Index [] · Photon 17–18 –energy 18 – linear momentum 18 Photon scattering 19 Photon statistics 142 – Poissonian 142 – sub-Poissonian 143 – super-Poissonian 143 Physical

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Stefan P. Hau-Riege: High-Intensity X-Rays – Interaction with Matter — 2011/7/27 — page 263 — le-tex

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263

Index

aAb initio molecular dynamics 219Ablation 203

– ABLATOR 233– threshold 203– time 203

Above-threshold ionization 172– in hydrogen 172

Absorbed power density 220Absorption coefficient 193AC Stark shift 171Acoustic phonon 131Action 40Adiabatic limit 55Adiabatic stabilization 177Angular momentum 32Angular quantum number 36Atomic clusters 240Atomic processes 44

– in x-ray-irradiated solids 160Atomic states 29Atomic structure factor 64, 67–70, 77, 114Atomic subshell 69Atomistic models 216Attosecond x-ray pulses 155Auger

– rates 25Auger decay 20, 54, 160Auto-correlation methods 156Autoionization 54Average ion model 57Azimuthal quantum number 36

bBandpass of optics 145Bandwidth-limited x-ray pulses 144Barrier-suppression ionization 174BBGKY hierarchy 225bcc 80

Beer–Lambert law 117Bethe rule 244Bethe stopping power 128Bethe’s law 123Biological imaging 245Body-centered cubic lattice 80Bohm–Gross dispersion relation 255Boiling temperature 202–203

– values 201Boltzmann equation 133, 226, 228

– collisional 226– collisionless 227

Born–Mermim approximation 256Bragg

– equation 78, 105– reflection 5

Bremsstrahlung– absorption 133– electron–electron 134– electron–ion 133– emission 133

Brewster angle 100–101Brightness 9

cCar–Parrinello molecular dynamics 219CAT scan 5Causality 114Chaotic light 143Characteristic atomic electric field

strength 170Characteristic time scales in matter 158Characterizing x-ray pulses 155Charge trapping 135

– in semi-infinite objects and thinfilms 136

– in solid, spherical objects 135Chemical model to describe a plasma 57Chirped-pulse amplification 10

High-Intensity X-rays – Interaction with Matter, First Edition. Stefan P. Hau-Riege.© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Published 2011 by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.

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264 Index

Chirped x-ray pulses 143– down-chirped 144– up-chirped 144

Classical absorption cross section 49Classical electromagnetic theory 14Classical electron radius 63Classification 250Cluster magic numbers 240Coherence 142

– partial 143– time 142

Coherent diffractive imaging 247– at XFEL’s 250

Coherent x-ray laser 11Collective density function 133Collective scattering 254Collision integral 226Collisional Boltzmann equation 226Compton

– effect 74– scattering 19, 63

Compton wavelength 185Computer-tomography scan 5Conductivity 93Constant of motion 31Continuity equation

– fluid 230– for electric charges 15– for Liouville distribution function 225– in phase space 225

Continuum lowering 58, 132Core relaxation 69Core-shell clusters 243Correlation methods 156Coster–Kronig rates 25Coulomb coupling parameter 56Critical angle 102–103Critical electron density 251Critical point 202Crookes tube 9Cross-correlation methods 156Cross section 48Crystal 76

– imperfect 76– mosaic 86– perfect 76– perfectly imperfect 76, 86

Crystallography 245CT scan 5Cyclotron 149

dDatabases relevant to photon–matter

interaction 24

De-Broglie wavelength 41, 122Debye screening length 254Debye shielding 132Debye temperature 200Debye–Waller factor 81–82Degeneracy parameter 57

– electromagnetic 18Detailed balance 76, 134Dielectric constant 129Dielectric function 131Dielectric response function 129Dielectronic recombination 54, 59Diffraction

– by a lattice of finite volume 77– dynamical, by crystals 83– from a perfect crystal 88– from a single layer of atoms 84– kinematical, from several layers of

atoms 85Dipole approximation 48Dirac equation 33–34Distance of closest approach 132Double core holes 240Dynamic damage limits 249Dynamic Stark shift 171Dynamical

– diffraction theory 89Dynamical diffraction

– by crystals 83– theory 76

Dynamics of x-ray-irradiated materials 191

eEffect of the plasma environment

– on atomic processes 59– on the atomic structure 57

Einstein coefficients 51Elastic scattering

– of electrons 124– of fast electrons 125– of slow electrons 126– of x rays 5

Electromagnetic spectrum 7Electromagnetic wave propagation 93Electron

– anharmonic motion 179– approximate range 123– cascade 117– differential elastic cross section 124– dynamics 117– dynamics in a plasma 132– elastic scattering 124–126– energy loss mechanism 130

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Index 265

– impact deexcitation 53– impact ionization 53– mean free path 122– penetration depth 23– phonon scattering 117– quasi-free 135– range 123–124, 130– scattering amplitude 124– stopping power 123, 223– straggle 23, 123

Electron-bunch compression 151Electron-bunch slicing 151Electron–ion Bremsstrahlung 133Electron–phonon scattering 131Electron structure factor 252Energy level shifts in a plasma 58Energy loss function 129Energy recovery linacs 151Ensemble average 70Enthalpy of evaporation 202Enthalpy of fusion 201–202

