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Indexing and AbstractingLecture 04 -- Types of Indexes and Abstracts
Kuang-hua ChenDepartment of Library and Information
National Taiwan [email protected]
2/36Language & Information Processing System, LIS, NTU Indexing & Abstracting Lecture04
Types of Indexes
Alphabetical IndexAuthor IndexBook IndexCitation IndexClassified IndexCoordinate IndexCumulative IndexFaceted Index
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Types of Indexes (Continued)
First-line IndexHypermedia IndexInternet IndexMultimedia IndexPeriodical IndexPermuted Title IndexString IndexWord Index
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Alphabetical Indexes
The arrangement of an index in alphabetical order is the most common methodThe arrangement of subject heading, cross-references, and qualifying terms are also alphabeticalThe major drawbacks are
Problem of synonymyScattering of entries
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Author IndexesConsist of people, organizations, corporate authors, government agencies, universitiesAuthors can be used as an indirect subject approach
Authors are strong indicators of subject content (Cleveland 1976)
Rules for author indexesThe number of names allowed for each documentUse of full name or initialsUse of common names
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Book Indexes
List of words, generally alphabetical, at the back of a bookGiving a page location of the subject or name Books without index are incomplete
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Citation Indexes
A citation index consists of a list of articles, with a sublist under each article of subsequently published papers that cite the articles
Author indexSubject index
A cited paper has an internal subject relationship with the papers that cite it
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Example of Citation Indexes
Arts & Humanities Citation IndexScience Citation IndexSocial Science Citation IndexCSSCICSCDTHCITSSCI
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中國科學引文索引
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中國科學引文索引 (Continued)
引文著者
‧引文名稱[引文類型]- 出版年, 卷(期):起始頁來源文章著者 來源期刊-出版年, 卷(期):起始頁
例:王建生
‧化學研究- 63, 4 (1) : 54張一凡 催化學刊- 94, 5 (2): 30
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中國科學引文索引 (Continued)
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Classified Indexes
Its contents arranged systematically by classes or subject headingsIt is important for scientific purposeLayman find classified indexes difficult to useThe indexes are very valuable in the appropriate environment
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Index by Categories
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Coordinate Indexes
Coordinate indexes allow terms to be combined or coordinatedCombine two or more single terms to create a new class
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Cumulative Indexes
A Combination or merging of a set of indexes over timeApply to journals and to large, important works and are published as separate volumesCumulative indexes are complex and usually are done by teams of indexersRequire a good deal of editing because of duplications, terminology changes and a need to adjust the depth of indexing
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Faceted Indexes
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Faceted Indexing
Analytic-synthetic processingPre-coordinated
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First-line Indexes
Applied to poemsAll the words in the first line of a poem are listed in their alphabetical order
http://www.photoaspects.com/chesil/firstlines.html
Another interesting exampleFirst-line index for music
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Miscellaneous IndexesHypermedia Indexes
Allows users to thread their way to what they want through electronic nodes and links between those node.Much more transparent to the userSomeone have to make indexing decisions in establishing these nodes and connections
Internet Indexes Multimedia Indexes
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Multimedia Indexes
Open problem?New challenge
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Periodical Indexes
A vital channel for science and all scholarshipIndividual indexes
Particular journal
Broad indexesA group of journals
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Permuted Title IndexesTitle index works well for highly specific searchingPermuted title word indexes are created by systematically rotating information-conveying words in the title as subject entry points into the indexDrawbacks
Titles may not accurately reflect contentLimited number of terms in titlesLack of vocabulary control
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String Index
An indexer first constructed a title-like phraseThis string was then coded according to a set of rules, using operators and codesAll strings would be in normal syntactic form, connected by appropriate prepositions and conjunctions
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String Index (Continued)PRECIS systemEach string consisted of three parts: the lead; the qualifier; display
Lead. QualifierDisplay
Coverage of meaning: Qualifier > Lead > Display“A document on the evaluation of the professional education of nurses”
Example taken from Indexing from A to Z, p.453Nurse
Professional education. EvaluationProfessional education. Nurses
EvaluationEvaluation. Professional education of nurses
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NEPHIS System
Lead term. Context“A document on the use of numerical data in the humanities and in the social sciences”@Use? of ? in
Data. Numerical -. Use in Humanities and Social SciencesHumanities and Social Sciences. Use of Numerical DataNumerical Data. Use in Humanities and Social SciencesSocial Sciences and Humanities. Use of Numerical Data
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Word Index
Individual names and word in documentsIndexes to the individual names and words that the author usedBible concordance
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KWOC, KWIC, KWAC
computer design contains memory chipsmemorycomputer design contains memory chipsdesigncomputer design contains memory chipscomputercomputer design contains memory chipschipsKWACchips/ computer design containsmemorycontains memory chips/ computerdesigndesign contains memory chips/computercomputer design contains memorychips/KWIC
Doc3, doc4, doc8, doc123memorydoc41designdoc1, doc4, doc10,3computer
doc2, doc42chipsITEM IDFREQTERMKWOC
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Abstract
AbstractThe ancient peoples attached content abstracts to papyrus rolls
SummaryRunners returned from battle with summaries of the events
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Classify Abstracts by Function
Indicative AbstractInformative AbstractCritical Abstract
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Classify Abstracts by Method
Excerpt-based abstractGeneration-based abstract
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Classify Abstract by Use
Discipline-oriented abstractIs written for a specific area of knowledge
Mission-oriented abstractIs written to support application activitiesIs defined in terms of an assignment rather than a subject area
Slanted abstractUser-oriented
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Classify Abstract by Author
AuthorSubject area expert
e.g. Excerpta MedicaProfessional abstractor
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Structured Abstract
Use predefined template to store abstract in a structured formUsed for research articlesSample predefined template
BackgroundAimMethodResultsConclusion
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Indicative AbstractsAlso known as descriptive abstractsContain significant information and specific data
“The number of onions grown in California was determined and reported in this article”
Is shorter, is written in general terms, and does not give a progressive account of the paper’s developmentIs never expected to replace the paper itselfShows the purposes and the results of the paper
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Informative AbstractsTry to present as much quantitative and qualitative data as possibleIs the most useful for documents reporting on experimental investigationsIs the skeleton of the document itself with all the flesh missingCover four essential points
Objective and scope of the workMethods usedResultsConclusions
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Critical Abstracts
A critical abstract makes a value judgment or editorial commentEditorial or abstractAn idea in a few abstractors
Good abstract avoids the bias and personal viewpoint of critical comment
Critical abstract can be a powerful toolHeavily quality filteringUsed to general papers with broad overviews
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Example:Educational Administration Abstracts
Abstract Numbers: In bold, for handy reference Subject Classifications Descriptors: In bold; identify subject immediately Alphabetical-by-Author Citations: Complete bibliographic details Abstracts: Concise summary of contents Cumulative Indexes: The fourth issue each year prints the cumulative author and subject indexes for the year, along with a current "Source List."
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Educational Administration Abstracts
Abstract Number
Source
SubCategory
Category
Abstract
Descriptor
Subject Classifications
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Subject Indexes for Abstracts
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Author Indexes for Abstracts
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Display Formats of Thesaurus
Alphabetical Descriptor DisplayRotated Descriptor DisplayHierarchical Descriptor DisplayDescriptor Group Display
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Alphabetical Descriptor Display