Index of Terms and Musical Examples Kerman 8e IRM v3.0.1 · Index of Terms and Musical Examples 5 Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (5:26–17:55; CD tracks 17–23) Brahms, Violin Concerto

Bedford / St. Martin’sA Macmillan Education Imprint

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Index of Terms and Musical Examples

This index is designed to help you find musical examples in the recordings for Listen, Eighth Edition, to demonstrate important concepts from the textbook to your students. Thousands of musical examples from the Listen recordings have been keyed to an alphabetical list of key terms. [Square brackets indicate examples from the text that are not in the Listen recordings but are readily available in music libraries or on YouTube.]

Examples are meant to be played from the beginning of the work or from the first track unless otherwise indicated by timings and track numbers. For the convenience of instructors using downloads or streaming music, timings based on the total time elapsed from the start of the piece are provided in addition to CD track numbers and track timings. For example, on the six-CD set, Beethoven’s Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, covers tracks 42 to 45 on CD 2; in the full set of downloads, it is on a single track. Therefore, in an index entry such as “Beethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I (1:34–1:54; CD track 43, 0:23–0:43),” 1:34–1:54 represents the equivalent timing of the example when counting from the start of the download track.

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ISBN: 978-1-4576-9890-3


Index of Terms and Musical Examples 3

A A B form aria[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”]

A B A form (see Ternary form)a cappella

Anonymous, “In paradisum”Pérotin, “Alleluia. Diffusa est gratia”Anonymous, “Sumer Is Icumen In”Machaut, “Dame, de qui toute ma joie vient”Dufay, “Ave maris stella”Josquin, Pange lingua Mass, Kyrie and from the GloriaJosquin, “Mille regrets”Palestrina, Pope Marcellus Mass, from the GloriaWeelkes, “As Vesta Was from Latmos Hill Descending”Qur’anic recitation, “Ya Sin”Hawai’ian chant, mele puleProcessional hymn from the Andes, “Hanaq pachap kusikuynin”Pygmy polyphony, Elephant-hunt songVerdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “Bella figlia dell’amore” (3:56–4:12;

CD track 5, 3:21–3:37)Ligeti, Lux aeternaLinda, “Anoku Gonda”

Accelerando (see Tempo—Accelerando)Accent

Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, IBach, Gigue from Cello Suite No. 2 in D MinorHandel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia”Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (0:19–0:38, 4:49–5:06,

and 5:42–6:11; CD track 20, 0:19–0:38; CD track 24, 0:00–0:17; and CD track 24, 0:53–CD track 25, 0:14)

Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (0:08–0:19 and 1:13–1:27; CD track 26, 0:08–0:19 and 1:13–1:27)

Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (0:48–1:17, 1:29–1:46, 2:00–2:07, and 2:53–3:07; CD track 30, 0:00–0:29 and 0:41–0:58; CD track 31, 0:06–0:13; and CD track 32, 0:29–0:43)

Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I and IVBeethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I (1:34–1:54; CD track 43,

0:23–0:43)R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Die alten, bösen Lieder”R. Schumann, Carnaval, “Florestan”Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (3:38–3:58 and 6:30–6:52; CD track 29,

0:00–0:21; and CD track 31, 0:00–0:21)Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:17–1:28;

CD track 2, 0:00–1:11) and “Bella figlia dell’amore” (0:00–0:35; CD track 4)

Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì” (0:53–1:12 and 3:00–end)Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (5:26–5:51; CD track 17, 0:00–0:25)Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Gnomus”Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (3:08–3:53, 3:53–4:30, and

6:16–7:12; CD track 9; CD track 10, 0:00–0:37; and CD track 11, 0:00–0:56)

Ives, “The Rockstrewn Hills” (1:25–2:19; CD track 21, 1:25–2:19)Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (0:24–0:44; CD track 23, 0:24–0:44)


4 Index of Terms and Musical Examples

Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II (2:24–3:14; CD track 30, 0:00–0:49)

Crawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6 (0:27–0:52)Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (6:48–7:10, 7:19–7:37, and 7:42–end;

CD track 39, 0:29–0:51 and 1:00–1:18; and CD track 40)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 2Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” first excerpt (2:11–2:54;

CD track 1, 2:11–2:54)Varèse, Poème électronique (2:25)Crumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”León, Indígena (6:25–7:01; CD track 16, 0:27–1:03)Ellington, “Conga Brava” (0:00–0:10)Davis, Bitches Brew (2:40)Bernstein, West Side Story, “Cool” (1:11–2:25, 2:25–3:39)[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”—in orchestral ritornellos]Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—0:22–1:06,

1:54–2:10, 2:20–2:46)Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—0:00–0:21,

3:56–end)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD—2:20–end)Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD—0:00–0:10

and 1:36–end)Tchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker

(Unit I CD—0:37–0:59)Accompanied recitative

Handel, Messiah, “There were shepherds” (0:19–0:39 and 1:32–1:49)Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:00–0:17 and

2:45–3:05; CD tracks 1 and 3) and “Bella figlia dell’amore” (0:00–0:35; CD track 4)

Accompaniment (see Homophony)Adagio

Beethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I—Theme 2 (0:13–0:58 and 2:07–2:51; CD track 42, 0:13–1:58, and CD track 44, 0:13–0:57)

R. Schumann, Carnaval, “Eusebius”Affetuoso

Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, IAllegretto

Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, IIIVerdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:17–3:05;

CD tracks 2–3)Allegro

Monteverdi, The Coronation of Poppea, “Speranza, tu mi vai”Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, IBach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5, IHandel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia”Handel, Messiah, “Glory to God” and Hallelujah ChorusMozart, Symphony No. 40, IMozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, IBeethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I, III, and IVBerlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (5:28–end; CD tracks 30–33)Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:00–0:17; CD track 1)

and “Bella figlia dell’amore” (0:00–0:35 and 4:22–end; CD tracks 4 and 6)



Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (5:26–17:55; CD tracks 17–23)Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, IIIMusorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Promenade,” “The Great Gate at

Kiev”Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, IBartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, IICopland, Appalachian Spring, Section 2Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD)Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—3:56–end)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD)

Alto flute (see Flute—Bass or alto flute)Alto voice

Bach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanzas 4 and 7Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “Bella figlia dell’amore”—Maddalena

(0:00–4:22; CD tracks 4–5)Reich, Music for 18 Musicians—one alto (with three sopranos)Wallace, “If You Ever Been Down” Blues

AndantePurcell, Dido and Aeneas, “When I am laid in earth” (0:58)Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), IIMozart, Don Giovanni, “Là ci darem la mano”Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, IIVerdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “Bella figlia dell’amore” (0:35–4:22;

CD track 5)Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì”Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (0:00–5:26; CD tracks 14–16)Crawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (3:12–5:02; CD track 37, 1:29–3:19)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Sections 1 and 6 (ending)León, Indígena (0:00–0:31; CD track 13, 0:00–0:31)Tchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker

(Unit I CD)Andantino

Schubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flatAntiphon

Anonymous, “In paradisum”Arch form

Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 1Archlute (see Lute)Aria

Monteverdi, The Coronation of Poppea, “Speranza, tu mi vai”Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, “When I am laid in earth” (0:58–4:00)Handel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia”Bach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanza 3Mozart, Don Giovanni, “Ho capito”Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:17–2:45; CD track 2)Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì”[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”]

AriosoMonteverdi, The Coronation of Poppea, “Tornerai?” (“Io non posso da

te”—0:19–0:51)Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (2:45–3:05; CD track 3)



ArpeggioVivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, IVivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, I (1:39–1:56)Bach, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Prelude in C MajorHandel, Messiah, “There were shepherds” (0:19–0:39)Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (4:49–5:06; CD track 24,

0:00–0:17)Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (0:00–0:19; CD track 26, 0:00–0:19)Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I (10:24–10:36; CD track 38,

1:49–2:03)Beethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I (0:37–0:52 and 2:31–3:12;

CD track 42, 0:37–0:52; and CD track 44, 0:37–1:18)Schubert, “Erlkönig” (2:14–2:30)R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Im wunderschönen Monat Mai”Schubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flat—B sections (1:05–2:17 and

3:42–4:52; CD track 21, whole track; and CD track 23, 0:00–1:10)Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (4:53–6:43; CD track 38, 2:00–CD track 39,

1:34)Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (0:00–0:15 and 5:44–6:34; CD track 23,

0:00–0:15, and CD track 26, 1:14–2:04)Crawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6 (starting at 0:10)Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD—0:00–0:10,

1:06–1:21, 1:36–end)Tchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker

(Unit I CD—0:59–1:06)Ars antiqua

Pérotin, “Alleluia. Diffusa est gratia”Ars nova

Machaut, “Dame, de qui toute ma joie vient”Atonality

Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaireBerg, Wozzeck, Act IIICrawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6Webern, Five Orchestral Pieces, Op. 10, No. 4Ligeti, Lux aeternaVarèse, Poème électroniqueCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“House of the Rising Sun”—in accompanimentCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”—in accompanimentLeón, Indígena (0:00–2:39; CD track 13, 0:00–CD track 14, 1:29)

Avant-gardeDebussy, Three Nocturnes, CloudsStravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaireBerg, Wozzeck, Act IIIIves, “The Rockstrewn Hills”[Ives, The Unanswered Question]Crawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6Webern, Five Orchestral Pieces, Op. 10, No. 4[Riley, In C]Ligeti, Lux aeternaVarèse, Poème électronique[Cage, 4 33´ ]



Reich, Music for 18 MusiciansCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“House of the Rising Sun”Crumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”León, Indígena (7:36–end; CD track 16, 1:38–end)Davis, Bitches Brew

Back BeatEllington, “Conga Brava,” 2nd and 3rd chorusBernstein, West Side Story, “Cool” (finger snaps)

BalladeMachaut, “Dame, de qui toute ma joie vient”

BalletStravinsky, The Rite of SpringCopland, Appalachian SpringTchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker

(Unit I CD)Balletto

Frescobaldi, BallettoBar form

Bernart, “La dousa votz”Machaut, “Dame, de qui toute ma joie vient”Anonymous, “Kemp’s Jig”Bach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanza 7

BaroqueGabrieli, “O magnum mysterium”Monteverdi, The Coronation of PoppeaPurcell, Dido and AeneasFrescobaldi, Canzona, Balletto, and CorrenteVivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganzaVivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, SpringBach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5Bach, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Prelude and

Fugue in C MajorHandel, Minuet from the Royal Fireworks MusicBach, Gigue from Cello Suite No. 2 in D MinorHandel, Julius CaesarHandel, MessiahBach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden”

Baroque dance form (see Dance form [binary])Baroque orchestra (see Orchestra—Baroque)Basic Baroque orchestra (see Orchestra—Baroque—Basic Baroque orchestra)Bass (stringed instrument; see also Electric bass)

Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, IIMozart, Symphony No. 40, I (4:26–4:54 and 5:59–6:41; CD track 16,

0:16–0:44, and CD track 17, 0:33–1:15)Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, III (0:00–0:21 and 1:52–2:56;

CD track 12, 0:00–0:21, and CD track 13, 0:00–1:03)Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (0:00–0:12, 4:37–4:56, 5:28–5:35, and

6:15–6:23; CD track 27, 0:00–0:12; CD track 29, 1:00–1:19; and CD track 30, 0:00–0:07 and 0:46–0:54)

Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:17–0:29; CD track 2, 0:00–0:11)



Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (0:07–0:34; CD track 36, 0:07–0:34)Debussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (5:51–end; CD track 6, 0:31–end)Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1—Round Dances of Spring (8:08–8:45;

CD track 12, 0:34–1:12)Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (2:36–3:12; CD track 37, 0:55–1:29)Ellington, “Conga Brava”Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere”Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—0:00–0:13)Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD—0:00–1:34)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Variation 8 (8:42;

Unit I CD track 12, 2:32)Bass clarinet (see Clarinet—Bass clarinet)Bass drum

Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (4:37–4:56, 6:30–6:52, 7:26–8:06, and 9:19–end; CD track 29, 1:00–1:19; CD track 31, 0:00–0:23 and 0:55–1:35, and CD track 33)

Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì” (0:54)Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Gnomus” (0:46–1:33) and

“The Great Gate at Kiev” (0:42–1:01 and 4:59–end)Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (2:39–2:53 and 8:00–8:17; CD track 37,

0:29–0:43, and CD track 42, 0:23–0:41)Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (6:16–7:33 and 9:39–10:19;

CD track 11 and CD track 13, 0:54–1:34)Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (7:50–end; CD track 27, 0:08–end)Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II (2:38–3:14 and

6:04–6:10; CD track 30, 0:14–0:49, and CD track 33, 0:24–0:30)Crumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”León, Indígena (0:47–0:51 and 6:53–7:36; CD track 13, 0:47–0:51 and

CD track 16, 0:55–1:38)[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”—on final chord]Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Variation 13 (13:04;

Unit I CD track 14, 0:16)Bass flute (see Flute—Bass or alto flute)Bass voice

Qur’anic recitation, “Ya Sin”—baritoneNavajo song, “K adnikini ya ”Bach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanzas 4 and 7Mozart, Don Giovanni, “Ho capito” and “Là ci darem la mano”—

baritoneSchubert, “Erlkönig”—baritoneVerdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile”—Sparafucile (bass)

(0:00–0:17; CD track 1), “La donna è mobile”—Sparafucile (bass) and Rigoletto (baritone) (2:45–3:05; CD track 3), and “Bella figlia dell’amore”—Rigoletto (baritone) (0:22–0:35, 1:47–4:22, and 4:22–end; CD track 4, 0:22–end, CD track 5, 1:12–end, and CD track 6)

Berg, Wozzeck, Act III, scenes iii and iv—Wozzeck (baritone) and doctor (bass)

Crumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5): “Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”—baritone

[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”—Oppenheimer (baritone)]Basso continuo

Gabrieli, “O magnum mysterium”Monteverdi, The Coronation of Poppea



Purcell, Dido and AeneasVivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganzaVivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, SpringBach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5Handel, Minuet from the Royal Fireworks MusicHandel, Julius CaesarHandel, MessiahBach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden”Mozart, Don Giovanni, “Alfin siam liberati”

BassoonHaydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (5:06–5:42;

CD track 24, 0:17–0:53)Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (0:59–1:05 and 3:03–3:16;

CD track 26, 0:59–1:05, and CD track 27, 0:34–0:47)Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I (1:14–1:29; CD track 34,

1:14–1:29)Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I (5:06–5:09; CD track 6,

0:53–0:56), II (1:03–1:26; CD track 10, 1:03–1:26), III (3:30–4:46; CD track 13, 1:38–2:54), and IV (4:03–4:38; CD track 15, 0:32–1:07)

Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (2:42–3:05; CD track 2, 2:24–CD track 3, 0:19)

Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Gnomus” (2:24–2:38), “Promenade [2]” (0:09–0:17, 0:27–0:36), and “The Great Gate at Kiev” (1:01–1:37)

Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (0:28–0:48 and 9:38–9:53; CD track 36, 0:28–0:48, and CD track 43, 1:21–1:36)

Debussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (0:00–0:15 and 6:14; CD track 1, 0:00–0:15, and CD track 6, 0:54)

Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (0:00–0:50, 2:33–2:41, and 3:53; CD track 7, 0:00–0:50; CD track 8, 0:29–0:37; and CD track 10, 0:00)

Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (2:17–2:30; CD track 24, 0:37–0:50)Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (3:12–4:05; CD track 37, 1:29–2:22)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 1 (1:25–2:14) and Section 5—

variation 1 (0:37–1:05)León, Indígena (0:51–1:10; CD track 13, 0:51–1:10)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—1:06–1:15 and

2:48–2:57)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD—0:48–1:34)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Variation 4 (5:13;

Unit I CD track 11, 2:24)Beat

Bernart, “La dousa votz”Pérotin, “Alleluia. Diffusa est gratia” (0:37–2:36)Anonymous, “Sumer Is Icumen In”Weelkes, “As Vesta Was from Latmos Hill Descending”Anonymous, “Daphne”Anonymous, “Kemp’s Jig”Navajo song, “K adnikini ya ”Processional hymn from the Andes, “Hanaq pachap kusikuynin”Monteverdi, The Coronation of Poppea, “Tornerai?” (0:19–0:51) and

“Speranza, tu mi vai”Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, “When I am laid in earth” (0:58–4:00)Frescobaldi, Canzona, Balletto, and Corrente



Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganzaVivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, SpringFoday Musa Suso, “Laminba”Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5Bach, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Prelude and Fugue in C MajorHandel, Minuet from the Royal Fireworks MusicBach, Gigue from Cello Suite No. 2 in D MinorHandel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia”Handel, Messiah, “Glory to God” and Hallelujah ChorusBach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanzas 3, 4, and 7Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), IIHaydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, IIIHaydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IVMozart, Don Giovanni, “Ho capito” and “Là ci darem la mano”Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, IBeethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I, II, III, and IVBeethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I (especially Theme 1 and Cadence

Theme)Schubert, “Erlkönig”R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Die alten, bösen Lieder”C. Schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen”I Lotring, BopongChopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (1:59–2:29 and 5:28–5:55; CD track 28,

0:00–0:30, and CD track 30, 0:00–0:26)Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:00–3:05;

CD tracks 1–3) and “Bella figlia dell’amore” (0:00–4:22; CD tracks 4–5)Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, III (6:20–end; CD track 35,

0:11–end)Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Promenade” and “The Great Gate

at Kiev”Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (0:00–0:07 and 2:09–2:39; CD track 36,

0:00–0:07, and CD track 37, 0:00–0:30)Beijing opera, The Prince Who Changed into a Cat (0:24–end)Debussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (2:47–3:38; CD track 3,

0:36–1:27)Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (3:08–3:36 and 3:44–4:21;

CD track 9, 0:00–0:24, and CD track 9, 0:36–CD track 10, 0:28)Berg, Wozzeck, Act III, scene iii (0:25–0:44; CD track 16, 0:25–0:44)Ives, “The Rockstrewn Hills” (3:57–4:08; CD track 22, 0:43–0:54)Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, IBartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, IICrawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (6:19–end; CD tracks 39–40)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Sections 2 and 5Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” first excerpt (1:45–end);

second excerpt[Riley, In C]Reich, Music for 18 MusiciansCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”León, Indígena (3:57–4:22; CD track 15, 0:00–0:25)[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”—orchestral ritornellos]Wallace, “If You Ever Been Down” Blues



Ellington, “Conga Brava”Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere”Davis, Bitches BrewYoruba drumming, “Ako”Bernstein, West Side Story, Meeting Scene (0:00–0:47) and “Cool”Linda, “Anoku Gonda” (0:00–1:26)Joplin, “Maple Leaf Rag” (Unit I CD)Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—0:00–0:52,

3:56–end)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—0:13–1:06,

1:15–1:54)Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD—0:50–end)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD)Stravinsky, Symphony of Psalms, II (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD)Tchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker

(Unit I CD)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra (Unit I CD)

Beat syncopationRavel, Piano Concerto in G, I (0:24–0:44; CD track 23, 0:24–0:44)Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (6:19–7:42; CD track 39)Wallace, “If You Ever Been Down” BluesEllington, “Conga Brava”Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere”Bernstein, West Side Story, “Cool” (2:56–3:39)Joplin, “Maple Leaf Rag” (Unit I CD)Gershwin, “Who Cares?” from Of Thee I Sing (Unit I CD)

BebopParker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere”

Beijing operaBeijing opera, The Prince Who Changed into a Cat

Bel canto operaVerdi, RigolettoPuccini, Madame Butterfly

Big bandsEllington, “Conga Brava”Bernstein, West Side Story, “Cool” (especially 2:56–3:39)Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD)

Binary formSimple binary form—|: a :| |: b :|

Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, “When I am laid in earth” (0:58–4:00)Frescobaldi, Balletto and CorrenteHandel, Minuet from the Royal Fireworks MusicBach, Gigue from Cello Suite No. 2 in D MinorHaydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II—Theme (0:00–1:15,

CD track 20)Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere”—theme (a a ´—0: 00–0:47)

Rounded binary form—|: a :| |: b a :|Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III—Minuet (0:00–2:29;

CD track 26) and Trio (2:29–3:39; CD track 27, 0:00–1:10)Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (0:00–0:48;

CD track 29, 0:00–0:48)Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, III—Trio (1:52–3:30;

CD track 13, 0:00–1:38)



BiwaJapanese gagaku orchestra, Etenraku

Block chordsDufay, “Ave maris stella” (even-numbered stanzas)Josquin, “Mille regrets” (1:25–end)Palestrina, Pope Marcellus Mass, from the GloriaAnonymous, “Daphne” (0:00–0:55)Gabrieli, “O magnum mysterium” (0:00–0:37 and 1:51–end)Processional hymn from the Andes, “Hanaq pachap kusikuynin”Handel, Messiah, “Glory to God” (1:50–2:01, 2:11–2:22, and

2:48–2:37—in the chorus)Handel, Messiah, Hallelujah Chorus (1:08–1:26 and 1:48–2:28)Bach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanza 7Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (0:00–0:08; CD track 26,

0:00–0:08)Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (2:00–2:07; CD track 31,

0:06–0:13)Beethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I (3:25–3:42; CD track 45,

0:13–0:30)Schubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flat (0:00–1:05)Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì” (1:23–1:45)Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (0:00–0:33)Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Promenade” (0:08–0:17, 0:22–0:26,

0:31–0:34, 1:30–end) and “The Great Gate at Kiev” (0:00–1:01)Debussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (0:47–1:21; CD track 2, 0:00–0:34)[Ives, The Unanswered Question (strings)]Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (7:58–end; CD track 27, 0:16–end)Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II (2:38–3:14 and

3:34–3:59; CD track 30, 0:14–0:49, and CD track 31, 0:00–0:25)Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (3:12–5:02; CD track 37, 1:29–3:19)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 6 (0:00–1:19)León, Indígena (3:57–4:22; CD track 15, 0:00–0:25)Linda, “Anoku Gonda” (0:00–0:56)

BluesWallace, “If You Ever Been Down” Blues

Blues scale (Blue notes)Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (0:59, 1:17, 2:54, 3:01, and 5:08; CD track 23,

0:59, 1:17; CD track 24, 1:14, 1:21; and CD track 26, 0:38)Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (1:43–2:40; CD track 37, 0:00–0:57)Crumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“House of the Rising Sun”Wallace, “If You Ever Been Down” Blues

Bowed stringed instruments (see specific instruments or Stringed instruments—Bowed stringed instruments)

Boys’ voicesDufay, “Ave maris stella”

Brass (see also specific brass instruments)Gabrieli, “O magnum mysterium”Handel, Minuet from the Royal Fireworks MusicHandel, Messiah, “Glory to God” and Hallelujah ChorusHaydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (4:49–5:06 and

5:42–5:57; CD track 24, 0:00–0:17 and 0:53–1:08)Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (0:19–0:28 and 1:13–1:42;

CD track 26, 0:19–0:28 and 1:13–1:42)



Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (0:48–1:17, 1:29–1:46, 2:24–2:39, 2:53–3:07, and 4:11–end; CD track 30, 0:00–0:29 and 0:41–0:58; CD track 32, 0:00–0:15 and 0:29–0:43; and CD track 33, 1:01–end)

Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I (0:00–0:08; CD track 9, 0:00–0:08), II (1:26–1:44; CD track 10, 1:26–1:44), and IV (0:00–0:08 and 0:34; CD track 14, 0:00–0:08 and 0:34)

Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (6:30–6:52, 8:12–8:44, and 9:19–end; CD track 31, 0:00–0:21; CD track 32, 0:00–0:31; and CD track 33)

Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì” (2:16–2:32, 3:39–4:29)Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Promenade 1” (0:00–0:34) and

“The Great Gate at Kiev” (0:00–1:01, 3:50–end)Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (4:21–4:30, 5:20–5:36, 6:16–7:33,

9:37–10:19, and 10:19–10:34; CD track 10, 0:28–0:37 and 1:27–1:42; CD track 11; and CD track 13, 0:52–1:34 and 1:34–1:50)

Ives, “The Rockstrewn Hills” (1:25–1:58; CD track 21, 1:25–1:58)Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (0:24–0:44 and 7:42–end; CD track 23,

0:24–0:44, and CD track 27)Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (6:48–7:10, 7:19–7:37, and 7:42–end;

CD track 39, 0:29–0:51; CD track 39, 1:00–1:18; and CD track 40)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 5—Variation 3 (1:50–2:15)Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” first excerpt (3:41–5:03)Webern, Five Orchestral Pieces, Op. 10, No. 4 (0:06–0:15)León, Indígena (2:08–2:24, 4:10–4:48, 5:02–5:43, 5:58–6:22, and 7:11–7:36;

CD track 14, 0:58–1:14; CD track 15, 0:13–0:51 and 1:15–1:46; CD track 16, 0:00–0:24 and 1:13–1:38)

[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”—orchestral ritornellos]Ellington, “Conga Brava” (0:51–0:58, 1:38–1:46, 2:06–2:28)Bernstein, West Side Story, “Cool” (especially 2:56–3:39)Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—0:11–0:21)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—2:27–2:46)Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD—2:20–end)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Theme for brass

choir (1:11 and 10:30–12:47; CD track 10, 1:11 and CD track 13) and Fugue (16:00; CD track 15, 1:17)

BreaksRavel, Piano Concerto in G, I (0:59, 1:17, 2:54, 3:01, and 5:08; CD track 23,

0:59 and 1:17; CD track 24, 1:14 and 1:21; and CD track 26, 0:38)Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (1:43–2:08 and 6:19–7:42;

CD track 37, 0:00–0:25 and CD track 39)Wallace, “If You Ever Been Down” BluesEllington, “Conga Brava”Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD)

Bridge—transition (see Sonata form)Broadway

Gershwin, “Who Cares?” from Of Thee I Sing (Unit I CD)Cadence

Anonymous, “In paradisum”Hildegard, “Columba aspexit”Bernart, “La dousa votz”Dufay, “Ave maris stella”Josquin, Pange lingua Mass, Kyrie (at end of each major section)



Anonymous, “Daphne”Anonymous, “Kemp’s Jig”Processional hymn from the Andes, “Hanaq pachap kusikuynin”Gabrieli, “O magnum mysterium”Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, “When I am laid in earth” (0:00–0:58)Frescobaldi, Balletto and CorrenteVivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, I (1:17–1:33, 2:23–end)

and II (1:22–1:44, 2:26–end)Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, I (0:00–0:06, 0:06–0:13, 0:13–0:20,

and 0:20–0:28)Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5, I—ritornello (0:00–0:19)Bach, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Prelude in C Major (0:26–0:42,

0:58–1:14, 1:30–end)Bach, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Fugue in C Major (0:44–0:52,

1:05–1:14, 1:26–1:32)Handel, Minuet from the Fireworks MusicHandel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia” (0:00–0:16, 1:10–1:47)Handel, Messiah, “There were shepherds” and Hallelujah Chorus

(0:00–0:14, 2:39–end)Bach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanza 7Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (0:00–0:19,

0:19–0:38, 0:38–0:57, and 0:57–1:15; CD track 20, 0:00–0:19, 0:19–0:38, 0:38–0:57, and 0:57–1:15)

Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (0:00–0:04, 0:04–0:08, 0:08–0:27, 2:32–2:43, and 3:03–3:16; CD track 26, 0:00–0:04, 0:04–0:08, 0:08–0:27; CD track 27, 0:03–0:14, 0:34–0:47)

Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (0:00–0:07 and 0:14–0:24; CD track 29, 0:00–0:07 and 0:14–0:24)

Mozart, Don Giovanni, “Ho capito” and “Là ci darem la mano”Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I (0:00–0:34 and 0:58–1:29)Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I and IIBeethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I (0:00–0:06)Schubert, “Erlkönig”R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Die alten, bösen Lieder”C. Schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen”R. Schumann, Carnaval, “Eusebius”Chopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (9:27–end; CD track 33, 0:08–end)Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:27–1:17; CD track 2,

0:10–1:00) and “Bella figlia dell’amore” (0:35–1:35; CD track 5, 0:00–1:00)

Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì” (0:00–0:37)Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (10:05–11:13 and 19:58–end; CD track 19,

1:08–2:16 and CD track 25, 1:26–end)Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, III (1:49–2:00, 4:12–4:22, 7:16–end;

CD track 31, 0:35–0:46; CD track 33, 1:34–1:44; CD track 35, 1:07–end)Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (0:48–1:19 and 8:37–9:38; CD track 36,

0:48–1:19 and CD track 43, 0:19–1:21)Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II (0:47–0:56;

CD track 28, 0:47–0:56)Crawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6 (0:47 and 1:34)Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (0:58 and 1:42; CD track 36, 0:58 and 1:42)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Sections 5 (0:00–0:37) and 6 (0:00–1:19)



León, Indígena (7:11–7:36; CD track 16, 1:13–1:38)Wallace, “If You Ever Been Down” Blues (0:10–0:44)Ellington, “Conga Brava” (0:00–0:58)Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere” (0:00–0:47)Bernstein, West Side Story, Meeting Scene (0:00–0:47) and “Cool”

(0:00–1:06, 3:58–end)Linda, “Anoku Gonda” (1:26–end)Joplin, “Maple Leaf Rag” (Unit I CD)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—0:53–1:06 and

1:15–1:35)Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD—1:39–1:52 and 2:29–2:50)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD—0:00–0:48 and 2:20–end)Tchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker

(Unit I CD—0:07–0:37)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Theme (0:00–0:41;

Unit I CD track 10, 0:00–0:41)Cadenza

Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5, I—harpsichord (6:18; CD track 4, 0:00)

Handel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia” (3:17–3:35 and 3:35–3:53)Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I (6:11–6:30 and 9:48–11:05;

CD track 36, 1:44–2:04, and CD track 38, 1:13–2:30)Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I—oboe (4:31–4:46; CD track 6,

0:18–0:33)Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (2:07–2:23; CD track 2,

1:50–2:06)Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, III (5:08 at 6:09; CD track 34,

0:46, and CD track 35, 0:00)Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (5:44–6:34; CD track 26, 1:14–2:04)León, Indígena (0:31–0:47, 4:18–4:48, and 5:02–5:43; CD track 13,

0:31–0:47, and CD track 15, 0:21–0:51 and 1:05–1:46)Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—0:52–2:23)Tchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker

(Unit I CD—0:59–1:06)Call and response

Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, I (1:39–1:56)Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (0:00–0:08)Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Promenade” and “Promenade [2]”Linda, “Anoku Gonda” (0:57–end)