– values 201Equation of state 232Evanescent wave 96, 103Ewald sphere 82EXAFS 7

fFace-centered cubic lattice 80Fast Poisson solver 218Fast structural changes 160fcc 80Fermi’s Golden Rule 47Field ionization 243–244First Born approximation 125FLASH 152Flash-imaging microscopy 249Fluctuation–dissipation theorem 255Fluid models 229Fluorescence 20Flux dependence of x-ray absorption 192Fokker–Planck equation 132, 227–228Form factor approximation 68Fresnel equations 99Fresnel integrals 85FROG 156Frustrated absorption 239

gGauss’s theorem 16

hHamilton–Jacobi equation 40Hamilton–Jacobi formalism 179

Harmonic generation 178Hartree–Fock method 36hcp 80Heat conduction 22Hermitian operator 30Hexagonal close-packed lattice 80High-harmonic generation 3, 148High-intensity effects in the x-ray

regime 169High-x-ray-intensity effects in atoms 171Hollow atom 176Hund’s rules 39Hybrid input-output algorithm 248Hydrodynamic model 133, 216, 229

iImpact ionization 20Importance sampling 220Impulse response 113Index of refraction 87–88

– complex 94Indistinguishability of electrons 36Inelastic scattering

– of electrons 128– of fast electrons 128– of slow electrons 128– of x rays 6

Intermediate ion–ion scattering function 75Intermediate scattering functions 71Intermediate structure factor 75Inverse Bremsstrahlung absorption 134, 193Inverse-Compton sources 11Ion–electron density correlation function 75Ion–ion density correlation function 75

kKeldysh parameter 174Kinematic diffraction by crystals 77Kinematical diffraction from several layers of

atoms– integrated reflectivity 86

Kinematical diffraction theory 76, 83, 89Kinetics equations 224Klein–Nishina scattering formula 20, 63–64Klimontovich distribution 224

– function 225Koster–Cronig transition 54Kramers–Henneberger stabilization 177Kramers–Kronig relation 114

lLangmuir free evaporation equation 234Larmor formula 133Laser-induced absorption gating 158

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266 Index

Laser Megajoule 10Laser modes 96Laser plasma source 149Laser-produced x-ray sources 10Laser-wake acceleration techniques 11Latent heat of evaporation 202LCLS 152Lindemann theory of melting 200Linear absorption coefficient 87, 220Linear absorption factor 86Linear accelerator 151Linear attenuation coefficient 117Linewidth 49–50Liouville distribution 225

– function 225Liouville equation 225

– in quantum mechanics 225Liquid–gas transition 202Lorentz force 15, 180

mMarkov chain 220Material derivative 231Maxwell equations 14, 17

– in integral form 16– in macroscopic media 16– in potential format 15– in vacuum 14

Mechanical waves in solids 208Medical imaging 4Melting temperature 200

– values 201Microbunching 151Microreversibility 76Milne relation 51Mixed state 225Molecular chaos assumption 226Molecular dynamics method 218Molecular dynamics models 215, 217Monochromatic plane harmonic waves 93Monte Carlo method 215, 219

– electron trajectory 221, 223–224– photon absorption 220– to sample particle trajectories 220– to sample phase space 220

Mosaic crystal 86Motif 77Multilayer

– field intensity 107– interference coating 105– phases 106– reflection 105– reflectivity 108– transmission 105

Multiphoton absorption 172– resonance 171– sequential 172

Multiphoton ionization– cross section 172

Multipole methods 219

nNanocrystallography 250National Ignition Facility 10NEXAFS 7Nonlinear optics 178

– in the visible regime 178– in the x-ray regime 179

Nonthermal melting 161, 207Nuclear-explosion-pumped x-ray laser 12

oOne-particle density probability function 225Optical phonon 131Optics

– pulse length preservation 146Oscillator strength 49Oscillator sum rule 128–129Over-the-barrier ionization 174

pPair correlation function 226Pair production 185Parametric conversion 179Parametric down conversion 179Partial wave expansion 126

– phase shift 126Partial wave scattering amplitude 126Particle-in-cell method 218Pauli exclusion principle 36Pauli matrices 34Penetration depth of x rays 94, 103Perfect crystal 88Perfectly imperfect crystal 86Periodic system of the elements 37Permeability 93

– of free space 15Permittivity 93

– generalized complex 94– of free space 15

Phase diagram 203Phase explosion 204Phase problem 247Phonon 118, 131

– acoustic 131– optical 131

Photoelectric effect 17

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Index 267

Photoelectrons– angular distribution 120– directional emission 119

Photoionization 5, 19, 51, 160– cross section 51–52, 192– differential cross section 120–121– Kramer’s cross section 51

