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Index
ADSS, see all dielectric self-supporting
AFM, see atomic force microscope
alkylammonium ions 53, 55–56, 60
all dielectric self-supporting (ADSS) 337
alumina nanofillers 51aluminum nitride 25, 64, 223aluminum nitride
nanoparticles 25 synthesis of 253-aminopropyltriethoxysilane
(APTES) 81–82, 85, 109amorphous polyethylene 206APTES, see 3-
aminopropyltriethoxysilaneatom-transfer
radical-polymerization (ATRP) 4, 98, 182, 273
atomic force microscope (AFM) 135–136, 273
ATRP, see atom-transfer radical-polymerization
BaTiO3 44, 79, 82, 84, 102–103, 247, 250, 391
BaTiO3 nanofillers 289, 391BaTiO3 nanoparticles 93, 96,
102–103, 182 dopamine-modified 97
BDS, see broadband dielectric spectroscopy
boron nitride 44, 50, 64, 79, 130, 132
breakdown, short-term 267–268, 274
breakdown behavior 246, 249, 252, 260, 271, 273–274
breakdown performance 244, 249, 259, 261
breakdown strength 84, 88, 94–95, 97, 102–103, 244–247, 249–251, 253–254, 259–260, 262–263, 267–272, 405, 407
enhanced 103, 254, 262, 273breakdown time 252broadband dielectric
spectroscopy (BDS) 127butyl rubber 49, 109–110
calcination 15, 30, 286, 291, 293, 303–304
calcined fumed nanosilica 288–289, 292
capacitor dielectrics 391carbon nanotubes 11, 44,
78–79, 342–343, 345cation exchange capacity (CEC)
55–56, 60CEC, see cation exchange
capacity
416 Index
CED, see cohesive energy density
chain scission 264, 324–326, 328, 333, 335
chemical defects 196, 207, 237clay nanofillers 53, 55, 57, 59,
61, 66–67, 69 modification and exfoliation
of 53–61clays 44, 53–62, 65–67, 69–70,
125, 129, 137, 139, 141, 346, 389
dispersion of 41, 53, 60 exfoliated 58–59, 62 organic modification of 56, 62 swelled 61click chemistry 4, 184, 273cohesive energy density (CED)
170, 244, 258, 266colloid science 3, 159–160colloidal particles 3, 12, 161colloids 3–4, 160–162, 172, 175combustion 314, 339–340, 343composite materials 30, 114,
160, 190cross-linked polyethylene
(XLPE) 8, 44, 221, 232, 234, 402–404
dielectric breakdown mechanisms 245, 267
dry band arcing 282, 295, 314–315, 336
electrical breakdown 243–244, 249
epoxy-aluminum oxides 224, 229
erosion 294–295, 297
high-energy radiation 332–333
inorganic coating 77–78, 101, 104
inorganic fillers 1, 4, 41, 50, 159–161, 174, 182, 223, 281, 290, 388, 392–393, 403
insulated switchgear, solid-state 407–408
insulating materials 24, 86, 219, 243, 254, 271, 314, 355, 370
solid 243, 245insulating substrates 372, 378,
387, 392insulation 281, 283, 385–386,
393, 401–403 composite 232, 409insulation systems 243, 254,
282, 336, 399insulators 197, 199, 255, 265,
282, 297–298, 398interactions covalent 80, 200, 207, 209 matrix/nanoparticle 308, 349 nanoparticle/matrix 125, 189 nanoparticle/polymer 104,
188 phonon 205–206interfaces electrode-dielectric 236–237 nanoparticle/matrix 177 nanoparticle/polymer 78–79interfacial tension 287, 305interfacial thermal conductance
190ions 21, 125–126, 139, 163,
168, 172, 333 metal 53, 55–56irradiation, high-energy
332–333
417Index
laser ablation 130, 295, 298–299, 311, 314
latex particles 22–23layered double hydroxide
(LDH) 125, 129, 138–139LCST, see lower critical solution
temperatureLDH, see layered double
hydroxideLDPE, see low-density
polyethylenelinear low-density polyethylene
(LLDPE) 85–88, 247LLDPE, see linear low-density
polyethylenelow-density polyethylene
(LDPE) 6, 44, 221, 226, 229, 232, 235–237, 246, 271, 347–348, 370
lower critical solution temperature (LCST) 141
lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) 209–211
LUMO, see lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
magnetic permeability, high 369–371
magneto-dielectric material 379MD, see molecular dynamicsmethoxysilanes 83, 108–110micro-filler 41–43, 62–66, 71,
119micro-fillers 281–283, 387–388,
393, 402, 406, 408micro-silica 303–306micro-silica fillers 406–407microcomposites 43, 255, 261mini-emulsions 18–19, 22–23MMT, see montmorillonite