CanonAnonymous, “Sumer Is Icumen In”Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (0:00–2:09)Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, “The Moonfleck”Reich, Music for 18 Musicians

CantataBach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden”

CanzonaFrescobaldi, Canzona

Caribbean steel drumCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“House of the Rising Sun”Carnival (Mardi Gras)

León, Indígena



Castrato voiceMonteverdi, The Coronation of Poppea—Nero (sung by a

mezzo-soprano)Handel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia”—Sextus (sung by a mezzo-soprano)

CelestaMusorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Gnomus” (0:24–0:33)Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II (2:14–2:24;

CD track 29, 1:18–1:28)Webern, Five Orchestral Pieces, Op. 10, No. 4 (0:16)Tchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker

(Unit I CD)Cello

Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, “When I am laid in earth” (0:58–4:00)Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La Stravaganza, IIBach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5, IBach, Gigue from Cello Suite No. 2 in D MinorHandel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia”Handel, Messiah, “There were shepherds,” “Glory to God,” and

Hallelujah ChorusBach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanzas 3, 4, and 7Mozart, Symphony No. 40, I (4:26–4:54 and 5:59–6:41; CD track 16,

0:16–0:44, and CD track 17, 0:33–1:15)Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (1:06–1:15, CD track 26, 1:06–1:15)Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (2:39–3:10; CD track 32,

0:15–0:46)Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, II (0:00–0:22, CD track 10,

0:00–0:22), III (0:00–0:21 and 1:52–2:56; CD track 12, 0:00–0:21, and CD track 13, 0:00–1:03)

Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (0:00–0:12 and 6:15–6:23; CD track 27, 0:00–0:12, and CD track 30, 0:46–0:54)

Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (2:32–3:04; CD track 2, 2:15–CD track 3, 0:19)

Wagner, The Valkyrie, Act I, scene i (cello section—0:06–0:40 and 7:32–8:40; solo cello—2:59–4:06; CD track 7, 0:06–0:40; CD track 11, 0:11–1:19; and CD track 8, 0:51–1:58)

Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Gnomus” (0:00–0:16)Debussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (6:14–6:32; CD track 6, 0:54–1:13)Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1—pizzicato (3:31–3:44; CD track 9,

0:23–0:36)Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, “Night” and “The Moonfleck”Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (5:02–6:19; CD track 38)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 5 (1:05–1:42)Reich, Music for 18 MusiciansLeón, Indígena (1:39–1:57; CD track 14, 0:29–0:47)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—0:00–0:13,

1:15–1:35)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD—0:00–1:34)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Variation 7 (7:44;

Unit I CD track 12, 1:34)Cha-cha

Bernstein, West Side Story, Meeting Scene—Cha-cha (0:00–0:47)Chamber music (see also specific ensemble names)

InstrumentalFrescobaldi, Canzona, Balletto, and CorrenteBach, Gigue from Cello No. 2 in D Minor



Beethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, ISchubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flatCrawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6Reich, Music for 18 MusiciansParker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere”Schubert, String Quartet in A Minor (Unit I CD)

VocalBernart, “La dousa votz”Anonymous, “Sumer Is Icumen In”Machaut, “Dame, de qui toute ma joie vient”Josquin, “Mille regrets”Weelkes, “As Vesta Was from Latmos Hill Descending”Schubert, “Erlkönig”R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Im wunderschönen Monat Mai,” “Die

alten, bösen Lieder”C. Schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen”

Mixed vocal and instrumentalSchoenberg, Pierrot lunaireCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):


“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”Chamber orchestra

Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganzaVivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, IBach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5, I[Ives, The Unanswered Question]Reich, Music for 18 MusiciansLeón, Indígena

Chance music[Riley, In C][Cage, 4 33´ ]León, Indígena (7:36–end; CD track 16, 1:38–end)

Changes (Chord changes)Wallace, “If You Ever Been Down” BluesEllington, “Conga Brava”Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere”

Changing meter (see Meter—Changing or irregular)Chanson

Machaut, “Dame, de qui toute ma joie vient”Josquin, “Mille regrets”

ChantAnonymous, “In paradisum”Hildegard, “Columba aspexit”Pérotin, “Alleluia. Diffusa est gratia” (0:00–0:37, 2:36–end)Dufay, “Ave maris stella” (odd-numbered stanzas)Qur’anic recitation, “Ya Sin”Hawai’ian chant, mele puleNavajo song, “K adnikini ya ”

Character piecesSchubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flatR. Schumann, Carnaval, “Eusebius” and “Florestan”Chopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2



Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Promenade,” “Gnomus,” “Promenade [2],” and “The Great Gate at Kiev”

Crawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6Choral declamation

Palestrina, Pope Marcellus MassProcessional hymn from the Andes, “Hanaq pachap kusikuynin”Handel, Messiah, “Glory to God” and Hallelujah ChorusBach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanza 7Linda, “Anoku Gonda”

Chorale (see also Gapped chorale)Bach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanza 7

Chorus (ensemble)Processional hymn from the Andes, “Hanaq pachap kusikuynin”Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, “With drooping wings”Pygmy polyphony, Elephant-hunt songHandel, Messiah, “Glory to God” and Hallelujah ChorusBach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanzas 4 and 7Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” first excerpt (2:55)Ligeti, Lux aeternaLinda, “Anoku Gonda”

Chorus (genre)Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, “With drooping wings”Handel, Messiah, “Glory to God” and Hallelujah ChorusBach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanza 4

Chromatic scalePurcell, Dido and Aeneas, “When I am laid in earth” (first six notes at

0:58 and following)Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, II (1:44–2:26)Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, I (2:05–2:24)Mozart, Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, K. 550, I (0:53–1:28; CD track 15,

0:00–0:35)Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (0:57–1:05)Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I (10:53–11:05; CD track 38,

2:18–2:30)Chopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2 (0:27–0:58, 0:58–1:11, and

2:13–2:29)Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (6:30–6:52 and 7:26–8:06; CD track 31,

0:00–0:23 and 0:55–1:35)Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaireCrawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” first excerpt

(2:13–2:33)Webern, Five Orchestral Pieces, Op. 10, No. 4Ligeti, Lux aeternaLeón, IndígenaStravinsky, Symphony of Psalms, II (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD—0:30–0:45)

ChromaticismVivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, I (2:05–2:24)Bach, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Fugue in C Major

(0:42–0:51)Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (0:55–1:13)



Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, II (1:03–1:41 and 1:26–2:12; CD track 10, 1:03–1:41 and 1:26–2:12)

Beethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I—Theme 2 (0:13–0:58 and 2:07–2:51; CD track 42, 0:13–0:58, and CD track 44, 0:13–0:57)

Schubert, “Erlkönig”R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Im wunderschönen Monat Mai,” “Die alten,

bösen Lieder”R. Schumann, Carnaval, “Eusebius” and “Florestan”Chopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, VVerdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “Bella figlia dell’amore”—decorative

chromaticism (1:35–4:22; CD track 5, 1:00–end)Tchaikovsky, Romeo and JulietBrahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, IIIMusorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Gnomus”Mahler, Symphony No. 1, IIIDebussy, Three Nocturnes, CloudsStravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, “Night” and “The Moonfleck”Berg, Wozzeck, Act III, scenes iii and ivIves, “The Rockstrewn Hills”Crawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (1:43–5:02 and 6:19–7:42;

CD tracks 37 and 39)Webern, Five Orchestral Pieces, Op. 10, No. 4Ligeti, Lux aeternaLeón, IndígenaEllington, “Conga Brava”Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere”Davis, Bitches BrewBernstein, West Side Story, “Cool”Joplin, “Maple Leaf Rag” (Unit I CD)Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—0:00–0:52,

1:46–2:23)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—1:54–2:46)Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD)Stravinsky, Symphony of Psalms, II (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD)Tchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker

(Unit I CD)Church cantata (see Cantata)Church music

Anonymous, “In paradisum”Hildegard, “Columba aspexit”Pérotin, “Alleluia. Diffusa est gratia” (0:00–0:37, 2:36–end)Dufay, “Ave maris stella” (odd-numbered stanzas)Josquin, Pange lingua Mass, KyrieJosquin, Pange lingua Mass, from the GloriaPalestrina, Pope Marcellus MassGabrieli, “O magnum mysterium”Processional hymn from the Andes, “Hanaq pachap kusikuynin”Frescobaldi, CanzonaBach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden”



ClarinetHaydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (3:47–3:59; CD track 27, 1:18–1:30)Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I (5:33–5:49 and 8:46–9:02;

CD track 36, 1:07–1:23, and CD track 38, 0:11–0:27)Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, II (1:03–1:26; CD track 10,

1:03–1:26)Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (2:32–2:42; CD track 2,

2:15–2:25)Wagner, The Valkyrie, Act I, scene I (6:59–7:34 and 11:37–11:57; CD track

10, 0:35–CD track 11, 0:00–1:13, and CD track 12, 1:27–1:47)Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Promenade [2]” (0:46–end) and

“The Great Gate at Kiev” (1:01–1:37 and 2:13–2:47)Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (8:00–8:17 and 8:17–8:37; CD track 42,

0:23–0:41, and CD track 43, 0:00–0:19)Debussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (0:00–0:15; CD track 1, 0:00–0:15)Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (Introduction—0:00–2:41 and

7:33–8:08; CD track 7, 0:00–CD track 8, 0:37, and CD track 12, 0:00–0:34)

Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, “The Moonfleck”Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (0:59, 1:17, and 5:08; CD track 23, 0:59

and 1:17, and CD track 26, 0:38)Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (6:22, 6:40, and 7:08; CD track 39,

0:03, 0:21, and 0:49)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Sections 1 (0:00 and 2:14), 5 (0:00–0:37),

and 6 (2:12)Webern, Five Orchestral Pieces, Op. 10, No. 4 (0:05)Reich, Music for 18 Musicians—clarinet and bass clarinetLeón, Indígena (0:31–0:47 and 1:50–2:08; CD track 13, 0:31–0:47, and

CD track 14, 0:40–0:58),Wallace, “If You Ever Been Down” Blues (0:44–1:18, 1:18–1:50, and

2:24–end)Ellington, “Conga Brava” (0:20 and 0:40–0:51)Bernstein, West Side Story, Meeting Scene (0:00–0:10 and 0:26–0:32)Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—0:00–0:05,

2:43–2:52, and 3:34–3:32)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—0:22–0:49 and

2:57–3:07)Tchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker

(Unit I CD—1:06–end)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Variation 3 (4:30,

Unit I CD track 11, 1:40)E-flat clarinet

Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (1:39–1:1:48 and 1:59–2:29; CD track 27, 1:39–1:48, and CD track 28, 0:00–0:30)


Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (1:04–1:41 and 2:04–2:33; CD track 7, 1:04–1:41, and CD track 8, 0:00–0:29)

Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Variation 3 (4:30; Unit I CD track 11, 1:40)

Bass clarinetMusorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Gnomus” (0:24–0:33, 2:24–2:38)Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (1:20–1:28; CD track 7, 1:20–1:28)Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, “Night”



Reich, Music for 18 MusiciansTchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker

(Unit I CD, 0:07–0:29)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Variation 3 (4:30;

Unit I CD track 11, 1:40)Classical concerto

Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD)

Classical concerto movement plan (see Standard movement plan)Classical dance form (see Minuet form)Classical orchestra (see Orchestra—Classical)Classical style

Mozart, Symphony No. 40, IHaydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), IIHaydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, IIIHaydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IVMozart, Don GiovanniMozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, IBeethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C MinorBeethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, IBeethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD)

Classical variation form (see Theme and variations form)Classicism

Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, IIIClavier

Bach, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Prelude and Fugue in C MajorClimax

Bach, Gigue from Cello Suite No. 2 in D Minor (2:01–end)Handel, Messiah, “Glory to God” (3:04–3:27) and Hallelujah Chorus

(2:39–end)Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (3:00–3:28 and

5:42–6:11; CD track 22, 0:35–1:03, and CD track 24, 0:53–CD track 25, 0:14)

Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (1:13–1:27)Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (4:11–end;

CD track 33, 1:01–end)Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I (10:53–11:19; CD track 5,

2:18–2:44)Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I (6:51–end; CD track 9), II

(1:03–1:41; CD track 10, 1:03–1:41), and IV (0:00–0:34 and 7:15–end; CD track 14, 0:00–0:34, and CD track 15, 3:44–end)

Beethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I (1:25–1:59; CD track 43, 0:14–CD track 44, 0:06)

Schubert, “Erlkönig” (3:24–end)R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Die alten, bösen Lieder” (1:17–1:48)Schubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flat (3:42–4:02; CD track 23,

0:00–0:20)Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (9:19–end; CD track 33)Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (1:26–2:22; CD track 2,

1:09–2:05) and “Bella figlia dell’amore” (0:00–0:35 and 3:05–3:34; CD track 4 and CD track 5, 2:30–2:59)

Wagner, The Valkyrie, Act I scene I (2:08–2:43 and 6:24–6:50; CD track 8, 0:00–0:35, and CD track 10, 0:00–0:26)



Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì” (2:52–3:38 and 3:39–end)Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (6:20–6:39, 12:34–13:30, and 16:13–

16:45; CD track 17, 0:53–1:13; CD track 21; and CD track 23, 0:27–0:58)

Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “The Great Gate at Kiev” (4:59–end)Debussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (2:30–2:48; CD track 3, 0:20–0:37)Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (9:39–10:19; CD track 13,

0:54–1:34)Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, “Night” (1:13–1:29)Berg, Wozzeck, Act III, scene iii (0:00–0:14 and 0:14–0:24)Ives, “The Rockstrewn Hills” (2:06–2:34; CD track 21, 2:06–2:34)Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (7:42–end; CD track 27)Crawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6 (0:27–0:52)Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (7:42–end; CD track 40)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Sections 2 (0:45–1:05 and 2:07) and 5

(2:30–end)Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” first excerpt (3:42–end)León, Indígena (7:11–7:36; CD track 16, 1:13–1:38)[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”—orchestral ritornellos]Ellington, “Conga Brava” (0:51–0:58, 2:22–2:28)Davis, Bitches Brew (3:19–3:39)Bernstein, West Side Story, “Cool” (2:56–3:39)Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—0:00–0:21)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—0:45–1:06,

2:13–2:46)Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD—1:26–1:39)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD—2:04–end)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Fugue (16:28–end;

Unit I CD track 15, 1:45–end)Coda

Bach, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Fugue in C Major (1:30–end)Mozart, Symphony No. 40, I (7:54–8:18; CD track 19, 0:00–0:24)Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (5:57–end; CD track 25)Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (4:11–end; CD track 33,

1:01–end)Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I (11:27–end; CD track 38,

2:52–end)Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I (5:49–end; CD tracks 8–9), II

(8:29–end; CD track 11, 1:30–end), and IV (6:01–end; CD track 15, 2:30–end)

Beethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I (3:12–end; CD track 45)R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Die alten, bösen Lieder” (2:35–end)I Lotring, Bopong (4:04–end)Schubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flat (3:04–3:42 and 5:30–end;

CD track 22, 0:47–end, and CD track 23, 1:48–end)Chopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2 (2:54–end)Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (2:07–2:45; CD track 2,

1:50–end) and “Bella figlia dell’amore” (3:49–4:22; CD track 5, 3:14–end)

Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (17:55–end; CD tracks 24–25)Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, III (6:20–end; CD track 35, 0:11–end)Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (7:42–end; CD track 27)Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II (6:32–end; CD track 34)



Crawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6 (1:45–end)Crumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“House of the Rising Sun” (3:40–end)Crumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!” (2:12–end)León, Indígena (7:36–end; CD track 16, 1:38–end)[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”—final orchestral ritornello]Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere” (3:10–end)Bernstein, West Side Story, “Cool” (3:58–end)Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD—2:50–end)

Col legnoBerlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (8:41–8:55; CD track 32, 0:28–0:42)

Collective improvisationPygmy polyphony, Elephant-hunt songLeón, Indígena (7:36–end; CD track 16, 1:38–end)Wallace, “If You Ever Been Down” BluesDavis, Bitches Brew

ColonialismProcessional hymn from the Andes, “Hanaq pachap kusikuynin”Linda, “Anoku Gonda”

ColoraturaHandel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia”Bach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanza 4

ComparsasLeón, Indígena (3:57–end; CD tracks 15–16)

Compound meter (see Meter—Compound)Concert overture

Tchaikovsky, Romeo and JulietConcert suite

Copland, Appalachian SpringConcerto

Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganzaVivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, SpringBach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, IIIRavel, Piano Concerto in G, IBeethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD)

Concerto first movement form (see Double-exposition form)Concerto grosso

Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5Concerto movement plan (see Standard movement plan)Conga

Ellington, “Conga Brava”Consonance

Bernart, “La dousa votz”Anonymous, “Sumer Is Icumen In”Josquin, Pange lingua MassPalestrina, Pope Marcellus Mass, from the GloriaWeelkes, “As Vesta Was from Latmos Hill Descending”Processional hymn from the Andes, “Hanaq pachap kusikuynin”Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, I (0:00–0:28)Handel, Minuet from the Royal Fireworks Music



Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (0:00–1:15)Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (0:00–0:28)Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (0:00–0:14)Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I (0:00–0:34)Beethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I (0:00–0:13)C. Schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen”Schubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flat (0:00–0:13)Chopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2 (0:00–0:27)Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:17–2:45; CD track 2)Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì” (0:00–0:37)[Ives, The Unanswered Question] (strings)Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (0:00–1:43 and 5:02–6:19; CD tracks 36

and 38)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 5León, Indígena (3:57; CD track 15, 0:00)Linda, “Anoku Gonda”Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD—1:34–2:20)

Continuo (see Basso continuo)Contrabassoon

Musorgsky, Pictures at an ExhibitionStravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1—Dance of the Adolescents (3:53–4:21;

CD track 10, 0:00–0:28)Contrast

Bernart, “La dousa votz” (0:00–0:47)Pérotin, “Alleluia. Diffusa est gratia” (0:00–1:07)Dufay, “Ave maris stella” (0:00–1:13)Josquin, Pange lingua Mass, from the Gloria (0:00–1:42)Anonymous, “Daphne” (0:00–1:35)Anonymous, “Kemp’s Jig” (0:00–0:19)Processional hymn from the Andes, “Hanaq pachap kusikuynin”Monteverdi, The Coronation of Poppea, “Tornerai?” (0:00–0:51)Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, “Thy Hand, Belinda” to “When I am laid in

earth” (0:00–1:42)Pygmy polyphony, Elephant-hunt song (all)Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, I (0:00–0:41)Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, I (0:00–0:59)Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5, I (0:00–0:44)Handel, Messiah, “There were shepherds” (0:00–0:40) and “Glory to

God” (1:50–2:11)Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (1:15–3:00 and

2:25–4:13; CD track 21, 0:00–CD track 22, 0:35 and CD track 22, 0:00–CD track 23, 0:34)

Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (2:00–2:43 and 3:25–4:06; CD track 26, 2:00–CD track 27, 0:14, and CD track 27, 0:56–CD track 28, 0:07)

Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (0:00–1:17 and 1:54–2:39; CD track 29, 0:00–CD track 30, 0:29, and CD track 31, 0:00–CD track 32, 0:15)

Mozart, Don Giovanni, “Là ci darem la mano” (0:00–1:10)Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I (0:00–0:58 and 0:58–2:01)Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I (0:00–0:55 or 1:11; CD track 1,

0:00–CD track 2, 0:09 or 0:25), II (0:00–2:12; CD track 10, 0:00–2:12), III (0:00–0:41; CD track 12, 0:00–0:40), and IV (0:00–1:07; CD track 14, 0:00–1:07)



Beethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I (0:00–0:33)I Lotring, Bopong (3:40–end)Schubert, “Erlkönig” (0:52–1:50)R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Die alten, bösen Lieder” (0:00–0:41)Schubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flat (0:00–2:17; CD tracks 20–21)R. Schumann, Carnaval, “Florestan” (0:00–0:11)Chopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2 (0:00–1:45)Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (0:00–0:42 and 1:59–3:38; CD track 27,

0:00–0:42, and CD track 28)Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (2:07–2:45; CD track 2,

1:50–end) and “Bella figlia dell’amore” (0:00–1:35; CD track 4, 0:00–CD track 5, 1:00)

Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì” (0:00–1:22)Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, III (0:00–1:49; CD track 30,

0:00–CD track 31, 0:35)Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Promenade,” “Gnomus,” and

“The Great Gate at Kiev” (0:00–1:37)Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (2:09–2:52; CD track 37, 0:00–0:43)Beijing opera, The Prince Who Changed into a Cat (0:00–0:40)Debussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (0:00–0:34; CD track 1, 0:00–0:34)Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (0:00–1:41; CD track 7, 0:00–1:41)Berg, Wozzeck, Act III, scene iii (0:00–0:44 and 0:25–2:05; CD track 16,

0:00–0:44 and 0:25–2:05)[Ives, The Unanswered Question—simultaneous]Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (0:00–1:40)Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II (0:00–1:16;

CD track 28, 0:00–CD track 29, 0:20)Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (0:56–2:40 and 5:02–6:48; CD track 36,

0:56–CD track 37, 0:57, and CD track 38, 0:00–CD track 39, 0:29)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 1 (0:00–1:09)Varèse, Poème électronique (0:00–1:20)Crumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!” (0:00–0:20)León, Indígena (3:32–4:20; CD track 14, 2:22–CD track 15, 0:19)[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”—orchestral ritornello

contrasts with aria]Ellington, “Conga Brava” (0:00–0:58)Bernstein, West Side Story, Meeting Scene and “Cool” (0:00–2:25)Joplin, “Maple Leaf Rag” (Unit I CD—0:22–1:06, 1:28–2:11)Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—0:00–2:22)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—0:00–0:38,

1:15–2:10)Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD—0:00–1:54)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD—1:34–end)Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD—1:06–end)Tchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker

(Unit I CD—0:00–0:59)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Theme (0:00–0:10,

Unit I CD track 10, 0:00–0:10), Variations 1–2 (2:49–4:30; Unit I CD track 11, 0:00–1:40), Variations 5–6 (6:10–7:44; Unit I CD track 12, 0:00–1:34), and Variations 10–11 (10:30–11:45; Unit I CD track 13, 0:00–1:15)

Cool jazzBernstein, West Side Story, “Cool”



CorrenteFrescobaldi, Corrente

Counterpoint (see Polyphony)Countertenor voice

Anonymous, “Sumer Is Icumen In”Gabrieli, “O magnum mysterium”—alto part

Court musicBernart, “La dousa votz”Machaut, “Dame, de qui toute ma joie vient”Josquin, “Mille regrets”Weelkes, “As Vesta Was from Latmos Hill Descending”Anonymous, “Daphne”Anonymous, “Kemp’s Jig”Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganzaVivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, SpringFoday Musa Suso, “Laminba”Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5Bach, Gigue from Cello Suite No. 2 in D MinorHaydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), IIHaydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, IIIHaydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV

Crescendo (see Dynamics—Crescendo)Cross-rhythms

Machaut, “Dame, de qui toute ma joie vient”Foday Musa Suso, “Laminba”Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (0:08–0:19)Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, III[Ives, The Unanswered Question]Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (0:24–0:41)Crawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (6:48–7:10 and 7:19–7:37;

CD track 39, 0:29–0:51 and 1:00–1:18)Reich, Music for 18 MusiciansLeón, Indígena (3:57–end; CD tracks 15–16)[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”—in orchestral ritornellos]Yoruba drumming, “Ako”Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Fugue (14:42 and

16:28; Unit I CD track 15, 0:00 and 1:45)Cyclic form

Josquin, Pange lingua MassFrescobaldi, Balletto and CorrenteBach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden”Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C MinorR. Schumann, CarnavalBerlioz, Fantastic SymphonyVerdi, Rigoletto, Act IIIWagner, The ValkyrieMusorgsky, Pictures at an ExhibitionBartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and CelestaStill, Afro-American SymphonyCopland, Appalachian SpringBernstein, West Side StoryBeethoven, Symphony No. 9 (Unit I CD)Stravinsky, Symphony of Psalms, II (Unit I CD)



CymbalsBerlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (9:51–end; CD track 33, 0:32–end)Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (6:20–6:39, 12:52–13:00, 13:13–13:36,

and 16:28–16:45; CD track 17, 0:54–1:13; CD track 21, 0:18–0:26; CD track 21, 0:39–CD track 22, 0:06; and CD track 23, 0:42–0:59)

Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Gnomus” (1:45–2:24) and “The Great Gate at Kiev” (0:42–1:01, 4:59–end)


Beijing opera, The Prince Who Changed into a CatStravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (9:39–10:01; CD track 13,

0:54–1:16)Berg, Wozzeck, Act III, scene iii (0:14–0:24; CD track 16, 0:14–0:24)Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (7:52–end; CD track 27, 0:10–end)Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (6:48–7:10, 7:19–7:37, and 7:42–end;

CD track 39, 0:29–0:51 and 1:00–1:18, and CD track 40)Crumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“House of the Rising Sun”—suspended cymbals, Chinese temple gongs

Crumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5): “Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”—sizzle cymbal, Chinese cymbals, suspended cymbal, tamtam, Chinese temple gong

Ellington, “Conga Brava” (0:44–0:58, 1:38–1:46, 2:06–2:28; hi-hat 0:58–2:28)

Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere” (hi-hat)Davis, Bitches Brew (2:40–end)Bernstein, West Side Story, “Cool” (closed hi-hat at 0:14–2:25; open

hi-hat and cymbals, 2:25–3:58)Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—0:11–0:21)Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD—0:50–end)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Theme (0:00–0:19,

Unit I CD track 10, 0:00–0:19) and Variation 13 (at 13:04; CD track 14, 0:00)

Da capo (A B A) form (Da capo aria)Handel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia”

Dance form (binary)Frescobaldi, Balletto and CorrenteHandel, Minuet from the Royal Fireworks MusicBach, Gigue from Cello Suite No. 2 in D Minor

Dance suite (see Suite)Dances

Anonymous, “Daphne”Anonymous, “Kemp’s Jig”Frescobaldi, Balletto and CorrenteHandel, Minuet from the Royal Fireworks MusicBach, Gigue from Cello Suite No. 2 in D MinorHaydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, IIILotring, BopongStravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1Ives, “The Rockstrewn Hills” (0:16–1:27 and 1:58–2:08; CD track 21,

0:16–1:27 and 1:58–2:08)Copland, Appalachian SpringLeón, Indígena (3:57–end; CD tracks 15–16)



Bernstein, West Side Story, Meeting Scene and “Cool”Yoruba drumming, “Ako”Tchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker

(Unit I CD)Decelerando (see Tempo—Decelerando)Declamation

Monteverdi, The Coronation of Poppea, “Tornerai?” (0:00–0:19 and 0:51–2:18)

Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, “When I am laid in earth” (0:00–0:58)Foday Musa Suso, “Laminba”Qur’anic recitation, “Ya Sin”Hawai’ian chant, mele puleNavajo song, “K adnikini ya ”Palestrina, Pope Marcellus MassWeelkes, “As Vesta Was from Latmos Hill Descending”Processional hymn from the Andes, “Hanaq pachap kusikuynin”Handel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia”Handel, Messiah, “There were shepherds,” “Glory to God,” and Hallelu-

jah ChorusBach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanza 7Mozart, Don Giovanni, “Ho capito,” “Alfin siam liberati,” and “Là ci

darem la mano”Schubert, “Erlkönig”R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Die alten, bösen Lieder”Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:00–0:17 and

2:45–3:05; CD tracks 1 and 3) and “Bella figlia dell’amore” (0:00–0:35 and 4:22–end; CD tracks 4 and 6)

Wagner, The Valkyrie, Act I scene iPuccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì” (2:16–2:52)Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaireCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”]Wallace, “If You Ever Been Down” BluesBernstein, West Side Story, “Cool”Linda, “Anoku Gonda”Gershwin, “Who Cares?” from Of Thee I Sing (Unit I CD)

Decrescendo (see Dynamics—Decrescendo)Development (see also Sonata form)

Mozart, Symphony No. 40, I (4:10–5:26; CD track 16, 0:00–1:16)Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I (5:05–6:30; CD track

36, 0:39–2:04)Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I (2:52–4:13; CD tracks 4–5)

and IV (1:57–3:31; CD track 14, 1:57–3:31)Beethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I (1:11–1:54; CD track 43)Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (11:13–13:30 and 16:39–17:55;

CD tracks 20–21 and CD track 23, 0:53–2:09)Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II (2:24–5:10,

CD tracks 30–31)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 2 (1:45–2:07)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—2:13–2:46,

2:48–3:07)Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD)



Diatonic scale (see Major mode; Medieval modes; Minor mode)Dies irae

Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (3:38–5:11, 8:12–8:32, and 9:19–9:28; CD track 29, 0:00–1:34; CD track 32, 0:00–0:20; and CD track 33, 0:00–0:09)

Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—0:00–0:52)Diminuendo (see Dynamics—Decrescendo)Diminution

Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—0:00–0:11)Dissonance

Foday Musa Suso, “Laminba” (2:10)Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5, I (3:46–4:06; CD track 2, 1:23–1:43)Bach, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Prelude in C Major

(1:14–1:55)Bach, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Fugue in C Major (0:37–0:52)Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (2:53–3:07;

CD track 32, 0:29–0:43)Schubert, “Erlkönig” (3:11–3:25)R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Im wunderschönen Monat Mai” (0:17–0:35),“Die alten, bösen Lieder” (1:17–1:48)R. Schumann, Carnaval, “Florestan” (0:00–0:07)Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (1:47–1:59 and 8:55–9:19; CD track 27,

1:47–1:59 and CD track 32, 0:42–1:06)Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “Bella figlia dell’amore” (1:35–4:22;

CD track 5, 1:00–end)Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (0:34–1:05, 2:41–3:15, and 17:55–18:32;

CD track 14, 0:34–1:05; CD track 15, 0:32–1:06; and CD track 24)Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Gnomus”Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaireBerg, Wozzeck, Act IIIIves, “The Rockstrewn Hills”[Ives, The Unanswered Question] (woodwinds)Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (0:59, 1:17, 2:54, 3:01, and 5:08;

CD track 23, 0:59 and 1:17; CD track 24, 1:14 and 1:21; and CD track 26, 0:38)

Crawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” first excerpt

(2:13–2:33)Webern, Five Orchestral Pieces, Op. 10, No. 4Ligeti, Lux aeternaVarèse, Poème électroniqueCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):


