Index terms Links AASHTO 11.1 11.2 11.78Abutments 11.72Acceleration 3.10Aging 1.33Aging, strain 1.18 1.22Allowable stress design (see ASD) Allowable stresses:

bearing: on concrete 5.60 11.64 11.168on masonry 5.60 11.64 11.168on steel 6.48 11.25 11.166(See also Bolts; Pins; Rockers;

Rollers) bending:

bridge loading combinations 11.13 11.162in bridges 11.25 11.164 11.165 12.159in buildings 6.31 6.47 6.48compression with 6.49 6.50 13.27 14.61 14.64 shear with 14.57tension with 6.50 6.51 13.28

block shear 6.41compression:

in bridges 11.25 11.164 13.26 13.45in buildings 6.31 6.43 6.62 9.29

fatigue 6.51 11.30 11.68seismic 6.51shear:

in beam webs 6.34 6.35 11.25 11.166in bolts 6.28 11.26 1.166in rivets 6.28 11.166in threaded parts 6.28

tension 6.30 11.25 11.164welds 6.38 11.24 11.164 11.167wind 6.51(See also ASD; Plastic design; and

specific materials) Aluminum 1.33American Association of State Highway

and Transportation Officials 11.1 11.2 11.78 13.2American Institute of Steel Construction 6.1 6.2 6.29 6.30American Railway Engineering and

Maintenance-of-Way Association 11.153Anchors, government 5.62Angles:

maximum width-thickness ratios for 9.30net width of 6.64 11.45 11.172 11.173strut 6.63 7.8

Annealing 1.19 1.32Arches:

applications of 8.31bridge:

bending in 14.8buckling of 14.46 14.47constant-depth versus tapered ribs 14.10

Index terms Links Arches: bridge: (Cont.)

cost comparisons for 14.6 14.10curved versus segmental axis 14.9 14.10dead-load / total-load ratios for 14.9deck 14.2deflection of 14.8depth / span ratios for 14.7design example for 14.47erection of 14.6 14.7esthetics of 14.5 14.7 14.8hanger design example for 14.63 14.64Hell-Gate type 14.2history of 14.1inclined rib 14.1lateral bracing for 14.47 14.64

(See also Bracing, bridge) preliminary design procedure for 14.44rise / span ratios for 14.7spans for 14.4 14.5steels for 14.9through 14.2weight estimating for 14.44weight / total-load ratios for 14.9 14.44(See also Bridge, arch)

defined 4.1fixed 4.5 14.2 14.4 14.7flange thickness limits for 10.46forms of 14.2 14.3foundations for 8.32 14.2 14.3half-through 14.2rigid-frame 14.3roof 8.30 8.31solid-rib:

depths for 14.7 14.8esthetics of 14.5hinges for 14.4panel lengths for 14.7rib design example 14.59sections for 14.2 14.8

stiffeners for 11.47stress in 4.7 4.8 14.2 14.3temperature effects on 14.8three-hinged 4.1 14.2 14.4 14.7tied 14.2 14.7 14.8 14.44ties 14.3 14.7 14.8 14.9 14.10 14.62true 14.2 14.44truss-rib 14.2 14.4 14.8two-hinged 4.3 14.2 14.4 14.7Vierendeel-truss-rib 14.8wind forces on 14.8

AREMA 11.153Areas 3.30 3.31

Index terms Links ASD:

allowable stress in (see Allowable stresses)

for bridges: load combinations in 11.13 11.14specificiations for 11.1 11.2

for buildings: load combinations in 6.23specifications for 6.1 6.2 6.29 6.30

principles of 6.29 6.30versus LRFD 8.25 11.13 11.17(See also Beams; Cold-formed

members; Columns; Composite beams; Trusses)

ASTM 1.1 6.1 6.2Austenite 1.30 Bainite 1.31Bars 15.36 15.37 15.41Beam-columns:

ASD interaction equations for 6.49 6.50defined 3.23 3.61design example for 7.34LRFD interaction equations for 6.48 6.49 6.84 7.32 7.33plastic capacity of 3.106 3.107

Beams: allowable bending stresses for 6.31 6.47 6.48 12.159alternative to plate girders 10.54anchorage to walls 5.61 5.62bearing plates for 5.60 10.63bearing pressure on 5.60 5.61 6.48bearings for (see bearing plates for)

(See also Rockers; Rollers) bending and compression (see

Beam-columns) bending axis of 3.47 3.49bending slope of 3.37

(See also design example for: end rotations of below)

bending strength of: in bridges 11.15in buildings 6.31 6.45 6.46 6.82 7.10 7.18 bending stresses in 3.27 11.48 11.49bridge: floorbeam (see Floorbeams) girder (see Plate girders) stringer (see Stringers) buckling of (see Buckling) camber of 2.8 2.9 8.9 8.17cantilever (see Cantilevers) castellated 8.21 8.23 8.24combined forces on 3.47 3.50compact 6.45 6.62 6.63 6.78 6.80 6.81composite (see Composite beams)

Index terms Links

Beams: (Cont.) concentrated loads on 6.43 6.44concrete encased 6.72 6.73 8.9 8.10conjugate 3.69continuous:

advantages of 12.153analysis of (see Structural analysis) carry-over factors for 3.84 3.85defined 3.63maximum moments in 12.153 12.154span defined for 11.48spans for 12.154

costs of 1.8cover-plated 2.13 6.63 6.65 11.49curvature of 3.36 3.37curved, rolled 12.55

(See also Curved girders) defined 3.21 3.25 7.1deflections of:

bending moment 3.36conjugate-beam method for 3.69limits on 3.42 6.74 8.25moment-area method for 3.69 3.72 3.73shear 3.46 3.47unit-load method for 3.69 3.72 3.73

design example for: building beam with overhang 7.16simple-span building floorbeam 7.11unbraced building floorbeam 7.14

(See also Composite beams; Floorbeams)

design section for 6.65eccentric loads on 3.46 5.96elastic curve of 3.36end connections for (see Connections) end rotations of 3.73 3.75fixed-end:

elastic curves for 3.38end moments in 3.38 3.78moment diagrams for 3.38shear diagrams for 3.38slope diagrams for 3.38

flanges of: effective area of 6.65 11.176hole deductions for 6.65 11.25 11.176width-thickness limits for 6.63 6.81 9.23 11.38 11.65 11.174

flexural formula for 3.28 11.48 11.49hollow structural section 6.82 6.83lateral support for 5.95 5.96 6.64 8.7 8.9 11.55 11.175limit states for 11.14 11.15link 9.12 9.23 9.31minimum depth for 6.75 11.49moment diagrams for 3.37

Index terms Links

Beams: (Cont.) neutral axis in 3.28noncompact 6.62 6.63 6.80 6.81openings in 8.15 8.16plastic-range bending in 3.29 3.32propped 3.42 3.43reactions of 3.38residual stresses in 1.26resisting moments in 3.28rigid-frame 3.60 3.62roof, ponding on 6.75shear capacity of 6.34 6.35 6.65 6.66 7.10shear center of 3.48 3.49shear diagrams for 3.38simple:

concentrated loads on 3.38end moments on 3.38 3.39influence lines for 3.89shear deflection of 3.45 3.46triangular loads on 3.40uniformly loaded 3.25 3.37 3.39 3.43 3.45

slender-element 6.62span of 6.64 11.48 12.1spandrel 8.14statically determinate 3.68stiffeners for 6.34 6.35 6.65strains in 3.25stress distribution in 3.25torsion of (see twisting below) twisting of 3.48

(See also Buckling, beam) unsymmetrical bending of 3.48web crippling in 5.61 6.44web yielding in 5.61 6.43 6.44(See also Cold-formed members;

Floorbeams; Framing: Girders; Joists; Moments; Purlins; Sections; Shear; Stringers; Structures)

Bearing bar 12.100 12.101Bearings:

anchor bolts required for 11.66beam 5.60 11.63 11.178 12.3 12.4elastomeric:

advantages of 11.55composition of 11.65design of 11.65

pedestals for 11.66(See also shoes below)

pot 11.65 11.66PTFE 11.65requirements for 11.63shoes:

design basis for 11.66design examples for 12.97

Index terms Links Bearing: shoes: (Cont.)

materials for 11.66seismic evaluation of 12.102thicknesses for 11.66

sliding plate 11.64(See also Rockers; Rollers)

Bendability 1.32Bending:

of beams (see Beam-columns; Beams; Moments)

strain energy of 3.56(See also Allowable stresses, bending

Strength design, bending) Bents 3.62Betti’s theorem 3.59Blooms 1.37Bolts:

A307 (see ordinary below) allowable shear in 6.35 11.26 11.166allowable tension in 5.42 5.43 6.27anchor 5.55 11.12 11.66bracket connections with 5.67common (see ordinary below) design area of 6.36 11.26design strength of 6.35diameters of:

commonly used 5.10 5.11 11.26 11.168maximum 5.11minimum 5.10

fatigue of 11.29for hangers 5.40high-strength:

application of 6.36 6.37 6.76 11.26 11.168costs of 5.3 5.5length required for 5.4minimum pretension for 6.36 6.37permissible types of 5.1 5.2thread lengths for 5.4tightening of 2.5 5.1 5.17 6.36

hole for: diameters of 5.11 6.64 11.26 11.45 11.168 11.173fabrication of 2.4 2.5 2.14 5.11 5.12reaming of 2.9 5.11 5.12

machine (see ordinary below) ordinary:

application of 6.36 6.37 11.26tightening of 2.5

prevention of loosening 5.5prying forces from 5.43 5.103 5.105 5.106 11.28sealing 5.13 5.14 6.77shear and tension on 5.72 6.40 6.41 11.28specifications for 2.5 5.1 5.5 5.18standard-size 5.3stitch 5.13 11.46 11.48

Index terms Links Bolts: (Cont.)

tension on 6.33 6.34 11.27 11.28twist-off 5.5 5.18 5.19(See also Connections; Joints; Splices)