modified clays 55–60, 62, 69, 388
molded transformers 408molecular dynamics (MD) 7, 113,
115, 126, 185, 187, 190, 196, 198, 202
monomers 7, 17, 23, 58–59, 139, 179, 181, 187, 326, 328, 334
montmorillonite (MMT) 54–56, 123, 125, 132, 136, 138–140, 179, 342, 347–348
nano alumina 282, 288–289, 301, 303, 305, 311, 313, 315
nano-micro composites 63–66, 71, 387, 392, 394
nano TiO2 225nanoclays 11, 128, 137, 139,
141, 343–347nanocomposites characterization of 113–142 clay 54, 56–59, 61, 69, 123,
126, 261 clay-based 53, 55, 60 dielectric 4 epoxy/silica 68 epoxy/TiO2 94 fabrication of 42, 45, 47,
52–53, 57, 59, 62, 66, 71 LLDPE 87–88 low loss magneto-dielectric
372–373, 375, 377, 379 morphology of 131, 232 polyamide-based clay 58–59 polyamide/clay 61–62 polyester-imide/silica 67–68 polyethylene 235–236
418 Index
polyimide/SiO2 46–47 polymeric 220, 222, 226,
228, 232, 284 silicone-based 298–301 silicone rubber 53, 312–313 silicone rubber/boehmite
alumina 67nanodielectrics 31, 113, 116,
127, 219–220, 253, 268, 273–274
hybrid 181 non-polar 226nanofibers, dopamine-modified
BaTiO3 97nanofiller dispersion 41–72,
286, 315, 374nanofillers 41–45, 47–53,
62–66, 123–124, 219–221, 227–232, 244, 281–284, 286–291, 293, 297–303, 307–308, 313–315, 342–348, 401–402
nanolayers 342, 344nanomagnetic fillers 369–380nanoparticle modifiers 90, 93nanoparticle silanization 81–82nanoparticle surface chemistry
28, 78, 104nanoparticle surface modification
77–81, 83–85, 87–93, 95–99, 101, 103–104, 246
nanoparticles dielectric 101 inorganic 17, 19, 21–23, 79 iron 369, 372 maghemite 19 MgO 233, 237 silver 20, 102–103, 119, 136,
237 sol-gel 15, 17, 24 sol-gel synthesis of 12–13, 17 surface functionalization of
246–247
TiO2 94–95, 129 ZnO 128, 347nanorods 14, 21nanosilica 16, 53, 125, 136, 221,
231, 290, 293, 311, 390 natural 282, 300, 302, 305,
311, 315nanotubes 122, 125, 133, 342,
344–346NMR, see nuclear magnetic
resonancenuclear magnetic resonance
(NMR) 115–116, 124–126
OCT, see optical coherence tomography
oleylamine 369, 373–375, 380one-electron simulation
204–205optical coherence tomography
(OCT) 141–142organic materials 2, 314, 340organic modifiers 53, 55–57,
60, 170, 343organically modified clays 57organoclay 131–132
partial discharge (PD) 3, 5–6, 44–45, 64, 337–338, 348, 399–401, 405
partial discharge resistance 5, 44–45, 64
PD, see partial dischargePD resistance 3, 5, 397,
399–400, 405pentafluorobenzyl phosphonic
acid (PFBPA) 93–94permeability, high 370, 372, 380
419Index
permeability control 369–370, 372, 374, 376, 378, 380
permittivity 2, 44, 64, 168, 182, 226–227, 256, 355–357, 359–360, 362, 370, 379, 399, 404, 409
high 182, 250, 358–359, 370–372, 380
relative 127, 220–228, 360, 365, 374, 376–377
permittivity gradient composite material structures 353–368
PFBPA, see pentafluorobenzyl phosphonic acid
phosphonates 91–93, 104phosphonic acid 91–94photodegradation 319,
323–324PMDA, see pyromellitic
dianhydridePMMA, see poly(methyl
methacrylate)poly(methyl methacrylate)
(PMMA) 17, 98, 100, 128–129, 133, 182, 252
poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) 17, 89, 110, 161–162
polyamic acid 47polyamide-imide/silica
nanocomposite system 7polyamides 44, 49, 56, 58–59,
62, 171–172, 177, 329, 334, 345
polybutadiene rubber 89polydopamine 96polyesters 44, 329, 334, 345polyethylene 8, 49, 113, 129,
132, 172, 176–177, 198–199, 202, 232, 322, 397, 402
polyhedral oligomeric silsebquioxane (POSS) 44–45, 134, 253–254, 342, 344
polyimide 44, 46–47, 49, 110, 250, 391, 397, 399
polymer biodegradation 326–327
polymer brushes 184polymer chains 100, 166,
174–175, 184, 187, 202, 226, 264, 320–323, 325, 328, 330–331
polymer coating 77–78, 98–100, 104
polymer combustion 338–339polymer composites 244polymer degradation 319, 330,
335, 349polymer dielectrics 263polymer molecules 115, 125,
165, 188–189, 331polymer nanocomposite