“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”León, Indígena (0:00–3:57; CD tracks 13–14)[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”—in orchestral ritornellos]Davis, Bitches BrewBernstein, West Side Story, “Cool” (1:11–2:56)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—0:22–1:06)Stravinsky, Symphony of Psalms, II (Unit I CD)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Variation 10 (10:30,

Unit I CD track 13, 0:00)



Dixieland jazz (see New Orleans jazz)Dorian mode (see Medieval modes)Dotted rhythms

Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5, I (2:54; CD track 2, 0:31)Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (5:06–5:42;

CD track 24, 0:17–0:53)Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, II (Theme—at 0:00 and 6:58;

CD track 10, 0:00, and CD track 11, 0:00)Beethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I (Theme 1 and Cadence theme)R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Die alten, bösen Lieder”C. Schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen”Schubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flatVerdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:17–2:45; CD track

2) and “Bella figlia dell’amore” (2:36–3:34; CD track 5, 2:01–2:59)Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, III (1:14–2:00; CD track 31)Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (2:09–2:53; CD track 37)Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II (0:56; CD track 29,

0:00)Wallace, “If You Ever Been Down” Blues (beginning)

Double-exposition form (orchestra exposition, solo exposition)Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I [and II]

Double-reed instruments (see Bassoon; Contrabassoon; English horn; Oboe; Woodwinds)

Double stopsBach, Gigue from Cello Suite No. 2 in D MinorHaydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (low

strings—4:49–5:06; CD track 24, 0:00–0:17)Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (violins—2:00–2:07;

CD track 31, 0:06–0:13)Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, III (0:00–1:14 and 6:20–end;

CD track 30 and CD track 35, 0:11–end)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD—2:20–end)

DroneHildegard, “Columba aspexit”

Drum (see also Bass drum; Snare drum; Timpani)Navajo song, “K adnikini ya ”Handel, Minuet from the Royal Fireworks MusicHaydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (5:42–6:11;

CD track 24, 0:53–CD track 25, 0:14)Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (2:53–3:10 and

4:11–end; CD track 32, 0:29–0:46 and CD track 33, 1:01–end)Japanese gagaku orchestra, Etenraku—kakko, tsuridaikoI Lotring, BopongMusorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “The Great Gate at Kiev”

(4:59–end)Beijing opera, The Prince Who Changed into a Cat (0:00–0:24)Debussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (0:20 and 5:51–end; CD track 1, 0:20

and CD track 6, 0:32–end)Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (6:16–7:33 and 9:39–10:19;

CD track 11 and CD track 13, 0:54–1:34)Berg, Wozzeck, Act III, scene iii (0:00–0:24; CD track 16, 0:00–0:24);

scene iv (1:10–1:20; CD track 18, 1:10–1:20)Ives, “The Rockstrewn Hills” (3:41–4:15; CD track 22, 0:27–1:01)



Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (7:47–end; CD track 27, 0:05–end)Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II (2:24–3:34;

CD track 30)Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (7:42–end; CD track 40)Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” first excerpt (1:45–end)

and second excerptCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“House of the Rising Sun”—Caribbean steel drums, bongo drumsCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”—bass drum, lion’s roar (string drum), tambourine, log drum

León, Indígena —tom-toms, roto toms, bass drum (throughout, but especially 6:53–7:36; CD track 16, 0:55–1:38)

[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”—timpani in orchestral ritornellos, bass drum at end]

Ellington, “Conga Brava”Yoruba drumming, “Ako”Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere”Davis, Bitches BrewBernstein, West Side Story, Meeting Scene and “Cool”Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD—0:50–end)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Variation 13

(12:48–14:43; Unit I CD track 14) and Fugue (16:19, CD track 15, 1:36)

Drum setEllington, “Conga Brava”Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere”Davis, Bitches BrewBernstein, West Side Story, “Cool”Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD—0:50–end)

DrummingYoruba drumming, “Ako”

DuetMozart, Don Giovanni, “Là ci darem la mano”

Duple meter (see Meter—Duple)Dynamics

LoudGabrieli, “O magnum mysterium” (1:51–end)Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, I (1:34–1:57)Handel, Minuet from the Royal Fireworks MusicHandel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia”Handel, Messiah, Hallelujah Chorus (2:39–end)Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (5:42–6:11;

CD track 24, 0:53–CD track 25, 0:14)Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (0:12–0:28 and 1:04–1:27;

CD track 26, 0:12–0:28 and 1:04–1:27)Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (0:48–1:17 and

1:29–1:46, 2:24–3:10, and 4:11–end; CD track 30, 0:00–0:29 and 0:41–0:58; CD track 32, 0:00–0:46; and CD track 33, 1:01–end)

Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I (11:05–11:19; CD track 38, 2:30–2:44)

I Lotring, Bopong (4:04–end)



Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I (0:00–0:08; CD track 1, 0:00–0:08), II (1:26–1:41; CD track 10, 1:26–1:41), and IV (0:00–0:34 and 7:42–end; CD track 14, 0:00–0:34 and CD track 15, 4:11–end)


R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Die alten, bösen Lieder” (1:17–1:38)Schubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flat (3:42–4:04; CD track 23,

0:00–0:20)R. Schumann, Carnaval, “Florestan” (0:51–end)Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (8:12–8:44 and 9:19–end; CD track 32,

0:00–0:31 and CD track 33)Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì” (2:52–3:38, 3:39–end)Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (5:26–5:51 and 6:20–6:51;

CD track 17, 0:00–0:25 and 0:54–1:25)Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “The Great Gate at Kiev”

(3:50–end)Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (5:57–6:16, 6:16–7:33, and

9:39–10:19; CD track 10, 2:04–2:23; CD track 11; and CD track 13, 0:54–1:34)

Ives, “The Rockstrewn Hills” (3:14–4:08; CD track 22, 0:00–0:54)Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (7:42–end; CD track 27)Crawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6 (0:27–0:52)Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (7:42–end; CD track 40)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 5 (2:30–end)Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” first excerpt

(1:45–end)Varèse, Poème électronique (2:58–end)Crumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”León, Indígena (5:58–7:36; CD track 16, 0:00–1:38)[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”—in orchestral ritornellos]Ellington, “Conga Brava” (0:44–0:58, 2:06–2:28)Davis, Bitches Brew (3:19–3:39)Bernstein, West Side Story, “Cool” (2:56–3:39)Yoruba drumming, “Ako”Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—0:11–0:21,

3:56–end)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—2:20–2:46)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD—2:20–end)Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD—0:20–0:28,

0:55–1:03)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Theme (0:00 and

2:25; Unit I CD track 10, 0:00 and 2:25), Variation 5 (6:10; CD track 12, 0:00), and Finale (16:28; CD track 15, 1:47)

SoftPalestrina, Pope Marcellus Mass, from the Gloria (beginning)Purcell, Dido and AeneasVivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, I (1:07–1:28)Handel, Messiah, “There were shepherds”Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (0:00–0:38—with

surprise ending!)



Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III—Trio (2:29–3:59; CD track 27)

Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (0:00–0:48; CD track 29)

Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I (0:58–1:29)Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, III (0:00–0:21 and 3:30–4:46;

CD track 12, 0:00–0:21 and CD track 13, 1:38–2:54)Beethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I (0:00–0:13 and 3:41–end;

CD track 42, 0:00–0:13; and CD track 45, 0:29–end)R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Im wunderschönen Monat Mai”C. Schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen”Schubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flat (0:00–0:43)R. Schumann, Carnaval, “Eusebius”Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (0:00–0:32; CD track 27, 0:00–0:32)Wagner, The Valkyrie, Act I, scene iPuccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì” (0:00–37, 2:16–2:52)Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (0:00–0:35 and 8:07–8:37;

CD track 14, 0:00–0:35, and CD track 18, 0:00–0:30)Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “The Great Gate at Kiev”

(1:01–1:37, 2:13–2:47)Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (0:00–1:02)Debussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (0:00–0:34 and 6:14–end;

CD track 1, 0:00–0:34, and CD track 6, 0:54–end)Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (0:00–0:44, 7:33–8:08, and

10:33–end; CD track 7, 0:00–0:44; CD track 12, 0:00–0:34; and CD track 13, 1:49–end)

Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, “Night” (0:00–1:01)Berg, Wozzeck, Act III, scene iv (3:01–4:30; CD track 19)Ives, “The Rockstrewn Hills” (4:08–end; CD track 22, 0:54–end)Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (4:30–5:08 and 5:16–5:44; CD track 26,

0:00–0:38 and 0:46–1:14)Crawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6 (1:45–end)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Sections 1 (0:00–0:44), 5 (0:00–0:37),

and 6 (0:00–0:22, 2:12–end)Webern, Five Orchestral Pieces, Op. 10, No. 4Crumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“House of the Rising Sun”León, Indígena (7:36–end; CD track 16, 1:38–end)[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”—in aria]Ellington, “Conga Brava” (0:00–0:23, 2:29–end)Bernstein, West Side Story, Dance at Gym: Meeting SceneRachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—0:52–1:46,

2:23–3:03)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—0:00–0:34 and

3:10–end)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD—0:00–0:48)Tchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker

(Unit I CD—0:00–0:37)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Theme for wood-

wind choir (0:41; Unit I CD track 10, 0:41), Variation 1 (2:49; Unit I CD track 11, 0:00), and Variation 6 (6:56; Unit I CD track 12, 0:45)



Loud and softVivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, I (0:00–0:28)Handel, Messiah, “Glory to God” (1:50–end)Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II—Variation 4

(4:49–5:57; CD track 24); Coda (5:57–end; CD track 25)Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (0:00–0:28)Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (1:54–2:07 and

4:02–end; CD track 31, 0:00–0:13, and CD track 33, 0:52–end)Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I (6:30–7:08; CD track 37,

0:00–0:38)Beethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I (0:00–0:58; CD track 42,

0:00–0:58)Schubert, “Erlkönig”R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Die alten, bösen Lieder”R. Schumann, Carnaval, “Florestan”Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (6:30–6:52; CD track 31, 0:00–0:21)Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:17–2:45;

CD track 2)Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (3:08–4:46; CD track 9,

0:00–CD track 10, 0:53)Berg, Wozzeck, Act III, scene iii (0:25–1:35; CD track 16, 0:25–1:35)Ives, “The Rockstrewn Hills” (0:00–0:49)Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (4:30–5:44; CD track 26, 0:00–1:14)Varèse, Poème électronique (0:00–0:45)León, Indígena (0:00–0:51 and 5:58–end; CD track 13, 0:00–0:51 and

CD track 16, 0:00–end)[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”]Ellington, “Conga Brava” (0:00–0:58)Davis, Bitches Brew (0:00–1:04)Bernstein, West Side Story, “Cool” (0:00–1:06, 1:11–2:09)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—1:54–2:57)Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD—0:20–1:03)

CrescendoHandel, Messiah, Hallelujah Chorus (1:08–1:26)Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (0:55–1:27; CD track 26,

0:55–1:27)Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I (0:20–0:46; CD track 1,

0:20–0:46); II (1:03–1:41; CD track 10, 1:03–1:41); III (1:21–1:52; CD track 12, 1:20–1:52); III (4:46; CD track 13, 2:54) to IV (0:34; CD track 14, 0:34); and IV (7:15–end; CD track 15, 3:44–end)


I Lotring, Bopong (3:40–4:04)Schubert, “Erlkönig” (3:24–3:38)R. Schumann, Carnaval, “Florestan” (0:38–end)Chopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2 (1:28–1:58)Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (0:33–0:57, 5:11–5:28, and 7:26–8:12;

CD track 27, 0:33–0:57; CD track 29, 1:34–1:52; CD track 31, 0:55–1:42)

Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì” (3:39–4:05)Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (4:08–4:45, 4:45–5:26, 14:18–14:45,

and 16:44–17:24; CD track 15, 2:00–2:37; CD track 16; CD track 22, 0:48–1:15; and CD track 23, 0:58–1:38)



Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “The Great Gate at Kiev” (3:17–4:12, 4:30–5:17)

Debussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (2:10–2:48; CD track 3, 0:00–0:37)Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (5:44–6:16 and 9:39–10:19;

CD track 10, 1:50–2:23, and CD track 13, 0:54–1:34)Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, “Night” (1:02–1:29)Berg, Wozzeck, Act III, scene iii (0:00–0:14, 0:14–0:24, and 2:22–3:45;

CD track 16, 0:00–0:14 and 0:14–0:24; and CD track 17)Ives, “The Rockstrewn Hills” (1:25–2:18; CD track 21, 1:25–2:18)Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (7:04–8:12; CD track 26,

2:34–CD track 27, 0:28)Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II (1:16–2:04 and

4:04–4:54; CD track 29, 0:20–1:08, and CD track 31, 0:30–1:20)Crawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6 (0:00–0:52)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Sections 2 (0:29–0:51, 1:45–2:07) and 5

(1:42–1:51)Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” first excerpt

(1:45–end)Davis, Bitches Brew (1:04–3:39)Bernstein, West Side Story, “Cool” (2:09–3:27)Linda, “Anoku Gonda” (1:58–end)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—0:53–1:06)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD—2:04–2:35)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Theme for brass

choir (1:10; Unit I CD track 10, 1:10) and Fugue (14:43–end; Unit I CD track 15, 0:00–end)

DecrescendoHandel, Messiah, “Glory to God” (2:51–end)Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, II (1:26–2:04; CD track 10,

1:26–2:04) and III (2:56–3:30; CD track 13, 1:03–1:38)Beethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I (2:51–3:11; CD track 44,

0:57–1:18)Schubert, “Erlkönig” (3:40–3:52)R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Die alten, bösen Lieder” (1:17–2:10)R. Schumann, Carnaval, “Florestan” (0:00–0:11)Chopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2 (1:58–2:13)Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (2:53–3:11 and 6:52–7:26; CD track 28,

0:54–1:12, and CD track 31, 0:21–0:55)Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (2:18–3:03;

CD track 2, 2:01–CD track 3, 0:18)Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì” (3:58–end)Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (6:47–7:44 and 17:55–18:32; CD track 17,

1:21–2:18 and CD track 24)Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, III (7:28–7:35; CD track 35,

1:19–1:25)Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (4:12–4:53 and 8:37–9:38; CD track 38,

1:19–2:00, and CD track 43, 0:19–1:21)Debussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (2:41–2:48; CD track 3, 0:30–0:37)Ives, “The Rockstrewn Hills” (2:07–2:44 and 3:57–end; CD track 21,

2:07–2:44 and CD track 22, 0:43–end)Crawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6 (0:37–1:10, 1:26–1:49)León, Indígena (7:11–end; CD track 16, 1:13–end)Davis, Bitches Brew (3:19–end)



Bernstein, West Side Story, “Cool” (3:27–end)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—1:02–1:15,

1:54–2:13, 3:07–end)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Transition from

theme to woodwind theme (0:00–0:41; Unit I CD track 10, 0:00–0:41)

Crescendo and decrescendoBeethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, II (0:00–2:28; CD track 10,

0:00–2:28)I Lotring, BopongR. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Die alten, bösen Lieder” (0:23–2:35)R. Schumann, Carnaval, “Florestan”Chopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2 (0:58–2:13)Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (0:00–1:39 and 1:39–3:38;

CD track 27, 0:00–1:39, and CD track 27, 1:40–track 28, 1:37)Wagner, The Valkyrie, Act I, scene i (2:08–2:43 and 6:24–6:50;

CD track 8, 0:00–0:35 and CD track 10, 0:00–0:26)Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì” (3:39–end)Ives, “The Rockstrewn Hills” (0:00–0:49)Crawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6 (0:00–1:03)Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (2:40–3:12; CD track 37,

0:57–1:29)Varèse, Poème électroniqueReich, Music for 18 MusiciansSchubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—0:22–1:15)

E-flat clarinet (see Clarinet—E-flat clarinet)Electric bass

Davis, Bitches BrewBernstein, West Side Story, “Cool”

Electric guitarDavis, Bitches Brew

Electric pianoDavis, Bitches Brew

Electronic keyboardDavis, Bitches Brew—electric piano

Electronic musicVarèse, Poème électronique—musique concrète and electronically

generated soundsDavis, Bitches Brew—electric guitar, piano, and bass (echoplex before

excerpt begins)“Emancipation of dissonance”

Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaireBerg, WozzeckWebern, Five Orchestral Pieces, Op. 10, IV

EmbellishmentAnonymous, “Daphne”Anonymous, “Kemp’s Jig”Monteverdi, The Coronation of Poppea, “Tornerai?” (1:48–2:01) and

“Speranza, tu mi vai” (0:00–0:50)Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, IIVivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, I (0:28–0:59 and 2:06–2:25)Handel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia” (2:22–end)



Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (1:54–1:59; CD track 31, 0:00–0:06)


Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, II (4:16–5:18; CD track 10, 4:16–5:18)

Japanese gagaku orchestra, EtenrakuChopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2 (0:00–0:58 and 2:13–2:54)Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (1:59–2:29; CD track 28, 0:00–0:30)Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “Bella figlia dell’amore” (1:35–4:22;

CD track 5, 1:00–end)Beijing opera, The Prince Who Changed into a Cat (0:24–end)Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (5:44–6:34; CD track 26, 1:14–2:04)Wallace, “If You Ever Been Down” BluesParker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere” (0:00–0:47)Bernstein, West Side Story, “Cool”—fugue subject (1:11–1:34; embellished

at 2:39–2:56)Enemy Way ceremony

Navajo song, “K adnikini ya ”English horn

Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (7:42–8:06; CD track 17, 2:16–2:40)Debussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (0:15, 1:20, 2:47, and 5:19; CD track 1,

0:15; CD track 2, 0:33; CD track 3, 0:36; CD track 6, 0:00)Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (0:36–0:44 and 0:49–1:04;

CD track 7, 0:36–0:44 and 0:49–1:04)Ensemble (operatic)

Mozart, Don Giovanni, “Là ci darem la mano”Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “Bella figlia dell’amore” (0:35–4:22;

CD track 5)Berg, Wozzeck, Act III, scenes iii and ivBernstein, West Side Story, “Cool”

Episodes (see also Fugue; Rondo form)Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, I (0:28–0:59, 1:07–1:28, 1:34–1:57,

2:06–2:25, and 2:37–2:50)Bach, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Fugue in C MajorHaydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (0:48–1:54 and

2:24–3:10; CD tracks 30 and 32)Schubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flat (1:05–2:17 and 3:42–4:52;

CD track 21 and CD track 23, 0:00–1:10)Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “The Great Gate at Kiev” (1:01–1:37

and 2:13–3:50)Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (1:43–5:02 and 6:19–7:42; CD tracks 37

and 39)Bernstein, West Side Story, “Cool”

ErhuBeijing opera, The Prince Who Changed into a Cat

ExoticismPuccini, Madame ButterflyMusorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition (to Ravel, not Musorgsky)

Exposition—fugalFrescobaldi, CanzonaBach, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Fugue in C Major (0:00–0:23)Handel, Messiah, Hallelujah Chorus (0:44–1:08, 1:26–1:48)



Bach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanza 4 (0:00–0:18)Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (3:10–3:22;

CD track 32, 0:00–0:12)Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, III—trio (1:52–2:08; CD track 13,

0:00–0:16)Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (5:28–5:55; CD track 30, 0:00–0:26)Bernstein, West Side Story, “Cool” (1:11–2:25)Stravinsky, Symphony of Psalms, II (Unit I CD)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Fugue (14:42;

CD track 15, 0:00)Exposition—sonata form (see Sonata form)Expressionism

Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaireBerg, WozzeckWebern, Five Orchestral Pieces, Op. 10, IV

Festive Baroque orchestra (see Orchestra—Baroque—Festive Baroque orchestra)

Figured bassPurcell, Dido and AeneasVivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganzaVivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, SpringBach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5Handel, Minuet from the Royal Fireworks MusicHandel, Julius CaesarHandel, MessiahBach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden”Mozart, Don Giovanni, “Alfin siam liberati”

Film musicProkofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice”

FinaleHaydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IVBeethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, IVBerlioz, Fantastic Symphony, VBrahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, IIIStill, Afro-American Symphony, IVVarèse, Poème électronique[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”]Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD)

FluteAnonymous, “Kemp’s Jig”—recorderBach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (3:55–4:31;

CD track 23, 0:16–0:52)Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (1:46–1:59;

CD track 30, 0:58–CD track 31, 0:06)Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I (0:16–0:34, 3:27–3:42, 5:33–5:49,

and 7:45–8:00; CD track 34, 0:16–0:34; CD track 35, 1:16–1:31; CD track 36, 1:07–1:23; and CD track 37, 1:15–1:30)

Japanese gagaku orchestra, Etenraku—ryutekiI Lotring, BopongVerdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “Bella figlia dell’amore” (0:09–0:19;

CD track 4, 0:09–0:19)



Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Gnomus” (2:24–2:38), “Promenade [2]” (0:27–0:36), and “The Great Gate at Kiev” (2:22–2:47)

Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (1:15–1:35 and 6:50–7:02; CD track 36, 1:15–1:35 and CD track 40, 0:07–0:19)

Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (4:46–5:20 and 7:33–8:08; CD track 10, 0:53–1:27, and CD track 12, 0:00–0:34)

Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (1:43–2:08 and 3:56–4:26; CD track 37, 0:00–0:25 and 2:13–2:43)

Copland, Appalachian Spring, Sections 1 (1:25), 2 (0:29, 1:13, 1:34, and 2:32), 5 (0:00–0:37), and 6 (1:19)

León, Indígena (0:03–0:22; CD track 13, 0:03–0:22)Bernstein, West Side Story, Meeting Scene (0:00–0:47) and “Cool”

(1:34–1:51)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—2:57–3:07)Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD—0:37–0:58)Stravinsky, Symphony of Psalms, II (Unit I CD—0:25–end)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Variation 1

(2:49–3:26; Unit I CD track 11, 0:00–0:39)Bass or alto flute

Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (10:33–end; CD track 13, 1:49–end)

Folk lamentCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“House of the Rising Sun”Form (see names of individual forms)Fragmentation

Mozart, Symphony No. 40, I (4:54–5:11; CD track 16, 0:44–1:01)Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I (3:39–4:07; CD track 5,

0:00–0:29)Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (7:10–7:26; CD track 31, 0:40–0:55)Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (11:13–12:34 and 15:47–16:14;

CD track 20 and CD track 23, 0:00–0:28)Debussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (6:14–end; CD track 6, 0:54–end)Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—0:36–0:52)

Free formsAnonymous, “In paradisum”Pérotin, “Alleluia. Diffusa est gratia”Josquin, “Mille regrets”Bach, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Prelude in C MajorR. Schumann, Carnaval, “Florestan”Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, VMusorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Gnomus”Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1Ives, “The Rockstrewn Hills”[Ives, The Unanswered Question]Crawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6Copland, Appalachian SpringWebern, Five Orchestral Pieces, Op. 10, No. 4Ligeti, Lux aeternaVarèse, Poème électronique[Cage, 4 33´ ]



Reich, Music for 18 MusiciansLeón, IndígenaDavis, Bitches Brew

French hornHaydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (1:12–1:27; CD track 26,

1:12–1:27)Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (0:48–1:17,

1:29–1:46, 2:24–2:39, 2:53–3:07, and 4:11–end; CD track 30, 0:00–0:29, and 0:41–0:58; CD track 32, 0:00–0:15 and 0:29–0:43; and CD track 33, 1:01–end)

Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I (0:46–0:48; CD track 2, 0:00–0:02), III (0:21–0:41; CD track 12, 0:21–0:41), and IV (0:34; CD track 14, 0:34)

Wagner, The Valkyrie, Act I, scene i (7:09–7:34, 9:41–9:50, 11:30–12:11, and 12:25–13:04; CD track 10, 0:45–CD track 11, 1:13; CD track 11, 2:20–2:29; and CD track 12, 1:20–2:01 and 2:15–2:54)

Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì” (3:39–4:29)Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (8:57–10:05 and 14:38; CD track 19,

0:00–1:08, and CD track 22, 1:08)Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, III (5:54–6:09; CD track 34,

1:31–1:46)Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Promenade [2]” (0:00–0:09 and

0:17–0:27)Debussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (1:21, 5:19, and 6:40; CD track 2,

0:33, and CD track 6, 0:00 and 1:21)Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (3:08–3:53, 4:46–5:20, 6:16–7:12,

and 8:45–9:39; CD track 9; CD track 10, 0:53–1:27; CD track 11, 0:00–0:56; and CD track 13, 0:00–0:54)

Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (5:16–5:44; CD track 26, 0:46–1:14)Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (1:49–1:54, 2:08–2:31, 6:48–7:10, and

7:19–7:37; CD track 37, 0:06–0:11 and 0:25–0:48; CD track 39, 0:29–0:51 and 1:00–1:18)

León, Indígena (2:08–2:24 and 4:10–4:22; CD track 13, 0:58–1:14 and CD track 15, 0:13–0:25)

Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—2:52–3:56)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—0:34–1:15)Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD—0:28–0:30)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra Variation 10

(10:30–11:10; Unit I CD track 13, 0:00–0:40)Fugal devices (see Diminution; Inversion; Stretto)Fugato


Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, III—trio (1:52–3:30; CD track 13, 0:00–1:38)

Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (5:28–end; CD tracks 30–33)Fugue, fugue subject, episodes (see also Exposition—fugal; Fugato)

Frescobaldi, CanzonaBach, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Fugue in C MajorBerlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (5:28–end; CD tracks 8–11)Bernstein, West Side Story, “Cool” (1:11–2:56)Stravinsky, Symphony of Psalms, II (Unit I CD)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Fugue (14:43–end;

Unit I CD track 15, 0:00–end)



Functional harmonyVivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganzaVivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, SpringBach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5Bach, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Prelude and Fugue

in C MajorHandel, Minuet from the Royal Fireworks MusicBach, Gigue from Cello Suite No. 2 in D MinorHandel, Julius CaesarHandel, MessiahBach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden”Mozart, Symphony No. 40Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”)Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flatHaydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”)Mozart, Don Giovanni, “Ho capito,” “Alfin siam liberati,” and “Là ci

darem la mano”Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, IBeethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I, II, III, and IVBeethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, ISchubert, “Erlkönig”R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Im wunderschönen Monat Mai,” “Die alten,

bösen Lieder”C. Schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen”Schubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flatR. Schumann, Carnaval, “Eusebius” and “Florestan”Chopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, VVerdi, RigolettoPuccini, Madame ButterflyTchaikovsky, Romeo and JulietBrahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, IIIMahler, Symphony No. 1, IIIStill, Afro-American Symphony[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”]Wallace, “If You Ever Been Down” BluesEllington, “Conga Brava”Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere”Bernstein, West Side StoryLinda, “Anoku Gonda”Joplin, “Maple Leaf Rag” (Unit I CD)Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD)Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD)Tchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker


FusionDavis, Bitches Brew

GagakuJapanese gagaku orchestra, Etenraku



GakusoJapanese gagaku orchestra, Etenraku

GalliardAnonymous, “Daphne”

GamelanI Lotring, Bopong

Gamelan pelegonganI Lotring, Bopong

GangsaI Lotring, Bopong

Gapped choraleBach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanzas 3 and 4

Genre (see names of individual genres)German Romantic opera

Wagner, The ValkyrieGesamtkunstwerk

Wagner, The ValkyrieGigue (see Jig)

Bach, Gigue from Cello Suite No. 2 in D MinorGlissando

Japanese gagaku orchestra, EtenrakuMusorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Gnomus” (0:24–0:33, 1:45–2:22,

and 2:24–2:40) and “The Great Gate at Kiev” (3:25–3:28)Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (0:15–0:24, 1:17–1:24, and 5:08–5:16;

CD track 23, 0:15–0:24, and 1:17–1:24; CD track 26, 0:38–0:46)Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II (2:14–2:24, 5:51–6:04,

and 6:08–6:24; CD track 29, 1:18–1:28, and CD track 33, 0:11–0:24 and 0:28–0:44)

Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (6:36–6:48 and 7:10–7:19; CD track 39, 0:17–0:29 and 0:51–1:00)

Varèse, Poème électronique (2:58–end)Crumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”—xylophone in instrumental introductionLeón, Indígena—cello (1:36–1:44; CD track 13, 0:26–0:34), French horn

(2:08–2:34; CD track 13, 0:58–1:24), trumpet (4:20–4:45, 5:00–5:49, 6:00–6:05; CD track 15, 0:23–0:48 and 1:03–1:52; and CD track 16, 0:02–0:07)

Linda, “Anoku Gonda”Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—1:58–2:06)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Variation 9

(9:39–10:30; Unit I CD track 12, 3:29–4:19)Globalism

Still, Afro-American SymphonyCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):


“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”León, IndígenaDavis, Bitches BrewLinda, “Anoku Gonda”

GlockenspielMusorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “The Great Gate at Kiev”—glockenspiel

campane (2:47–3:50—especially 3:17–3:32—and 5:17–end)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Sections 5 (1:03–1:42) and 6 (2:34–end)



Crumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5): “Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”

Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—0:21–0:32)

Gong (Tam-tam)I Lotring, BopongMusorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “The Great Gate at Kiev” (5:17–end)Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (6:43 and 9:53; CD track 40, 0:00, and

CD track 43, 1:35)Beijing opera, The Prince Who Changed into a CatStravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (9:39–10:37; CD track 13, 0:54–1:53)Crumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“House of the Rising Sun”—Chinese temple gongsCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”—Chinese cymbals, tamtam, Chinese temple gong

Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Variation 13 (13:54; Unit I CD track 14, 1:06)

GonganI Lotring, Bopong

“Grandiose” compositionsBerlioz, Fantastic SymphonyVerdi, RigolettoWagner, The ValkyriePuccini, Madame ButterflyTchaikovsky, Romeo and JulietMusorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition (miniatures in Musorgsky’s original

version for solo piano, but grandiose in Ravel’s orchestration)Mahler, Symphony No. 1, IIIStill, Afro-American Symphony, IVProkofiev, Alexander Nevsky[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”]Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD)

Ground bassAnonymous, “Sumer Is Icumen In”Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, “When I am laid in earth” (0:58–4:00)Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, IIDavis, Bitches Brew

GuitarPurcell, Dido and Aeneas, “Thy Hand, Belinda” (0:00–0:58)—luteDavis, Bitches Brew (0:00–1:04)—electric guitar