Boron 1.33Box girders:

advantages of 11.56 12.114 12.115 13.19allowable stresses in 11.56bracing of 11.56bridge cross sections with 12.115continuous 12.115corner welds for 11.67 11.68 13.19 13.20curved 12.49

(See also Curved girders) design example for:

composite concrete 12.117orthotropic-plate 12.130

drainage of 11.56flange to web welds for 11.60flanges of 11.38 11.56 12.116load distribution to:

from concrete 11.22 12.115 12.119 12.120from steel plate 12.130 12.132 12.134

sealing of 11.76shapes of 12.115 12.116shipping limitations for 12.116single versus multiple 11.56spacing of 11.56 12.118spans for 12.114stiffeners for 11.56

(See also Stiffeners) webs of 11.38 11.57width of 11.56 12.115 12.118width / thickness limits for 11.38(See also Orthotropic plates)

Bracing: angle 5.39beam 5.95 5.96bridge:

arch 11.42 11.43 14.64box girder 11.57cross-frame 11.43 11.44 11.175 11.176 12.22diaphragm 11.43 11.175 11.176knee 12.113 12.114lateral 11.42 11.43 11.175 12.22 12.93location of 11.42 1.43 11.175 11.176methods of 11.42 11.175objectives of 11.42 11.175for plate-girders 11.55 12.22 12.45 12.46portal 11.42 11.44slenderness limitations on 11.37sway 11.42 11.44through-girder 5.96

Index terms Links Bracing: bridge: (Cont.)

truss (see Trusses, bridge, lateral bracing; portal bracing; sway bracing)

wind loads on 11.43 11.161 11.162building:

chevron 9.22 9.29cross-frame 5.96cross sections for 9.30diagonal 9.29diaphragm 5.89K 9.22 9.29slenderness limitations on 9.30X 9.22 9.29

connections for 5.98erection 2.20maximum allowable compression in 9.29rigid-connection (see Rigid frames) shear wall (see Walls, shear) (See also Frames, concentric braced

and eccentric braced) Brackets 5.67 12.81 12.82Bridge:

arch: Bayonne 14.14 14.15Burro Creek 14.32 14.33Cold Spring Canyon 14.30 14.31Colorado River 14.34 14.35Fort Pitt 14.26 14.27Fremont 14.16 14.17Glenfield 14.28 14.29 14.47Leavenworth Centennial 14.38 14.39Lewiston-Queenston 14.20 14.21New River Gorge 14.12 14.13North Fork Stillaguamish River 14.40 14.41Port Mann 14.11Roosevelt Lake 14.18 14.19Sherman Minton 14.22 14.23Smith Avenue High 14.36 14.37South Street over I-84 14.42 14.43West End-North Side 14.24 14.25

box girder: Abstrasse 12.117Chester 12.117Frankfurt 12.117Fremont River 12.116King County 12.116Kirchweyhe 12.117Klamath River 12.116Stillaguamish River 12.116

cable-stayed: Batman 15.17 15.20Bonn 15.21Bratislava 15.20

Index terms Links Bridge: cable-swayed: (Cont.)

Büchenauer 15.18chain 15.2 15.3Cologne 15.20Dryburgh Abbey 15.2 15.3Duisburg 15.21 15.31Düsseldorf-North 15.21Düsseldorf-Oberkassel 15.20Ebro River 15.17 15.19Ganga 15.22Gischlard-Arnodin 15.2 15.4Hatley chain 15.2 15.4Jülicherstrasse 15.18Karlsruhe 15.20King’s Meadow 15.2 15.3Kniebrucke 15.18 15.20Leverkusen 15.18 15.21Loscher type 15.2 15.4Lower Yarra 15.18Ludwigshafen 15.20Luling 15.17 15.51Manheim 15.20Maracaibo 15.22Maxau 15.18Meridian 15.17Nienburg 15.2 15.3Norderelbe 15.21 15.22Normandy 15.25 15.30 15.31Onomichi 15.21Papineau 15.21Pasco-Kennewick 15.26 15.51Poyet type 15.2 15.4Schillerstrasse 15.51Strömsund 15.2 15.21 15.99Sunshine Skyway 15.17Talmadge 15.17Tatara 15.25 15.31Yang Pu 15.25 15.30 15.31Zarate-Brazo Largo 15.26 15.32(See also Cable-stayed bridges,

major, details of) orthotropic plate:

Fremont 12.129Poplar Street 12.129San Diego-Coronado 12.129San Mateo-Heyward 12.129Severin River 12.129Wye River 12.129(See also Orthotropic plates)

suspension: Akashi Kaikyo 15.13 15.30Bidwell Bar 15.14 15.45 15.46 15.50Bosporus 15.10 15.13 15.50bridal-chord 15.9

Index terms Links

Bridge: suspension: (Cont.) Brighton Chain Pier 15.86Bronx-Whitestone 15.50 15.69 15.86Brooklyn 15.1 15.14 15.45 15.47 15.48 15.50Chesapeake Bay (second) 15.46Cincinnati 15.2Cologne-Mulheim 15.9Deer Isle 15.14 15.86Delaware Memorial I 15.13 15.69Dryburgh Abbey 15.2 15.86First Tacoma Narrows 15.12Forth Road 15.13 15.69 15.88Fykesesund 15.86Galashiels 15.1General U. S. Grant 15.15 15.45 15.46 15.50George Washington 15.8 15.13 15.50 15.69 15.91Gilbraltar Straits 15.30 15.31Golden Gate 15.12 15.13 15.30 15.31 15.48 15.69 15.86 15.91Hennepin Avenue 15.47 15.50Humber 15.13 15.31 15.50Jacob’s Creek 15.1Klamath River 11.118Long’s Creek 15.86Mackinac 15.10 15.50 15.69 15.88Manhattan 15.14 15.31 15.32 15.48 15.50Menai Straits 15.1 15.86Messina Straits 15.30 15.31Montrose 15.86Nassau 15.86Newport 15.14 15.45 15.46 15.50Niagara Falls 15.2 15.5 15.14Niagara-Clifton 15.86Niagara-Lewiston 15.86Oder River 15.1Ohio River 15.1 15.14 15.15Old St. Clair 15.5Paseo 15.9Roche-Bernard 15.86Ruhrort-Hamburg 15.9Salazar Bridge 15.7 15.69San Francsico–Oakland Bay 15.8 15.9 15.12 15.13 15.69Schuylkill River 15.1Severn 15.10 15.18 15.88 15.97Storebelt 15.13 15.30 15.31Tacoma Narrows I 15.13 15.86 15.91Tacoma Narrows II 15.13 15.69 15.88Thousand Island 15.15 15.86Throgs Neck 15.13 15.50Triborough 15.10 15.11 15.14Union 15.86Verrazano Narrows 15.10 15.11 15.13 15.31 15.44 15.50 15.69 15.91Walt Whitman 15.12 15.13 15.50 15.69

Index terms Links Bridge: suspension: (Cont.)

Wheeling 15.86Williamsburg 15.10 15.14 15.31 15.34 15.48 15.50Zügelgurtbrücke 15.9(See also Suspension bridges, major)

Bridges: allowable stresses for (see Allowable

stresses) abutments for 11.72approach slabs for 11.72 11.73arch (see Arches; Bridge; arch) bearings for 11.63

(See also Bearings) box girder (see Box girders; Bridge,

box-girder) cable-stayed (see Bridge,

cable-stayed; Cable-stayed bridges) cable-suspended (see Bridge, cable-

stayed and suspension; Cable- stayed bridges; Suspension bridges)

cantilever 2.25 2.26constructability of 11.77continuous-beam 2.24 12.154 12.169

(See also Beams; continuous) curved-girder 2.24deck:

advantages of 12.69 12.104floorbeam/ girder design example for 12.70 (See also Arches; Box girders;

Girders; Plate girders: Stringers; Trusses)

decks for 3.60 11.69 11.162 11.163 12.3 13.5 13.8 13.9(See also Composite beams; Concrete

slabs; Orthotropic plates; Steel-grid floors)

deflection limits for 11.3 11.63design method for:

ASD 11.2 11.5 11.13 11.30 11.153LFD 11.2 11.5 11.13 11.30LRFD 11.2 11.5 11.13 11.32 11.78

design of: effects of traffic volume on 11.2 11.3highway loads in 11.4

(See also Loads) load distribution for 11.20service-life considerations in 11.3seismic 11.9

design traffic lanes for 11.20 11.21dimensional changes of 11.63 11.64erection of 2.23expansion joints in 11.72 11.76floorbeams in (see Floorbeams) inspectability of 11.77

Index terms Links Bridges: (Cont.)

jointless 11.72maintenance of 11.76 11.77orthotropic plate (see Bridge, ortho-

tropic plate; Orthotropic plates) paints for (see Paint) primary purpose of 11.2railings for 11.8 11.9simple-beam 2.22skewed 13.5 13.49 13.50spans for:

classification of 15.23 15.24cost effective 11.63defined 11.48

specifications for: fatigue design of 11.30fracture control 11.29railings 11.8 11.9seismic design 11.9 11.35 11.36 11.162standard design 11.1 11.2

steels for 1.6 11.29 11.30 11.74stringer (see Stringers) suspension (see Bridge, suspension;

Suspension bridges) temperature zones for 1.6 1.7through:

advantages of 12.69 12.104design example for 12.105main girder spacing in 11.48 12.104(See also Arches; Plate girders;

Trusses) truss 2.24 2.25

(See also Trusses) unpainted 11.75 11.76uplift on 11.12

Brinell hardness 1.17Brittle fracture:

characteristics of 1.23Charpy test for 1.23design against 1.23mechanics of 1.25 1.26thickness effect on 1.25 1.26trnsition curves for 1.24

Buckling: beam, lateral 3.96 11.36 11.42(See also Beams, twisting of) bracing against 9.29 9.30column 3.93 6.34 11.36effect of residual stresses on 1.26 1.27frame 3.98 3.99local 3.99 3.100 6.49 10.7 10.9 10.10plate 3.99 3.100 5.98 11.36