dielectrics 41–43, 71polymer nanocomposites 1, 3,
5–6, 77–78, 83–84, 86, 90, 96–97, 102, 159, 219–220, 222, 224, 226, 243–272
dielectric 78, 103 electrical properties of 93, 101 high-dielectric-constant 90,
102polymerization 21, 23, 58–59,
98, 185, 227, 321 degree of 320, 330polymers acrylic 389 neat 1, 220, 228, 258, 260 organically modified clay
58–59polypropylene 8, 44, 49, 135,
141, 171–172, 177, 253, 332, 397, 404
420 Index
polystyrene systems 125, 131polysulfide 109polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
208–210, 212, 332POSS, see polyhedral oligomeric
silsebquioxanePTFE, see polytetrafluoroethylenePVC, see poly(vinyl chloride)pyromellitic dianhydride
(PMDA) 46–47
quasi-particle electronic system 197
radial distribution function (RDF) 188–189
RDF, see radial distribution function
reactions click 184–185 curing 61 heterocondensation 92 scission 324–325, 330 sol-gel 13, 20, 46, 125resin 5, 61, 246, 251–252,
348, 386, 388–389, 391, 397–399, 401
SAED, see selected area electron diffraction
salt fog 282, 310–311SAXS, see small angle X-ray
scatteringSBR, see styrene-butadiene
rubberscanning electron microscopy
(SEM) 19, 67–68, 116–117,
124, 130–131, 133–135, 307, 311, 373
scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) 117, 135–136
scattering, inter-particle 70scattering techniques 116,
137–138SE, see secondary electronssecondary electrons (SE) 117,
130–131selected area electron
diffraction (SAED) 129SEM, see scanning electron
microscopysemiconductor package
structure 390SF6 gas 353–354, 356, 407silane coupling 4, 168–169silane coupling agents 46,
48–50, 77, 80–81, 83–85, 87, 90, 223
silane surface modification 83–85, 87–88
silanes 30, 48–50, 80, 82–87, 90, 100, 104, 108, 174, 247, 290, 293, 297
silanol groups 16–17, 80–82, 291, 293–294, 303–304, 306
silanols 82, 291silica 8, 12–13, 16, 18–19, 29,
43–44, 65, 68, 132–133, 163, 171, 174, 290–291, 294, 400
silica nanofillers 47, 52–53, 67 colloidal 70–71silica nanoparticles 82, 180, 290 colloidal 71 functionalized 184silicates, layered 53silicone elastomers 8, 171–172,
177
421Index
silicone gels 388silicone rubber 50–53, 67,
136, 282, 288–290, 292, 314–315, 397, 405–406
silicone rubber composites 305silicone rubber matrix 288–290,
294, 303–306, 311, 314single walled carbon nanotubes
(SWCNTs) 122, 124, 136, 140
SiO2 micro-fillers 66, 68–69SiO2 nanoparticles octyltrimethoxysilane-treated
86–87 untreated 87small angle X-ray scattering
(SAXS) 66, 70, 139, 174–175
sol-gel chemistry 12, 16, 18sol-gel method 16, 28, 45–46,
174solid dielectrics 263, 337solid insulators 353–356, 364,
368space charge 2, 5, 64, 86, 130,
210–211, 232–237, 266, 269, 271, 273, 338, 397, 399
space charge accumulation 45, 220, 232–237, 270–271
space charge behavior 22, 220, 232–233
space charge distribution 86–87space charge dynamics 232,
271, 273Space charge measurement
232–233, 235space charge suppression
234–236, 238STM, see scanning tunneling
microscopystructural irregularities 321–322
styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) 89, 109–110, 125
surface conductivity 256surface erosion, suppression of
281–310surface erosion resistance 283,
311, 313, 315surface flashover 243, 257surface flashover performance
255, 257surface hydroxyl groups 30, 178,
291surface modification 77–78, 82,
84–85, 90, 92–94, 100, 125, 180, 234–236, 245–246, 282, 286–287, 290
covalent 79 non-covalent 79surfactant, non-ionic 20, 23SWCNTs, see single walled
carbon nanotubes
TEM, see transmission electron microscopy
tetraethoxysilane 12, 45–46TGA, see thermal gravimetric
analysisthermal conductivity 5–6,
24–25, 63–64, 189–190, 283, 306–308, 347, 354, 385–386, 388, 392–394, 402, 408
thermal decomposition 345thermal gravimetric analysis
(TGA) 56–57, 120, 127–128, 304–305
thermally stimulated current (TSC) 2, 235–236
TiO2 nanofillers 68–69
422 Index
titanate coupling agents 77–78, 88–90, 100, 104
titanates 50, 90, 290tracking 283, 293, 297, 406tracking resistance 5–6,