Harlem RenaissanceStill, Afro-American Symphony, IV

HarmonicsMusorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Gnomus” (0:24–0:33)Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (4:30–5:08; CD track 26, 0:00–0:38)

Harmony (see Homophony)Harp

Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì” (2:31–2:47, 4:22)Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (1:28–2:09, 3:36–4:08, 10:05–11:13, and

19:22–20:03; CD track 14, 1:28–2:09; CD track 15, 1:27–2:00; CD track 19, 1:08–2:16; and CD track 25, 0:50–1:31)



Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Gnomus” (0:24–0:33, 2:24–2:38)Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (4:53–6:43; CD track 38, 2:00–CD track 39,

1:34)Debussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (4:12–4:40 and 4:56–5:19; CD track 5,

0:00–0:27 and 0:44–1:06)Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (1:17–1:24 and 4:30–5:08; CD track 23,

1:17–1:24; and CD track 26, 0:00–0:38)Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II (2:35–3:14, 3:34–4:04,

5:28–5:40, and 5:40–5:51; CD track 30, 0:11–0:49; CD track 31, 0:00–0:30; CD track 32, 0:18–0:30; and CD track 33, 0:00–0:11)

Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (5:02–6:19; CD track 38)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Sections 1 (0:00–0:44), 2 (1:34–1:45), 5

(0:00–0:16, 1:03–1:42), and 6 (1:19–end)Webern, Five Orchestral Pieces, Op. 10, No. 4 (0:15)Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—0:52–1:36,

1:58–2:06)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Variation 9 (9:39;

Unit I CD track 12, 0:00) and Fugue (15:48; Unit I CD track 15, 1:05)Harpsichord

Monteverdi, The Coronation of Poppea, “Tornerai?” (accompanies Nero) and “Speranza, tu mi vai” (with orchestra)

Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, I (with orchestra)Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, IBach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5Handel, Minuet from the Royal Fireworks Music (with orchestra)Handel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia”Mozart, Don Giovanni, “Alfin siam liberati”

HeterophonyAnonymous, “Kemp’s Jig” (0:58–end)Japanese gagaku orchestra, EtenrakuBeijing opera, The Prince Who Changed into a Cat (0:24–end)

HichirikiJapanese gagaku orchestra, Etenraku

High Renaissance styleJosquin, Pange lingua MassJosquin, “Mille regrets”Palestrina, Pope Marcellus MassWeelkes, “As Vesta Was from Latmos Hill Descending”Processional hymn from the Andes, “Hanaq pachap kusikuynin”

HocketI Lotring, BopongVerdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “Bella figlia dell’amore” (2:36–3:34;

CD track 5, 2:01–2:59)Homophony

Bernart, “La dousa votz”Dufay, “Ave maris stella” (even-numbered stanzas)Josquin, Pange lingua Mass, from the Gloria (0:21–0:34, 0:45–0:59)Palestrina, Pope Marcellus Mass, from the GloriaWeelkes, “As Vesta Was from Latmos Hill Descending” (1:21–1:33,

1:54–2:05)Anonymous, “Daphne” (0:00–1:35)Anonymous, “Kemp’s Jig”Monteverdi, The Coronation of Poppea



Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, “Thy Hand, Belinda” and “When I am laid in earth”

Frescobaldi, Balletto and CorrenteProcessional hymn from the Andes, “Hanaq pachap kusikuynin”Foday Musa Suso, “Laminba”Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, IBach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5, I—ritornello (0:00–0:19; CD track 1,

0:00–0:19)Handel, Minuet from the Royal Fireworks MusicHandel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia”Handel, Messiah, “There were shepherds,” “Glory to God” (1:50–2:01,

2:11–2:22)Handel, Messiah, Hallelujah Chorus (0:00–0:22, 1:08–1:26)Bach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanza 7Mozart, Symphony No. 40, I (0:00–0:25; CD track 14, 0:00–0:25)Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), IIHaydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, IIIHaydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”)Mozart, Don Giovanni, “Ho capito,” “Alfin siam liberati,” and “Là ci

darem la mano”Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I (0:00–2:11)Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I, II (0:00–0:21; CD track 10,

0:00–0:21), III, and IVBeethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, ISchubert, “Erlkönig”R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Im wunderschönen Monat Mai” and “Die

alten, bösen Lieder”C. Schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen”Schubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flatR. Schumann, Carnaval, “Eusebius” and “Florestan”Chopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2 (0:00–0:58)Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, VVerdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (CD tracks 1–3) and

“Bella figlia dell’amore” (CD tracks 4–5)Wagner, The Valkyrie, Act I scene iPuccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì”Tchaikovsky, Romeo and JulietBrahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, IIIMusorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Promenade” (0:08–0:17,

0:22–0:26, 0:31–end), “Gnomus,” and “The Great Gate at Kiev” (0:00–1:01, 1:01–1:37)

Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (2:09–3:42 and 4:53–6:43; CD track 37, 0:00–CD track 38, 0:49; and CD track 38, 2:00–CD track 39, 1:34)

Berg, Wozzeck, Act III, scene iii (0:25–2:21; CD track 16, 0:25–2:21)Ives, “The Rockstrewn Hills” (2:06–2:34; CD track 21, 2:06–2:34)Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, IStill, Afro-American Symphony, IVCopland, Appalachian Spring, Sections 5 (0:00–1:16 and 2:14–end) and 6Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” second excerptCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):


“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”



[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”]Ellington, “Conga Brava” (0:00–0:44)Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere”Bernstein, West Side Story, Meeting Scene (0:00–0:47)Linda, “Anoku Gonda” (0:00–1:26)Joplin, “Maple Leaf Rag” (Unit I CD)Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—3:56–end)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—0:13–1:06,

1:15–1:54)Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD—2:20–end)Schubert, String Quartet in A Minor (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD)Tchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker

(Unit I CD)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Theme (0:00; Unit I

CD track 10, 0:00) and Variation 5 (6:10; Unit I CD track 12, 0:00)Ho zho ni songs

Navajo song, “K adnikini ya ”Hunting song

Pygmy polyphony, Elephant-hunt songHymn

Dufay, “Ave maris stella”Processional hymn from the Andes, “Hanaq pachap kusikuynin”Bach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanza 7Bach, chorale prelude, “Christ lag in Todesbanden”Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (0:00–0:35)Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “The Great Gate at Kiev”

(1:01–1:37, 2:13–2:47)Ives, “The Rockstrewn Hills” (3:00–4:08; CD track 21, 3:00–CD track 22,

0:54)Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV—A sections (0:00–1:43, 5:02–6:19,

and 7:42–end; CD tracks 36, 38, and 40)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 5Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD)

Idée fixeBerlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (1:59–2:29; CD track 28, 0:00–0:30)

Imitation (see Polyphony—Imitative polyphony)Imitative polyphony (see Polyphony—Imitative polyphony)Impressionism

Debussy, Three Nocturnes, CloudsRavel, Piano Concerto in G, I

ImprovisationQur’anic recitation, “Ya Sin”Handel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia” (2:22–end)Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I (9:48–11:05; CD track 38,

1:13–2:30)Wallace, “If You Ever Been Down” BluesEllington, “Conga Brava”Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere”Davis, Bitches BrewGershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD)



IncaProcessional hymn from the Andes, “Hanaq pachap kusikuynin”

InnigBeethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, IR. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Im wunderschönen Monat Mai” and “Die

alten, bösen Lieder” (2:11–end)C. Schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen”Schubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flat

Instruments (see names of individual instruments)Interlocking ostinatos

Pygmy polyphony, Elephant-hunt songSchoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, “Night”

IntroductionBernart, “La dousa votz” (0:00–0:07)Monteverdi, The Coronation of Poppea, “Speranza, tu mi vai” (0:00–0:11)Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, “When I am laid in earth” (0:57–1:09)Foday Musa Suso, “Laminba” (0:00–0:22)Handel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia” (0:00–0:16)Handel, Messiah, Hallelujah Chorus (0:00–0:06)Bach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanza 3 (0:00–0:11)Schubert, “Erlkönig” (0:00–0:23)R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Im wunderschönen Monat Mai” (0:15–0:27)

and “Die alten, bösen Lieder” (0:00–0:05)Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (0:00–1:39)Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:17–0:32; CD track 2,

0:00–0:15)Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (0:00–5:26; CD tracks 14–16)Beijing opera, The Prince Who Changed into a Cat (0:00–0:25)Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, “Night” (0:00–0:21) and “The Moonfleck”

(0:00–0:15)Berg, Wozzeck, Act III, scene iii (0:00–0:25)Crawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6 (0:00–0:10)Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” first excerpt (0:00–1:45)Reich, Music for 18 Musicians, IntroductionCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“House of the Rising Sun” (0:00–0:10)Crumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!” (0:00–0:10)[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”—first orchestral ritornello]Wallace, “If You Ever Been Down” Blues (0:00–0:10)Bernstein, West Side Story, Meeting Scene—Cha-cha (0:00–0:10); and

“Cool” (0:00–0:14)Inversion

Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (theme at 0:00–0:08, inversion at 0:55–0:58, and theme and inversion at 1:10–1:15)

Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, III (tune at 1:14–1:34 and tune inverted at 1:34–1:49; CD track 31, 0:00–0:20 and 0:20–0:35)

Irregular Meters (see Meter—Changing or irregular)Isicathamiya

Linda, “Anoku Gonda”Isorhythm

Machaut, “Quant en moi”



Italian operaMonteverdi, The Coronation of PoppeaHandel, Julius CaesarMozart, Don GiovanniVerdi, RigolettoPuccini, Madame Butterfly

“Jamming” (see Collective improvisation)Jazz (see also specific jazz styles)

Wallace, “If You Ever Been Down” BluesEllington, “Conga Brava”Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere”Davis, Bitches BrewGershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD—0:50–end)

Jazz-rock (see Fusion)Jig

Anonymous, “Kemp’s Jig”Bach, Gigue from Cello Suite No. 2 in D MinorParker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere” (Irish jig—2:02–2:06)

Jing roleBeijing opera, The Prince Who Changed into a Cat

JinghuBeijing opera, The Prince Who Changed into a Cat

Jingju (see Beijing opera)Kakko

Japanese gagaku orchestra, EtenrakuKeyboard (see names of individual keyboard instruments)

Gabrieli, “O magnum mysterium”—organMonteverdi, The Coronation of Poppea—harpsichordFrescobaldi, Canzona, Balletto, and Corrente—organVivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, I—harpsichordBach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 (6:18–9:14; CD track 4,

0:00–2:56)—harpsichordBach, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Fugue in C Major—pianoHandel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia”—harpsichordHandel, Messiah, “There were shepherds”—organ and harpsichordHandel, Messiah, “Glory to God” and Hallelujah Chorus—organBach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden”—organMozart, Don Giovanni, “Alfin siam liberati”—harpsichordMozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I—pianoBeethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I—pianoSchubert, “Erlkönig”—pianoR. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Im wunderschönen Monat Mai” and

“Die alten, bösen Lieder”—pianoC. Schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen”—pianoSchubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flat—pianoR. Schumann, Carnaval, “Eusebius” and “Florestan”—pianoChopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2—pianoMusorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Gnomus”—celesta (0:24–0:33)Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire—pianoBerg, Wozzeck, Act III, scene iii—piano (0:25–2:21; CD track 16,

0:25–2:21)Ives, “The Rockstrewn Hills”—piano (0:48–1:27 and 4:08–end;

CD track 21, 0:48–1:27; and CD track 22, 0:54–end)Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I—piano



Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II—celesta (2:14–2:24; CD track 29, 1:18–1:28)

Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II—piano (throughout)

Crawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6—pianoCopland, Appalachian Spring—piano, Section 5 (1:03–1:42, 2:30–end)Webern, Five Orchestral Pieces, Op. 10, No. 4—celesta (0:16)Varèse, Poème électronique—organ (2:30)Reich, Music for 18 Musicians—four pianosCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”—pianoLeón, Indígena—pianoEllington, “Conga Brava”—pianoParker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere”—pianoDavis, Bitches Brew—electric pianoJoplin, “Maple Leaf Rag”—piano (Unit I CD)Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini—piano (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD)Tchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker—

celesta (Unit I CD)Kora

Foday Musa Suso, “Laminba”Kuchka

Musorgsky, Pictures at an ExhibitionLate Romantic opera

Verdi, RigolettoWagner, The ValkyriePuccini, Madame Butterfly

LegatoAnonymous, “In paradisum”Hildegard, “Columba aspexit”Pérotin, “Alleluia. Diffusa est gratia”Machaut, “Dame, de qui toute ma joie vient”Dufay, “Ave maris stella”Josquin, Pange lingua MassJosquin, “Mille regrets”Palestrina, Pope Marcellus Mass, from the GloriaWeelkes, “As Vesta Was from Latmos Hill Descending”Anonymous, “Daphne”Gabrieli, “O magnum mysterium”Purcell, Dido and AeneasProcessional hymn from the Andes, “Hanaq pachap kusikuynin”Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, IIVivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, I (1:07–1:28)Mozart, Symphony No. 40, I (0:00–0:18; CD track 14, 0:00–0:18)Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III—Trio (2:29–3:59; CD track 27)Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I (0:00–0:34)Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I (0:46–1:17; CD track 2), II

(0:00–1:03; CD track 10, 0:00–1:03), and IV (0:34–1:00; CD track 14, 0:34–1:00)

Beethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, IJapanese gagaku orchestra, EtenrakuR. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Im wunderschönen Monat Mai”C. Schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen”



Schubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flatR. Schumann, Carnaval, “Eusebius”Chopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “Bella figlia dell’amore” (0:35–4:22;

CD track 5)Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì”Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (0:00–0:35 and 18:32–20:03; CD track 14,

0:00–0:35; and CD track 25, 0:00–1:31)Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, III (2:38–3:11; CD track 33,

0:00–0:33)Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Promenade,” “Promenade [2],”

“The Great Gate at Kiev” (1:01–1:37, 2:13–2:47)Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (0:07–1:02 and 4:53–6:43; CD track 36,

0:07–1:02; and CD track 38, 2:00–CD track 39, 1:34)Debussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (0:00–2:10; CD tracks 1–2)Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (0:00–1:04 and 8:08–9:39;

CD track 7, 0:00–1:04; and CD track 12, 0:34–CD track 13, 0:54)Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, “Night” (0:00–1:01)[Ives, The Unanswered Question] (strings)Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (2:17–2:35; CD track 24, 0:37–0:55)Crawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (0:00–1:43 and 5:02–6:19; CD tracks 36

and 38)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Sections 1 and 6Ligeti, Lux aeternaCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“House of the Rising Sun”[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”—in aria]Wallace, “If You Ever Been Down” BluesParker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere”Bernstein, West Side Story, Meeting Scene (0:47–end)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—0:00–0:13,

1:15–1:54)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD—0:00–2:20)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Variation 2

(3:29–4:32; Unit I CD track 11, 0:39–1:42) and Variation 10 (10:30–11:10; Unit I CD track 13, 0:00–0:40)

LegongI Lotring, Bopong

LeitmotivWagner, The Valkyrie, Act I, scene iProkofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice”

LentoPuccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì” (2:29–2:59)Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (0:00–1:43 and 5:02–6:19;

CD tracks 36 and 38)León, Indígena (7:30–end; CD track 16, 1:32–end)

LiedSchubert, “Erlkönig”R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Im wunderschönen Monat Mai” and “die

alten, bösen Lieder”C. Schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen”



LuteAnonymous, “Kemp’s Jig”Monteverdi, The Coronation of Poppea (accompanies Poppea throughout)Purcell, Dido and Aeneas—archluteVivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza—theorboFoday Musa Suso, “Laminba”Japanese gagaku orchestra, Etenraku—biwaBeijing opera, The Prince Who Changed into a Cat—yueqin

Lydian mode (see Medieval modes)Madrigal

Weelkes, “As Vesta Was from Latmos Hill Descending”Major mode

Anonymous, “Sumer Is Icumen In”Anonymous, “Kemp’s Jig”Navajo song, “K adnikini ya ”Frescobaldi, Balletto and CorrenteVivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganzaFoday Musa Suso, “Laminba”Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, IBach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5Bach, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Prelude and Fugue in C MajorHandel, Minuet from the Royal Fireworks MusicHandel, Messiah, “Glory to God,” Hallelujah ChorusHaydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), IIHaydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, IIIHaydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IVMozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, IMozart, Don Giovanni, “Ho capito” and “Là ci darem la mano”Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I (0:46–1:26; CD track 2,

0:00–CD track 3, 0:10), II, III—trio (1:52–2:45; CD track 13, 0:00–1:03), and IV

Beethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, IC. Schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen”Schubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flat—A sections (0:00–1:05, 2:17–3:42,

and 4:52–end; CD track 20, CD track 22, and CD track 23, 1:10–end)R. Schumann, Carnaval, “Eusebius”Chopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (1:39–2:53 and 5:28–end; CD track 27,

1:40–CD track 28, 0:54; and CD tracks 30–33)Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:17–2:45; CD track 2)

and “Bella figlia dell’amore” (0:35–4:22; CD track 5)Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì”Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (8:57–10:05, 14:33–15:47, and 18:32–end;

CD track 19, 0:00–1:08; CD track 22, 1:03–2:16; and CD track 25)Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, IIIMusorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Promenade” and “The Great Gate

at Kiev”Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III—trio (4:53–6:43; CD track 38, 2:00–CD

track 39, 1:34)Beijing opera, The Prince Who Changed into a Cat (0:24–end)[Ives, The Unanswered Question] (strings)Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, ICopland, Appalachian Spring, Sections 1, 2, 5, and 6Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” second excerpt



[Riley, In C]Reich, Music for 18 MusiciansCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!” (solo voice only)León, Indígena (4:00; CD track 15, 0:03)Wallace, “If You Ever Been Down” BluesEllington, “Conga Brava” (0:51–2:28)Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere”Bernstein, West Side Story, Meeting Scene (0:00–0:47)Linda, “Anoku Gonda”Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—1:15–1:54)Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Theme for wood-

wind choir (0:42; Unit I CD track 10, 0:42) and Theme for brass choir (1:10; Unit I CD track 10, 1:10)

MandolinWebern, Five Orchestral Pieces, Op. 10, No. 4 (0:00–0:03)

MarchBeethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, IV (0:00–0:34; CD track 14,

0:00–0:34)Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, III—Coda (6:20–end; CD track 35,

0:11–end)Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (0:00–2:09)Ives, “The Rockstrewn Hills” (2:44; CD track 21, 2:44)Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” first excerpt (1:45–end)León, Indígena (3:57–end; CD tracks 15–16)

March and trio formMahler, Symphony No. 1, III

MarimbaReich, Music for 18 Musicians—three marimbasCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”León, Indígena (0:22–0:31, 1:10–1:24, 1:30–1:36, 4:18–4:38, and

5:02–5:22; CD track 13, 0:22–0:31; CD track 14, 0:00–0:14 and 0:20–0:26; and CD track 15, 0:21–0:41 and 1:05–1:25)

MassAnonymous, “In paradisum” (Requiem Mass)Josquin, Pange lingua MassPalestrina, Pope Marcellus Mass, from the Gloria

“Master rhythm”Berg, Wozzeck, Act III, scene iii (0:25–3:45; CD track 16, 0:25–CD track 17,

1:23)Medieval modes

Anonymous, “In paradisum”—MixolydianHildegard, “Columba aspexit”—MixolydianBernart, “La dousa votz”—MixolydianPérotin, “Alleluia. Diffusa est gratia”—MixolydianMachaut, “Dame, de qui toute ma joie vient”—LydianDufay, “Ave maris stella”—DorianJosquin, “Mille regrets”—PhrygianJosquin, Pange lingua Mass—Phrygian



Palestrina, Pope Marcellus Mass—Ionian (major)Bach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanza 7—Dorian

melodyMele pule

Hawai’ian chant, mele puleMelisma

Anonymous, “In paradisum”Pérotin, “Alleluia. Diffusa est gratia”Machaut, “Dame, de qui toute ma joie vient”Dufay, “Ave maris stella”Josquin, Pange lingua MassMonteverdi, The Coronation of Poppea, “Speranza, tu mi vai”Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, “When I am laid in earth” (0:58–4:00)Handel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia”Bach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanzas 3 and 4Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (1:26–2:22;

CD track 2, 1:09–2:05)Ligeti, Lux aeternaVarèse, Poème électronique

MelodyAnonymous, “In paradisum”Hildegard, “Columba aspexit”Bernart, “La dousa votz”Pérotin, “Alleluia. Diffusa est gratia”Anonymous, “Sumer Is Icumen In”Machaut, “Dame, de qui toute ma joie vient”Dufay, “Ave maris stella”Anonymous, “Daphne”Anonymous, “Kemp’s Jig”Qur’anic recitation, “Ya Sin”Hawai’ian chant, mele puleNavajo song, “K adnikini ya ”Processional hymn from the Andes, “Hanaq pachap kusikuynin”Monteverdi, The Coronation of PoppeaPurcell, Dido and Aeneas, “Thy Hand, Belinda” and “When I am laid in

earth”Frescobaldi, Balletto and CorrenteFoday Musa Suso, “Laminba”Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, I (ritornello theme)Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 (ritornello theme)Bach, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Fugue in C Major

(0:00–0:23)Handel, Minuet from the Royal Fireworks MusicBach, Gigue from Cello Suite No. 2 in D MinorHandel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia”Bach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanza 7Mozart, Symphony No. 40, I (0:00–0:25)Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (0:00–1:15)Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (0:00–2:29 and 2:29–3:39;

CD track 26 and CD track 27, 0:00–1:10)Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (0:00–0:48)Mozart, Don Giovanni, “Là ci darem la mano” (0:00–1:40)Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I (0:00–0:34 and 0:58–1:29)Japanese gagaku orchestra, Etenraku



Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I (0:00–0:20; CD track 1, 0:00–0:20), II (0:00–0:21; CD track 10, 0:00–0:21), III (0:00–0:41; CD track 12, 0:00–0:41), and IV (0:00–0:34; CD track 14, 0:00–0:34)

Beethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I (0:00–0:13, 0:13–0:58, and 0:58–1:11)

I Lotring, BopongR. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Im wunderschönen Monat Mai,” “Die alten,

bösen Lieder”C. Schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen”Schubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flatR. Schumann, Carnaval, “Eusebius” and “Florestan”Chopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, VVerdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:17–2:45; CD track 2)

and “Bella figlia dell’amore” (0:35–4:22; CD track 5)Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì”Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (0:00–0:35 and 14:33–15:47; CD track 14,

0:00–0:35 and CD track 22, 1:03–2:16)Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, III (0:00–0:46)Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Promenade” (0:00–0:34), “Gnomus”

(0:00–0:33), “Promenade [2],” and “The Great Gate at Kiev” (0:00–1:01, 1:01–1:37)

Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (0:00–2:09, 2:09–3:42, and 4:53–6:43; CD track 36; CD track 37, 0:00–CD track 38, 0:49; and CD track 38, 2:00–CD track 39, 1:34)

Beijing opera, The Prince Who Changed into a Cat (0:24–end)Debussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (0:00–0:20 and 4:12–5:19; CD track 1,

0:00–0:20 and CD track 5)Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (0:00–1:41, 3:53–4:30, and 4:46–5:44;

CD track 7, 0:00–1:41; CD track 10, 0:00–0:37 and 0:53–1:50)Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, “Night”Berg, Wozzeck, Act III, scene iii (0:42–0:59 and 1:36–2:06; CD track 16,

0:42–0:59 and 1:36–2:06)Ives, “The Rockstrewn Hills” (2:44–4:08; CD track 21, 2:44–CD track 22,

0:54)[Ives, The Unanswered Question]Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (0:00–0:36, 0:44–1:40, and 1:40–2:17;

CD track 23, 0:00–0:36 and 0:44–1:40; and CD track 24, 0:00–0:37)Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II (0:00, 0:56, 1:10,

1:32, and 2:04; CD track 28, 0:00, and CD track 29, 0:00, 0:13, 0:36, and 1:08)

Crawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6 (first emerges at 0:10)Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (0:00–0:56 and 1:43–2:40; CD track 36,

0:00–0:56; and CD track 37, 0:00–0:57)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Sections 1 (0:00–0:44), 2 (0:29–0:37),

5(0:00–0:37), and 6 (0:00–0:22)Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” second excerptWebern, Five Orchestral Pieces, Op. 10, No. 4Crumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):


“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”León, Indígena (5:58, 6:43, and 7:11; CD track 16, 0:00, 0:45, 1:13)



[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”—in aria]Wallace, “If You Ever Been Down” Blues (0:00–0:44)Ellington, “Conga Brava” (0:03–0:58)Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere” (0:00–0:47)Davis, Bitches Brew (1:04–3:39)Bernstein, West Side Story, Meeting Scene (0:00–0:47) and “Cool”

(0:14–1:06)Linda, “Anoku Gonda”Joplin, “Maple Leaf Rag” (Unit I CD)Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—2:23–3:56,

3:56–end)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—0:15–1:07,

1:15–1:52)Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD—0:00–0:48)Stravinsky, Symphony of Psalms, II (Unit I CD—0:00–0:25)Schubert, String Quartet in A Minor (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD—0:00–0:20)Tchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker

(Unit I CD—0:00–0:37)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Theme (0:00; Unit I

CD track 10, 0:00)Menuet (see Minuet)Metallophones (see also Celesta; Cymbals; Glockenspiel; Gong)

I Lotring, BopongCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“House of the Rising Sun”—Caribbean steel drums, suspended cym-bals, agogo bells, vibraphone, Chinese temple gongs

Crumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5): “Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”—sizzle cymbal, cabasa, Chinese cymbals, sus-pended cymbal, tamtam, Indian ankle bells, Chinese temple gong, glockenspiel, vibraphone, triangle

MeterCompound

Pérotin, “Alleluia. Diffusa est gratia” (organum, 0:37–2:36)Anonymous, “Sumer Is Icumen In”Monteverdi, The Coronation of Poppea, “Speranza, tu mi vai”

(1:06–end)Frescobaldi, CorrenteBach, Gigue from Cello Suite No. 2 in D MinorHaydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (4:49–5:06;

CD track 24, 0:00–0:17)Mozart, Don Giovanni, “Là ci darem la mano”—duet “Andiam”

(2:09–end)Schubert, “Erlkönig”C. Schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen”Schubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flatBerlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (1:59–2:53 and 5:28–end; CD track 28,

0:00–0:54, and CD tracks 30–33)Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, III—coda (6:20–end; CD track 35,

0:11–end)Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (6:19–end; CD tracks 39–40)Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD)



Changing or irregularNavajo song, “K adnikini ya ”Gabrieli, “O magnum mysterium”Monteverdi, The Coronation of Poppea, “Speranza, tu mi vai”I Lotring, Bopong (4:04–end)Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Promenade,” “Gnomus,”

“Promenade [2]”Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1—Game of Abduction (6:16–7:33;

CD track 11)Berg, Wozzeck, Act III, scene iii (0:00–3:45; CD tracks 16–17)Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, IICrawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6Copland, Appalachian Spring, Sections 2 and 6Reich, Music for 18 MusiciansCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”León, Indígena[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”]Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Variations 1–13

(0:00–14:43; Unit I CD tracks 10–14)Duple

Bernart, “La dousa votz”Josquin, Pange lingua Mass, Kyrie (Christe section—0:53–2:10)Josquin, Pange lingua Mass, from the GloriaJosquin, “Mille regrets”Palestrina, Pope Marcellus Mass, from the GloriaWeelkes, “As Vesta Was from Latmos Hill Descending”Anonymous, “Kemp’s Jig”Processional hymn from the Andes, “Hanaq pachap kusikuynin”Monteverdi, The Coronation of Poppea, “Speranza, tu mi vai”

(0:50–1:06)Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, “With drooping wings”Frescobaldi, Canzona and BallettoPygmy polyphony, Elephant-hunt songVivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, IBach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5, IBach, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Prelude and Fugue in

C MajorHandel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia”Handel, Messiah, “Glory to God” and Hallelujah ChorusBach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanzas 3, 4, and 7Mozart, Symphony No. 40, IHaydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), IIHaydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IVMozart, Don Giovanni, “Ho capito” and “Là ci darem la mano”Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, II Lotring, BopongBeethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I and IVBeethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I—all except Theme 2R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Im wunderschönen Monat Mai,”

“Die alten, bösen Lieder”Chopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2



Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:00–0:17; CD track 1) and “Bella figlia dell’amore” (0:00–end; CD tracks 4–6)

Tchaikovsky, Romeo and JulietBrahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, IIIMusorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “The Great Gate at Kiev”Mahler, Symphony No. 1, IIIBeijing opera, The Prince Who Changed into a Cat (0:24–end)Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, ICopland, Appalachian Spring, Section 5Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice”Wallace, “If You Ever Been Down” BluesEllington, “Conga Brava”Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere”Davis, Bitches BrewBernstein, West Side Story, Meeting Scene (0:00–0:47) and “Cool”Yoruba drumming, “Ako”Joplin, “Maple Leaf Rag” (Unit I CD)Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I

CD—0:00–0:52)Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD)Stravinsky, Symphony of Psalms, II (Unit I CD)Schubert, String Quartet in A Minor (Unit I CD)Tchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker

(Unit I CD)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Variation 1 (2:49

ff.; Unit I CD track 11, 0:00 ff.), Variation 11 (11:11; Unit I CD track 13, 0:40 ff.), Variation 12 (11:47; Unit I CD track 13, 1:16 ff.), and Fugue (14:43 ff.; Unit I CD track 15, 0:00 ff.)