Building codes 6.1 6.2 6.85 6.86

Index terms Links Buildings:

erection of 2.20fire protected (see Fire protection) fireproof 6.88 6.89importance factors for 6.10 6.12 6.15 9.5 9.6 9.12influence areas for live load 6.3

seismic coefficients for 6.21 9.11 9.12 9.17size limitations for 6.86special approvals for 6.2standard specifications for 6.2terrain exposure types for 6.10 6.11 6.13 9.5 9.6(See also Frames; Framing; Loads;

Structures)

Cable-stayed bridges: aerodynamics of 15.93allowable cable stresses for 15.81analysis of:

deflection theory for 15.78 15.79first-order elastic theory for 15.76 15.78seismic 15.96 15.97

anchorages for 15.16cable forces in 15.16 15.81cable prestressing effects on 15.76cable stays for 15.17 15.41cables for (see Cables) characteristics of 15.5 15.16 15.75 15.76classification of 15.23 15.24composite 15.17 15.19concrete 15.17cost comparison for 14.6cross sections of 15.18 15.23deflection limits for 15.79design of:

criteria for 15.79preliminary 15.79

drop-in lengths for 15.17girder depths for 15.16 15.79girder types for 15.80 15.81history of 15.2loads on 15.35major, details of 15.25pylons for 15.22 15.23 15.79saddles for 15.41side span / main span ratios 15.80spans of 15.16 15.17 15.20specifications for 15.32 15.34 15.35stability during erection 15.93steel 15.17 15.18wind-effect studies for 15.93(See also Cables; Suspension bridges)

Cable systems: advantages of 4.27 8.33comparative costs of 8.33 8.35

Index terms Links Cable systems: (Cont.)

fire protection of 8.35limitations on deformations of 8.33 8.35network 4.29 4.34stabilization of 8.33 8.35supports for 8.33 8.35truss 4.29types of 8.33(See also Cables, suspension)

Cables: applications of 6.85cable condition equation for 15.63 15.64configurations of 1.14 6.85 15.35corrosion protection for 15.45creep of 15.38defined 1.13 1.14 15.35 15.36erection of:

for cable-stayed bridges 15.41 15.99 15.100for suspension bridges 15.39 15.97 15.98 15.100

history of 15.35mechanical properties of 1.14modulus of elasticity of 15.37 15.38sheathing for 15.41specifications for 1.14spinning of 15.39 15.97 15.98 15.100structural behavior of 6.85suspension:

allowable stresses for 15.68asymmetrical 15.53catenary 4.25 4.26 15.53defined 4.23differential equation for 4.24 15.52 15.53 15.61geometric properties of 15.54Melan equation for 15.64 15.65parabolic 4.26 15.53pylon movement effects on 15.73 15.74sag change effects on 15.73 15.74stresses in 4.25 14.49 14.53 14.54 15.55 15.57

(See also Suspension bridges, design of)

stretch in 15.15 15.16thermal effects on 15.58 15.59 15.74Timoshenko equations for 15.64

(See also Cable systems) types of 1.13 1.14(See also Bridges; Rope; Strand;

Wire) vibration of 15.94

Camber: beam 2.8 2.9 8.9 8.17 12.5 12.19defined 2.8 6.76plate girder 2.9 11.50 12.22 12.23truss 2.10 8.21

Cantilever method 9.36

Index terms Links Cantilevers:

bending deflection of 3.70 3.71concentrated loads on 3.41end moments on 3.41influence lines for 3.90shear deflection of 3.45 3.46triangular loads on 3.41uniformly loaded 3.41

Carbon 1.33 1.35Carbon equivalent 1.4 1.5 1.35Carry-over factors 3.83Castigliano’s theorems 3.56 3.57Catenary (see Cables, suspension) Cementite 1.30 1.31Centroid 3.12 3.28 3.30 3.31Charpy tests 1.6 1.7 1.24 1.26 5.2 11.29Checkers 2.2Chromium 1.34 1.35Cold-formed members:

ASD design of 10.3bolted connections for 10.34combined loading strength of 10.21 10.23 10.27 connections for:

limit states of 10.41screwed 10.37welded 10.30

cross sections of 10.1 10.2cylindrical 10.30design examples for 10.42design methods for 10.5 10.6effective widths for 10.11 10.42loadings for 10.4local buckling of 10.7 10.9 10.10LRFD design of 10.3 10.4 10.6manufacture of 10.2 10.4materials for 10.1 10.2resistance factors for 10.3 10.4 10.6residential construction with 10.41 10.42safety factors for 10.3 10.4 10.5strength of:

bending 10.16 10.23 10.30 10.45 10.46compression 10.25 10.30shear 10.20 10.21tension 10.16web crippling 10.21

section properties of 10.7 10.8 10.42specifications for 10.1 10.2wall studs of 10.41 10.42

Cold forming 1.18 1.19Columbium 1.34Columns:

allowable stresses for (see Allowable stresses, compression)

angle 7.8

Index terms Links Columns: (Cont.)

base leveling of 5.60base plates for 5.54beam connections to (see Connections) buckling of 3.93 6.42 6.43 13.23built-up 2.13 2.14 6.76 6.77butt plates for 5.51composite 6.73 6.74concrete-filled:

pipe 6.73 6.74tubing 6.73 6.74

costs of 1.10 1.11defined 3.21 7.1design example for:

ASD of truss chord 13.26 13.27LFD of truss chord 13.23LRFD of pipe 7.6

design strength of 6.42 6.43 6.80 7.5displacement effects on 3.101effective length of 3.95 3.96 6.42 6.43 6.80 6.81 7.34 7.35erection of 2.25 5.51Euler’s formula for 3.93flange width / thickness limits for 11.37 11.38grillages for 5.55hollow structural section 6.80lifting lugs for 5.52 5.53limit state for 5.87orientation of 8.18 8.19 8.21 8.22panel-zone shear in 5.89 9.27rigid-grame 3.61 3.62seismic loads for 9.24 9.25shapes commonly used for 7.1 7.5slenderness ratios of 3.95 6.42 6.76 6.77 7.5 7.6 7.8 7.9 11.36 11.37 11.172splices for (see Splices; column) stiffeners for:

at anchor bolts 5.55 5.56at beam connections 5.86 9.25 9.26

torsional buckling loads for 3.96web doubler plates for 5.89wide-flange:

ASD of 7.7 7.8LRFD of 7.7

(See also Cold-formed members; Compression members; Framing; Sections; Structures)

Composite beams: action of 6.67 11.50box girder (see Box girders) components of 7.18 8.15 8.16 11.50concrete encased 6.72 6.73

Index terms Links

Composite beams: (Cont.) continuous:

advantages of 12.153negative steel for 11.51 11.52 12.154(See also design example for below)

deflection of 12.19 12.20design example for:

ASD of bridge stringers 12.5 12.23 building beam with overhang 7.28continuous bridge beams 12.154curved bridge 12.56LFD of bridge stringer 12.34LRFD of bridge stringer 11.78 12.169 simple building beams 7.2

effective concrete flange width for 6.54 11.50 11.51flange area estimating for 12.10 12.11 12.26 12.27future reinforcement of 8.17metal deck and concrete 8.2 8.16 8.17minimum depths for 11.51neutral axis location in 7.19 11.50partly composite 7.21plastic design stresses in 7.19shear-connectors:

design with for bridges 11.50design with for buildings 6.67 7.18strength of 6.71 6.72 11.52

shoring of 6.67 8.4 8.6 8.17 8.25 11.51spans for 12.4 12.5transformed section for 6.67 6.68 7.25 11.50types of 6.69vibration design of 7.26web shear in 11.51

(See also Beams; Plate girders) (See also Concrete slabs composite;

Shear connectors) Composite open-web joists 8.17 8.18Composite trusses 8.18 8.19Compression:

flexibility in 3.23local buckling effects from 3.99 6.62 6.63 6.80 6.81stiffness in 3.23uniform 3.22 6.42(See also Columns)

Compression members: building 7.5built-up bridge 11.46shear in 11.48truss 13.21(See also Arches; Columns;

Compression) Concrete:

allowable compressive stress for 6.69 6.73 11.50 11.7bearing strength of 7.38 7.39creep of 11.50 11.51 12.7 12.11 12.27

Index terms Links Concrete: (Cont.)

lightweight 8.6 8.7 12.3modular ratio of 6.68 6.73 11.50precast plank 8.8 8.9 8.11 8.12 12.3prestressed plank 8.8 8.9steel reinforcement for 11.50 11.70 11.71strength of 7.18weight of 11.69(See also Columns, concrete-filled;

Composite beams; Composite joists; Composite trusses)

Concrete slabs: composite:

construction with 6.67 8.2 8.16 8.17 11.50design example for 12.5 12.37

edge beams required for 11.70 11.71effective span of 11.70forms for 12.4noncomposite; design example for 14.47 14.48spanning directions of 13.9toppings for 8.8 8.9 11.69truck-load moments in 11.70 11.71

Conjugate-beam method 3.70Connections:

angel 5.40bearing-type:

allowable stresses for 6.35applications for 2.5 5.1cost of 5.4 5.10defined 5.3design strength of 6.35

block shear failure of 6.41bolted:

clearances for 5.13 5.14contact surfaces in 5.18edge distances in 5.14gage in 5.13 5.14 6.64hole alignment in 5.17maximum bolt spacing in 5.13 5.14minimum bolt spacing in 5.13minimum bolts for 5.12 5.39pitch in 5.13 5.14 6.76 6.77(See also Bolts, holes for;

Compression members, built-up; Tension members, built-up)

bolted and welded 5.2 5.3 5.19for bracing 5.98 9.30 9.41 9.42bracket 5.67bridge floorbeam 11.3 11.4bridge stringer 11.3 11.4column end 6.76design procedure for 5.38drawings of 2.2 6.29for earthquake loads 9.25 9.30 9.39

