INDEX Mains 1E Topic Page Ethics Sociology 45 - 571919 Bombay university sociology department was established under the leadership of Patrick Geddes. Before independence, sociology

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INDEX – Mains 1E

Topic Page

Ethics

Introduction

Conscience

Values

Stress Management

Gandhian Ethics

Ethics of Bhagwad Geeta

Teachings and learning from the lives of great thinkers

Moral and Political attitudes of civil servants

Case Studies

Sociology

Development of Sociology

Varna Vyavastha

Ashram System

Sanskar

Types of marriages

Caste

Sanskritization

Social Values

Public Administration

Administration and Management

Evolution of Public Administration as a discipline

Concept of Power

Principles of Organization

Functions of Management

Theories of Administration

Principles of scientific management

Administrative Setup – Rajasthan

District Administration

State election commission

Lokpal

Lokayukt

State Human Rights Commission

Public Service Guarantee Act 2011

Panchayati Raj

1 - 44

1

8

9

22

25

32

33

36

39

45 - 57

45

46

48

49

50

50

54

57

58-181

58

72

80

94

100

105

108

119

131

149

156

160

163

168

176


ETHICS

What is ethics ?

Ethics is sum total of all the values, customs, norms, traditions, conventions, rules, &

regulations which are followed by a society over a particular period of time.

Ethics is not a static concept rather it changes along with time & geography.

For eg:- Sati tradition was part of social ethics in 17th century but it is considered unethical in

21th century.

Ethics in the society is determined by various factors.

Sources of Ethics:-

I. Religion (most important)

II. Family

III. Education system

IV. Laws & constitution

V. Conscience (अन्तरत्मा).

Before beginning of modern era the social ethics was predominately decided by the

religion but in modern age, secular education democratic constitutions mainly decide

what is social ethics.

In a transitional society like India, where religion is still dominant, religion becomes

dominant over social ethics.

In such condition the circumstances of confrontation emerges b/w religion & the law.

e.g- Triple Talak issue.

Ethics has both good & bad components.

Good features of Indian ethics:-

I. Respect for elders.

II. Worship of nature

III. Vasudhaiv Kutumbkam

IV. Non-violence

V. Spirituality

VI. Supremacy of karma.

Bad features of Indian Ethics:-

I. Casteism

II. Inferior treatment to women

III. Nepotism

IV. Tolerance for corruption


V. Dowry culture

VI. Child marriage

VII. Female. Foeticide

VIII. Khap panchayats

IX. Child labor

X. Communalism

XI. Superstition

The problems with Indian ethics is that Indian society is extremely (excessively) tolerant

towards those things for which it should not be.

Types of Ethics:-

1) Individual ethics

2) Societal ethics

3) Ethics in governance.

Why we should be Ethical ?

Human beings are selfish by nature. Hence, their actions often result in harm for others.

This increase conflicts in the society. Social conflicts cause trust deficit which results in

reduction in social fraternity & increase in social instability.

Such an unstable society becomes easy victims of violence & revolution. In this kind of

society human itself is in loss.

Individual society

They are always interdependent.

1. It means harm to the society result in harm to the individual as well.

2. We are dependent on others for our survival & happiness.

3. If we do good to others then only good will come to us.

4. Human relations are based upon reciprocity. Hence our happiness can be ensured only

if our action are Ethical.(if we remain ethical towards others)

Why we shouldn’t be unethical?

I. Immoral acts will result in sadness for us in long term.

II. Most of the immoral acts are crimes which results in legal punishment.

III. Unethical acts give rise to social criticism & boycott.

IV. Those who do immoral acts can never be happy permanently.


Because all our actions are also guided by maximization of happiness in life that’s

why only ethical conduct can result in permanent happiness in life.

Before industrial revolution:-

There was shortage of material comforts.

Life was highly uncertain & life expectancy was low.

People were less inclined towards property.

Economic inequality was low that’s why people used to seek happiness in human

relation.

Education was value based. Hence, character was always preferable to property.

After industrial revolution :-

Material things are available in surplus.

People have become materialistic because of rapid rise in population, human relations

are loosing their charm because of growth in individualism, and selfish tendencies are

becoming stronger.

Education is technical & job oriented.

Education has become value neutral.

Property & post is more important than character.

Success is considered good, regardless of how it is achieved.

Those who are rich but don’t have character are considered successful.

Ends have become more important than means.

People who have character but are poor, are not considered as role models.

Thus, there is a blind race of post, property & prestige among people because in

modern day society , property is considered as parameter of success, not character &

values.

In modern world (society) people are seeking happiness in material comforts but in the

process they resource to (use) unethical means but material things can never give us true

happiness because human has emotion for the material but material has no emotion for

humans.

Emotion

Human material

No emotion


For a true happiness there should be emotional reciprocity. emotional reciprocity is only

possible in human relations.

All the big thinkers & philosophers agree on the point that essence of life is gaining

happiness .