TripleMachaut, “Dame, de qui toute ma joie vient”Dufay, “Ave maris stella” (even-numbered stanzas)Josquin, Pange lingua Mass, Kyrie (0:08–0:53, 2:10–end)Anonymous, “Daphne”Monteverdi, The Coronation of Poppea, “Speranza, to mi vai”(0:00–0:50)Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, “When I am laid in earth” (0:58)Frescobaldi, Balletto and CorrenteVivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, I and IIHandel, Minuet from the Royal Fireworks MusicHaydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, IIIBeethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, II and IIIBeethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I—Theme 2 (0:13–0:58 and

2:07–2:51; CD track, 0:13–0:58; and CD track 44, 0:13–0:57)C. Schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen”—slow compound

dupleVerdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:17–3:05;

CD tracks 2–3)Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì”Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, “Night” and “The Moonfleck”Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (0:00–6:19; CD tracks 36–38)Crumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”



Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—2:23–3:56 and 3:56–end)

Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Theme (0:00 ff.;

Unit I CD track 10, 0:00 ff.), Variation 3 (4:32 ff.; Unit I CD track 11, 1:42 ff.), Variation 5 (6:11 ff.; Unit I CD track 12, 0:00 ff.), Variation 7 (7:45 ff.; Unit I CD track 12,1:34 ff.), and Variation 13 (12:48–14:43; Unit I CD track 14, 0:00–1:55)

MetricalBernart, “La dousa votz”Pérotin, “Alleluia. Diffusa est gratia” (0:37–2:36)Anonymous, “Sumer Is Icumen In”Machaut, “Dame, de qui toute ma joie vient”Dufay, “Ave maris stella” (even-numbered stanzas)Josquin, Pange lingua MassJosquin, “Mille regrets”Palestrina, Pope Marcellus MassWeelkes, “As Vesta Was from Latmos Hill Descending”Anonymous, “Daphne”Anonymous, “Kemp’s Jig”Gabrieli, “O magnum mysterium”Monteverdi, The Coronation of Poppea, “Tornerai?” (0:19–0:51) and

“Speranza, tu mi vai”Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, “When I am laid in earth” (0:58–end) and

“With drooping wings”Frescobaldi, Canzona, Balletto, and CorrenteVivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganzaVivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, IProcessional hymn from the Andes, “Hanaq pachap kusikuynin”Foday Musa Suso, “Laminba”Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5Bach, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Prelude and Fugue in

C MajorHandel, Minuet from the Royal Fireworks MusicBach, Gigue from Cello Suite No. 2 in D MinorHandel, Messiah, “Glory to God,” Hallelujah ChorusBach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanzas 3, 4, and 7Mozart, Symphony No. 40, IHaydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), IIHaydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, IIIHaydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IVMozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, IMozart, Don Giovanni, “Ho capito” and “Là ci darem la mano”Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I, II, III, and IVBeethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I—all but Theme 2Schubert, “Erlkönig”R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Im wunderschönen Monat Mai” and “Die

alten, bösen Lieder”C. Schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen”Schubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flatI Lotring, BopongChopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V



Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” and “Bella figlia dell’amore”

Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì”Tchaikovsky, Romeo and JulietBrahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, IIIMusorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Promenade” and “The Great Gate

at Kiev”Mahler, Symphony No. 1, IIIBeijing opera, The Prince Who Changed into a Cat (0:24–end)Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1—Dance of the Adolescents (3:08–6:16;

CD tracks 9–10)Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaireBerg, Wozzeck, Act IIIIves, “The Rockstrewn Hills”Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, IBartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and CelestaCrawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6Still, Afro-American Symphony, IVCopland, Appalachian SpringProkofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” first excerpt (1:45–end);

second excerpt[Riley, In C]Webern, Five Orchestral Pieces, Op. 10, No. 4Reich, Music for 18 MusiciansCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”León, Indígena[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”]Wallace, “If You Ever Been Down” BluesEllington, “Conga Brava”Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere”Davis, Bitches BrewBernstein, West Side Story, Meeting Scene (0:00–0:47) and “Cool”Yoruba drumming, “Ako”Joplin, “Maple Leaf Rag” (Unit I CD)Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—0:00–0:52

and 2:23–end)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD)Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD)Stravinsky, Symphony of Psalms, II (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD)Tchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker


Mezzo-soprano voiceMonteverdi, The Coronation of Poppea—NeroHawai’ian chant, mele puleHandel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia”—SextusVerdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “Bella figlia dell’amore”—Maddalena

(0:00–4:22; CD tracks 4–5)Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaireBerg, Wozzeck, Act III, scene iii—Margret



Crumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5): “House of the Rising Sun”

Gershwin, “Who cares?”—Ella Fitzgerald (Unit I CD)Middle Ages

Anonymous, “In paradisum”Hildegard, “Columba aspexit”Bernart, “La dousa votz”Pérotin, “Alleluia. Diffusa est gratia”Anonymous, “Sumer Is Icumen In”Machaut, “Dame, de qui toute ma joie vient”

Miniature compositionsSchubert, “Erlkönig”R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Im wunderschönen Monat Mai,” “Die alten,

bösen Lieder”C. Schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen”Schubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flatR. Schumann, Carnaval, “Eusebius” and “Florestan”Chopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition (in Musorgsky’s original version for

piano)Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaireCrawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6Webern, Five Orchestral Pieces, Op. 10, No. 4Crumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):


“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”Tchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker

(Unit I CD)Minimalism

[Riley, In C]Reich, Music for 18 Musicians[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”]

Minor modeAnonymous, “Daphne”Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, “When I am laid in earth” (0:58) and “With

drooping wings”Frescobaldi, CanzonaVivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, II (1:44–2:26)Processional hymn from the Andes, “Hanaq pachap kusikuynin”Bach, Gigue from Cello Suite No. 2 in D MinorHandel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia”Bach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanzas 3, 4, and 7

(Dorian mode melody)Mozart, Symphony No. 40, IHaydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (2:24–2:39 and

2:53–3:07; CD track 32, 0:00–0:15 and 0:29–0:43)Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I (1:29–2:01—alternates with major

mode)Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I, II (6:58–7:19; CD track 11,

0:00–0:21) and III (0:00–1:52 and 3:30–4:46; CD track 12 and CD track 13, 1:38–2:54)

Schubert, “Erlkönig”R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Die alten, bösen Lieder”



Schubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flat—B sections (3:42–4:52; CD track 23, 0:00–1:10)

R. Schumann, Carnaval, “Florestan”Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì” (1:23–1:45)Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (0:00–8:07, 11:13–13:30, 13:30–13:51,

16:28–17:55, and 17:55–18:32; CD tracks 14–17; CD tracks 20–21; CD track 22, 0:00–0:21; CD track 23, 0:42–2:09; and CD track 24)

Mahler, Symphony No. 1, IIIBerg, Wozzeck, Act III, scene iv—concluding orchestral lament (4:30–end;

CD track 20)Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” first excerptCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“House of the Rising Sun” (in voice only)[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”]Bernstein, West Side Story, “Cool”Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD)Stravinsky, Symphony of Psalms, II (Unit I CD)Schubert, String Quartet in A Minor (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD—1:36)Tchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker

(Unit I CD)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Theme (0:00;

Unit I CD track 10, 0:00)Minstrel

Bernart, “La dousa votz”Foday Musa Suso, “Laminba”

MinuetHandel, Minuet from the Royal Fireworks MusicHaydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, IIIRachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—2:23–3:56)

Minuet formHaydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, IIIBeethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, III (scherzo and trio form)

Mixolydian mode (see Medieval modes)Mode (see Major mode; Medieval modes; Minor mode)Moderato

Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (17:55–end; CD tracks 24–25)Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Promenade [2]”Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 6 (0:00–1:19)Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I

CD—0:52–2:23)Modernism

Musorgsky, Pictures at an ExhibitionDebussy, Three Nocturnes, CloudsStravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaireBerg, Wozzeck, Act IIIIves, “The Rockstrewn Hills”[Ives, The Unanswered Question]Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and CelestaCrawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6Webern, Five Orchestral Pieces, Op. 10, No. 4[Riley, In C]Ligeti, Lux aeterna



Varèse, Poème électronique[Cage, 4 33´ ]Crumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):


“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”León, IndígenaDavis, Bitches BrewStravinsky, Symphony of Psalms, II (Unit I CD)

ModulationFrescobaldi, Corrente (a)Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, I (1:17–1:33)Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, I (1:28–2:06)Bach, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Prelude in C Major (0:00–0:42)

and Fugue in C Major (0:17–0:37, 0:37–0:52, and 0:51–1:14)Handel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia” (0:00–0:50; 1:31–1:55)Handel, Messiah, Hallelujah Chorus (0:00–0:25)Mozart, Symphony No. 40, I (0:00–1:04; CD track 14, 0:00–CD track 15,

0:11)Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (2:25–2:43 and 3:00–3:47;

CD track 22, 0:00–0:18; and CD track 22, 0:35–CD track 23, 0:08)Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (0:00–0:28, 0:55–1:42, and

3:24–4:07; CD track 26, 0:00–0:28 and 0:55–1:42; and CD track 27, 0:55–CD track 28, 0:08)

Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (2:53–3:12; CD track 32, 0:29–CD track 33, 0:03)

Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I (2:11–3:27 and 5:05–5:49; CD track 35, 0:00–1:16; and CD track 36, 0:39–1:23)

Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I (0:29–0:46; CD track 1, 0:29–0:46), II (1:03–1:41 and 1:26–2:12; CD track 10, 1:03–1:41 and 1:26–2:12), and IV (0:00–1:11; CD track 14, 0:00–1:11)

Beethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I (0:00–0:35)Schubert, “Erlkönig” (0:52–1:32)R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Im wunderschönen Monat Mai” (0:15–0:41),

“Die alten, bösen Lieder” (0:23–0:41)Schubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flat (0:29–1:28; CD track 20,

0:29–CD track 21, 0:23)Chopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2 (0:27–1:28)Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “Bella figlia dell’amore” (0:00–1:03;

CD track 4, 0:00–track 5, 0:28)Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (0:24–0:41 and 3:36–4:02; CD track 23,

0:24–0:41 and CD track 25, 0:00–0:26)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 5 (0:00–0:49 and 1:42–2:02)Joplin, “Maple Leaf Rag” (Unit I CD—1:28–2:11)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—0:38–1:35)Stravinsky, Symphony of Psalms, II (Unit I CD—0:00–0:50)Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD—0:20–0:45,

0:55–1:21)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Themes for full

orchestra and woodwind choir (0:00–1:10; Unit I CD track 10, 0:00–1:10)

Moment musicalSchubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flat



MonophonyAnonymous, “In paradisum”Hildegard, “Columba aspexit” (with drone)Pérotin, “Alleluia. Diffusa est gratia” (0:00–0:37, 2:36–end)Dufay, “Ave maris stella” (odd-numbered stanzas)Qur’anic recitation, “Ya Sin”Hawai’ian Chant, mele puleNavajo song, “K adnikini ya ”Bach, Gigue from Cello Suite No. 2 in D Minor (0:00–0:14 and 0:59–1:13)Handel, Messiah, “Glory to God”—And peace on earth (2:01–2:11,

2:22–2:29, and 2:57–3:04)Handel, Messiah, Hallelujah Chorus—For the Lord God omnipotent

reigneth (0:22–0:28 and 0:33–0:39)Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (2:25–2:34 and

2:43–2:51; CD track 22, 0:00–0:09 and 0:18–26)Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (0:00–0:02, 0:04–0:06, and



I Lotring, Bopong (4:04–end)Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I (0:00–0:08)Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “Bella figlia dell’amore” (4:22–end;

CD track 6)Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì” (2:02–2:11)Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Promenade” (0:00–0:08, 0:17–0:22,

0:26–0:31)León, Indígena (0:31–0:47, 4:22–4:50, and 5:06–5:45; CD track 13,

0:31–0:47; and CD track 15, 0:25–0:53 and 1:09–1:48)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—0:00–0:12)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD—0:00–0:48)

MotetGabrieli, “O magnum mysterium”

MotivesNavajo song, “K adnikini ya ”Frescobaldi, CanzonaFoday Musa Suso, “Laminba”Bach, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Fugue in C MajorMozart, Symphony No. 40, IHaydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, IIIBeethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I (0:00–0:08, 0:08–0:20, 0:46–0:49,

0:49–1:08, 1:17–1:22, 2:52–2:57, 3:28–3:39, and 6:04–6:09; CD track 1, 0:00–0:08 and 0:08–0:20; CD track 2, 0:00–0:02 and 0:02–0:21; CD track 3, 0:00–0:08; CD track 4, 0:00–0:05 and 0:36–0:47; CD track 8, 0:15–0:20), II (1:26–1:41; CD track 10, 1:26–1:41), III (0:21–0:41; CD track 12, 0:21–0:41), and IV (1:00–1:27; CD track 14, 1:00–1:27)

Beethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, ISchubert, “Erlkönig”R. Schumann, Carnaval, “Eusebius” and “Florestan”Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (2:50–2:53, 5:11–5:28, and 5:28–5:55;

CD track 28, 0:51–0:54; CD track 29, 1:34–1:52; CD track 30, 0:00–0:26)

Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:17–2:45; CD track 2)



Wagner, The Valkyrie, Act I, scene iPuccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì”Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (0:35–1:05 and 2:41–3:15; CD track 14,

0:35–1:05, and CD track 15, 0:32–1:06)Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, III (5:25–6:09; CD track 34,

1:02–1:46)Debussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (0:15, 1:20, 2:47, and 5:19; CD track 1,

0:15; CD track 2, 0:33; CD track 3, 0:36; and CD track 6, 0:00)Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (various motives 3:08–6:16;

CD tracks 9–10)Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, “Night”Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, IICrawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (6:19–7:42 and 7:42–end; CD tracks 39

and 40)Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice”[Riley, In C]Varèse, Poème électroniqueReich, Music for 18 MusiciansParker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere” (2:02–2:06)Bernstein, West Side Story, Meeting Scene (0:10–0:26, 0:32–0:47, and

0:47) and “Cool” (0:00–1:06)Yoruba drumming, “Ako”Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—0:00–0:52

and 3:56–end)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—0:13–1:06 and

2:13–2:33)Motivic consistency

Navajo song, “K adnikini ya ”Frescobaldi, CanzonaFoday Musa Suso, “Laminba”Bach, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Prelude and Fugue in C MajorBach, Gigue from Cello Suite No. 2 in D MinorHaydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, IIIBeethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, IBeethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, IVerdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:17–2:45; CD track 2)Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì”Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, “Night”Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and CelestaCrawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice”Reich, Music for MusiciansYoruba drumming, “Ako”Bernstein, West Side StoryRachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD)Stravinsky, Symphony of Psalms, II (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra (Unit I CD)

MovementFrescobaldi, Canzona, Balletto, and CorrenteVivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, I and II



Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, IBach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5, IHandel, Minuet from the Royal Fireworks MusicBach, Gigue from Cello Suite No. 2 in D MinorMozart, Symphony No. 40, IHaydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), IIHaydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, IIIHaydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IVMozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, IBeethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I–IVBeethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, IBerlioz, Fantastic Symphony, VBrahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, IIIMahler, Symphony No. 1, IIIDebussy, Three Nocturnes, CloudsIves, Second Orchestral Set, II: “The Rockstrewn Hills”Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, IBartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, IIStill, Afro-American Symphony, IVWebern, Five Orchestral Pieces, Op. 10, No. 4Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD)Stravinsky, Symphony of Psalms, II (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD)

Music dramaWagner, The Valkyrie

Musical (Musical comedy)Bernstein, West Side StoryGershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD)—from Of Thee I Sing

Musique concrèteVarèse, Poème électronique

NationalismRomantic nationalism

Musorgsky, Pictures at an ExhibitionTwentieth-century nationalism

Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1Ives, “The Rockstrewn Hills”[Ives, The Unanswered Question]Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and CelestaStill, Afro-American Symphony, IVCopland, Appalachian SpringProkofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice”León, Indígena

Navajo songNavajo song, “K adnikini ya ”

NeoclassicismRavel, Piano Concerto in GBartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and CelestaCopland, Appalachian Spring, Section 5 (0:00–0:49 and 1:42–2:02)Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice”Stravinsky, Symphony of Psalms, II (Unit I CD)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra (Unit I CD)



New expressionismCrawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6Crumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):


“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”León, Indígena[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”]

New instrumental combinations (see New sound materials)New Orleans jazz

Wallace, “If You Ever Been Down” BluesNew sound materials

Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaireBerg, WozzeckRavel, Piano Concerto in GBartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, IIVarèse, Poème électronique[Cage, 4 33´ ]Reich, Music for 18 MusiciansCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):


“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”Nocturne

Chopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2Debussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds

NoiseVarèse, Poème électronique[Cage, 4 33´ ]

Nonimitative polyphony (see Polyphony—Nonimitative polyphony)Nonmetrical

Anonymous, “In paradisum”Hildegard, “Columba aspexit”Pérotin, “Alleluia. Diffusa est gratia” (0:00–0:37 and 2:36–end)Dufay, “Ave maris stella” (odd-numbered stanzas)Qur’anic recitation, “Ya Sin”Monteverdi, The Coronation of Poppea, “Tornerai?” (0:00–0:19 and

0:51–2:18)Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, “Thy Hand, Belinda” (0:00–0:58)Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, I (0:28–0:59, 2:06–2:25, and

2:37–2:50)Handel, Messiah, “There were shepherds”Mozart, Don Giovanni, “Alfin siam liberati”Japanese gagaku orchestra, Etenraku (0:00–0:51)Beethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I—Theme 2 (0:13–0:58 and

2:07–2:51; CD track 42, 0:13–0:58; and CD track 44, 0:13–0:57)R. Schumann, Carnaval, “Eusebius”—rubato; “Florestan”—extreme

tempo fluctuationsBrahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, III—Short cadenza (6:09–6:20;

CD track 35, 0:00–0:11)Beijing opera, The Prince Who Changed into a Cat (0:00–0:24)Debussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (5:19–6:14; CD track 6, 0:00–0:54)Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1—introduction (0:00–1:04)



Berg, Wozzeck, Act III, scene iv (0:00–4:30; CD tracks 18–19)[Ives, The Unanswered Question]Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” first excerpt (beginning)Ligeti, Lux aeternaVarèse, Poème électronique[Cage, 4 33´ ]Crumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“House of the Rising Sun”León, Indígena (0:31–0:47, 3:03–3:32, 4:22–4:50, 5:06–5:45, and

7:36–end; CD track 13, 0:31–0:47; CD track 14, 1:53–2:22; CD track 15, 0:25–0:53 and 1:09–1:48; and CD track 16, 1:38–end)

Bernstein, West Side Story, Meeting Scene (0:47–end)Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—0:52–1:34)

Non-Western scalesQur’anic recitation, “Ya Sin”Navajo song, “K adnikini ya ”Foday Musa Suso, “Laminba”Japanese gagaku orchestra, EtenrakuI Lotring, BopongPuccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì”Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Gnomus”Beijing opera, The Prince Who Changed into a CatStill, Afro-American Symphony, IV (1:43–5:02; CD track 37)Crumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“House of the Rising Sun”Oboe

Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (3:39–4:31; CD track 23, 0:00–0:52)

Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (2:29–3:39; CD track 27, 0:00–1:10)


Japanese gagaku orchestra, Etenraku—hichirikiWagner, The Valkyrie, Act I scene i (11:56–12:25; CD track 12,

1:46–2:15)Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì” (0:38)Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Gnomus” (0:16–0:24) and

“Promenade [2]” (0:09–0:17, 0:36–0:47)Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (1:02–1:15, 2:09–2:39, and 8:37–9:00;

CD track 36, 1:02–1:15; CD track 37, 0:00–0:29; and CD track 43, 0:19–0:41)

Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (1:04 and 2:04; CD track 7, 1:04; and CD track 8, 0:00)

Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (1:43–1:51, 2:40–2:50, and 4:35–5:02; CD track 37, 0:00–0:08, 0:57–1:07, and 2:52–3:19)

Copland, Appalachian Spring, Sections 1 (1:25–2:14) and 5 (0:37–1:06)

León, Indígena (3:43–3:57; CD track 14, 2:33–2:47)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—0:22–0:49,

2:48–3:07)Stravinsky, Symphony of Psalms, II (Unit I CD—throughout)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Variation 2

(3:29–4:32; Unit I CD track 11, 0:39–1:42)



Octatonic scaleDebussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (English horn motive, 2:47–3:38;

CD track 3, 0:36–1:27)Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II (0:00–0:22)

Opera (see also Musical)Monteverdi, The Coronation of PoppeaPurcell, Dido and AeneasHandel, Julius CaesarMozart, Don GiovanniVerdi, RigolettoWagner, The ValkyriePuccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì”Beijing opera, The Prince Who Changed into a CatBerg, Wozzeck[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”]

Opera buffaMozart, Don Giovanni—dramma giocoso

Opera seriaHandel, Julius Caesar

OpusVivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, Op. 4, No. 12Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, Op. 8, No. 1Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Op. 67Beethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109Schubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flatR. Schumann, Dichterliebe, Op. 48C. Schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen,” Op. 13, No. 4R. Schumann, Carnaval, Op. 9Chopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, Op. 21Webern, Five Orchestral Pieces, Op. 10, No. 4Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, Op. 125 (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” Op. 73

(Unit I CD)Oratorio

Handel, MessiahOrchestra

BaroqueBasic Baroque orchestra

Purcell, Dido and AeneasVivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganzaVivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, IBach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5Handel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia”Bach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden”

Festive Baroque orchestraHandel, Minuet from the Royal Fireworks MusicHandel, Messiah, “Glory to God” and Hallelujah Chorus

ClassicalMozart, Symphony No. 40, IHaydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), IIHaydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III



Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IVMozart, Don Giovanni, “Ho capito” and “Là ci darem la mano”Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, IBeethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C MinorBeethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD)

RomanticBerlioz, Fantastic Symphony, VVerdi, RigolettoWagner, The ValkyriePuccini, Madame ButterflyTchaikovsky, Romeo and JulietBrahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, IIIMahler, Symphony No. 1, IIISchubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD)Tchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker (Unit I CD)

Twentieth-centuryMusorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition (in Ravel’s orchestration)Debussy, Three Nocturnes, CloudsStravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1Berg, Wozzeck, Act III, scenes iii and ivIves, “The Rockstrewn Hills”[Ives, The Unanswered Question]Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, IBartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and CelestaStill, Afro-American SymphonyCopland, Appalachian SpringProkofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice”Webern, Five Orchestral Pieces, Op. 10, No. 4—chamber orchestraReich, Music for 18 Musicians, IntroductionLeón, IndígenaBernstein, West Side Story, Meeting Scene and “Cool”Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD)Stravinsky, Symphony of Psalms, II (Unit I CD)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra (Unit I CD)

Twenty-first centuryCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):


“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”]

Percussion orchestraCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):


“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”Gagaku orchestra

Japanese gagaku orchestra, EtenrakuGamelan orchestra

I Lotring, Balinese gamelan pelegongan, BopongOrchestra exposition

Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I (0:00–2:11)



OrganGabrieli, “O magnum mysterium”Frescobaldi, Canzona, Balletto, and CorrenteHandel, Messiah, “Glory to God” and Hallelujah ChorusBach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden”Japanese gagaku orchestra, Etenraku—sho (mouth organ)Varèse, Poème électronique (at 2:30)

Organized soundVarèse, Poème électronique[Cage, 4 33´ ]

OrganumPérotin, “Alleluia. Diffusa est gratia”

Ornamentation (see Embellishment)Ostinato

Anonymous, “Sumer Is Icumen In”Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, “When I am laid in earth” (0:58–4:00)Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, IIPygmy polyphony, Elephant-hunt songFoday Musa Suso, “Laminba”I Lotring, BopongDebussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (2:47–3:38; CD track 3, 0:36–1:27)Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, “Dance of the Adolescents” (3:02–3:08,

3:16–3:21, and 3:31–3:44; CD track 8, 0:58–1:04; and CD track 9, 0:08–0:13 and 0:23–0:36)

Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, “Night”Crawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6León, Indígena (1:10–1:27 and 7:36–end; CD track 14, 0:00–0:17;

CD track 16, 1:38–end)Davis, Bitches Brew (bass ostinato throughout; trumpet at 2:40)Yoruba drumming, “Ako”

OvertureTchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet

Parallel chordsDebussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (0:47–1:02, 1:48–2:02, and

3:53–4:09; CD track 2, 0:00–0:15 and 1:01–1:20; and CD track 4, 0:15–0:31)

Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (0:15–1:04, 5:19–5:35, 6:27, 6:38, 6:50, 8:08–8:45, and 8:45–10:19; CD track 7, 0:15–1:04; CD track 10, 1:26–1:42; CD track 11, 0:11, 0:22, and 0:34; CD track 12, 0:34–1:10; and CD track 13, 0:00–1:34)

Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (0:12–0:15 and 7:59–end; CD track 23, 0:12–0:15; and CD track 27, 0:17–end)

Crawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6 (0:00, 1:03, and 1:45)Crumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“House of the Rising Sun”Parallelism (parallel phrases)

Navajo song, “K adnikini ya ” (0:00–0:22, 0:22–1:05)Anonymous, “Daphne”Anonymous, “Kemp’s Jig”Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, “When I am laid in earth” (0:58–2:16)Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, II (complete work)Mozart, Symphony No. 40, I (0:00–0:34)Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (3:39–4:13 and

4:49–5:24; CD track 23, 0:00–0:34 and CD track 24, 0:00–0:35)



Mozart, Don Giovanni, “Là ci darem la mano” (0:00–0:19 or 0:00–0:45)Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I (0:00–0:34 and 0:58–1:29)Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I (0:00–0:46; CD track 1),

II (1:03–2:12 and 4:16–5:18; CD track 10, 1:03–2:12 and 4:16–5:18), and III (0:00–1:52 and 2:25–3:30; CD track 12 and CD track 13, 0:33–1:38)

R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Die alten, bösen Lieder” (0:41–1:17)C. Schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen” (0:34–1:37)Schubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flat (0:00–1:05 and 1:05–2:17;

CD tracks 20 and 21)R. Schumann, Carnaval, “Eusebius” (0:52–end) and “Florestan” (entire

work)Chopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2 (0:00–0:58)Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (0:00–1:39)Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, III (0:00–0:22, 1:14–1:49, and

2:00–2:20; CD track 30, 0:00–0:22; CD track 31, 0:00–0:35; and CD track 32, 0:00–0:20)

Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Promenade” (0:00–0:34), “Gnomus” (0:00–0:16), and “The Great Gate at Kiev” (0:00–1:01)

Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (2:09–2:39; CD track 37, 0:00–0:29)Debussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (4:12–5:19; CD track 5)Berg, Wozzeck, Act III, scene iii (0:00–0:24; CD track 16, 0:00–0:24)Ives, “The Rockstrewn Hills” (0:16–0:49 and 3:14–3:57; CD track 21,

0:16–0:49; and CD track 22, 0:00–0:43)Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (0:00–0:35 and 1:40–2:35; CD track 23,

0:00–0:35; and CD track 24, 0:00–0:55)Crawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6—parallel sections (0:00, 1:03, and 1:45)Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (5:02–6:19; CD track 38)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Sections 2 (0:00–0:29), 5 (0:00–0:16,

1:03–1:42, 2:30–end), and 6 (0:00–1:19)[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”—two parallel phrases in each

A section]Wallace, “If You Ever Been Down” Blues (0:10–0:33)Ellington, “Conga Brava” (0:00–0:44)Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere” (0:00–0:47)Bernstein, West Side Story, “Cool” (0:14–1:06)Linda, “Anoku Gonda” (0:57–1:26, 1:26–end)Joplin, “Maple Leaf Rag” (Unit I CD—0:44–1:06, 2:56–end)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—0:13–0:53 and

1:15–1:54)Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD—1:11–1:26)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD—0:00–0:16, 0:48–1:04,

1:34–1:50, 2:20–2:35)Tchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker

(Unit I CD—0:00–0:37)Paraphrase

Dufay, “Ave maris stella”Parody

Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (1:59–2:29 and 3:38–5:11; CD track 28, 0:00–0:30; and CD track 29, 0:00–1:34)

Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (0:00–2:09 and 2:09–4:12; CD track 36 and CD track 37, 0:00–CD track 38, 1:19)




Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—0:00–0:52)Passacaglia

Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, “When I am laid in earth” (0:58–4:00)Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, IISchoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, “Night”

Pentatonic scaleNavajo song, “K adnikini ya ”I Lotring, BopongPuccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì”Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Promenade” (0:00–0:08)Beijing opera, The Prince Who Changed into a CatDebussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (4:12–4:40; CD track 5, 0:00–0:27)Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (0:00–1:43 and 5:02–6:19; CD tracks 36

and 38)Percussion (see also specific percussion instruments)

Handel, Minuet from the Royal Fireworks MusicHaydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II—timpani (0:36 and

5:42–6:11; CD track 20, 0:36; and CD track 24, 0:53–CD track 25, 0:14)

Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III—timpani (0:00–0:28 and 1:13–1:42)Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV—timpani (2:53–3:10

and 4:11–end; CD track 32, 0:29–0:46, and CD track 33, 1:01–end)Japanese gagaku orchestra, EtenrakuI Lotring, BopongMusorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Gnomus” and “The Great Gate at

Kiev” (2:47–2:17, 5:17–end)Beijing opera, The Prince Who Changed into a CatDebussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (0:20 and 5:51–end; CD track 1, 0:20;

and CD track 6, 0:31–end)Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (6:16–7:33 and 9:39–10:19;

CD track 11 and CD track 13, 0:54–1:34)Berg, Wozzeck, Act III, scene iii (0:00–0:24; CD track 16, 0:00–0:24)

scene iv (1:10–1:20; CD track 18, 1:10–1:20)Ives, “The Rockstrewn Hills” (3:41–4:08; CD track 22, 0:27–0:54)Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (7:47–end; CD track 27, 0:05–end)Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II (2:24–3:34;

CD track 30)Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (7:42–end; CD track 40)Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” first excerpt (1:45–end)

and second excerptVarèse, Poème électroniqueCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“House of the Rising Sun”—Caribbean steel drums, maracas, suspended cymbals, agogo bells, vibraphone, Chinese temple gongs, bongo drums, sandpaper blocks

Crumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5): “Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”—xylophone, tambourine, sizzle cymbal, marimba, claves, bass drum, castanets, ratchet, lion’s roar (string drum), bamboo wood chimes, cabasa, Chinese cymbals, tubo, guïro, jug, suspended cymbal, wood blocks, tamtam, Indian ankle bells, Ruten, Chinese temple gong, glockenspiel, vibraphone, triangle, log drum



León, Indígena—tom-toms, roto toms, porcelain mugs, marimba, small bass drum, shaker (throughout, but especially at 6:53–7:36; CD track 16, 0:55–1:38)

[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”]—timpani in B section and orchestral ritornellos; in final ritornello add chimes and bass drum

Davis, Bitches BrewBernstein, West Side Story, Meeting Scene and “Cool”Yoruba drumming, “Ako”Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—0:11–0:21)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—percussion theme