Index terms Links

Connections: (Cont.) economic considerations for 5.1 5.4 5.39fatigue-prone 5.1 5.48

(See also Hangers) fully restrained (see rigid below) girder cover plate to flange 6.65girder flange to web 6.65 11.50gusset-plate 5.40 5.98hanger end (see Hangers) knee (see moment below) minimum design load for 5.12 5.39moment:

application of 5.86forces on 5.39weak-column 9.28(See also rigid and semirigid below)

partially restrained (see semirigid below)

pin (see Pins) prying forces on 5.43 5.103 5.105 5.106 11.29rigid:

drawings of 2.2forces on 5.77purpose of 5.77 5.86seismic design of 9.25 9.39 9.40(See also moment above)

riveted and welded 5.2screwed 10.37semirigid 5.77 9.39 9.40simple-beam:

drawings of 2.2 5.77end rotations of 5.77framed 5.77seated 5.77shear on 5.77

slip-critical: allowable slip load for 6.36 6.38allowable stresses for 5.3applications of 2.5 5.1 6.29bolts for 6.37 11.26cost of 5.3 5.10 5.11defined 5.3design strength for 6.36maximum load on 11.28slip coefficients for 11.27 11.28surface classes for 11.27 11.28

snug tight: applications of 2.5

welded: advantages of 5.19 5.20 5.41for box girder components 11.60 11.67 11.68in cold-formed members 10.30contact surfaces in 5.33design of 5.19

Index terms Links

Connections: welded: (Cont.) disadvantages of 5.19drawings of 2.2fatigue of 6.38 6.51finish machining of 5.34fit-up costs for 5.20plate ends in 6.30 6.32 6.33for plate girder components 6.65 11.67selection of 11.67stress relieving of 5.34with studs 5.5 5.6tension-member 5.31with various types of welds 5.2 5.22

(See also Welding; Welds) (See also Bolts; Joints; Splices;

Welding; Welds) Copper 1.34Corrosion:

protection of cables against 15.45rates of 1.5resistance of steels to 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.10 1.11 1.33 weathering-steel resistance to 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.6

Cranes 2.17Creep:

of concrete 11.50 11.51 12.7 12.11 12.27of steel 1.22 1.23 1.32 1.34 1.35

Cross frames 5.96 12.127 12.128 12.138Curved girders:

advantages of 12.48analysis of:

approximate methods for 12.49closed-framing 12.52 12.54limitations on 12.49open-framing 12.49 12.55

box 12.49 12.52bracing for 12.49design example for 12.56erection of 2.24fabrication of 2.14 12.55loads on 12.54 12.55sizing of 12.55structural behavior of 12.48 12.49supports for 12.49 12.53

Cutting: with flame 1.40 2.3 2.4with plasma 1.40 2.4with saws 2.4with shears 1.39 2.4

D’Alembert’s principle 3.12 3.117Decks (see Bridges, decks for; Floors) Deflections:

beam: conjugate beam method for 3.69

Index terms Links

Deflections: beam: (Cont.) elastic curves for 3.36maximum in 3.42 6.74moment-area method for 3.69 3.72unit-load method for 3.56 3.72

bridge 11.3 12.139concrete plank 8.9concrete slab 8.9influence lines for 3.89relation to load 3.37relation to shear 3.37shear 3.45 3.46

Deformations: computation assumptions for 3.2 3.7laws of 3.1(See also Beams; Columns; Creep;

Deflections; Displacements; Elongations; Rotations; Strains)

Degrees of freedom 3.76 3.78 3.115Derricks 2.17Design strength (see Strength design) Detailers 2.1Details (see Drawings) Diaphragms:

box girders with 12.125 12.126concrete-plank 8.9concrete-slab 8.9lateral bracing:

in bridges 5.95 5.96 11.42 11.174 12.2 12.3 12.5in buildings 5.95 5.96 9.42

shear in 8.8steel-deck 8.7 8.8 8.10wood-fiber-plank 8.11

Displacement methods 3.76Displacements:

acceleration 3.10 3.11axial-load 3.23by Castigliano’s theorems 3.56 3.57plane motion 3.10virtual 3.52(See also Deflections; Strains;

Structural analysis) Distribution factors, moment 3.83Domes:

advantages of 8.31 8.32defined 4.8hooped and ribbed 4.19membrane theory for 4.8plate 4.8ribbed 4.8 4.11Schwedler 4.22types of 8.31 8.32

Index terms Links Drawings:

design 2.2detail 2.1 2.2erection 2.1 2.2 2.25

Drilling 1.39 2.3 5.11 5.12Ductility 1.16 1.18 1.22 1.32 1.38Ductility transition temperature 1.24 1.25 1.33 1.38Dummy-unit-load method 3.56 3.57 3.73Dynamics:

branches of 3.10defined 3.10

Earthquakes: allowable stresses for 6.51design for:

by dynamic force method 9.14by equivalent force method 9.10prime concerns in 9.1specifications for 9.9 9.10

ground accelerations from 6.21loads from (see Loads, seismic) severity map of 6.22 6.25 9.11(See also Loads; Frames)

Elastic center 4.5Elastomeric bearings 11.55 11.63Elongations 1.3 1.4 1.12 1.13 1.15 1.16

(See also Deformations) Endurance (fatigue) limit 3.118Energy:

elastic potential (see strain below) strain:

bending 3.55of axially loaded members 3.52shear 3.55torsion 3.55

Equilibrium laws of 3.6 3.7Erection:

of bridges 2.23 14.6 14.7of buildings 2.20 2.23drawings for 2.2 2.25equipment for 2.17planning for 11.77safety concerns in 2.21 2.23 2.27tolerances in 2.25 2.26

Euler’s formula 3.94Expansion coefficient 1.4Eyebars 6.33 11.46 Fabrication:

of built-up sections 2.12Chicago method of 2.10computer controlled 2.4 2.5 2.9cutting (see Cutting) drawings for 2.1 2.2

Index terms Links Fabrication: (Cont.)

estimate 2.1fit-up in 2.9 fully assembled method of 2.10 2.11Gary method of 2.10of girders 2.9operations during 2.3planning for 11.77reamed-template method of 2.9tolerances in 2.2 2.3 2.12 2.16 2.17of trusses 2.10 2.11(See also Box girders; Curved girders;

Drilling; Plate girders; Punching; Reaming; Sawing; Welding; Welds)

Fasteners (see Bolts; Pins; Studs; Welds) Fatigue:

constants 6.51cracking from 11.30described 1.22effect of notches on. 1.22hanger design for 5.46 5.47loading cycles causing 6.51 6.57provisions for avoiding 6.57 6.62 11.30resistance to 1.34splice design for 5.48stress categories for 6.51stress range for:

defined 1.22 11.30in bridges 11.30 11.31in buildings 6.51 6.57

Fatigue limit 3.119Ferrite 1.30Fillers 5.16 5.17 5.38 5.52Fire:

characteristics of 6.86fuel for in buildings 6.86loading 6.86 6.87resistance to 6.86 6.88 6.95 6.96 6.100severity of 6.86

Fire protection: building code requirements for 6.85 6.86 6.97 6.99with concrete 6.91 6.92 8.6 8.7 8.9 8.11by concrete-encasing steel framing 8.9design of 6.100flame-shield 6.93 6.97with gypsum 6.89 6.90with masonry 6.93metal-covered 6.93 6.94methods of 8.28spray -applied 6.89 6.91 6.93 6.94 8.6of steel-deck floor 8.6 8.7 8.10with suspended-ceiling 6.90 8.6 8.7test evaluation of 6.86 6.88thermal size of 6.95 6.99

Index terms Links

Fire protection: (Cont.) thickness equations for 6.95 6.96 6.100with water-filled columns 6.93 6.95 6.96with wood-fiber plank 8.11

Fire rating agencies 6.86 6.88Fire ratings 6.86Fire tests 6.86 6.88 6.93 6.97Flame shields 6.93 6.97Flexibility coefficients 3.76Flexibility; axial-load 3.24

(See also Stiffness) Floorbeams:

bridge: ASD examples of 12.75 12.105 12.106 14.54bracket 12.81 12.82end connections for 11.3 11.4orientation of 11.3 11.42 13.5with orthotropic plate flanges 4.48 4.51 12.15for trusses 3.60 11.3 11.4 11.42 13.5

building (see Beams, design example) Floors:

bridge (see Bridges; decks for) concrete (see Concrete, precast plank,

and prestressed plank; Concrete slabs)

framing for (see Framing) loads on (see Loads) steel deck:

attachment to framing 8.8cellular 8.2composite beams with 6.68 7.18 8.2 8.16 8.17depths of 8.2diaphragm action with 8.7interlocking of 8.8minimum yield stress for 8.1spans of 8.2thicknesses of 8.2(See also Orthotropic plates)

steel grid 11.69 11.71 11.72 12.3vibrations in 6.75 8.28 8.29(See also Diaphragms; Roofs)

Folded plates 4.42Force methods 3.76Force-displacement equations (see

Structural analysis) Forces:

addition of 3.2characteristics of 3.2collinear 3.2components of 3.2concentrated 3.2concurrent 3.2 3.5coplanar 3.2distributed 3.2

Index terms Links

Forces: (Cont.) in equilibrium 3.7 3.8frictional 3.8 3.9moments of 3.5 3.6normal 3.14resultant of 3.3shearing 3.14(See also Loads)

Fracture-appearance transition temperature 1.25 1.33 1.34 1.38

Fracture-critical member 11.29 11.170 13.4Fracture mechanics 1.25 1.26Fracture toughness 1.26Frames:

base shear in 6.21 9.10 9.16bent 3.62buckling in 3.98 3.99concentric braced 9.19 9.28cross 5.96 11.43 11.44 11.175 11.176 12.22degree of determinancy 3.62 3.63displacement effects on 3.101dual system 9.12 9.13 9.21 9.22 9.38ductility evaluation of 9.17eccentric braced 9.12 9.19 9.23 9.31fundamental elastic period of 6.21 6.23 6.24 9.12gable 3.68 3.69hysteretic behavior of 9.17irregular 9.14maximum drift (sideway) of 6.75 9.14maximum moments in 6.8 6.9moment-resisting 3.60 8.18 9.12 9.19