Photon 17–18– energy 18– linear momentum 18

Photon scattering 19Photon statistics 142

– Poissonian 142– sub-Poissonian 143– super-Poissonian 143

Physical model to describe a plasma 57PIC method 218Plasma frequency 131, 251Plasma oscillation 131Plasma wakefield accelerators 183Plasmon 130–131Plasmon excitation 117Polarization by reflection 100Ponderomotive effect 11Ponderomotive potential 148, 169–171Ponderomotive shift 157Ponderomotive streaking 157Poynting vector 18, 170Pressure ionization 57Principal quantum number 36Principle of detailed balance 48, 55Probability current 64Propagation of x-ray pulses 146

– dispersion 146Protein crystallography 247Pulse compression 154Pulse length dependence of x-ray

absorption 196

qQuantization of the electromagnetic field 46Quantization rule 41Quantum electrodynamics 14, 17Quantum molecular dynamics 215, 219Quasi-free electrons 135Quinn formula 131Quiver energy 171

rRadiation gauge 16Radiation hardening 209Radiative excitation 49Radiative recombination 51

Radiography 4Raman scattering 19Random-phase approximation 256Reaction rate 48Reciprocal lattice vector 78Reflection

– by lattice planes 78– coefficient 99– from a perfect crystal 88

Reflectivity– a semi-infinitely thick perfect crystal 89– bilayers 110– thin films 110

Refraction 98– at interfaces 97

Resonant scattering 55RIXS 6Rotating-anode x-ray source 10Rutherford formula 125Rydberg energy 33

sSaha equation 118, 132SASE 145, 151–152

– energy fluctuation 145– time-bandwidth product 145

SAXS 6Scalar diffraction theory 95Scalar wave propagation 95Scattering 61

– by atoms 65– by crystals 76– by gases, liquids, and amorphous

solids 69– by plasmas 73– classical description 61– differential cross section 62– elastic scattering from bound

electrons 71– experimental configurations 82– finite temperature 81– free charges 61– multielectron atoms and ions 64– Thomson equation 62– Thomson formula 61

Scattering parameter 254Scattering vector 69–70, 77Scherrer equation 79Schrödinger equation 30

– radial 32– single electron 32

Schwinger electric field 185Screened Coulomb potential 125

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268 Index

Screened hydrogenic model 39, 43–44Screened Rutherford cross section 125Screened Rutherford formula 125Screening length 125Seeded free-electron laser 151Self-amplification-of-spontaneous-

emission 151Semiclassical description 17Shake processes 55Shape function 77Simulation models 215Simulation of x-ray–matter interaction 215Single-pulse x-ray optics 162Slater determinant 36, 67Solid–gas transition 202Solid–liquid transformation 200Spallation 22, 208SPIDER 156Spin–orbit interaction 35, 39Spoiled emittance 154Spontaneous decay 49Stabilization of atoms 176Static structure factor 76Statistical kinetics models 224Stokes’s theorem 16Stopping power 123Storage ring 149–150Streak camera 156Strongly coupled plasma 132Structure factor

– crystal motif 78– monoatomic crystals 79

Sublimation 202, 205Sudden limit 55Supercritical fluid 202Symmetrized Darwin term 35Synchrotron 149–150

tTemperature-dependence of x-ray

absorption 192Thermal diffusivity 208Thermal energy flux vector 230Thermal fatigue 208Thermal melting 207Thomson cross section 63Thomson equation 62Thomson scattering 148Three-body recombination 21Time dependence of x-ray–matter

interaction 195Time-dependent density functional

theory 216

Time scale– for mechanical disturbance

propagation 207Time-slicing 153Total reflection 101–102Transition of a solid into a plasma 118Transmission coefficient 99Transport methods 216Transverse electromagnetic modes 96Tree methods 219Tunneling ionization 174Two-particle density probability function 225Two-stream instability 184

uUltrafast shutter 154Ultrafast x-ray tube 148Undulator 149

– K parameter 149Unmodulated x-ray pulses 144Unruh effect 186

vVacancy lifetime 49–50Verlet integrator 218Vlasov equation 226–227Volkov state 157

wWake-field strength 183Warm-dense matter 73, 198Wave equation

– for electric and magnetic field vector 95Wave propagation

– effect of dispersion 111– group velocity 112– interaction with optical elements 113– phase velocity 111

Wavefront propagation 96WAXS 6Weakly coupled plasma 132Weibel instability 184Wiggler 150WKB method 40

xX-FROG 156X-ray astronomy 3X-ray damage

– to biomolecules in x-ray imaging 210– in inertial confinement fusion 208– in semiconductor processing 209– in semiconductors 209

X-ray damage-resistant semiconductor 209

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Index 269

X-ray dose 103X-ray free-electron laser 1, 3, 151–152X-ray-induced mechanical damage 207X-ray laser 3, 11X-ray–matter interaction processes 19

– atomic and electronic interactionprocesses 19

– databases 24– energy and time scales 21– length scales 22– size effects 24

X-ray–matter interaction time scales 191

X-ray penetration depth 137X-ray sources

– short pulse 147X-ray Thomson scattering 6X-ray tube 1, 9XAFS 6XANES 7XAS 6

zZ pinch 12Zone plate 153

Documents

Index [] · Photon 17–18 –energy 18 – linear momentum 18 Photon scattering 19 Photon statistics 142 – Poissonian 142 – sub-Poissonian 143 – super-Poissonian 143 Physical