(2:07; Unit I CD track 10, 2:07), Variation 13 (12:48–14:43; Unit I CD track 14), and Fugue (16:20; CD track 15, 1:37)

Percussion orchestra (see Orchestra—Percussion orchestra)Pes

Anonymous, “Sumer Is Icumen In”Phrase

Balanced phrasesAnonymous, “Kemp’s Jig”Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, IIVivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, I (0:00–0:13, 0:13–0:28)Handel, Minuet from the Royal Fireworks MusicBach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanza 7Mozart, Symphony No. 40, I (0:53–1:11; track 15, 0:00–0:18)Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (0:00–1:15)Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (0:00–0:08)Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (0:00–0:14)Mozart, Don Giovanni, “Là ci darem la mano” (0:00–0:45)Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I (0:00–0:16 and 0:58–1:29)R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Im wunderschönen Monat Mai,”

“Die alten, bösen Lieder”C. Schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen” (0:00–1:06)R. Schumann, Carnaval, “Eusebius”Chopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:17–2:45;

CD track 2) and “Bella figlia dell’amore” (0:35–4:22; CD track 5)Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Promenade” (0:00–0:34)Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (0:07–0:28; CD track 36, 0:07–0:28)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 5Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” second excerpt

(beginning)Crumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):


“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”Wallace, “If You Ever Been Down” BluesParker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere”Joplin, “Maple Leaf Rag” (Unit I CD)Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I

CD—3:56–end)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I

CD—0:00–0:25)Tchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker

(Unit I CD—0:07–0:37)



Unbalanced phrasesAnonymous, “In paradisum”Hildegard, “Columba aspexit”Bernart, “La dousa votz”Machaut, “Dame, de qui toute ma joie vient”Dufay, “Ave maris stella”Anonymous, “Daphne”Qur’anic recitation, “Ya Sin”Navajo song, “K adnikini ya ”Processional hymn from the Andes, “Hanaq pachap kusikuynin”Monteverdi, The Coronation of Poppea, “Speranza, tu mi vai”Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, “When I am laid in earth” (0:58–4:00)Frescobaldi, Balletto and CorrenteVivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, I (0:06–0:20)Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 (ritornello theme)Bach, Gigue from Cello Suite No. 2 in D MinorHandel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia”Mozart, Symphony No. 40, I (0:00–0:25)Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (0:00–0:28, 2:32–2:43, and

2:53–3:16; CD track 26, 0:00–0:28; and CD track 27, 0:03–0:14 and 0:24–0:47)


Mozart, Don Giovanni, “Là ci darem la mano” (0:45–1:14)Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I (0:00–0:34)Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I, II, III, and IVBeethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I (0:00–0:13)Schubert, “Erlkönig”C. Schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen” (1:06–end)R. Schumann, Carnaval, “Florestan”Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, VTchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (8:57–10:05; CD track 19, 0:00–1:08)Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Gnomus” and “The Great Gate

at Kiev”Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, IIIStravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaireBerg, Wozzeck, Act III, scenes iii and ivRavel, Piano Concerto in G, IBartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, IIStill, Afro-American Symphony, IV (0:00–1:43 and 5:02–6:19;

CD tracks 36 and 38)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Sections 1, 2, and 6Webern, Five Orchestral Pieces, Op. 10, No. 4Crumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!” (2:12–end)[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”]Ellington, “Conga Brava”Davis, Bitches BrewBernstein, West Side Story, Meeting Scene (0:00–0:47) and “Cool”Linda, “Anoku Gonda”



Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—0:00–0:21)

Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—1:15–1:35)Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD—0:11–0:50)Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I

CD—0:30–0:55)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Theme (at 0:00,

Unit I CD track 10 at 0:00)Phrygian mode (see Medieval modes)Piano (see Dynamics—Piano)Piano (instrument)

Bach, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Prelude and Fugue in C MajorMozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, IBeethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, ISchubert, “Erlkönig”R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Im wunderschönen Monat Mai” and “Die

alten, bösen Lieder”C. Schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen”Schubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flatR. Schumann, Carnaval, “Eusebius” and “Florestan”Chopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, “Night” and “The Moonfleck”Berg, Wozzeck, Act III, scene iii (0:25–2:21; CD track 16, 0:25–2:21)Ives, “The Rockstrewn Hills” (0:48–1:27 and 4:08–end; CD track 21,

0:48–1:27; and CD track 22, 0:54–end)Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, IBartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II (0:14, 2:04,

2:29–3:14, and 6:24; CD track 28, 0:14; CD track 29, 1:08; CD track 30, 0:05–0:49; and CD track 33, 0:44)

Crawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 5 (1:03–1:42, 2:30–end)Reich, Music for 18 Musicians—four pianosCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”León, IndígenaWallace, “If You Ever Been Down” BluesEllington, “Conga Brava”Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere”Davis, Bitches Brew—electric pianoJoplin, “Maple Leaf Rag” (Unit I CD)Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD)

Piano sonataBeethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I

PiccoloBeethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, IV—coda (especially 6:37–7:15;

CD track 15, 3:06–3:44)Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (0:33–0:42)Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (1:03–1:14 and

2:01–2:13; CD track 2, 0:46–0:57 and 1:44–1:56)Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (5:44–5:52 and 7:33–8:08;

CD track 10, 1:50–1:58; and CD track 12, 0:00–0:34)



Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, “The Moonfleck”Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (0:00–0:24,1:17, and 5:08; CD track 23,

0:00–0:24 and 1:17; CD track 26, 0:38)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 5 (0:00–0:37)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Variation 1 (2:50–3:29;

Unit I CD track 11, 0:0–0:39)Piccolo clarinet (see Clarinet—E-flat clarinet)Pitched percussion instruments (see Percussion or specific instruments)Pizzicato

Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, II (8:29–8:45; CD track 11, 1:30–1:46) and III (3:30–4:46; CD track 13, 1:38–2:54)


Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “Bella figlia dell’amore”—cellos (0:00–0:14; CD track 4, 0:00–0:14) and all strings (0:35–1:35; CD track 5, 0:00–0:59)

Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (1:59–2:41; CD track 14, 1:59–CD track 15, 0:32)

Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, III (1:04–1:14 and 3:27–3:35; CD track 30, 1:04–1:14; and CD track 33, 0:49–0:57)

Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Gnomus” (2:24–2:40)Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (2:09–2:39; CD track 37, 0:00–0:29)Debussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (2:47–3:38; CD track 3, 0:36–1:27)Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (3:02–3:08, 3:16–3:21, and

3:31–3:44; CD track 8, 0:58–1:04; and CD track 9, 0:08–0:13 and 0:23–0:36)

Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (0:00–0:24)Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II (0:00–0:03 and

2:29–4:04; CD track 28, 0:00–0:03; and CD track 30, 0:05–CD track 31, 0:30)

Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (6:19–6:36; CD track 39, 0:00–0:17)Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” second excerpt

(0:19–0:29)León, Indígena (0:47–0:52; CD track 13, 0:47–0:52)Ellington, “Conga Brava”—bass (0:58–1:38)Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere”—bass (throughout)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—0:13–0:34)Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD—0:00–0:10)Tchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker

(Unit I CD—0:00–0:37)Bartók (slapped) pizzicatoBartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II (2:40–3:14;

CD track 30, 0:14–0:49)León, Indígena (0:47–0:52; CD track 13, 0:47–0:52)

PlainchantAnonymous, “In paradisum”Hildegard, “Columba aspexit”Pérotin, “Alleluia. Diffusa est gratia” (0:00–0:37, 2:36–end)Dufay, “Ave maris stella” (odd-numbered stanzas)Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V—Dies irae quotation (3:38–5:11;

CD track 29, 0:00–1:34)



Plucked stringed instruments (see individual instruments or Stringed instruments—Plucked stringed instruments)

Point of imitationAnonymous, “Sumer Is Icumen In” (0:33 and 1:06)Josquin, Pange lingua Mass, Kyrie (0:08, 0:53, and 2:10) and from the

Gloria (0:00, 0:34, and 0:59)Weelkes, “As Vesta Was from Latmos Hill Descending” (0:11, 0:53, and

2:05)Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, “With drooping wings” (0:00–0:37)Frescobaldi, CanzonaBach, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Fugue in C Major (0:00–0:23)Handel, Messiah, “Glory to God,” (2:29–2:48 and 3:04–3:27)Handel, Messiah, Hallelujah Chorus (0:44–1:08, 1:26–1:48, and

2:28–2:39)Bach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanza 4 (0:00, 0:35,

1:10, 1:27, and 1:44)Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (3:10–3:22;

CD track 33, 0:00–0:12)Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, III (1:52–2:08; CD track 13,

0:00–0:16)Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (5:28–5:55; CD track 30, 0:00–0:26)Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (0:00–2:09)Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, “Night” (0:00–1:01)Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II (4:10–4:54;

CD track 31, 0:36–1:21)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 5 (1:16–1:42)Ligeti, Lux aeternaBernstein, West Side Story, “Cool” (1:11–2:25)Stravinsky, Symphony of Psalms, II (Unit I CD)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Fugue (at 14:43;

Unit I CD track 15, 0:00)Polyphony

Imitative polyphonyAnonymous, “Sumer Is Icumen In” (0:33 and 1:06)Josquin, Pange lingua Mass, Kyrie (all), from the Gloria (0:00–0:21,

0:34–0:45, and 0:59–end)Weelkes, “As Vesta Was from Latmos Hill Descending” (0:04–0:31,

0:53–1:11, and 2:05–end)Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, “With drooping wings”Frescobaldi, CanzonaBach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 (solo passages)Bach, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Fugue in C MajorHandel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia” (at beginning of each stanza)Handel, Messiah, “Glory to God,” (2:29–2:48 and 3:04–3:27)Handel, Messiah, Hallelujah Chorus (0:44–1:08, 1:26–1:48, and

2:28–2:39)Bach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanza 4Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (3:10–4:02;

CD track 33, 0:00–0:52)Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I (5:20–5:49; CD track 36,

0:54–1:23)



Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, III—trio (1:52–2:25; CD track 13, 0:00–0:33)

Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V—Witches’ Round dance (5:28–5:55 and 6:15–6:30; CD track 30, 0:00–0:26 and 0:46–1:02)

Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (0:35–1:06, 2:41–3:15, and 5:51–6:20; CD track 14, 0:35–1:06; CD track 15, 0:33–1:06; and CD track 17, 0:25–0:54)

Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (0:00–2:09)Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, “Night” and “The Moonfleck”Berg, Wozzeck, Act III, scene iii (2:22–end; CD track 17)Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II (4:10–4:54;

CD track 31, 0:36–1:20)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 5 (1:16–1:42)Ligeti, Lux aeternaBernstein, West Side Story, “Cool” (1:11–2:25)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—2:48–3:07)Stravinsky, Symphony of Psalms, II (Unit I CD)Schubert, String Quartet in A Minor (Unit I CD)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Fugue (at 14:43;

Unit I CD track 15, 0:00)Nonimitative polyphony

Pérotin, “Alleluia. Diffusa est gratia” (0:36–2:37)Machaut, “Dame, de qui toute ma joie vient”Josquin, “Mille regrets”Anonymous, “Daphne” (1:35–end)Anonymous, “Kemp’s Jig” (0:58–1:08)Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, “When I am laid in earth” (0:58–4:00)Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, IIPygmy polyphony, Elephant-hunt songBach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanza 3Mozart, Symphony No. 40, I (4:26–4:54 and 5:50–6:41; CD track 16,

0:16–0:44; and CD track 17, 0:24–1:16)Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I (6:04–6:19; CD track 8,

0:15–0:30)I Lotring, BopongBerlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V—Subject plus Dies irae (8:12–8:32;

CD track 32, 0:00–0:20)Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “Bella figlia dell’amore” (1:35–4:22;

CD track 5, 1:00–end)Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (11:13–12:34 and 16:39–17:21;

CD track 20 and CD track 23, 0:53–1:35)Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III—Section 2, a theme (2:09–2:39;

CD track 37, 0:00–0:29)Debussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (2:10–2:30; CD track 3, 0:00–0:20)Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (1:04–2:33; CD track 7,

1:04–CD track 8, 0:29)[Ives, The Unanswered Question]Crawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 2 (0:45–1:13 and 2:07–2:32)Wallace, “If You Ever Been Down” BluesYoruba drumming, “Ako”Davis, Bitches BrewLinda, “Anoku Gonda” (1:26–end)



Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD—0:48–1:34 and 1:34–2:20)

Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Variation 2 (3:29; Unit I CD track 11, 0:39) and Theme climax (16:30; Unit I CD track 15, 1:47)

PolyrhythmFoday Musa Suso, “Laminba”Pygmy polyphony, Elephant-hunt songBerlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V—subject plus Dies irae (8:12–8:32;

CD track 32, 0:00–0:20)Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (1:04–2:33; CD track 7,

1:04–CD track 8, 0:29)Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, “The Moonfleck”Berg, Wozzeck, Act III, scene iii (0:25–3:45; CD track 16,

0:25–CD track 17, 1:22)Ives, “The Rockstrewn Hills”[Ives, The Unanswered Question]Crawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (6:48–7:10 and 7:19–7:37;

CD track 39, 0:29–0:51 and 1:00–1:18)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 2 (0:45–1:13 and 2:07–2:32)Reich, Music for 18 MusiciansLeón, Indígena (3:57–end; CD tracks 15–16)[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”—in orchestral ritornellos]Davis, Bitches BrewYoruba drumming, “Ako”Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Fugue (at 16:30;

Unit I CD track 15 at 1:47)Popular song

Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:17–2:45; CD track 2)

León, Indígena (5:58, 6:43, and 7:11; CD track 16, 0:00, 0:45 and 1:13)Wallace, “If You Ever Been Down” BluesEllington, “Conga Brava”Davis, Bitches BrewLinda, “Anoku Gonda”Joplin, “Maple Leaf Rag” (Unit I CD)Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD)

PostmodernismReich, Music for 18 Musicians[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”]

Postwar avant-garde[Riley, In C]Ligeti, Lux aeternaVarèse, Poème électronique[Cage, 4 33´ ]

PreludeBach, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Prelude in C MajorCrawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6

Processional musicAnonymous, “In paradisum”Processional hymn from the Andes, “Hanaq pachap kusikuynin”Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Promenade” and “Promenade [2]”



Mahler, Symphony No. 1, IIILeón, Indígena (3:57–end; CD tracks 15–16)

Program musicVivaldi, The Four Seasons—Violin Concerto in E, SpringR. Schumann, CarnavalBerlioz, Fantastic Symphony, VTchaikovsky, Romeo and JulietMusorgsky, Pictures at an ExhibitionMahler, Symphony No. 1, IIIDebussy, Three Nocturnes, CloudsIves, “The Rockstrewn Hills”[Ives, The Unanswered Question]Still, Afro-American Symphony, IVProkofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice”—adapted from a film scoreLeón, Indígena

Program symphonyBerlioz, Fantastic Symphony, VStill, Afro-American Symphony

Psychological progressionBeethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C MinorBeethoven, Symphony No. 9 (Unit I CD)

Pygmy polyphonyPygmy polyphony, Elephant-hunt song

QuartetVerdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “Bella figlia dell’amore” (0:35–4:22;

CD track 5)Schubert, String Quartet in A minor (Unit I CD)

Quintuple meter (see Meter—Changing or irregular)Quotation

Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, VMusorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “The Great Gate at Kiev” (theme 1,

0:00, 1:37, 3:50, and 5:17; theme 2, 1:01 and 2:13)Mahler, Symphony No. 1, IIIIves, “The Rockstrewn Hills”León, Indígena (“La Jardinera”— 5:58, 6:43, and 7:11; CD track 16,

0:00, 0:45, and 1:13)Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere” (Irish jig—2:02–2:06; “Country

Gardens”—3:10–end)Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Theme (0:00–0:42;

Unit I CD track 10, 0:00–0:42)Qur’anic recitation

Qur’anic recitation, “Ya Sin”—male solo voiceRagtime

Berg, Wozzeck, Act III, scene iii (0:25; CD track 16, 0:25)Ives, “The Rockstrewn Hills” (0:48–1:27; CD track 21, 0:48–1:27)Joplin, “Maple Leaf Rag” (Unit I CD)

Recapitulation (see Sonata form)Recitation

Qur’anic recitation, “Ya Sin”Hawai’ian chant, mele pule

Recitative (see also Accompanied recitative; Secco recitative)Monteverdi, The Coronation of Poppea, Act I, “Tornerai?” (0:00–0:19,

0:51–2:18)



Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, “Thy Hand, Belinda” (0:00–0:58)Handel, Messiah, “There were shepherds”Mozart, Don Giovanni, “Alfin siam liberati”Schubert, “Erlkönig” (3:47–end)R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Die alten, bösen Lieder” (2:10–2:35)Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:00–0:17 and

2:45–3:05; CD tracks 1 and 3) and “Bella figlia dell’amore” (0:00–0:35 and 4:22–end; CD tracks 4 and 6)

Reciting toneQur’anic recitation, “Ya Sin”Hawai’ian chant, mele puleNavajo song, “K adnikini ya ”

RecorderAnonymous, “Kemp’s Jig”

RenaissanceDufay, “Ave maris stella”Josquin, Pange lingua MassJosquin, “Mille regrets”Palestrina, Pope Marcellus MassWeelkes, “As Vesta Was from Latmos Hill Descending”Anonymous, “Daphne”Anonymous, “Kemp’s Jig”Processional hymn from the Andes, “Hanaq pachap kusikuynin”

Repetition (see also Parallelism; Variation principle)Hildegard, “Columba aspexit” (0:00–0:56)Bernart, “La dousa votz” (0:00–1:28)Machaut, “Dame, de qui toute ma joie vient” (0:00–1:18)Anonymous, “Daphne”Anonymous, Kemp’s Jig (0:00–0:39)Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, “When I am laid in earth” (0:58–4:00)Frescobaldi, Balletto and Corrente (a sections)Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, I (0:00–0:28)Navajo song, “K adnikini ya ” (0:00–0:22, 0:22–1:05)Foday Musa Suso, “Laminba”Pygmy polyphony, Elephant-hunt songHandel, Minuet from the Royal Fireworks MusicBach, Gigue from Cello Suite No. 2 in D MinorBach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanza 7Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (0:00–0:38 and

0:38–1:15)Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (0:00–0:55 and 2:32–2:53;

CD track 26, 0:00–0:55 and CD track 27, 0:03–0:24)Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (0:00–0:07 and

0:14–0:48)Mozart, Don Giovanni, “Là ci darem la mano” (0:00–0:45)I Lotring, Bopong (2:41–4:04)Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, III (1:52–2:25; CD track 13,

0:00–0:33)R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Im wunderschönen Monat Mai” (0:15–1:32)C. Schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen” (0:00–1:06)R. Schumann, Carnaval, “Eusebius” (0:00–0:23)Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (0:00–1:39)



Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:29–0:50 or 0:17–2:31, and 2:22–2:53; CD track 2, 0:11–0:33 or 0:00–2:14; and CD track 2, 2:05–CD track 3, 0:08)

Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” second excerpt (0:00–0:08 and 0:09–0:19)

[Riley, In C]Ellington, “Conga Brava” (0:00–0:44)Bernstein, West Side Story, “Cool” (0:14–1:06)Linda, “Anoku Gonda” (0:57–1:26 and 1:26–end)Joplin, “Maple Leaf Rag” (Unit I CD—0:00–0:44)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD—0:16–0:48)

Repetition and contrast (see Variation principle)Resolution (see Dissonance)Retransition

Mozart, Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, K. 550, I (5:11–5:26; CD track 19, 1:01–1:16)

Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (3:00–3:47; CD track 22, 0:35–CD track 23, 0:08)

Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (0:55–1:27 and 3:24–4:07; CD track 26, 0:55–1:27; and CD track 27, 0:55–CD track 28, 0:08)

Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (2:53–3:12; CD track 32, 0:29–CD track 33, 0:03)


Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I (4:07–4:13; CD track 5, 0:29–0:35); II (1:43–2:12; CD track 10, 1:43–2:12); IV (3:31–4:03; CD track 15, 0:00–0:32)

Beethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I (1:46–1:54; CD track 43, 0:35–0:43)

Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (13:16–13:30; CD track 21, 0:42–0:56)Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (3:36–3:45; CD track 25, 0:00–0:09)Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II (4:54–5:10;

CD track 31, 1:20–1:36)Return

Monteverdi, The Coronation of Poppea, “Speranza, tu mi vai” (0:00–0:20)

Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, I (0:00–0:49) and IIVivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, I (theme at 0:00–0:28; partial return

at 0:59–1:07, 1:28–1:34, 1:57–2:06, and 2:50–end)Navajo song, “K adnikini ya ” (all)Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5, I (0:00–0:48)Handel, Messiah, “Glory to God” (1:50–2:57)Bach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanza 3Mozart, Symphony No. 40, IHaydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III—a theme (0:00–0:28, returns at

1:13; CD track 26, 0:00–0:28 and 1:13), c theme (2:32–2:43, returns at 3:03; CD track 27, 0:03–0:14 and 0:34), and Minuet (0:00–2:28, returns at 3:59–end; CD tracks 26 and 28)

Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV—A theme (0:00–0:48, returns at 1:54–2:24, returns in fugal form at 3:10–4:02, final return at 4:02–4:11; CD track 29, returns at CD track 31; fugal form, CD track 33, 0:00–0:52; and final return, CD track 33, 0:52–1:01)

Mozart, Don Giovanni, “Là ci darem la mano”—A (0:00–1:41)



Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I—theme 1 (0:00–0:34, returns at 2:11 and again at 6:30; CD track 34, 0:00–0:34; returns at CD track 35 and again at CD track 37)

Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I—recapitulation (4:13; CD track 6), II—theme 2 (3:06; CD track 10 at 3:06), III—c (2:32; CD track 13 at 0:40), III—scherzo (3:30; CD track 13 at 1:38), and IV—recapitulation (4:03; CD track 15 at 0:32)

Beethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I—Theme 1 (0:00–0:13, returns at 1:54–2:07, returns again at 3:12; CD track 42, 0:00–0:13; returns at CD track 44, 0:00–0:13; returns again at CD track 45), Theme 2 (0:13–0:58, returns at 2:07–2:51; CD track 42, 0:13–0:58; returns at CD track 44, 0:13–0:57), and Cadence theme (0:58–1:11, returns at 2:51–3:12; CD track 42, 0:58–1:11; returns at CD track 44, 0:57–1:18)

Schubert, “Erlkönig”—“Mein Vater” (1:50, 2:30, and 3:11)R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Die alten, bösen Lieder” (0:00–0:23; returns

at 1:17–1:48)Schubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flat—A (0:00–1:05, returns at 2:17

and 4:52; CD track 20; returns at CD track 22 and CD track 23 at 1:10)R. Schumann, Carnaval, “Eusebius”—a (0:00–0:11; returns at 0:38, 1:06,

and 1:32) and “Florestan” (entire work)Chopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2—a (0:00–0:27; returns at

2:13)Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V—fugue subject (5:28–5:55, returns at 6:15,

8:06, 8:12, and 8:44; CD track 30, 0:00–0:26; returns at CD track 30 at 0:46; CD track 31, 1:35; and CD track 32, 0:00 and 0:31)

Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:17–1:26; CD track 2, 0:00–1:09) and “Bella figlia dell’amore” (0:35–1:35; CD track 5, 0:00–0:59)

Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì” (0:00–3:38)Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet—recapitulation (13:30–15:47; CD track 22)Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, III—return of a (0:00–0:46;

CD track 30, 0:00–0:46) and return of rondo theme (theme—0:00–0:46, returns at 2:00, at 4:43, and at 6:20; CD track 30, 0:00–0:46; returns at CD track 32, CD track 34, 0:20; and CD track 35, 0:11)

Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Promenade,” “Gnomus” (0:00–0:16; returns at 0:33, 1:07, 1:33, 1:42, and 2:40), and “The Great Gate at Kiev” (0:00–1:01; returns at 1:37, 3:50, and 5:17)

Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III—march (0:00–2:09, returns at 4:12, and again at 7:02; CD track 36; returns at CD track 38 at 1:19 and at CD track 41)

Debussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds—a (0:00–2:10, returns at 3:38; CD tracks 1–2; returns at CD track 4), A (0:00–4:12, returns at 5:19; CD tracks 1–4; returns at CD track 6), and B (4:12–5:19, returns at 6:32; CD track 5 returns at CD track 6 at 1:13)

Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1—bassoon “fanfare” (0:00–1:04, returns at 2:33; CD track 7, 0:00–1:04; returns at CD track 8 at 0:29)

Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (0:00–0:36, returns at 3:45, returns again at 7:42; CD track 23, 0:00–0:36; returns at CD track 39 at 0:09; returns again at CD track 27 at 0:00)

Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II—recapitulation (5:10–6:32; CD tracks 32–33)



Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (A theme at 0:00–1:43, returns at 5:02–6:19, returns again at 7:42–end; CD track 36; returns at CD track 38; returns again at CD track 40)

Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 6 (hymnlike tune from Section 2 returns at 1:19; opening from Section 1 returns at 2:12)

Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” second excerpt (Theme, 0:00–0:08, returns at 0:19 and 0:58)

León, Indígena—“La Jardinera” (5:58, returns at 6:43 and 7:11; CD track 16, 0:00, returns at 0:45 and 1:13)

[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”]—opening orchestral ritornello returns twice

Bernstein, West Side Story, “Cool”—Ice’s song (0:00–1:06; returns at 3:39)Linda, “Anoku Gonda” (0:00–0:57)Joplin, “Maple Leaf Rag” (Unit I CD—0:00–1:50)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD)—theme 2 (1:15–1:54;

returns at 2:48–3:07)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD—0:00–0:32)Tchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker

(Unit I CD)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Theme (0:00–0:42;

returns at 2:26, and returns again at 16:30; Unit I CD track 10, 0:00–0:41 and 2:26; and Unit I CD track 15 at 1:47)

Revival songCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”Rhythm section

Ellington, “Conga Brava”Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere”Davis, Bitches BrewBernstein, West Side Story, “Cool”Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD—0:50–end)

Rhythmic driveVivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, IVivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, IFoday Musa Suso, “Laminba”Bach, Gigue from Cello Suite No. 2 in D MinorHandel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia”Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (3:00–3:28;

CD track 22, 0:35–1:03)Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (0:48–1:46, 2:24–3:10,

and 4:11–end; CD track 30, 0:00–0:58; CD track 32; and CD track 33, 1:01–end)

Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C MinorBeethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I—Theme 1, Cadence theme, and

DevelopmentI Lotring, Bopong (4:04–end)Schubert, “Erlkönig”Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (3:08–4:30; 6:16–8:45, and 8:08–9:39;

CD track 9, 0:00–CD track 10, 0:37; CD tracks 11–12; and CD track 12, 0:34–CD track 13, 0:54)

Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, “The Moonfleck”Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, IBartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II



Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (6:19–end; CD tracks 39–40)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 2Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” first excerpt (1:45–end)

and second excerptReich, Music for 18 MusiciansCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”León, Indígena[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”—in orchestral ritornellos]Davis, Bitches BrewBernstein, West Side Story, “Cool”Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Fugue (14:43–end;

Unit I CD track 15)Rhythmic motive

Foday Musa Suso, “Laminba”Mozart, Symphony No. 40, IHaydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, IIIBeethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I, II, III, and IVBeethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, IVerdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:17–2:45;

CD track 2)Berg, Wozzeck, Act III, scene iii (0:25–3:45; CD track 16, 0:25–CD track 17,

1:22)Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (6:19–7:42 and 7:42–end;

CD tracks 39 and 40)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 2Bernstein, West Side Story, Meeting Scene (0:00–0:47) and “Cool”Yoruba drumming, “Ako”Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—0:13–1:02)Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD—0:20–0:30,

1:26–end)Ring

Wagner, The Nibelung’s RingRitardando (see Tempo—Decelerando)Ritornello

Monteverdi, The Coronation of Poppea, “Speranza, tu mi vai” (0:00–0:31)

Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, I (0:00–0:26)Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, I (0:00–0:28)Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5, I (0:00–0:19)Handel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia” (0:00–0:16)Bach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanza 3 (0:00–0:09)Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:17–2:45;

CD track 2)[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”]

Ritornello formVivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, IVivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, IBach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5, I

Romantic melodyR. Schumann, DichterliebeC. Schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen”



Schubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flatR. Schumann, CarnavalChopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “Bella figlia dell’amore” (0:35–1:35;

CD track 5, 0:00–0:59)Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì”Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (14:33–15:45; CD track 22, 1:03–2:15)Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (5:09–6:43; CD track 39)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—0:13–1:06,

1:15–1:54)Romantic nostalgia

Mahler, Symphony No. 1Romantic orchestra (see Orchestra—Romantic)Romanticism

Schubert, “Erlkönig”R. Schumann, DichterliebeC. Schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen”Schubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flatR. Schumann, CarnavalChopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, VVerdi, RigolettoWagner, The ValkyriePuccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì”Tchaikovsky, Romeo and JulietMusorgsky, Pictures at an ExhibitionBrahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, IIIMahler, Symphony No. 1, IIIRachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD)Tchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker

(Unit I CD)Rondo form

Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IVSchubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flatBrahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, IIIMusorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “The Great Gate at Kiev”Still, Afro-American Symphony, IVBeethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD)

RoundAnonymous, “Sumer Is Icumen In”Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (0:00–2:09)

RubatoVivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, I (0:28–0:59, 2:06–2:25, and 2:37–2:50)Beethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I—Theme 2 (0:13–0:58 and

2:07–2:51; CD track 42, 0:13–0:58; and CD track 44, 0:13–0:57)R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Im wunderschönen Monat Mai”R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Die alten, bösen Lieder”—coda (2:35–end)C. Schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen”R. Schumann, Carnaval, “Eusebius”Chopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “Bella figlia dell’amore” (0:35–1:35 and

3:19–4:22; CD track 5, 0:00–0:59 and 2:44–end)



Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì”Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (8:57–10:15; CD track 19, 0:00–1:08)Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, IIIMahler, Symphony No. 1, III (4:53–6:43; CD track 38, 2:00–CD track 39,

1:34)Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (1:40–2:17; CD track 24, 0:00–0:37)León, Indígena (0:51–1:06; CD track 13, 0:51–1:06)

RyutekiJapanese gagaku orchestra, Etenraku

SarabandeVivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, II

Saxophone—alto, tenor, or baritoneProkofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” first excerpt