1) Charvak:- As per Charvak happiness can be achieved (acquired) by fulfillment of

Bodily & material pleasures.

As per Charvak there is no god, no heaven , no hell.

Hence, human conduct should not be judged on morality.

Do you think atheism is immoral ?

2) Thomas Hobbes:- As per Thomas Hobbes people created state by upward delegation of

power with the fundamental objective of maximizing their own happiness.

But unfortunately, today state has become a (turned into)”levatham” (भष्मासुर).

Hence, it is increasing sorrows of people by oppressing them & by denied them their

entitlement.

In order to revive this fundamental work (objective) of state it is essential that civil servants

are ethical.

3) Thomas Acquinas:- (absolute in nature)

1) Primary laws:- Natural laws

2) Secondary laws:- Man-made laws

It is always questionable.

Primary law is always preferable (superior) to secondary laws.

a) Primary laws:-

As per Thomas Acquinas primary laws are absolute ,eternal & un-questionable.

These are basically laws of nature which should not be violated at any cost.

For e.g- illegal mining, sustainable development, pollution.

These are issues related with most of lives of peoples.

b) Secondary laws:- These are man-made laws which are always questionable.

Secondary laws often have conflicts with primary laws.

In such conditions, only primary laws should be preferred followed.

For e.g:- child labour.

4) Jeremy Bentham & James mill:-Their theory called “utilitarian theory”.

Laws


As per that theory, those actions are good & ethical which result in maximum happiness for

maximum no of people.

This is the most , useful theory for administrator.

5) John stuart mill:-

As per John (him) our actions should result in maximizing happiness of all the living

organized humans, animals & plants.

This theory strengthens “environmental Ethics” & creates Ethical basis for sustainable

development.

What is Ethical ?

What is unethical ?

As per valmiki , good means what is good for others & bad means what is bad for others

which means religious all our actions which result in sorrows & pain for others are sin &

unethical actions while those actions which are good for others are ethical or good actions.

“ पारोपकाराय पुण्याय पापाय पर पीडनम ”

Gandhiji himself said –

“ वैष्णव जन तो तेने कहिए, पीर पराइ जाने रे ”

Good , means good for others.

Bad means bad for others.

Ethics is all about “others”.

Those who live for themselves are animals. Only those who can live for others are humans.

1) True happiness can’t be achieved (gained) by property, post, prestige & relations because

all these things are temporary & there is constant fear of loosing while fearlessness is first

condition of true happiness.

2) True happiness can be achieved only by unselfishness , unconditional attitude & sense of

detachment.

In true happiness there is joy of giving not desire (rather than) of possession.

(selfless) unselfish Detachment (Non-expectation, Non-greed, Non-possession)

unconditional

fearless sense of service

joy of giving or permanent in nature

joy of renunciation

Before becoming a good civil servant, one has to be a good human being which means a civil

servant should have so many virtues.

True happiness


The main purpose of civil services is to serve the society but service demand certain

attributes.

For e.g:-

a) Selfish attitude

b) No expectation for reward & recognition.

c) Sense of detachment.

Detachment is a very important pre condition to service because detachment

means a civil servant fulfills his duties without any expectation , without any greed

,without any fear, without any favor & without desire for any post.

Detachment is such an important attribute for a civil servant that in its absence a

civil servant will become self serving , vulnerable to fear, biased & less accountable

towards the people.

Detachment is a quality on which there is strong emphasis in Bhagwad Geeta as

well.

It is the absence of detachment in civil servant which results in high corruption &

poor governance.

The problem with Indian society is that it rarely appreciates good works done by

people or civil servants because honesty is not rewarded, civil servants don’t find it

attractive.

It is said that , in India honesty is (punished) penalized while corruption is rewarded.

Because of this corruption in India it has become “low risk & high gain “ business.

The two most important problems (challenge) faced by India today are-

1) Corruption

2) Bad governance

& the solution to these problems lies in ethical civil servants.

Que. In India people fear the law but in west people respect the law.

Que. Law is as good as we make of it.

Que. A law which is incoherent with social values, will always struggle.

Que. In India corruption doesn’t have wheels rather it has wings.

Ethical value judgement:-

1) Ethics

2) Morales/morality

3) Values.

Morality = good E good + bad

M= good

Ethics = good + bad


Sociology

Development of society:-

Renaissance and religious reform movement developed scientific temperament due

to which many machines were built. This resulted into “industrial revolution” (I.R).

Due to ‘I.R’ middle class and labor class arised.

Later on slogans of French revolution i.e liberty, equality and fraternity changed

social , economic and religious scenario of the society.

Now need for such subject was felt which can do “scientific analysis” of social

changes.

Initially, the concept of sociology was given by “Auguste Comte” and it was called “

social physics” but later on it was named “Social Science”.

Development of sociology in India:-

G.S Ghurye is called father of sociology.

Initially, in 1917 , sociology was started as an optional subject in Bombay university.