(See also Rigid frames) motion equations for 9.14nodes in 3.76nonlinear behavior of 3.99 9.38 9.39planar 3.62rigid (see moment-resisting above)

(See also Rigid frames) seismic coefficients for 6.21 9.11 9.12 9.17seismic design for 9.10

(See also Earthquakes) seismic loads on (see Loads, seismic) seismic response spectra for 9.15seismic slenderness limitations for 9.24soil profile coefficients for 6.23 9.11space 3.62 8.29 8.30statically determinate 3.68 3.69statically indeterminate 3.68 3.69wind design for 9.1(See also ASD; Framing; Loads; LRFD

Structural analysis; Structures) Framing:

barrel-vault 8.30cold-formed steel 8.18 8.19

Index terms Links

Framing: (Cont.) components of 7.1concrete-encased 8.9 8.10fire protected (see Fire protection) floor:

bridge (see Bridges, decks for) selection of 8.14trusses for 8.19

height of 6.30lateral 7.1

(See also Bracing; Walls, shear) open-web-joist 8.17plane grid:

double-layer 4.34influence coefficients for 4.36 4.38joints in 4.35orthogonal 4.35single-layer 4.34

roof (see Roofs) staggered truss 8.21stressed-skin 8.31structural integrity in 11.29thermal restraint of 6.93 6.98wide-flange-beam 8.14(See also ASD; Bracing; Bridges;

Buildings; Frames; LRFD; Structures)

Free-body diagram 3.7Frequency, natural circular 3.117Friction:

angle of 3.9coefficients of 3.8 3.9cone of 3.9dry 3.8 3.9kinetic (sliding) 3.8 3.9static 3.8 3.9

Galvanizing 15.49 15.51 15.52Girders:

box (see Box girders) composite (see Composite beams) cost comparison of 14.5 14.6crane:

camber of 6.76columns for 5.107connections for 5.107fabrication of 2.14lateral bracing for 5.108loads on 6.26stiffeners for 5.108

curved (see Curved girders) defined 7.1highway distribution to 11.20 12.9hybrid (see Plate girders)

Index terms Links

Girders: (Cont.) railway load distribution to 11.162 11.163spacing of 11.69span of 6.64splices in (see Splices) stub 8.19 8.20(See also Beams; Plate girders;

Sections; Stiffeners; Stringers) Grillages 5.54Gussets 5.40 5.42 5.97 6.64 13.35Gypsum concrete, roofs of 8.13 Hangers:

allowable stresses for 11.164(See also Allowable stresses)

ASD of 7.3 7.4bridge floorbeam 11.4 14.63 14.64end connections for:

bolts in tension in 5.42butt joint 5.46 5.47design loads for 5.39lap-joint 5.41 5.42strength required 5.39 5.40(See also Connections; Joints;

Splices) fatigue design of 5.46 5.47LRFD of 7.3

Hardness 1.17 1.31Hinges:

bearing 12.97 12.101pinned support 3.21plastic 3.106 3.111 3.114 6.64

Hollow structural sections: concentrated loads on 6.84local buckling of 6.80strength of:

bending 6.82 6.83combined bending and compression 6.84combined tension and compression 6.84compression 6.80shear 6.83tension 6.79 6.80torsion 6.83 6.84

wind loads on 6.79Homogeneous properties 3.17Hooke’s law 3.17 3.23Hydrogen 1.34 Impulse 3.13Inertia, moment of 3.28 11.123Inertia, polar moment of 3.25 3.26Influence lines 3.89Iron carbide 1.30

Index terms Links Iron:

alpha 1.30cast 1.31gamma 1.30

Iron-carbon diagram 1.30Isotropic properties 3.17 Joints:

axially stressed members in 5.40 5.96 5.97 13.3 13.5butt 5.46 5.47cracking in 1.29expansion 11.72 11.76 12.4lamellar tearing in 1.27lap 5.40(See also Connections; Knee braces;

Nodes; Splices; Trusses, joints in) Joists, open-web 5.96 6.2 8.17 K-area cracking 1.29Kinematics 3.10 3.11Kinetics 3.10Knee braces 5.89 5.90 12.113 12.114 Lacing 6.76 6.77 11.46 11.48Lamellar tearing 1.27LFD:

defined 11.2 11.36load combinations in 12.39 12.40

Load factors (see LFD; LRFD) Load-and-resistance-factor design

(see LRFD) Loads:

bridge curbs 11.11bridge lateral locomotive 11.161bridge longitudinal 11.10 11.160sidewalk 11.10 11.11building occupancy 6.2buoyancy 11.13centrifugal-force 11.10 11.160 11.161combinations of:

for bridges 11.13 11.162for buildings 6.28 6.29

concentrated 6.7 6.8construction factored 11.77Cooper railway bridge 11.156 11.157crane runway 6.26culvert 11.14dead:

for bridges 11.5 11.21 11.155 11.156 12.4for buildings 6.3 6.21defined 3.59

defined 3.59

Index terms Links

Loads: (Cont.) dynamic:

characteristics of 3.59effect on materials 3.118impactive (see impact below) impulsive 3.114periodic 3.114

earthquake (see seismic below) fatigue truck 11.35flowing-water-pressure 11.12 11.13gravity 6.3

(See also dead above and live below) ice 11.12 11.13impact:

on buildings 3.114 6.26on highway bridges 11.6 11.8on railway bridges 11.157 11.159 11.160

limit 3.107live:

building 6.3 6.6defined 3.59Fourier series for 12.142 12.143highway bridge 11.5 11.9 11.31 12.4highway bridge railings 11.8 11.9railway bridge 11.156 11.157reduced 6.3 6.8

long-duration 3.59 3.60minimum design 6.2

(See also specific type of load above and below)

pattern 6.8 6.9relation to deflection 3.38relation to shear 3.34 3.36 3.43 3.45repetitive 3.60 3.118 11.30 11.35restraint 6.28seismic:

on bridges 11.9 11.162on buildings 6.21 9.9 9.24 9.25

snow 6.10 6.11static 3.59thermal 11.9 11.10torsional 3.24transient (see dynamic above) ultimate 3.107 3.109wind:

on bridges 11.11 11.12 11.43 11.161 11.162 13.13 13.14on buildings 6.10 6.12 9.3

(See also Forces) Lower-bound theorem 3.109LRFD:

basis for 11.2 11.17 11.18

Index terms Links

LRFD: (Cont.) for bridges:

load combinations in 11.18 11.19specifications for 11.1 11.2 11.30 11.31 11.78

for buildings: load combinations in 6.28 6.29specifications for 6.1 6.2 6.29 6.30

for cold-formed members 10.3 10.4 10.6design strength in (see Strength design) limit states for 11.17 11.18load factors for 6.29 10.6 11.17principles of 6.30resistance factors for 6.30 10.3 111.13 11.19 11.20versus ASD 8.25(See also Beams; Columns; Composite

beams; Strength design; Trusses)

Manganese 1.34 1.35Martensite 1.31 1.35Maxwell’s reciprocal theorem 3.59Mechanics:

branches of 3.2 3.10defined 3.2laws of 3.1

Mechanism: composite (combination) 3.11independent (fundamental) 3.111 3.113kinematic 3.107

Mechanism method; for plastic analysis 3.111Membrane theory 4.8Modulus:

of elasticity: defined 3.17effect of strain rate on 1.19for structural steels 1.4 1.15 1.20temperature effects on 1.20

section (see Section modulus) shear (rigidity) 1.4 1.15 1.20 3.18strain-hardening 1.15

Mohr’s circle 3.20Molybdenum 1.34Moment-area method 3.69 3.72Moment-distribution method 3.81Moments:

carry-over 3.82defined 3.45diagrams of 3.38fixed-end 3.42 3.79of force system 3.5 3.6influence lines for 3.89from maximum highway load:

on beam stringers 12.7 12.24on box girders 12.119 12.120on curved girders 12.58

Index terms Links

Moments: from max. highway load: on deck girders 12.84 12.85 12.130 12.132on floorbeams 12.75 12.76 12.15per lane 11.16on rib stringers 12.143

plastic 3.29 7.10relation to shear 3.34 3.38 3.45static 3.34(See also Beams)

Momentum 3.13Muller-Breslau principle 3.92 3.93 Newton’s laws 3.11Nickel 1.34Nitrogen 1.34Nodes 3.76Normalizing 1.19 1.32 1.38Notch toughness 1.4 1.32Nuts 5.2 5.3 5.5 5.8 Orthotropic plates:

bracing for 11.63bridge cross sections with 12.129bridge design example for 12.130characteristics of 4.48 11.61 12.128deflection limits for 11.63effective width of 11.62fatigue design for 11.63girders for 12.128maximum slenderness ratio for 11.62Pelikan-Esslinger method for 4.50 12.130plate parameters for 4.59ribs in:

as stringers 4.48 11.61connections to 11.63design example for 12.139thickness limits for 11.62types of 4.48 4.49 11.61

steel strength for 11.62stresses in:

allowable 11.62 11.63with closed ribs 4.57with open ribs 4.51

thickness for 11.62wearing surfaces for 11.69 11.70wheel load distribution to 11.61 11.62(See also Bridge, orthotropic plate;

Box girders; Floorbeams; Plate girders)

Oxygen 1.34 Pδ moments 3.103 3.104 6.41P∆ moments 3.104 3.105 6.41Paint 2.14 11.76 11.77

(Cont.)