(1:56–2:13); second excerpt (0:29–0:39)Ellington, “Conga Brava” (especially at 0:58–1:38, 1:46–2:06, and

2:22–2:28)Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere” (0:00–0:47, 1:35–2:24, and

2:48–end)Bernstein, West Side Story, “Cool”Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD—throughout; alto solo at 1:52–2:09)

Scales (see Chromatic scale; Major mode; Medieval modes; Minor mode; Non-Western scales; Octatonic scale; Pentatonic scale; Whole-tone scale)

ScherzoBeethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, III

Scherzo and trio formBeethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, III

Secco recitativeMonteverdi, The Coronation of Poppea, Act I, “Tornerai?” (0:00–0:20

and 0:51–2:18)Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, “Thy Hand, Belinda” (0:00–0:58)Handel, Messiah, “There were shepherds” (0:00–0:19 and 0:40–1:32)Mozart, Don Giovanni, “Alfin siam liberati”Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “Bella figlia dell’amore” (4:22–end;

CD track 6)Second Viennese School

Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaireBerg, WozzeckWebern, Five Orchestral Pieces, Op. 10

SemichoirsGabrieli, “O magnum mysterium”

Sequence (form)Hildegard, “Columba aspexit”

Sequence (transposed repetition)Anonymous, “Kemp’s Jig”Gabrieli, “O magnum mysterium” (0:00–0:28, 1:51–2:02, and 2:22–2:33)Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, I (1:34–1:57)Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5, I (3:19–3:41; CD track 2, 0:55–1:23)Handel, Minuet from the Royal Fireworks Music (0:06–0:11, 0:24–0:35)Bach, Gigue from Cello Suite No. 2 in D Minor (1:13–1:20)Handel, Messiah, “Glory to God” (3:04–3:27) and Hallelujah Chorus

(0:06–0:22 and 1:48–2:28)Bach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanza 3 (0:00–0:09)Mozart, Symphony No. 40, I



Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (0:08–0:18)Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I (6:19–6:45; CD track 8,

0:30–0:56) and IV (1:00–1:18; CD track 14, 1:00–1:18)Beethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I (1:11–1:46; CD track 43,

0:00–0:35)R. Schumann, Carnaval, “Eusebius” (0:00–0:11)Chopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2 (0:58–1:14 and 1:28–1:48)Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (6:30–6:52; CD track 31, 0:00–0:21)Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:17–2:45; CD track 2)

and “Bella figlia dell’amore” (2:36–2:34; CD track 5, 2:01–2:59)Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì” (0:00–0:37, 0:38–1:12)Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (14:56–15:26; CD track 22, 1:26–1:56)Debussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (2:10–2:41; CD track 3, 0:00–0:30)Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, “Night” (1:29–end)Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (2:50–3:27; CD track 24, 1:10–1:47)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—2:13–2:33)Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—4:06–4:25)Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD—0:29–0:39, 1:26–1:39, 1:39–1:52)Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD—0:00–0:10

and 0:20–0:30)Tchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker

(Unit I CD—0:40–0:44, 0:47–0:51, 0:51–0:59, 0:59–1:06, and 1:29–end)

Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Theme (0:00–0:42; Unit I CD track 10, 0:00–0:42)

ShoJapanese gagaku orchestra, Etenraku

SidemenWallace, “If You Ever Been Down” BluesEllington, “Conga Brava”Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere”Davis, Bitches BrewGershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD—0:50–end)

Single-reed instruments (see Clarinet; Saxophone; Woodwinds)Slow introduction

Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (0:00–1:39)Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (0:00–5:26; CD tracks 14–16)Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1—Introduction (0:00–2:41;

CD track 7, 0:00–CD track 8, 0:37)Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” first excerpt (0:00–1:45)Linda, “Anoku Gonda” (0:00–0:57)Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD—0:00–0:50)

Slow movementHaydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), IIBeethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, IIMahler, Symphony No. 1, IIIDebussy, Three Nocturnes, CloudsWebern, Five Orchestral Pieces, Op. 10, No. 4Stravinsky, Symphony of Psalms, II (Unit I CD)

Snare drumHandel, Minuet from the Royal Fireworks Music (0:46–end)Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Gnomus” (2:40–end)



Berg, Wozzeck, Act III, scene iii (0:14–0:24, 0:42–0:50, and 3:26–3:34; CD track 16, 0:14–0:24 and 0:42–0:50; CD track 17, 1:04–1:12)

Ives, “The Rockstrewn Hills” (0:29–1:27 and 3:41–4:15; CD track 21, 0:29–1:27, and CD track 22, 0:27–1:01)

Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (0:00–0:41 and 7:47–7:51; CD track 23, 0:00–0:41, and CD track 27, 0:05–0:09)

Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II (1:32, 2:38–3:14, and 6:04–6:10; CD track 29, 0:36; CD track 30, 0:14–0:49; and CD track 33, 0:24–0:30)

Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” first excerpt (1:45–end) and second excerpt

Webern, Five Orchestral Pieces, Op. 10, No. 4 (0:14)Varèse, Poème électronique (1:29)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Theme (0:00–0:42;

Unit I CD track 10, 0:00–0:42), Variation 13 (13:26; Unit I CD track 14, 0:38), and Fugue (16:19–end; Unit I CD track 15, 1:36–end)

Solo concertoVivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganzaVivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, SpringMozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77Ravel, Piano Concerto in GBeethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD)

Solo expositionMozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I (2:11–6:30; CD tracks 35–36)

Sonata form (exposition, first theme, bridge [transition], second group, second theme, cadence [closing] theme, development, retransition, recapitulation)Mozart, Symphony No. 40, IMozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I—double-exposition sonata formBeethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I and IVBeethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, ITchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet—modifiedRavel, Piano Concerto in G, I—modified (no development)Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, IISchubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD)

Sonata movement plan (see Standard movement plan)Song

Bernart, “La dousa votz”Machaut, “Dame, de qui toute ma joie vient”Navajo song, “K adnikini ya ”Foday Musa Suso, “Laminba”Pygmy polyphony, Elephant-hunt songSchubert, “Erlkönig”R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Im wunderschönen Monat Mai” and “Die

alten, bösen Lieder”C. Schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen”Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:17–2:45;

CD track 2)Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaireCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“House of the Rising Sun”




Bernstein, West Side Story, “Cool”—Ice’s song (0:00–1:11)Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD)

Song cycleR. Schumann, DichterliebeSchoenberg, Pierrot lunaireCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5)

SonnetVivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, I[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”]

Soprano voiceHildegard, “Columba aspexit”Machaut, “Dame, de qui toute ma joie vient”Processional hymn from the Andes, “Hanaq pachap kusikuynin”Monteverdi, The Coronation of Poppea—PoppeaPurcell, Dido and Aeneas—DidoBach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanzas 4 and 7Mozart, Don Giovanni, “Alfin siam liberati” and “Là ci darem la

mano”—ZerlinaC. Schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen”Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:00–0:17 and

2:45–end; CD tracks 1 and 3) and “Bella figlia dell’amore” (0:00–4:22; CD tracks 4–5)—Gilda

Wagner, The Valkyrie, Act I, scene i—SieglindePuccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì”—Cio-Cio SanLigeti, Lux aeterna (1:39 and 6:13; CD track 5, 1:39; and CD track 8,

0:28)Varèse, Poème électronique (2:04–2:20)Reich, Music for 18 Musicians—three sopranos

Sound complexesLigeti, Lux aeterna

SprechstimmeSchoenberg, Pierrot lunaireBerg, Wozzeck

Square danceCopland, Appalachian Spring, Section 2

StaccatoAnonymous, “Kemp’s Jig”Monteverdi, The Coronation of Poppea, “Speranza, tu mi vai”—aria

section 3 (0:51–end)Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, IVivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, I (0:00–0:28)Handel, Messiah, Hallelujah Chorus (0:00–0:22)Bach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanzas 3 (1:56–1:01)

and 4 (1:44–1:57)Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (0:00–1:15 and

3:39–3:55; CD track 20 and CD track 23, 0:00–0:16)Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (0:00–0:19)Mozart, Don Giovanni, “Ho capito”Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, III (1:52–2:25; CD track 13,

0:00–0:33)R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Die alten, bösen Lieder”



Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:17–1:16; CD track 2, 0:00–0:59)

Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1—Dance of the Adolescents (3:08–6:16; CD tracks 9–10)

Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, “The Moonfleck”Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (0:00–0:41)Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II (0:56–1:10;

CD track 29, 0:00–0:14)Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (6:19–7:42; CD track 39)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 2Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” second excerptReich, Music for 18 MusiciansLeón, Indígena (4:00–4:25 and 6:58–7:36; CD track 15, 0:03–0:28, and

CD track 16, 1:00–1:38)[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”]—in orchestral ritornellosDavis, Bitches Brew (2:40–3:19)Bernstein, West Side Story, Meeting Scene (0:00–0:47)Tchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker

(Unit I CD—0:00–0:37)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Variation 11

(11:11–11:47; Unit I CD track 13, 0:40–1:16) and Variation 13 (12:48–14:43; Unit I CD track 14, 0:00–1:55)

“Standard”Ellington, “Conga Brava”Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere”Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD)

Standard movement planMozart, Symphony No. 40, IHaydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”)Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flatHaydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”)Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488—adapted, no minuetBeethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C MinorBeethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109—adapted: sonata-form first

movement followed by scherzo and slow theme and variations movements; no fast finale

Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony—adapted, II and III reversed, march added, five movements

Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, III—adapted, no minuetMahler, Symphony No. 1—II and III reversed (II has Ländler in place of

minuet)Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta—adaptedRavel, Piano Concerto in G—adapted, no minuetStill, Afro-American Symphony, IVBeethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD)—adapted, II and III reversed,

IV in an unusual formBeethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD)—adapted,

no minuetStratified polyphony

Pérotin, “Alleluia. Diffusa est gratia” (0:37–2:36)Machaut, “Dame, de qui toute ma joie vient”Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, IIBach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanza 3



I Lotring, BopongDebussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (2:10–2:30; CD track 3, 0:00–0:20)Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (1:04–2:33; CD track 7,

1:04–CD track 8, 0:29)[Ives, The Unanswered Question]Crawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 2 (0:45–1:13 and 2:07–2:32)Reich, Music for 18 Musicians, Section 1Yoruba drumming, “Ako”Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Fugue (16:30; Unit I

CD track 15, 1:47)Stretto

Bach, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Fugue in C Major (0:23–0:32, 0:37–0:51, and 0:51–1:14)

String quartetSchubert, String Quartet in A minor (Unit I CD)

String quartet movement plan (see Standard movement plan)Stringed instruments (see also specific stringed instruments)

Bowed stringed instrumentsAnonymous, “Daphne”Monteverdi, The Coronation of Poppea, “Speranza, tu mi vai”Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, “When I am laid in earth” (0:58–4:00)Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganzaVivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, IBach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5, IHandel, Minuet from the Royal Fireworks MusicBach, Gigue from Cello Suite No. 2 in D MinorHandel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia”Handel, Messiah, “Glory to God” and Hallelujah ChorusBach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden”Mozart, Symphony No. 40, IHaydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (throughout, but

especially for Theme and Variations 1–2)Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, IIIHaydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (especially for A

theme sections and Fugue—3:10–4:01; CD track 33, 0:00–0:52)Mozart, Don Giovanni, “Ho capito” and “Là ci darem la mano”Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I (throughout, but good examples

in 0:00–0:16 and 0:58–1:14)Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I, II, III, and IVBerlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (0:00–0:27, 5:28–5:55, 7:10–8:12, and

8:41–8:55; CD track 27, 0:00–0:27; CD track 30, 0:00–0:26; CD track 31, 0:40–1:42; and CD track 32, 0:28–0:42)

Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:00–0:17; CD track 1) and “Bella figlia dell’amore” (0:00–0:35; CD track 4)

Wagner, The Valkyrie, Act I, scene iPuccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì”Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (0:35–1:06, 2:41–3:15, 8:07–8:57, and

14:33–15:45; CD track 14, 0:35–1:06; CD track 15, 0:32–1:06; CD track 18; and CD track 22, 1:03–2:15)

Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Promenade” (0:34–0:56), “Gnomus,” and “The Great Gate at Kiev”

Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (5:08–6:43; CD track 39)Beijing opera, The Prince Who Changed into a Cat (0:24–end)



Debussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (0:34–1:21 and 4:40–4:56; CD track 1, 0:34–CD track 2, 0:34; and CD track 5, 0:27–0:44)

Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (3:08–3:53, 7:17–7:33, and 8:08–9:39; CD track 9; CD track 11, 1:01–1:17; and CD track 12, 0:34–CD track 13, 0:54)

Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, “Night” and “The Moonfleck”Berg, Wozzeck, Act III, scene iv (4:30–end; CD track 20)Ives, “The Rockstrewn Hills” (0:16–0:29; CD track 21, 0:16–0:29)[Ives, The Unanswered Question]Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, IBartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, IIStill, Afro-American Symphony, IV (0:00–1:43 and 5:02–6:19;

CD tracks 36 and 38)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Sections 1 (0:44–1:09), 2 (0:00–0:24),

5 (1:50–2:14), and 6 (0:00–0:43)Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice”Webern, Five Orchestral Pieces, Op. 10, No. 4León, Indígena[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”]Bernstein, West Side Story, “Cool” (2:09–2:25)Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I

CD—3:56–end)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—0:00–0:22,

1:15–1:54, 2:13–2:33, and 2:48–2:57)Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD)Schubert, String Quartet in A Minor (Unit I CD)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Theme for string

choir (1:42; Unit I CD track 10, 1:42), Variations 5–8 (6:11–9:40; Unit I CD track 12, 0:00–3:29), and Fugue (15:20; Unit I CD track 15, 0:37)

Plucked stringed instrumentsBernart, “La dousa votz”Anonymous, “Kemp’s Jig”—luteMonteverdi, The Coronation of Poppea—lute (accompanies Poppea)Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, “Thy Hand, Belinda” (0:00–0:58)—archluteVivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza—theorboFoday Musa Suso, “Laminba”—koraJapanese gagaku orchestra, Etenraku—biwa and gakusoBeijing opera, The Prince Who Changed into a Cat—yueqinWebern, Five Orchestral Pieces, IV—mandolinDavis, Bitches Brew—electric guitarBritten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—harp—Variation

9 (9:40; Unit I CD track 12, 3:29) and Fugue (15:48; Unit I CD track 15, 1:05)

Strophe (see Strophic song)Strophic song

Machaut, “Dame, de qui toute ma joie vient”Processional hymn from the Andes, “Hanaq pachap kusikuynin”R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Im wunderschönen Monat Mai”C. Schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen”—modifiedVerdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:17–2:45;

CD track 2)



Crumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5): “House of the Rising Sun”


Wallace, “If You Ever Been Down” BluesEllington, “Conga Brava”—modifiedParker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere”Bernstein, West Side Story, “Cool”—modifiedGershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD)

Style (see individual styles)Stylized dance (see also Minuet and other individual dances)

Anonymous, “Daphne”Anonymous, “Kemp’s Jig”Handel, Minuet from the Royal Fireworks MusicBach, Gigue from Cello Suite No. 2 in D MinorHaydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, IIIBernstein, West Side Story, “Cool”

Subject (fugue) and subject entries (see Fugue)Suite

Frescobaldi, Canzona, Balletto, and CorrenteHandel, Minuet from the Royal Fireworks MusicBach, Gigue from Cello Suite No. 2 in D MinorCopland, Appalachian SpringTchaikovsky, The Nutcracker Suite (Unit I CD)

SupernaturalSchubert, “Erlkönig”Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V

SwingEllington, “Conga Brava”Bernstein, West Side Story, “Cool” (3:10–3:39)Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD)

SymbolismDebussy, Three Nocturnes

Symphonic jazzRavel, Piano Concerto in G, IStill, Afro-American Symphony, IV

Symphonic poemTchaikovsky, Romeo and JulietLeón, Indígena

SymphonyMozart, Symphony No. 40, IHaydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”)Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flatHaydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”)Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C MinorBerlioz, Fantastic SymphonyMahler, Symphony No. 1Still, Afro-American SymphonySchubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD)Stravinsky, Symphony of Psalms, II (Unit I CD)

Symphony movement plan (see Standard movement plan)



SyncopationMachaut, “Dame, de qui toute ma joie vient”Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (0:08–0:19 and 1:13–1:27;

CD track 26, 0:08–0:19 and 1:13–1:27)Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (1:16–1:29;

CD track 30, 0:28–0:41)Beethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I (1:34–1:54; CD track 43,

0:23–0:43)I Lotring, Bopong (4:04–end)Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (5:28–6:15 and 7:55–8:06; CD track 30,

0:00–0:46,, and CD track 31, 1:24–1:35)Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “Bella figlia dell’amore” (3:34–3:50;

CD track 5, 2:59–3:15)Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì” (1:45–1:56 and 2:16–2:32)Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (5:26–5:44, 13:00–13:30, and 20:03–end;

CD track 17, 0:00–0:18; CD track 21, 0:25–0:56; and CD track 25, 1:31–end)

Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (3:08–4:30 and 8:08–9:39; CD track 9, 0:00–CD track 10, 0:37; and CD track 12, 0:34–CD track 13, 0:54)

Berg, Wozzeck, Act III, scene iii (0:25–0:42; CD track 16, 0:25–0:42)Ives, “The Rockstrewn Hills” (0:48–1:27; CD track 21, 0:48–1:27)Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (0:24–0:41; CD track 23, 0:24–0:41)Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (6:48–7:10 and 7:19–7:37;

CD track 39, 0:29–0:51 and 1:00–1:18)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 2 (0:29–1:34, 1:45–2:07)León, Indígena (4:00–4:25 and 6:58–736; CD track 15, 0:03–0:28 and

CD track 16, 1:00–1:38)[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”—in orchestral ritornellos]Ellington, “Conga Brava”Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere”Davis, Bitches BrewBernstein, West Side Story, Meeting Scene (0:00–0:47) and “Cool”

(throughout, especially at 2:25)Joplin, “Maple Leaf Rag” (Unit I CD)Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—0:00–0:21,

3:56–end)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—1:15–1:54)Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD—0:50–end)Schubert, String Quartet in A Minor (Unit I CD—1:27–1:39, 1:56–end)Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD—0:00–0:10

and 01:36–end)Tchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker

(Unit I CD—0:07–0:37 and 0:37–0:59)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Fugue (14:43–end;

Unit I CD track 15)Syncretism

Processional hymn from the Andes, “Hanaq pachap kusikuynin”Japanese gagaku orchestra, EtenrakuBrahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, IIIMusorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition (arranged by Ravel)Mahler, Symphony No. 1, IIIDebussy, Three Nocturnes, CloudsStravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1



Ives, “The Rockstrewn Hills”Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, IIStill, Afro-American Symphony, IVCopland, Appalachian Spring, Sections 1 and 6Crumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):


“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”León, IndígenaBernstein, West Side Story, Meeting Scene (0:00–0:47) and “Cool”Linda, “Anoku Gonda”

Tambourine (instrument)Crumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”Bernstein, West Side Story, Meeting Scene (0:10–0:26 and 0:32–0:47)

Tempered scalesBach, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Prelude and Fugue in C Major

TempoSlow tempo

Josquin, Pange lingua Mass, from the GloriaJosquin, “Mille regrets”Palestrina, Pope Marcellus Mass, from the GloriaAnonymous, “Daphne”Gabrieli, “O magnum mysterium”Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, “When I am laid in earth” (0:58) and “With

drooping wings”Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, IIProcessional hymn from the Andes, “Hanaq pachap kusikuynin”Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), IIMozart, Don Giovanni, “Là ci darem la mano”Japanese gagaku orchestra, EtenrakuBeethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, IIBeethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I—Theme 2R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Im wunderschönen Monat Mai”Schubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flatR. Schumann, Carnaval, “Eusebius”Chopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (0:00–1:39)Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “Bella figlia dell’amore” (0:35–4:22;

CD track 5)Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì”Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (0:00–4:08; CD track 14,

0:00–CD track 15, 2:00)Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “The Great Gate at Kiev”

(3:50–end)Debussy, Three Nocturnes, CloudsStravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1—Introduction (0:00–2:04;

CD track 7) and Round Dances of Spring (7:33–end; CD tracks 12–13)

Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, “Night”Berg, Wozzeck, Act III, scene iv (0:00–4:30; CD tracks 18–19)Crawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (0:00–1:43 and 5:02–6:19;

CD tracks 36 and 38)



Copland, Appalachian Spring, Sections 1 and 6Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” first excerpt

(0:00–1:45)Webern, Five Orchestral Pieces, Op. 10, No. 4Ligeti, Lux aeternaVarèse, Poème électroniqueCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“House of the Rising Sun”León, Indígena (0:00–0:31 and 7:30–end; CD track 13, 0:00–0:31, and

CD track 16, 1:32–end)[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”]—in ariaWallace, “If You Ever Been Down” BluesBernstein, West Side Story, Meeting Scene (0:47–end)Linda, “Anoku Gonda” (0:00–0:57)Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I

CD—2:23–3:56)Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD—0:00–0:50)Stravinsky, Symphony of Psalms, II (Unit I CD)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Variation 2 (3:29

ff.; Unit I CD track 11, 0:39 ff.), Variation 7 (7:45 ff.; Unit I CD track 12, 1:34 ff.), and Variation 10 (10:31 ff.; Unit I CD track 13, 0:00 ff.)

Moderate tempoHildegard, “Columba aspexit”Bernart, “La dousa votz”Pérotin, “Alleluia. Diffusa est gratia” (0:37–2:36)Machaut, “Dame, de qui toute ma joie vient”Dufay, “Ave maris stella” (even-numbered stanzas)Josquin, Pange lingua Mass, KyrieWeelkes, “As Vesta Was from Latmos Hill Descending”Frescobaldi, BallettoVivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, IFoday Musa Suso, “Laminba”Pygmy polyphony, Elephant-hunt songBach, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Prelude and Fugue in C MajorHandel, Minuet from the Royal Fireworks MusicHandel, Messiah, “Glory to God” and Hallelujah ChorusBach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanza 7Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, IIIMozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, IR. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Die alten, bösen Lieder”C. Schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen”Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:17–3:05;

CD tracks 2–3)Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (8:57–10:05 and 14:33–15:45;

CD track 19, 0:00–1:08; and CD track 22, 1:03–2:15)Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Promenade,” “Gnomus,” and

“The Great Gate at Kiev”Mahler, Symphony No. 1, IIIStravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1—Dance of the Adolescents

(3:02–6:16; CD track 8, 0:58–CD track 10, 2:23)Berg, Wozzeck, Act III, scene iii (2:22–3:45; CD track 17)Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (1:43–5:02 and 7:42–end;

CD tracks 37 and 40)



Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 5Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” first excerpt (1:45–end)Crumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”Ellington, “Conga Brava”Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere”Davis, Bitches BrewBernstein, West Side Story, Meeting Scene (0:00–0:47)Linda, “Anoku Gonda” (0:57–end)Joplin, “Maple Leaf Rag” (Unit I CD)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD)Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD—0:50–end)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD)Schubert, String Quartet in A Minor (Unit I CD)Tchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker

(Unit I CD)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Theme (0:00;

Unit I CD track 10, 0:00) and Variation 13 (12:48; Unit I CD track 14, 0:00)

Fast tempoAnonymous, “Sumer Is Icumen In”Anonymous, “Kemp’s Jig”Gabrieli, “O magnum mysterium” (1:51–2:02 and 2:22–2:33)Monteverdi, The Coronation of Poppea, “Tornerai?” (“Io non posso

da te”—0:19–0:51) and “Speranza, tu mi vai”Frescobaldi, Canzona and CorrenteVivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, I (especially 1:34–1:57)Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5, IBach, Gigue from Cello Suite No. 2 in D MinorHandel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia”Bach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanzas 3 and 4Mozart, Symphony No. 40, IHaydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IVMozart, Don Giovanni, “Ho capito”Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I, III (especially the trio), and

IV (especially 7:26–end; CD track 15, 3:55–end)Beethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I—all except Theme 2Schubert, “Erlkönig”R. Schumann, Carnaval, “Florestan”Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (1:39–end; CD track 27,

1:39–CD track 33)Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:00–0:17) and

“Bella figlia dell’amore” (0:00–0:35)Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (5:26–17:44; CD track 17,

0:00–CD track 23, 1:57)Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, IIIStravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1—Game of Abduction (6:16–7:33;

CD track 11)Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, “The Moonfleck”Berg, Wozzeck, Act III, scene iii (0:25; CD track 16, 0:25)Ives, “The Rockstrewn Hills”Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, IBartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II



Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (6:19–7:42; CD track 39)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 2Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” second excerptReich, Music for 18 MusiciansLeón, Indígena (3:57–7:36; CD track 14, 0:00–CD track 16, 1:38)[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”—in orchestral ritornellos]Bernstein, West Side Story, “Cool”Yoruba drumming, “Ako”Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I

CD—3:56–end)Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Variations 1

(2:50–3:29; Unit I CD track 11, 0:00–0:39), Variation 5 (6:11–6:56; Unit I CD track 12, 0:00–0:45), Variation 11 (13:39–14:10; Unit I CD track 14, 0:51–1:22), and Fugue (14:43–end; Unit I CD track 15)

AccelerandoBeethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, IV—coda (7:15–7:42;

CD track 15, 3:44–4:11)Japanese gagaku orchestra, Etenraku (extremely gradual)R. Schumann, Carnaval, “Florestan” (0:45–end)Chopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2 (1:28–1:55)Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (9:19–end; CD track 33)Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (4:45–5:26; CD track 16)Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (8:17–8:37; CD track 43, 0:00–0:19)Beijing opera, The Prince Who Changed into a Cat (0:00–0:20)Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” first excerpt (1:45)León, Indígena (7:00–7:36; CD track 16, 1:02–1:38)

Decelerando (or ritardando)Schubert, “Erlkönig” (3:38–3:47)R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Die alten, bösen Lieder” (1:17–1:48)R. Schumann, Carnaval, “Florestan” (0:00–0:11)Chopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2 (1:47–2:13)Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (2:38–3:11; CD track 28, 0:39–1:12)Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “Bella figlia dell’amore” (3:34–4:22;

CD track 5, 2:59–end)Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (6:47–7:44; CD track 17, 1:21–2:18)Beijing opera, The Prince Who Changed into a Cat (0:20–0:24)Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (9:58–10:19; CD track 13,

1:15–1:34)Ives, “The Rockstrewn Hills” (1:55–2:44; CD track 21, 1:55–2:44)Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II (4:54–5:10;

CD track 31, 1:21–1:36)Crawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6 (1:45–end)León, Indígena (7:36–end; CD track 16, 1:38–end)Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I

CD—3:34–3:56)Tenor voice

Bernart, “La dousa votz”Gabrieli, “O magnum mysterium” (especially 0:38–1:55)Foday Musa Suso, “Laminba”Pygmy polyphony, Elephant-hunt songBach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanzas 3, 4, and 7R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Im wunderschönen Monat Mai,” “Die alten,

bösen Lieder”



Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III—DukeWagner, The Valkyrie, Act I, scene i—SiegmundBeijing opera, The Prince Who Changed into a Cat (0:40–end)Berg, Wozzeck, Act III, scene iv—CaptainBernstein, West Side Story, “Cool”—Ice

Ternary (A B A) formHandel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia”Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, IIIBeethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, IIISchubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flat—with surprise extension to

rondo formPuccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì”Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III—alteredDebussy, Three Nocturnes, CloudsBernstein, West Side Story, “Cool”Tchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker

(Unit I CD)Texture (see Heterophony; Homophony; Monophony; Polyphony)Theater music

Monteverdi, The Coronation of PoppeaPurcell, Dido and AeneasHandel, Julius CaesarHandel, MessiahMozart, Don GiovanniVerdi, RigolettoWagner, The ValkyriePuccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì”Beijing opera, The Prince Who Changed into a CatStravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1Berg, Wozzeck, Act III, scenes iii and ivCopland, Appalachian Spring[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”]Bernstein, West Side StoryGershwin, “Who Cares?” from Of Thee I SingTchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker

Thematic transformationR. Schumann, CarnavalBerlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V—Idée fixe (1:59–2:29; CD track 28,

0:00–0:30) and fugue subject (8:41–8:55; CD track 32, 0:28–0:42)Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (8:57–10:05, transformed at 14:33, at 16:13,

17:55, and 19:29; CD track 19, 0:00–1:08; transformed at CD track 22 at 1:03; CD track 23 at 0:27; CD track 24; and CD track 25 at 0:57)

Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, III (0:00–0:46, transformed at 6:20; CD track 30, 0:00–0:46; transformed at CD track 35 at 0:11)

Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Promenade” (0:00–0:34) trans-formed in “The Great Gate at Kiev” (3:17–3:50)

Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (0:44–1:40, transformed at 4:30–5:44; CD track 23, 0:44–1:40; transformed at CD track 26, 0:00–1:14)

Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II—theme 2 (5:40; CD track 33 at 0:00) and theme 4 (6:04; CD track 33 at 0:24)

Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (A theme at 0:00–0:56, transformed at 6:48–7:10 and 7:19–7:37; CD track 36, 0:00–0:56; transformed at CD track 39, 0:29–0:51 and 1:00–1:18)



Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 2—hymn tune (0:45–1:13, trans-formed at 2:07); Section 5—Shaker hymn (0:00–0:37, transformed at 0:37, 1:03, 1:50, 2:14, and 2:30)

Bernstein, West Side Story—Motives from Meeting Scene (Cha-cha— 0:00–0:47); transformed later in Meeting Scene (0:47–end) and in “Cool” (0:00–1:34, 2:56–3:39, 3:39–end)

Thematic unityJosquin, Pange lingua MassNavajo song, “K adnikini ya ”Foday Musa Suso, “Laminba”Bach, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Prelude and Fugue in C MajorHandel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia”Bach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden”Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, IIIBeethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C MinorBeethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, IR. Schumann, CarnavalBerlioz, Fantastic SymphonyVerdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:17–2:45;

CD track 2)Wagner, The ValkyriePuccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì”Tchaikovsky, Romeo and JulietMusorgsky, Pictures at an ExhibitionBartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and CelestaCrawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6Copland, Appalachian SpringReich, Music for 18 MusiciansBernstein, West Side StoryLinda, “Anoku Gonda”Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9 (Unit I CD)Stravinsky, Symphony of Psalms, II (Unit I CD)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra (Unit I CD)

