Force and CIA (most notably Jim Rhyne,

a veteranSTOLpilot), was to place a permanent ELINT device, a transceiver powered by aplutonium

battery, that could detect and report data on future nuclear tests carried out by China.[10]The plan to

install a snooping device was hatched far away in Washington D.C., in the offices of theNational

Geographic Society.Barry Bishop, a photographer with the magazine, interested Gen.Curtis LeMayof

theUS Air Forcein the idea.

The actual efforts called for to place a permanentelectronic intelligence(ELINT) device powered by a

nuclear SNAP 19C power pack fuel cell. The first attempt to place this device on the Nanda Devi, by a

Kohli-led SFF team under the cover of a mountaineering expedition failed as the team had to retreat in

the face of adverse conditions and left the device in a small unmarked mountain cave after havinghauled the device to just short of the 25,645 feet peak. When another Kohli-led expedition returned the

following year to recover the device, it was found to be missing.[7][11][12]

In the meantime the Chinese not only kept testing nuclear weapons at regular intervals but also ballistic

missiles. The urgency to gather information was never greater. Another mission was launched in 1967 to

place a similar device on theNanda Kot. This mission was successful but a couple of years later another

problem cropped up; snow would pile up over the antenna and render it blind. So Kohli and a SFF team

were sent once again to bring it down, this time they retrieved it successfully.

In October 1967 the Chinese began testing anICBMcapable of reaching targets 6000 miles away. There

was renewed urgency to find out more. So SFFmountaineerswent off on one more mission in

December 1969 to successfully place a gas powered device on an undisclosed mountain supposedly in

Chinese controlled areas. But by the following year, the US had the first generation of the TRW spy

satellitesin place and did not have to rely on the old ELINT devices.
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pedia.org/wiki/CIAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Frontier_Force#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Frontier_Force#cite_note-ht16a13-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Frontier_Force#cite_note-ht16a13-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orissahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charbatia_Air_Basehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_Research_Centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_U-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjianghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lop_Norhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lop_Nor


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Indo-Pakistan Military Conflict of 1971

SFF was extremely successful against Pakistan during the Indo-Pakistan Military Conflict of 1971.

Elements of the force were sent toMizoramin late November 1971. A strong Task Force was deployed

and conductedpre-emptive strikeoperations in support of the Indian army formations along

theChittagong Hill Tracts.

1971 saw the SFF being used in major combat in the Indo-Pak war. Elements of the force were sent to

Mizoram in late October. By November 1971, around 3000 SFF members were deployed next to the

Chittagong Hill Tracts. With cross-border attacks becoming more frequent, the SFF was then ordered to

attack the Chittagong Hill Tracts. For this operation, code-named 'Eagle', the SFF members were given

Bulgarian AK-47s and US carbines. This operation saw the first Dapon, Tibetan equivalent of a Brigadier,

to command part of the SFF task force.

With war right around the corner, the SFF was given several mission plans, including the destruction of

the Kaptai Dam and other bridges. The Inspector General urged that the SFF be used to capture

Chittagong, but this was found not favourable, since SFF members did not have artillery or airlift support

to conduct a mission of that magnitude. After three weeks of border fighting, the SFF divided its six

battalions into three columns and moved into East Pakistan on 3 December 1971. After capturing

several villages in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, the Tibetans were given mortars and recoilless rifles and

also two Indian Air Force Mi-4 helicopters.

With the Pakistani Lt. General A.A.K. Niazi signing the ceasefire on 17 December, the SFF had lost 56

men and nearly 190 wounded. The SFF was able to block a potential escape route for East Pakistani

forces into Burma. They also halted members of Pakistan's 97 Independent Brigade and 2 Commando

Battalion in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. For their bravery and courage in battle, 580 SFF members were

awarded cash prizes by the Indian Govt. In 1973, the original Inspector General of the SFF was replacedand in 1975 a new rule pertaining to the SFF was issued. This prohibited the SFF from being deployed

within 10 km of the Indo-Chinese border. This came about after several incidents in which SFF

commandos had crossed the border and conducted unsanctioned cross-border operations.

They trained the Bangladeshi underground unit,Mujib Bahinifor their secret missions. For the

Bangladeshi campaign, designated Operation Mountain Eagle, the SFF members were issued

BulgarianAK-47's and US carbines. SFF conducted several mission, including the destruction of

theKaptai Damand other bridges.

Internal operations

SFF was used in combating communal riots in mid 1970s and later was used inOperation Blue Starin

1984. It was also used briefly for VIP security in late 1984 around the Prime Minister following the

assassination ofIndira Gandhi. Later this role fell upon theSpecial Protection Group.

In 1975 a new rule pertaining to the SFF was issued, this prohibited the SFF from being deployed to

within 10 km of the Indo-Chinese border unless under explicit instructions. This came about after several
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incidents in which SFF was found to be conducting unsanctioned cross-border raids and intelligence

operations. Currently, one SFF battalion is stationed in theSiachen Glacier.

Current roles

With warming of Indo-Chinese relations, SFF has expanded out fromcovert operationsinto various

other fields likecounter-terrorism. The major functions of SFF in the present day scenario are as follows:

Counter-terrorism

One Squadron is responsible for counter-terrorism duties, with a team in a constant state of alert. The

four squadrons rotate through this role on a six-monthly basis. Special Group teams regularly conduct CT

operations in troubledKashmiragainstmilitantson specific intelligence inputs.

Special Group

The Director General (DG) Security, Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) in 1982 dispatched 500 SFF

operatives along with over 500 Indian Army special forces to Sarsawafor Counter Terrorist training. It is

also thought that the selected troopers thereafter were sent toIsraelfor highly specialized training.

These men formed the nucleus of an ultra-elite and highly classified new detachment, known as

the Special Group. It is a volunteer force and persons are inducted only after a very tough probation and

selection process. Alone among the 'Vikas regiments' or SFF battalions, it is not made up of Tibetans but

exclusively recruits Indians volunteering from Indian Army units.

The SFF Special Group's headquarters is supported by an Intelligence and Planning wing, a Training wing

and a specialist Signals Troop which is solely responsible for support operations. Having four squadrons

each made up of around 100 troopers, which are further divided into four troops. Each troop has a

specialized role. The Special Group has a wide range of responsibilities, each requiring specific trainingand disciplines.

Special Group is also the parent unit of eliteNational Security Guards(NSG). The NSG was raised after

SG participated in Operation Bluestar. It was thought that a paramilitary force not under the Ministry of

Defence should be used for counter terrorism operations internally. The NSG is thus led by an IPS officer

and comes under the Ministry of Home Affairs, even though the commandos who lead operations are

themselves from the army. After the formation of NSG, the Special Group is no longer directly involved

in hostage rescue and counter terrorism.

Intelligence Gathering

Long Range Reconnaissance PatrolsorPathfindersmust be able to remain hidden in close proximity t

Documents

India Intelligence and Security Agencies1