Index terms Links Pearlite 1.30 1.31Pelikan-Esslinger method 4.50 12.130Phosphorus 1.34Pins:

allowable stresses for (see Allowable stresses)

applications of 5.7axial hole in 5.7 5.8bearing on thin webs 5.7 5.8bending of 5.7 11.25connection holes for 5.8design of 5.8finish on 5.7reinforcement for 11.45securing of 5.8shear on 5.7 11.25steels for 5.7

Pipe: as columns 6.73 6.74 6.79 6.80 7.6 10.30

Plastic analysis: equilibrium (statical) method of 3.109matrix stiffness method of 3.114mechanism method of 3.111

Plastic design: maximum column loads in 6.78 6.79maximum unbraced beam length 6.78maximum yield stress in 6.78moment capacity in 6.78 6.79moment redistribution in 6.78 6.79shape factors in 6.78width-thickness limits for 6.78(See also LRFD; Structural analysis)

Plate girders: bearings for (see Bearings) camber of 2.9 11.50

(See also Camber) composite (see Composite beams) composition of 8.29cost-effective design of 11.54curved (see Curved girders) deck with floorbeams:

advantages of 12.69ASD example for 12.82overturning of 12.102

design method preferred for 11.54design section for 6.52economical spacing of 11.55economy of with LFD 11.54fabrication of 2.9 2.12 2.13flange to web connections in 6.52 11.50 11.177flanges of:

bracing of (see Bracing) composition of 11.49 11.55effective area of 6.52

Index terms Links Plate girders: flanges of: (Cont.)

hole deductions for 6.52splicing of 11.55 12.21 12.22 12.28thickness minimum for 11.56thickness variation of 12.21width minimum for 11.55 11.56width variation of 11.55 12.21 12.22width / length ratio limit for 11.56width / thickness ratio limit for 6.50 11.37 11.38 11.65

floorbeam design example for 12.75haunching of 11.55 12.21hybrid:

cost effectiveness of 11.55 11.60defined 1.9design example for 14.54painted 11.54 11.55steel strengths for 11.60 12.20stresses for 11.60 11.61

rolled beam alternative to 11.55splices (see Splices) stiffeners for (see Stiffeners) through:

characteristics of 5.96 12.69 12.104design example for 12.105effect of web depth on 12.110

weathering versus painted steel 11.54webs of:

depth / thickness ratio limits for 6.63 6.65 6.66 9.24 11.38gross area of 6.65optimum depth of 11.40 11.41 11.55shear and tension in 6.41 11.40shear strength of 6.34 6.35thickness selection for 11.40thickness variation for 11.55

welds for 6.65 11.60 11.67 11.177(See also Beams; Girders; Sections;

Stringers) Plates:

anisotropic 4.48apron 11.72base 5.54 7.37 12.97 12.99 12.102beam bearing 5.60buckling of 3.99 3.100butt 5.51column splice 5.53 5.54cover:

estimated length of 12.13 12.15perforated 6.63 6.76 11.46rolled beams with 2.13 6.65 12.4 12.5 12.13 12.15shear in 11.46width / thickness ratio limits for 6.63

filler 5.16 5.17 5.38 5.52folded 4.42gusset 5.40 5.42 5.97 6.64 13.35

Index terms Links

Plates: (Cont.) heat treatment of 1.37mechanical properties of 1.1orthogonal-anisotropic (see Orthotro-

pic plates) orthotropic (see Orthotropic plates) rolling of 1.37sole 11.64 12.97 12.98 12.100 12.102 12.103splice 5.38 5.47 5.64 6.64stay 11.46 11.174thickness limitations for 1.3 1.4tie 6.76 11.46

Poisson’s ratio: defined 3.17for structural steels 1.4 1.16 1.20

Portal method 9.33Pot bearings 11.65 11.66Proportional limit 1.16PTFE pads 11.65Punching 1.39 2.3 5.11 5.12Purlins 7.1 10.19 Reactions:

arch 4.1 4.11 4.19beam 3.38 3.64 3.65cable 4.24influence lines for 3.89from maximum bridge highway load 11.16 11.9 11.26statically determinate 3.63 3.64(See also Shear)

Reaming 1.39 2.8 5.12Reciprocal theorem 3.59Reiher-Meister scale 8.28 8.29Reinforcing steel 11.50Rigid frames:

arched 14.3column design example for 7.33defined 3.60(See also Frames; moment-resisting)

Rigidity; modulus of (see Modulus, shear)

Rivets 6.33 6.35Rockers 6.48 11.24 11.26 11.64 11.167 12.97 12.99 12.103Rockwell hardness 1.17Roller supports 3.21 3.23Rollers 6.48 11.24 11.26 11.64 11.167Roofs:

cable 8.33coverings for 8.9drainage of 6.75gypsum-concrete 8.13 8.15loads on (see Loads) plate girders in 8.29

Index terms Links

Roofs: (Cont.) ponding on 6.75precase concrete 8.11steel deck:

attachment to framing 8.11 8.13diaphragm action with 8.10fire proteciton of 8.10spans for 8.11standing seam 8.10

wind pressures on 6.14wood-fiber-plank 8.11 8.12 8.14(See also Floors)

Rope: breaking strength of 6.85 15.37defined 1.13 15.36design factor for 6.85mechanical properties of 1.14 15.36(See also Cables)

Rotation 3.10(See also Beams, bending slope of and

end rotations of)

Saddles 15.8 15.41 15.45Sawing 2.4Scarfing 1.38Schwedler dome 8.32Section modulus:

elastic 3.28plastic 3.29 6.46 6.78 6.82 7.10 12.45

Sections: axial yield loads on 3.105 3.106built-up 2.12(See also Beams, cover-plated; Box

girders; Columns, built-up; Plate girders; Tension members, built-up)

circular hollow 3.30 6.63 6.79of cold-formed steel 10.1 10.2combined-loading strength of 3.106compact 6.45 6.62 11.15defined 2.10geometric properties of 3.30 3.31noncompact 6.62plastic moment of 3.106rotational capacity of 6.45shape factors for 3.106yield moment of 3.106

Set, permanent 1.18Shafts 3.21 3.24Shapes:

compact 6.45 6.62fabrication of 2.11 2.12group classification of 1.3 1.4mechanical properties of 1.1noncompact 6.62

Index terms Links Shapes: (Cont.)

ordering of 2.11 2.12rolling of 1.37 1.38slender-element 6.62Strouhal number for 13.16 13.17types of 2.11wide-flange 8.14 8.21(See also Beams; Columns; Composite

beams; Sections) Shear:

in beams: deflections from 3.45 3.46diagrams of 3.38maximum 3.34relation to deflection 3.37relation to loads 3.36 3.43 3.45relation to moment 3.34 3.38 3.45variation along span 3.34variation with depth 3.29 3.33

in diaphragm floors 8.7 8.8influence lines for 3.89from maximum highway load:

in beam stringers 12.9 12.25 12.26in box girders 12.120in curved girders 12.59 12.60in deck girders 12.86 12.87 12.132in floorbeams 12.75 12.77 12.150per lane 11.16

maximum stress at a point 3.18negative and positive 3.34pure 3.19 3.20strain energy of 3.55strains at a point 3.17 3.18stresses at a point 3.17torsional 3.24(See also Allowable stresses, shear;

Cold-formed members; Reactions; Strength design, shear)

Shear center 3.48 3.49Shear connectors:

allowable shear range for 11.52 11.53concrete cover over 11.52edge distances for 11.52embedment depth for 11.52fatigue design for 11.52 11.53number required 6.67 11.53 11.54properties required of 11.52purposes of 6.69spacing of 6.70 6.71 11.52 11.53stress category for 11.50welded channel 6.69 11.52 11.54welded stud 6.69 11.52 11.53

Index terms Links Shear modulus:

at high temperatures 1.20defined 1.16 1.17for structural steels 1.17

Shearing 1.39Shipping pieces 2.1Silicon 1.34Slabs:

concrete (see Concrete slabs) steel 1.36 1.37

Slenderness ratio (see Columns, slenderness ratio of; Tension mem- bers; maximum slenderness ratio for)

Slope-deflection method 3.78Spandrels 8.14Specifications, tolerances in 2.2 2.3

(See also specific types of construc- tion such as Cable-stayed bridges)

Splices: beam 2.24bolted 5.17column 5.16 5.17 5.24 5.50 6.76compression 5.50fillers in 5.16 5.17girder flange 2.13girder web 5.62of heavy sections 1.28 5.2shear 5.62tension 5.47truss-chord 5.96 5.97welded 5.16 5.17 5.34

(See also Connections; Joints) Statics:

defined 3.2equilibrium in 3.6 3.7

Steel-grid floors 11.69 11.71 11.72 12.3Steelmaking:

casting 1.36chemicals used in 1.33continuous casting 1.36 1.37deoxidation in 1.32fine-grain practice 1.36 1.38furnaces for 1.35 1.36killed practice 1.36sampling during 1.33

Steels: A242 1.2 1.3A283 10.1A36:

applications of 1.2relative cost of 1.8stress-strain curve for 1.3tensile strength of 1.2thickness 1.3

Index terms Links Steels: A36: (Cont.)

transition temperatures of 1.25yield point of 1.2 1.3

A500 1.13A501 1.13A514 1.4 1.6A529 10.1A570 1.10 1.12A572 1.3 1.4A573 1.2 1.3A586 1.14A588 1.2 1.3A603 1.14A606 1.10 1.12A607 1.11 1.12A611 1.11 1.12 10.1 10.2A618 1.13A633 1.3 1.5A653 1.11 1.12 10.1 10.2A678 1.3A709 1.6A715 1.11 1.12A792 1.11 1.12A847 1.13A852 1.3 1.5A875 1.12A913 1.3 1.5A992 1.3 1.4ASTM standards for 6.2abrasion resistance of 1.33architecturally exposed 6.93area-reduction percentage 1.16bridge 1.6 11.29 11.30 11.74 11.75brittle fracture (see Brittle fracture) cable 1.13 1.14carbon 1.1chemicals in 1.33