ThemeFrescobaldi, Canzona, Balletto, and CorrenteVivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, I (0:00–0:26) and II

(0:00–0:21)Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, I (0:00–0:28)Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5, I (0:00–0:19)Bach, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Fugue in C Major (0:00–0:23)Bach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden”Mozart, Symphony No. 40, I (0:00–0:25)Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (0:00–1:15)Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (0:00–0:28 and 2:32–2:43;

CD track 26, 0:00–0:28; and CD track 27, 0:03–0:14)Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (0:00–0:48)Mozart, Don Giovanni, “Là ci darem la mano” (0:00–0:45)Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I (0:00–0:34 and 0:58–1:28)Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I (0:00 and 0:46; CD track 1

and CD track 2), II (0:00–1:03 and 1:03–2:12; track 10, 0:00–1:03 and 1:03–2:12), III (0:00–0:40; CD track 12, 0:00–0:40), and IV (0:00–0:34 and 1:00–1:27; CD track 14, 0:00–0:34 and 1:00–1:27)



Beethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I (0:00–0:13, 0:13–0:58, and 0:58–1:11)

Schubert, Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flat (0:00–1:05 and 1:05–2:17; CD tracks 20 and 21)

R. Schumann, Carnaval, “Eusebius” and “Florestan”Chopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2 (0:00–0:27)Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (1:59–2:29, 3:38–4:14, and 5:28–5:55;


Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:17–2:45; CD track 2) and “Bella figlia dell’amore” (0:35–4:22; CD track 5)

Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì” (0:00–0:37)Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (0:00–0:35, 5:26–5:44, and 8:57–10:05;


Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, III (0:00–0:46, CD track 30, 0:00–0:46)

Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Promenade” (0:00–0:34) and “The Great Gate at Kiev” (0:00–1:01 and 1:01–1:37)

Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (0:00–0:38, 2:09–2:53, and 5:09–6:43; CD track 36, 0:00–0:38; and CD tracks 37 and 39)

Debussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (0:00–0:15 and 4:12–4:40; CD track 1, 0:00–0:15; and CD track 5, 0:00–0:27)

[Ives, The Unanswered Question]Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (0:00–0:41, 0:44–1:40, and 1:40–2:35;

CD track 23, 0:00–0:41 and 0:44–1:40; and CD track 24, 0:00–0:55)Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II (0:00, 0:56, 1:10,

1:32, and 2:04; CD track 28, 0:00, and CD track 29, 0:00, 0:14, 0:36, and 1:08)

Crawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6 (first emerges at 0:10)Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (0:00–1:43 and 1:43–2:40;

CD track 36 and CD track 37, 0:00–0:57)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Sections 1 (0:00–0:44), 2 (0:00–0:37),

5 (0:00–0:37), and 6 (0:00–0:22)Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” second excerpt (Theme,

0:00–0:08, returns at 0:19 and 0:58)León, Indígena (5:58, 6:43, and 7:11; CD track 16, 0:00, 0:45, and 1:13)[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”]—in ariaWallace, “If You Ever Been Down” Blues (0:10–0:44)Ellington, “Conga Brava” (0:00–0:58)Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere” (0:00–0:47)Bernstein, West Side Story, “Cool” (0:00–1:06)Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—3:56–end)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—0:15–1:07,

1:15–1:52)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD—0:00–0:48)Stravinsky, Symphony of Psalms, II (Unit I CD—0:00–0:25)Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD—0:00–0:10)Tchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker

(Unit I CD—0:00–0:37)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Theme (0:00–0:42;

Unit I CD track 10, 0:00–0:42)



Theme and variations formHaydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), IIBeethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, IICopland, Appalachian Spring, Section 5Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra (Unit I CD)

Third-period styleBeethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I

Through-composed songBach, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Prelude in C MajorSchubert, “Erlkönig”R. Schumann, Dichterliebe, “Die alten, bösen Lieder”—modifiedVerdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “Bella figlia dell’amore” (0:35–4:22;

CD track 5)Timbre (see Stringed instruments and specific categories: Brass; Chamber

music; Keyboard; Orchestra; Percussion; Voices; Woodwinds)Timpani

Handel, Minuet from the Royal Fireworks MusicHandel, Messiah, “Glory to God” and Hallelujah ChorusHaydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (0:16 and 5:42–6:11;

CD track 20,t 0:16; and CD track 24, 0:53–CD track 25, 0:14)Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (0:00–0:28 and 1:13–1:42)Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (2:53–3:10 and

4:11–end; CD track 32, 0:29–0:46; and CD track 33, 1:01–end)Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I (4:13–4:21, 5:09–5:25, and

6:19–7:18; CD track 6, 0:00–0:08; CD track 7, 0:00–0:16; and CD track 8, 0:30–CD track 9, 0:27), II (1:26–1:44; CD track 10, 1:26–1:44), III (4:46–end; CD track 13, 2:54–end), and IV (0:00–0:34; CD track 14, 0:00–0:34)

Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì” (3:59–end)Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Gnomus” (0:46–1:45) and “The

Great Gate at Kiev” (roll—3:09–3:17; rolls and strokes—4:53–end)Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (0:00–2:09, 3:42–4:53, 7:02, and 8:37;

CD track 36; CD track 38, 0:49–2:00; CD track 41; and CD track 43, 0:19)

Debussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (0:20 and 5:58; CD track 1, 0:20; CD track 6, 0:31)

Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (4:20–4:27, 6:16–7:33, and 9:39–10:19; CD track 10, 0:27–0:34; CD track 11; and CD track 13, 0:54–1:34)

Berg, Wozzeck, Act III, scene iii (0:00–0:24, 0:40, and 0:57; CD track 16, 0:00–0:24, 0:40, and 0:57) and scene iv (0:00 and 0:10; CD track 18, 0:00 and 0:10)

Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (7:55–end; CD track 27, 0:13–end)Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II (0:00–0:32, 2:24,

4:01–4:38, 4:54–5:28, and 6:32–end; CD track 28, 0:00–0:32; CD track 30; CD track 31, 0:27–1:04; CD track 31, 1:20–CD track 32, 0:18; and CD track 34)

Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (7:42–end; CD track 40)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 5 (2:30–end)Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” first excerpt (3:49–end)[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”]—in orchestral ritornellos and

B sectionRachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—0:11–0:21)



Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—1:02–1:06 and 2:33–2:46)

Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD—2:20–end)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Variation 13

(12:48–14:43; Unit I CD track 14, 0:00–1:55) and Fugue (16:19–end; Unit I CD track 15, 1:36–end)

Togaku (see Gagaku)Tonality, Tonic (all music not listed under Atonality)Tone color (see Stringed instruments and specific categories: Brass; Chamber

music; Keyboard; Orchestra; Percussion; Voices; Woodwinds)Traditionalism

Puccini, Madame ButterflyRavel, Piano Concerto in G, IBartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, IIStill, Afro-American Symphony, IVCopland, Appalachian SpringProkofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice”Bernstein, West Side StoryRachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra (Unit I CD)

TranscendentalismIves, “The Rockstrewn Hills”[Ives, The Unanswered Question]

TransitionVivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, I (1:34–1:57)Mozart, Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, K. 550, I (0:25–0:53)Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (3:00–3:47;

CD track 22, 0:35–CD track 23, 0:08)Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (0:08–0:19, 0:55–1:13, and


Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (1:46–1:54 and 2:53–3:22; CD track 30, 0:58–1:06; and CD track 32, 0:29–CD track 33, 0:12)

Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I (2:49–3:11; CD track 2, 0:38–1:00)Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I (0:20–0:46; CD track 1,

0:20–0:46); II (5:19–6:13; CD track 10, 5:19–6:13); IV (0:34–1:00; CD track 14, 0:34–1:00)

Beethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I (1:46–1:54; CD track 43, 0:35–0:43)


Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, III (0:46–1:14 and 2:20–2:38; CD track 30, 0:46–1:14, and CD track 32, 0:20–0:38)

Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (0:36–0:44 and 3:57–4:05; CD track 23, 0:36–0:44, and CD track 25, 0:20–0:29)

Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II (0:25–0:56)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 5 (0:30–0:37 and 1:42–1:51)León, Indígena (3:32–3:57; CD track 14, 2:22–2:47)

TremoloVivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, I (1:34–1:57)Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (5:42–6:11;

CD track 24, 0:53–CD track 25, 0:14)



Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, IV (0:00; CD track 14, 0:00)Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:00–0:04)Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì” (0:00–0:37, 3:35–end)Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “The Great Gate at Kiev” (1:37–2:13,

4:59–5:17, and 5:50–end)Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, “Night” (0:54–1:02, 1:02–1:29, and

1:37–1:52)Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I—flutter-tongue (5:08; CD track 26, 0:38)Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II (1:39–1:59 and

6:04–6:18; CD track 29, 0:43–1:03; and CD track 33, 0:24–0:38)Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” first excerpt

(0:00–1:45)Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—0:32–0:36

and 0:52–1:34)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—0:13–1:02,

1:54–2:10, and 2:33–2:46)Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD—0:00–0:18)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Variation 9

(9:40–10:31; Unit I CD track 12, 3:29–4:20)Triangle

Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “The Great Gate at Kiev” (5:17–end)

Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1—Dance of the Adolescents (5:20; CD track 10 at 1:27)

Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (7:47–end; CD track 27, 0:05–end)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 5 (0:16 and 0:49)Crumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”Bernstein, West Side Story, Meeting Scene (0:00–0:10 and 0:26–0:32)Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—0:11–0:21)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Variation 13 (13:15;

Unit I CD track 14 at 0:27)Trio

Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (2:29–3:59; CD track 27)Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, III (1:52–3:30; CD track 13,

0:00–1:38)Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (4:53–6:43; CD track 38, 2:00–CD track 39,

1:34)Triple meter (see Meter—Triple)Trombone

Gabrieli, “O magnum mysterium”Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, IV (0:00–0:34 and 7:26–end;

CD track 14, 0:00–0:34; and CD track 15, 3:55–end)Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (3:58–4:08, 6:30–6:52, and 9:41–end;

CD track 29, 0:21–0:31; CD track 31, 0:00–0:21; and CD track 33, 0:22–end)

Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “The Great Gate at Kiev” (1:37–1:52)

Ives, “The Rockstrewn Hills” (2:44–3:00; CD track 21, 2:44–3:00)Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (3:01 and 5:08; CD track 24, 1:21; and

CD track 26, 0:38)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 5 (1:03–1:42 and 1:50–2:14)Webern, Five Orchestral Pieces, Op. 10, No. 4 (0:11–0:15—muted)



[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”]Ellington, “Conga Brava”Bernstein, West Side Story, “Cool”—muted (1:51–2:09)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—1:54–2:10 and

2:27–2:46)Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Variation 12


TroubadoursBernart, “La dousa votz”Foday Musa Suso, “Laminba”

TrumpetGabrieli, “O magnum mysterium”Handel, Minuet from the Royal Fireworks MusicHandel, Messiah, “Glory to God” and Hallelujah ChorusHaydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (5:42–6:11;

CD track 24, 0:53–CD track 25, 0:11)Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (1:34–1:42; CD track 26,

1:34–1:42)Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (0:48–1:17, 1:29–1:46,

2:24–2:39, 2:53–3:07, and 4:11–end; CD track 30, 0:00–0:29 and 0:41–0:58; CD track 32, 0:00–0:15 and 0:29–0:43; and CD track 33, 1:01–end)

Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, II (1:26–1:44; CD track 10, 1:26–1:44) and IV (0:00–0:34 and 7:42–end; CD track 14, 0:00–0:34 and CD track 15, 4:11–end)

Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (8:12–8:32; CD track 32, 0:00–0:20)Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (12:52–13:17; CD track 21, 0:18–0:43)Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì” (1:45–1:56—muted)Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Promenade” (0:00–0:34) and “The

Great Gate at Kiev” (0:00–1:01, 1:52–2:13, 3:17–3:32, 3:50–4:30, and 4:59–end)

Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (2:09–2:39, 2:53–3:24, 7:36–8:00, and 8:17–8:37; CD track 37, 0:00–0:29; CD track 38, 0:00–0:31; CD track 42, 0:00–0:23; and CD track 43, 0:00–0:19)

Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (5:20–5:35 and 5:57–7:12; CD track 10, 1:27–1:42; and CD track 10, 2:04–CD track 11, 0:56)

Ives, “The Rockstrewn Hills” (1:25–1:50 and 3:14–3:38; CD track 21, 1:25–1:50; and CD track 22, 0:00–0:24)

[Ives, The Unanswered Question]Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (0:00–0:41, 2:30–2:36, and 7:42–end;

CD track 23, 0:00–0:41; CD track 24, 0:50–0:56; and CD track 27)Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (6:48–7:10, 7:19–7:37, and 7:42–end;

CD track 39, 0:29–0:51 and 1:00–1:18; and CD track 40)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Sections 1 (1:09–1:25—muted) and

5 (1:50–2:14 and 2:30–end)Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” first excerpt (2:13–2:55

and 3:43–end); second excerpt (0:09–0:19 and 0:35–0:48)Webern, Five Orchestral Pieces, Op. 10, No. 4 (0:06–0:11—muted)León, Indígena (4:18–4:48, 5:02–5:43, 5:58–6:22, and 7:11–7:36;

CD track 15, 0:21–0:51 and 1:15–1:46; and CD track 16, 0:00–0:24 and 1:13–1:38)



[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”—in orchestral ritornellos]Wallace, “If You Ever Been Down” Blues (0:10–0:44, 1:18–1:50, and

1:50–2:24)Ellington, “Conga Brava” (0:23–0:58 and 1:38–2:28)Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere” (0:47–1:35 and 2:48–end)Davis, Bitches Brew (1:04–end)Bernstein, West Side Story, “Cool” (1:11–1:34 and 2:39–3:39)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—2:27–2:46)Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD—2:20–end)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Variation 12


TsuridaikoJapanese gagaku orchestra, Etenraku

TubaGabrieli, “O magnum mysterium”Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (3:38–3:58 and 9:19–9:28; CD track 29,

0:00–0:21; and CD track 33, 0:00–0:09)Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “The Great Gate at Kiev” (1:37–1:52

and 2:47–3:42)Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (0:48–1:02)Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” first excerpt (1:53–2:40

and 3:15–end)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Variation 12

(11:47–12:48; Unit I CD track 13, 1:16–2:17)Tubular bells

Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (3:11–5:11; CD track 28, 1:12–CD track 29, 1:34)

Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “The Great Gate at Kiev” (5:17–end)

TuneAnonymous, “Sumer Is Icumen In”Dufay, “Ave maris stella”Anonymous, “Daphne”Anonymous, “Kemp’s Jig”Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, I (0:00–0:28)Handel, Minuet from the Royal Fireworks MusicHaydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (0:00–1:15)Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (0:00–0:48)Mozart, Don Giovanni, “Là ci darem la mano”Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I (0:00–0:34 and 0:58–1:28)Chopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2 (0:00–0:27)Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:17–2:45; CD track 2)Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Promenade” (0:00–0:34) and

“The Great Gate at Kiev” (0:00–1:01)Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, III (0:00–0:46)Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III (0:07–0:28)Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (0:00–0:41)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 5Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” second excerptCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“House of the Rising Sun”




León, Indígena—“La Jardinera” (5:58, 6:43, and 7:11; CD track 16, 0:00, 0:45, and 1:13)

Wallace, “If You Ever Been Down” Blues (0:00–0:44)Ellington, “Conga Brava” (0:00–0:58)Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere” (0:00–0:47)Bernstein, West Side Story, Meeting Scene (0:00–0:47) and “Cool”

(0:00–1:06)Linda, “Anoku Gonda”Joplin, “Maple Leaf Rag” (Unit I CD—0:00–0:44, 2:34–end)Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—3:56–end)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—1:15–1:54)Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD—0:50–end)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD—0:00–0:48)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Theme (0:00–0:42;

Unit I CD track 10, 0:00–0:42)Twelve-bar blues

Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV—blues theme, but not strict twelve-bar form (1:43–4:35; CD track 37, 0:00–2:52)

Wallace, “If You Ever Been Down” BluesUnpitched percussion instruments (see specific instruments or Percussion)Variation form (see also Ground bass; Passacaglia; Theme and variations form)

Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, “When I am laid in earth” (0:58–4:00)Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, IIHaydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), IIBeethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, IISchoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, “Night”Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 5Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra (Unit I CD)

Variation principleDufay, “Ave maris stella”Anonymous, “Daphne”Anonymous, “Kemp’s Jig”Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, “When I am laid in earth” (0:58–4:00)Frescobaldi, Balletto and CorrenteVivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, IIBach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden”Mozart, Symphony No. 40, I (recapitulation—5:26–7:54; CD tracks 17–18)Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), IIHaydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, IIIMozart, Don Giovanni, “Là ci darem la mano” (0:00–1:41)I Lotring, Bopong (2:41–4:04)Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I, II, III, and IVBeethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, IC. Schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen”—varied third stanzaR. Schumann, Carnaval, “Eusebius” (0:52–1:19 in octaves), “Florestan”

(0:00–0:11 varied at 0:11, 0:26, and 0:51)Chopin, Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2—a repeat (0:27–0:58) and

return (2:13–2:54)



Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V—Idée fixe (1:59–2:29; CD track 28, 0:00–0:30) and fugue subject (8:41–8:55; CD track 32, 0:28–0:42)

Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “Bella figlia dell’amore” (0:35–2:34; CD track 5, 0:00–1:59)

Tchaikovsky, Romeo and JulietBrahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, IIIMusorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Promenade,” “Gnomus,” and “The

Great Gate at Kiev”Mahler, Symphony No. 1, IIIDebussy, Three Nocturnes, CloudsStravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaireBerg, WozzeckIves, “The Rockstrewn Hills”Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, IBartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and CelestaCopland, Appalachian Spring, Sections 5 and 6 (0:00–1:19)Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” second excerptReich, Music for 18 MusiciansWallace, “If You Ever Been Down” BluesEllington, “Conga Brava”Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere”Davis, Bitches BrewBernstein, West Side Story, Meeting Scene (0:00–0:47) and “Cool”Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Theme (0:00 ff.;

Unit I CD track 10, 0:00 ff.) or Variations 1–13 (2:50–14:43; Unit I CD tracks 11–14)

Verdian recitative, aria, and ensembleVerdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” and “Bella figlia

dell’amore”Vibraphone

Reich, Music for 18 MusiciansCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):


“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”Bernstein, West Side Story, Meeting Scene (0:47–end) and “Cool”

(4:08–end)Viol

Anonymous, “Kemp’s Jig”Monteverdi, The Coronation of PoppeaPurcell, Dido and Aeneas

ViolaBeethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, II (theme 1)Debussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (3:38–3:54; CD track 4, 0:00–0:16)Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (8:45–9:39; CD track 13, 0:00–0:54)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 5 (1:03–1:42—doubled by

trombone)Webern, Five Orchestral Pieces, Op. 10, No. 4 (0:04)León, Indígena (2:27–2:36; CD track 14, 1:17–1:26)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD—0:48–1:34)



Tchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker (Unit I CD—0:40–0:44 and 0:47–0:51)

Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Variation 6 (6:56–7:45; Unit I CD track 12, 0:45–1:34)

ViolinAnonymous, “Daphne”Monteverdi, The Coronation of Poppea, “Speranza, tu mi vai”Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, “When I am laid in earth” (0:58–4:00)Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganzaVivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, IBach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5Handel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia”Handel, Messiah, “Glory to God” and Hallelujah ChorusBach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanza 3Mozart, Symphony No. 40, IHaydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (throughout, but

especially in Theme and Variations 1–2)Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, IIIHaydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (especially for A

theme sections and Fugue—3:10–4:01; CD track 33, 0:00–0:52)Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, IBeethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I (0:00 and 0:49–1:26; CD track 1

and CD track 2, 0:02–CD track 3, 0:08), III (1:52–2:56; CD track 13, 0:00–1:03), and IV (1:00–1:27; CD track 14, 1:00–1:27)

Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:00–2:45; CD tracks 1–2) and “Bella figlia dell’amore” (0:00–0:35 and 2:36–3:50; CD track 4 and CD track 5, 2:01–3:15)

Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì” (violins throughout; 0:00–0:37—solo violin)

Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, IIIMusorgsky, Pictures at an ExhibitionDebussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (4:40–4:56; CD track 5, 0:27–0:44)Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, “The Moonfleck”Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (0:00–1:43)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Sections 1 (0:44–1:09) and 2 (0:00–0:37)Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” first excerpt (0:00–1:45);

second excerptWebern, Five Orchestral Pieces, Op. 10, No. 4 (0:19–end)Reich, Music for 18 MusiciansLeón, Indígena (throughout, but especially 4:00–4:25 and 6:58–7:36;

CD track 15, 0:03–0:28; and CD track 16, 1:00–1:38)Bernstein, West Side Story, Meeting Scene (0:47–end)Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—1:35–1:54,

2:13–2:33, and 2:48–2:57)Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD—1:34–2:20)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Variation 5

(6:11–6:56; Unit I CD track 12, 0:00–0:45) and Fugue (15:20 and 16:30; Unit I CD track 15, 0:37 and 1:47)

VirtuosityQur’anic recitation, “Ya Sin”Frescobaldi, Canzona, Balletto, and CorrenteVivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, I



Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, I (especially at 1:34–1:57)Foday Musa Suso, “Laminba”Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5Bach, Gigue from Cello Suite No. 2 in D MinorHandel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia”Bach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanzas 3 and 4Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, IBeethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, IR. Schumann, Carnaval, “Florestan”Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (0:17–2:45;

CD track 2) and “Bella figlia dell’amore” (0:35–4:22; CD track 5)Tchaikovsky, Romeo and JulietMusorgsky, Pictures at an ExhibitionBrahms, Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, IIIStravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaireIves, “The Rockstrewn Hills”Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, IBartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, IICopland, Appalachian Spring, Section 2Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice”Webern, Five Orchestral Pieces, Op. 10, No. 4Ligeti, Lux aeternaReich, Music for 18 MusiciansCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”León, Indígena[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”]Ellington, “Conga Brava”Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere”Davis, Bitches BrewBernstein, West Side Story, “Cool”Yoruba drumming, “Ako”Linda, “Anoku Gonda”Joplin, “Maple Leaf Rag” (Unit I CD)Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 5, “Emperor,” III (Unit I CD)Tchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker


VivaceHaydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IVBeethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I (except Theme 2)Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (6:19–7:42; CD track 39)

VocablesNavajo song, “K adnikini ya ”Reich, Music for 18 Musicians

Voice-overBernstein, West Side Story, Meeting Scene (0:47–end)

Voices (see also specific voice types)Anonymous, “In paradisum”—male voicesHildegard, “Columba aspexit”—female voicesPérotin, “Alleluia. Diffusa est gratia”—male voices



Anonymous, “Sumer Is Icumen In”—male solo voicesMachaut, “Dame, de qui toute ma joie vient”—mixed solo voicesDufay, “Ave maris stella”—boys’ and men’s voicesJosquin, Pange lingua Mass—mixed voicesJosquin, “Mille regrets”—mixed voicesPalestrina, Pope Marcellus Mass—mixed voicesWeelkes, “As Vesta Was from Latmos Hill Descending”—mixed voicesGabrieli, “O magnum mysterium”—men’s voicesPurcell, Dido and Aeneas, “With drooping wings”—mixed voicesQur’anic recitation, “Ya Sin”—male solo voiceHawai’ian chant, mele pule—female solo voiceNavajo song, “K adnikini ya ”—male solo voiceProcessional hymn from the Andes, “Hanaq pachap kusikuynin”— mixed

voicesFoday Musa Suso, “Laminba”—male solo voicePygmy polyphony, Elephant-hunt song—male voicesHandel, Julius Caesar, “La giustizia”—female solo voiceHandel, Messiah, “Glory to God” and Hallelujah Chorus—mixed voicesBach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanzas 4 and 7—

mixed solo voicesC. Schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen”—female solo voiceVerdi, Rigoletto, from Act III—male and female solo voicesWagner, The Valkyrie, Act I, scene i—male and female solo voicesPuccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì”—female solo voiceBeijing opera, The Prince Who Changed into a Cat (0:40–end)—male solo

voiceSchoenberg, Pierrot lunaire—SprechstimmeProkofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” first excerpt—mixed

chorus (2:55)Ligeti, Lux aeterna—mixed voicesVarèse, Poème électronique—male voices (2:18)Reich, Music for 18 Musicians—four female solo voicesCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“House of the Rising Sun”—female solo voiceCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”—male solo voice[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”—male solo voice]Bernstein, West Side Story, Meeting Scene—spoken voices (0:47–end);

“Cool”—male solo voice (0:00–1:06) and mixed voices (3:39–3:58)Linda, “Anoku Gonda”—male voicesGershwin, “Who Cares?” from Of Thee I Sing—female solo voice (Unit I CD)

Walking bassBach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanza 3Ellington, “Conga Brava” (0:58–2:28)Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere” (throughout)

Well-tempered tuningBach, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Prelude and Fugue in C Major

Whole-tone scaleDebussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (2:10–2:24 and 3:58–4:04; CD track 3,

0:00–0:14, and CD track 4, 0:20–0:26)Ives, “The Rockstrewn Hills” (4:08–end; CD track 22, 0:54–end)



Woodwinds (see also names of specific woodwind instruments)Mozart, Symphony No. 40, I (0:53–1:22 and 4:54–5:26; CD track 15,

0:00–0:29, and CD track 16, 0:44–1:16)Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (3:39–4:49;

CD track 23)Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III—Trio (2:29–3:59; CD track 27)Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (1:15–1:29 and

1:46–2:00; CD track 30, 0:27–0:41; and CD track 30, 0:58–CD track 31, 0:06)

Mozart, Piano Concerto in A, K. 488, I (0:16–0:34, 1:14–1:28, and 5:33–5:49; CD track 34, 0:16–0:34 and 1:14–1:28; and CD track 36, 1:07–1:23)

Japanese gagaku orchestra, EtenrakuBeethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, I (3:39–4:07; CD track 5,

0:00–0:29), II (1:03–1:26, 5:18–6:13, and 6:58–7:36; CD track 10, 1:03–1:26 and 5:18–6:12; and CD track 11, 0:00–0:38), III (2:56–3:30 and 3:30–4:46; CD track 13, 1:03–1:37 and 1:37–2:54), and IV (2:09–2:32; CD track 14, 2:09–2:32)

Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, V (1:59–2:29, 4:08–4:14, 6:15–6:30, and 8:44–9:07; CD track 28, 0:00–0:30; CD track 29, 0:31–0:37; CD track 30, 0:46–1:02; and CD track 32, 0:31–0:54)

Verdi, Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” (1:03–1:14 and 2:01–3:04; CD track 2, 0:46–0:57; and CD track 2, 1:44–CD track 3, 0:19) and “Bella figlia dell’amore” (0:35–1:48; CD track 5, 0:00–1:13)

Puccini, Madame Butterfly, “Un bel dì” (0:38–1:12)Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (0:00–0:35, 2:09–2:42, 8:57–10:05,

13:54–14:33, and 18:32–19:31; CD track 14, 0:00–0:35; CD track 15, 0:00–0:33; CD track 19, 0:00–1:08; CD track 22, 0:24–1:03; and CD track 25, 0:00–0:59)

Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Promenade [2]” and “The Great Gate at Kiev” (1:01–1:37 and 2:13–2:47)

Debussy, Three Nocturnes, Clouds (0:00–0:28 and 2:10–2:48; CD track 1, 0:00–0:28, and CD track 3, 0:00–0:37)

Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part 1 (0:00–2:41 and 7:33–8:08; CD track 7, 0:00–CD track 8, 0:37, and CD track 12, 0:00–0:34)

Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, “Night” and “The Moonfleck”Ives, “The Rockstrewn Hills” (0:29–0:49)[Ives, The Unanswered Question]Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, I (5:08–5:44; CD track 26, 0:38–1:14)Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (1:43–5:02 and 6:19–7:42;

CD tracks 37 and 39)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Sections 1 (0:00–0:44 and 1:25–end),

5 (0:00–1:03, 1:42–1:50, and 2:14–2:30), and 6 (0:43–0:56)Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky, “The Battle on Ice,” first excerpt

(1:56–2:13); second excerpt (0:29–0:39 and 1:46–1:59)Reich, Music for 18 MusiciansLeón, Indígena[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”—in orchestral ritornellos]Ellington, “Conga Brava” (0:58–1:38 and 1:46–2:06)Parker and Davis, “Out of Nowhere”Rachmaninov, Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (Unit I CD—0:05–0:11

and 1:34–1:58)



Schubert, Symphony No. 8, “Unfinished,” I (Unit I CD—0:22–1:02 and 2:48–3:07)

Gershwin, “Who Cares?” (Unit I CD)Beethoven, Symphony No. 9, IV (Unit I CD—2:20–end)Stravinsky, Symphony of Psalms, II (Unit I CD)Tchaikovsky, “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy,” from The Nutcracker

(Unit I CD—0:14–0:37, 1:06–end)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Theme for wood-

wind choir (0:48; Unit I CD track 10 at 0:41), Variations 1–4 (2:50–6:11; Unit I CD track 11), and Fugue (14:43; Unit I CD track 15, 0:00)

Word paintingWeelkes, “As Vesta Was from Latmos Hill Descending”Gabrieli, “O magnum mysterium”Monteverdi, The Coronation of Poppea, “Speranza, tu mi vai”Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, “With drooping wings”Handel, Messiah, “Glory to God”Bach, Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden,” Stanzas 3 and 4Schubert, “Erlkönig”[Adams, Doctor Atomic, “Batter my heart”]

XylophoneMusorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, “Gnomus” (2:24–2:38)Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II (2:54–3:04 and

6:24–6:32; CD track 30, 0:30–0:40, and CD track 33, 0:44–0:52)Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 2 (0:00, 0:18, 0:45–0:50,

1:25–1:35)Reich, Music for 18 MusiciansCrumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Vol. 5):

“Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”Bernstein, West Side Story, “Cool” (4:03–end)Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra—Theme (0:00–0:42;

Unit I CD track 10, 0:00–0:42) and Variation 13 (13:37; Unit I CD track 14, 0:49)

YueqinBeijing opera, The Prince Who Changed into a Cat


Documents

Index of Terms and Musical Examples Kerman 8e IRM v3.0.1 · Index of Terms and Musical Examples 5 Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet (5:26–17:55; CD tracks 17–23) Brahms, Violin Concerto