294–295, 297–298transmission electron
microscopy 14, 67, 116, 128, 373
transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 14–15, 26, 66–68, 116–117, 128–129, 134, 138, 232, 373
treeing lifetime 3, 5–6, 407TSC, see thermally stimulated
current
ultrasonic waves (USW) 51–52underfill materials 387, 390
USW, see ultrasonic wavesUV/vis spectroscopy 119–120
WAXS, see wide angle X-ray scattering
wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) 138–139
X-ray diffraction (XRD) 15, 25–26, 56–57, 120, 126
X-Ray scattering 137–139XLPE, see cross-linked
polyethyleneXRD, see X-ray diffraction
Z-contrast 117, 129, 131
“This book gives an excellent review of polymeric nanocomposites for dielectric applications, a truly interdisciplinary field between chemistry, physics, and electrical engineering. It covers fundamental concepts and historical reviews of the scientific progress as well as new enablers for a rapid advance in this area. These include methods to chemically design interfaces on a molecular level, three-dimensional imaging technologies on a nanometer level, and the rapid progress in material simulations. From an engineering point of view, the book discusses current and new application areas for nanocomposite dielectrics in the electric power and electronics industry. An outstanding reference for both scientists and engineers.”
Dr. Henrik HillborgABB, Sweden
This book illustrates interfacial properties, preparation, characterization, devices, and applications from the standpoint of nano-interfacial tailoring. Since the primary focus of the book is on the use of nanocomposite dielectrics in electrical applications, chapters are devoted to directly relevant topics, such as surface and bulk breakdown processes. However, the mechanisms that underpin such behavior are not unique. Therefore, the book also addresses related topics that range from the chemistry of polymer and nanocomposite degradation to the simulation of charge transport dynamics in disordered materials, thereby presenting a multi- and interdisciplinary approach to the area. It will serve as a practical handbook or graduate textbook and is supplemented by ample number of illustrations, case studies, practical examples, and historical perspectives.
Toshikatsu Tanaka is a research fellow at the IPS Research Center of Waseda University, Japan, professor emeritus at Xi’an Jiaotong University, China, and chair of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan (IEEJ) Committee on Nanocomposites. He is a recipient of the Japanese Ministry of Science and Technology Prize (2000), IEEJ Technology Progress Award (1988), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Whitehead
Memorial Lecture Award (2001), IEEJ Inuishi Award (2001), and IEEE Dakin Award (2002). Dr. Tanaka is an IEEE fellow and an IEEJ life fellow. He was the chair of the International Council on Large Electric Systems Working Group on Nanocomposites for 6 years from 2006.
Alun S. Vaughan has a BSc in chemical physics and a PhD in polymer physics from the University of Reading, UK. After undertaking postdoctoral research and working at the UK’s Central Electricity Research Laboratories, he returned to academia and spent 11 years as a lecturer in physics at the University of Reading, before moving to the University of Southampton in 2000, where he is professor of dielectric materials and head of the
Electronics and Electrical Engineering research group. Dr. Vaughan is a former chair of the Dielectrics Group of the Institute of Physics, UK, a fellow of the Institute of Physics and the Institution of Engineering and Technology, UK, and a senior member of the IEEE.
Tanaka | Vaughan
Toshikatsu TanakaAlun S. Vaughan
edited by
Tailoring of Nanocomposite Dielectrics
Tailoring of Nanocomposite DielectricsFrom Fundamentals to Devices and Applications
ISBN 978-981-4669-80-1V514