(See also specific chemicals) cleaning of 2.15 2.16cleavage fracture of 1.24coarse-grained 1.32cold-formed 6.2 8.1 8.2 8.18 8.19 10.1conditioning (resurfacing) of 1.37 1.38corrosion of (see Corrosion) costs of 1.8creep of 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.32 1.34 1.35cutting of (see Cutting) density of 1.4ductile fracture 1.23ductility of 1.16effect of fire on 6.89elastic range of 1.15elongation percentage of 1.3 1.4 1.12 1.13 1.16eutectoid 1.31

Index terms Links Steels: (Cont.)

fatigue of (see Fatigue) fine-grained 1.32flaking (internal cracking) of 1.34for fracture-critical members 11.29grain size effects on 1.32hardness of 1.17 1.32heat (ladle) analysis of 1.33heat-treated carbon 1.1 1.5 1.32heat-treated constructional 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.32hot shortness (cracking) of 1.34HPS 1.6 11.29 11.54 11.55HSLA (see low-alloy below) identification markings on 1.7 1.8inelastic range of 1.15killed 1.37lamellar tearing in 1.28low-alloy 1.1 1.32maraging 1.35mill scale on 2.15minimum thickness permitted for 11.74 11.172modulus of elasticity of 1.4 1.15M270 (see bridge above) notch toughness of 1.5 1.23 1.32 1.33painting of 2.15 11.76 11.77pin 5.7plastic range of 1.15Poisson’s ratio of 1.4 1.16pressure-vessel 1.7proportional limit of 1.16shear (rigidity) modulus of 1.4 1.16 1.17shear fracture of 1.24shear strength of 1.4 1.17shear yield stress of 1.4 1.17sheet 1.10silicon-killed 1.33 1.34 1.36specifications for 1.1 1.10strain-hardening range of 1.15stress-strain curves for 1.1 1.2 1.15 3.15strip 1.12structural quality 1.6tensile strength (see Tensile strength) tension tests on 1.14thermal expansion coefficient of 1.4thickness effects on 1.26 1.28tubing 1.13weathering 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 11.75 11.76weight of 1.4weldability of 1.1 1.33 2.4 5.20

(See also Welding; Welds) (See also Yield point; Yield strength)

Stiffeners: for arches 11.47bearing 6.44 6.66 11.37 11.39 11.177 14.58

Index terms Links Stiffeners: (Cont.)

for box girders 11.58for columns (see Columns, stiffeners) as connections to cross frames 11.39 11.43 11.175for crane-girders 5.108for plate girders:

intermediate 6.66 6.67 11.39 11.55 11.177 11.178 12.21 14.57 14.58longitudinal 11.41 11.42 11.55 14.56spacing of 11.40 11.177 12.20on through bridges 5.96

Stiffness: axial-load 3.23bending 3.97torsional 3.97

Stiffness coefficient 3.79Stiffness matrix 3.84 3.105 3.114Strain aging 1.18 1.22Strain components 3.17 3.18Strain hardening 1.15 1.18 3.105 3.118Strains:

in beams 3.25effect of loading rate on 1.19elastic 1.15inelastic 1.15lateral 3.17plane 3.18residual 1.18 1.19rupture 3.105shear 3.18torsional 3.24 3.25uniform 3.13 3.14 3.22 3.23yield 3.105(See also Displacements)

Strand: defined 1.14 6.66 15.36locked-coil 15.36 15.37 15.41mechanical properties of 1.14 15.36parallel-wire 15.36prestressing 15.36 15.41sockets for 15.43specifications for 1.14structural 15.36 15.41wire lay in 15.36(See also Cables; Rope; Wire)

Strength: fatigue 3.118ultimate 3.118 6.68(See also specific types of construction; such as Beams; Cables;

Composite beams; Concrete)

Index terms Links Strength design:

bearing 6.48bending:

of bridge beams 11.2 11.5 11.13 12.46of building beams 6.31 6.45 6.46 6.82 6.83 7.10 7.19compression with 6.48 6.49 6.84 13.24 13.25tension with 6.50 6.84 13.26of truss chords 13.24

block-shear 6.41compression:

of bridge members 13.21 13.42 13.43of building members 6.31 6.42 6.43 6.62 6.80

6.82 9.24 9.25for cyclic loading 6.33defined 6.30of rivets 6.33 6.35of rockers 6.48of rollers 6.48for seismic loading 9.13 9.14 9.24 9.25shear:

in bolts 6.35 6.36in bridge beams 12.46 12.47in building beams 6.31 6.34 6.83 7.10

for tension in bolts 6.33 6.34of tension members 6.30 7.2of threaded parts 6.33 6.35of welds 6.38 6.39

Stress components 3.14Stress range 6.51Stress relieving 1.19Stress-strain curves:

plotting of 3.14for structural steel 1.1 1.2 1.15 3.15

Stresses: axial compression 3.22 3.23axial tension 3.22 2.23bending (see Beams; Beam-columns;

Columns; Tension members) coordinate transformation of 3.18normal 3.14(See also axial compression and axial

tension above) plane 3.18principal directions for 3.18principal 3.18residual 1.26 1.27 1.40 2.9shear (see Shear) uniform 3.13 3.14 3.22 3.23

Stringers: camber of 12.19 12.22 12.23

(See also Camber) deflection of 12.19 12.20end connections for 11.2 11.4

Index terms Links Stringers: (Cont.)

highway load distributions to 11.20 12.8 12.9hybrid-girder 12.20orientation of 11.3plate-girder:

ASD example for 12.23bearings for 12.22bracing of 12.22 12.45 12.46compactness check of 12.44 12.45composite 12.21

(See also Composite beams) continuous 12.21 12.22curved (see Curved girders) fatigue in 12.42 12.44haunches for 12.21LFD example for 12.34LRFD example for 11.78 12.169 spacings for 12.20span range for 12.20 12.21steels for 12.20 12.21stiffening of webs for 12.21 12.22

railway load distribution to 11.162 11.163rolled-beam:

applications of 12.1bearings for 12.3 12.5bracing of 12.1 12.5camber of 12.5composite continuous 12.3 12.154composite simple-span 12.4 12.5cover-plated 12.4 12.13 12.15design example for 12.5 12.70 14.48long-span 12.4 12.5short-span 12.3 12.4splice design example for 14.50(See also Composite beams)

spacing of 12.20supports for 11.3 11.4truss bridge 3.60 11.4 11.42(See also Beams; Plate girders)

Strouhal number 13.16 13.17Structural analysis:

cantilever method of 9.36defined 3.1 3.59displacement methods for 3.76dual-system framing 9.38first-order elastic 3.99first-order inelastic 3.99 3.105force method for 3.74idealization for 3.21 3.60 3.115matrix stiffness method for 3.84 3.105 3.114moment distribution method for 3.81plastic (see first-order inelastic above

and second-order inelastic below) portal method of 9.33

Index terms Links Structural analysis: (Cont.)

principles of 3.1second-order elastic 3.99 6.49slope-deflection method for 3.78suspension-bridge 15.53(See also ASD; LRFD; Plastic design)

Structural integrity 11.29Structural safety; requirements for 3.1Structural serviceability 3.1Structural theory; objectives of 3.1Structures:

advantages of steel in 8.1conservative 3.58dynamic equilibrium of 3.117dynamic-load response of 3.115local yielding of in earthquakes 6.16lumped-mass model of 3.115nonredundant load-path 11.29 11.35redundant load-path 11.30 11.34seismic design of 6.21serviceability requirements for 6.74 7.10statically determinate 3.62 3.68 3.69statically indeterminate 3.62structural integrity in 11.29supports for 3.21 3.23vibration frequency of 3.117vibration of 3.116vibration period of 3.117(See also Structural analysis; Framing;

and specific types of construction) Struts 3.21 6.63

(See also Columns; Compression) Studs, welded 2.8 5.5 5.6 12.17

(See also Shear connectors) Sulfur 1.34Suspension bridges:

analysis of: defined 15.53 15.55deflection theory for 15.60example of 15.65first-order elastic theory 15.55seismic 15.96

anchorages for 15.41 15.43 15.44 15.45 15.47 15.97 15.98backstays for 15.9bracing for 15.10cable bands, for 15.43 15.46cable saddles for 15.8 15.41cable sags for 15.68characteristics of 15.5classification of 15.23 15.24components of 15.7 15.8cost comparison for 14.6cross sections of 15.10

Index terms Links Suspension bridges: (Cont.)

decks for 15.10 15.12deflection limits for 15.70design of:

aerodynamic 15.87criteria for 15.68 15.87 15.88Hardesty-Wessman method for 15.70Steinman-Baker method for 15.70

erection of 15.93 15.97external anchorages for 15.9history of 15.1 15.2hybrid types of 15.30 15.32loads on 15.35major; details of 15.13 15.69natural frequencies of 15.88 15.91population demographics of 15.29 15.30pylons for 15.8 15.12railway 15.31 15.32 15.34roadway cross-slope limits for 15.68roadway curvature limits for 15.68self-anchored 15.8 15.9 15.74 15.75side-span / main-span ratios for 15.68spans of 15.7 15.13 15.30specifications for 15.32 15.34 15.35stability during erection of 15.93stiffening of 15.8 15.9 15.58 15.68 15.73 15.74 15.87 15.88 15.90 15.92stiffness indices for 15.90 15.91suspenders for 15.10 15.50technological limitations of 15.30 15.31 15.33tied 15.8 15.9towers for 15.8 15.12wind excitation of:

damping of 15.93flutter theory for 15.89negative-slope theory for 15.88 15.89resistance to 15.87 15.88vortex theory for 15.89

wind-effect studies for 15.86 15.93wind-induced damaged to 15.86(See also Bridge, suspension; Cables)

Systems (see Structures) Tees 6.63Tempering 1.31Tensile strength:

of cables 1.13cold-work effects on 1.18 1.19defined 1.16at high temperatures 1.20 1.32 1.34 1.35relation to hardness 1.17of sheet and strip 1.12steel-chemistry effects on 1.33strain-rate effects on 1.19

Index terms Links Tensile strength: (Cont.)

of structural steel 1.3 1.4 1.17of structural tubing 1.13thickness effects on 1.38variations in 1.28 1.29(See also Yield point; Yield strength)

Tension members: allowable stresses for 6.30 11.25 11.164angle 11.45bolt-hole widths in 6.64 11.45built-up 6.77 6.78 11.45 11.46costs of 1.8critical sections for 6.64 11.45 11.172 11.173design examples for:

ASD of truss chord 13.26 13.27ASD of hangers 7.3 7.4LFD of truss chord 13.21LRFD of hangers 7.3 13.32LRFD of truss chord 7.4 7.5

design strength of 7.2effective area of 7.2 13.19 13.20eyebar 6.33flexibility of 3.23fracture-critical 11.29limit states for 6.64maximum slenderness ratio for 6.64 6.78net area of 5.11 5.48 6.30 6.51 11.45 11.172 11.173net width of 6.64 11.45 11.172 11.173 13.19 13.20pin-connected 6.33 11.45 11.46plastic capacity of 3.106stiffness of 3.24stresses in 3.22truss 13.19 13.20

(See also Trusses) types of 7.2(See also Cables; Hangers;

Sections; Ties) Ties:

for bridge arches 14.3 14.62 14.63railway 11.157 11.158 11.162 11.163tension 3.21

Titanium 1.35Tolerances:

erection 2.25 2.26fabrication 2.2 2.3 2.12 2.16 2.17specifications for 2.16

Torque 3.24Torsion:

beam 3.48circular-shaft 3.24defined 3.21members in (see beam above)

(See also Shafts)

Index terms Links Torsion: (Cont.)

of noncircular shaft 3.25strain energy of 3.55

Towers 11.45Transformation matrix 3.86Translation 3.10Trusses:

advantages of 8.18 8.19 13.7applications of 3.60bending in 13.1bridge:

Baltimore 3.61bearings for 13.51

(See also Bearings) bending in 13.2 13.12cantilever 3.61 13.15 13.16 14.6continuous 3.61 13.51 14.2 14.6cost comparisons for 14.5cross-section selection for 13.8curve layouts for 13.50deck 3.60 3.61 13.5 13.6 13.8 13.9design procedure for 13.10 13.11end posts in 11.42 11.44floor-system stress relief in 13.8half-through 13.6inspection walkways on 13.3 13.4 13.51K 3.61 13.6lateral bracing loading for 13.9 13.14 14.15lateral bracing locations for 12.42 13.3 13.5 13.10 13.11lateral bracing purposes for 13.9longitudinal forces on 13.10member cross sections for 13.18Parker 3.61 13.6portal bracing for 13.5 13.9 13.10Pratt 3.61 13.6spacing of 13.5 13.8span limits for 13.7stiffening (see Suspension bridges,

stiffening trusses for) sway bracing for 11.42 13.2 13.9through 13.6traction 13.10 13.11Warren 3.61 13.6wind area of 13.13(See also Bracing; Compression

members; Tension members) camber of 6.76 8.21 13.12chords of:

arrangement of 12.3ASD example for 13.26defined 3.60 3.61 11.42 13.3depth variation of 13.3LFD example for 13.21LRFD design of 7.4 7.5 13.28

Index terms Links Trusses: chords of: (Cont.)

splices in 5.90 5.91 7.4 13.21 13.40stresses in (see stresses below)

components of 13.2composite 8.18 8.19counters in 13.3 13.5defined 3.60 13.1deflections of 3.67 3.68 13.13degree of determinacy 3.63 3.64depth limitations for 13.7 13.8diagonals of 3.60 3.61 13.3 13.5end posts of 13.5erection of 2.24 2.25fabrication of 2.10 2.11hangers of:

description of 13.2 13.21ASD example of 7.3 7.4LRFD design of 13.28LRFD example for 7.3 13.32(See also posts of and

verticals of below) history of 13.1 13.2joints in:

ASD example for 13.44design procedure for 13.35effectiveness factor for 13.41fastener locations for 13.20 13.21load transmission to 3.60LFD example for 13.38SLD example for, (see ASD

example for above) types of connections for 5.97 13.20 13.21working lines at 3.60 5.96 11.42 13.5(See also Connections)

lateral-force-resisting 5.98panel lengths for 13.7panel points in (see joints in above) planar 3.60 3.61posts of 13.3 13.21(See also hangers of above and

verticals of below) roof:

Belgian 3.61Bowstring 3.61Crescent 3.61English 3.61Fink 3.61Howe 3.61King post 3.61loads on 3.60Pratt 3.61Warren 3.61

space 3.60 8.29 8.30span defined 6.51

Index terms Links

Trusses: (Cont.) staggered 8.21stresses in:

assumption of hinge joints for 13.12by method of joints 3.65 3.66by method of sections 3.64 3.65secondary 13.2 13.12 13.13wind 13.13

symmetry requirement for 13.5verticals of 3.60 3.61 13.3

(See also hangers and posts above) web members of 3.60 3.61 13.3wind vibrations in 13.16working lines in 13.5(See also Beams; Framings)

Tubing, structural 1.13 6.60Tungsten 1.35 Uniform-force method 5.98Upper-bound t heorem 3.109 3.111 Vanadium 1.35Varignon’s theorem 3.5Velocity 3.10 3.11Vibrations 3.116 3.117 6.75 7.26 8.28 8.29 15.94Vickers hardness 1.17Vierendeel trusses 14.8Von Karman Trail 13.16Vortex street 13.16 Walls, shear 9.12 9.21Washers:

for bolts 5.3 5.18load indicating 5.18

Weights (see Loads, dead, and live; and specific types of construction)

Welding: blemish removal afar 5.36 5.37 5.47clearances for 5.38electrodes for:

low-hydrogen 1.39 5.34sizes of 2.6 5.37 5.38specifications for 5.19weld repair with 5.37

electrogas 2.8 5.20electroslag 2.7 5.20flux-cored arch 2.7fluxes for 5.20gas metal arc 2.7 5.30hand (see shielded metal arc below) impermissible conditions for 5.33inert-arc 1.39interpass temperatures for 5.34

Index terms Links Welding: (Cont.)

manual (see shielded metal arc below) positions of electrodes and weld axis 5.30power for 2.6preheat for 1.39 5.34qualified 5.33sequence in 5.34shielded metal arc 2.4 2.5 5.30 5.33specifications for 2.5 5.19 6.2 11.24 11.29 11.67 11.171stick (see shielded metal arc above) stud 2.8submerged-arc 1.39 2.5 2.6 5.30 5.33(See also Welds)

Welds: allowable stresses for 6.39 11.24 11.164 11.167application of 6.36 6.37butt (see groove below) compression-splice 5.50cost of 5.24 5.25crack inspection of 5.37design strength of 6.38 6.39effect of cooling rate on 1.39 5.31 5.34effective area of 6.38fatigue of 6.38fillet:

applications of 5.23bracket connections with 5.67 5.69 5.75 combined with other types 5.2 5.23effective area of 11.24end returns required for 5.32 5.85 11.67end-connection longitudinal 5.32 5.33intermittent 5.32length of:

effective 5.32 6.32 11.24minimum 11.67

load capacity of 5.32 5.86maximum size permitted 5.31 5.32 11.67minimum plate thickness for 5.31minimum size permitted 5.31 11.67nominal size of 5.23seal 11.67shapes of 5.23 5.36 5.37shear and tension on 5.75throat of 5.23 6.38 11.24tolerances for 5.33 5.36 5.37

flange to web 5.34fusion required in 5.36groove:

applications of 5.23combined with other types 5.2complete-penetration 5.23 5.51 5.53 5.62edge shapes for 5.23effective area of 11.24

Index terms Links

Welds: groove: (Cont.) effective length of 6.38 11.24matching filler metal for 5.20metal required for 5.25partial-penetration 5.23 5.24 5.51 5.52shapes of 5.37shear-splice 5.62standard types of 5.23tension-splice 5.46 5.47termination at joint ends 5.36throat of 6.38 11.24tolerances for 5.34

in heavy-section splices 1.28 5.2maximum single-pass-size 5.19metal required for 5.24 5.25notch effects of 1.39passes required for 5.24 5.25peening of 1.40 5.34permissible uses of 5.2plug 5.2 5.20 5.24 5.33 11.24prequalified 2.5quality requirements for 5.38residual stresses from 1.26 1.27seal 5.31shrinkage effects of 1.28 5.20slot 5.2 5.22 5.24 5.33stitch 5.41symbols for 5.25tack 5.22 5.34 5.36(See also Connections; Joints;

Welding) Wind:

allowable stresses for 6.53design for:

dynamic instability in 9.2 9.4geometry effects in 9.2 9.3loaded areas in 9.6 11.11 11.161 11.162prime concerns in 9.1on unenclosed structures 9.8with wind tunnel testing 9.9wind speeds 6.12 6.14 9.1 9.2 9.4 9.5

pressures from 6.10 9.2(See also Loads, wind)

Wire: cable 6.85 15.35 15.36galvanized 15.49prestressng 15.36spinning of 15.39(See also Cables; Rope; Strand)

Wood, roofs of 8.11 8.12 8.14Work:

by forces 3.51 3.52least 3.56 3.57virtual 3.51

Index terms Links Yield point 1.15 1.16Yield strain 3.105Yield strength:

cold-work effects on 1.18 1.19dynamic-load effects on 3.118grain-size effects on 1.32high-temperature effects on 1.20 6.68in shear 1.4 1.17steel-chemistry effects on 1.33of steels 1.2 1.12 1.13 1.15 1.16strain-rate effects on 1.19thickness effects on 1.38

Yield strength, variations in 1.29 1.30Yield stress (see Yield point;

Yield strength) Young’s modulus (see Modulus, of elasticity)