Later on 1917 – Kolkata university

1921 – Lucknow university

1923 – Andhra & Mysore universities.

1919 Bombay university sociology department was established under the

leadership of Patrick Geddes.

Before independence, sociology was taught with economics and anthropology but

after independence it was studied separately in various colleges and universities.

In 1952 “Indian sociology society” was established. Later on research centers

were established at many places like :-

1) Tata institute of social science – Lucknow

2) Institute of social science – Agra.

I. Varna :- Ashram:- Purusharths:-

Barhmina Brahmacharya Dharma

Kshatriya Grihastha Arth

Vaishya Vanprastha Kama

Sudra Sanyas Moksha


Sanskar:-

1) Garbhadhan

2) Punsavan

3) Simantonyan

4) Jatkarma

5) Namakaran

6) Nishakarman

7) Annaprasan

8) Churakarma

9) Karnavedha

10) Vidhyarambha

11) Upanayan

12) Vedarambha

13) Kesanth/goden

14) Samavartan

15) Vivah

16) Antyesti

Varna Vyawastha:-

The word ‘Varna’ means “color”. It is originated from ‘vri’ root of Sanskrit which means

‘selection’.

Here “selection means to select the occupation” and in ancient times the society was

divided into 4 Varnas on the basis occupation. It was initially mentioned in the Purush

Sukta of 10th Mandal of the Rigveda.

According to it the Brahmins , Kshatriya , Vaishya and Sudra respectively originated

from

mouth , arms , thighs and legs of the supreme being.

These 4 Varnas were initially based on occupation and were flexible but later on it was

based on birth and become rigid. Afterwards Varna changed into caste.

Brahmin:- Their main work was to study , to teach , to carry sacrificed works or acts of

Yajna and to give and take donations.

Kshatriya:- it means one who is able to defend. Their main work was to study, to

defend, to give donations and to organize Yajnas.

Vaishya:- Their main work is to study, to be engaged in production and storage , to give

donation, to organize Yajna etc.

in “Geeta” they are given “right to Varta” , which means cultivation , animal husbandry

and commercial activities.


Sudra:- it was the lowest class of society. They were deprived of all rights and Sanskars.

Their mains work was ‘ to serve Dvijas ’. Although in ‘Arthashastra’ they were also given

right to Varta.

:- Those who could take rebirth as human being they could wear

“Janeu”. They belong to upper three Varnas , namely Brahmin , Kshatriya and Vaishya.

:- This concept was developed in the Gupta period , according which in

case of emergency a person can adopt occupation of another Varna in

addition to his own Varna.

Impacts of Varna system:-

Positive:-

1) It brought awareness towards duties and responsibilities and eliminated

unnecessary competition.

2) It resulted into “labor division” and work –specialization.

3) Cultural features were transferred from generation to generation.

4) Initially it was a flexible system, in which a person could improve his qualities

and work and thus could bring changes in said conditions.

5) In this an equitable society has been established in which activities and services

of all Varnas are given equal importance. Thus individual development has been

done through collective responsibility.

6) It was a scheme (योजना) based on “balance of power” in which all the powers

were not centralized with one class or group.

Negative:-

1) Later on the base of Varna system converted to “birth” instead of work and

qualities. By which the society was divided into many castes and sub-castes, it

increased their mutual conflicts. It narrowed the communal feelings which

hurdles in national unity.

2) Birth based Varna system gave birth to Untouchability. It declared Sudra Varna ,

as inferior and denied then all rights to development.

Thus in Varna system , different activities and duties were fixed for all the

persons which brought coordination in the society and the spirit of class struggle

vanished but later on when it is based on birth then many of it demerits

appeared and it became exploitative in nature.

Dvijas

Apadha

Dharma


Public administration

Administration is related to what & how of government.

What means :- The subject of problem

How means :- The technique & procedure used to solve the problem

The collective efforts made to achieve a pre-determined objective is called

administration.

Public administration:-

The administration which works for the welfare of the citizens of the country or the

general public is called public administration.

When administration works in the political scenario of a state, then it is called govt.

administration or public administration.

Definition of public administration given by thinkers:-

According to professor Woodrow Wilson

Public administration is detailed & systematic execution of public law , every particular

application of general law is an act of administration.

According to L.D. white

Public administration consists of all these operations having for their purpose the

fulfillment of public policy. Eg- education & health.

According to Herbert Simon

Public administration in common usage means the activities of executive branch of

national, state & local govt.

According to Gladen

Public administration is concerned with the administration of the government.

According to Negro

Public administration is :-

1. Cooperative efforts in public order.

2. Inter relation of the 3 organs of govt.

3. Significant role in determining public politics.

4. Different from private administration.

5. Provides services to the community.

According to Paul H Appleby

Policy making is the essence of public administration.


Difference b/w administration & public administration:-

Administration Public administration

1) Refers to simple or general context. 2) Administration has an executive

broader scope. 3) Administration generally is meant for

getting the work done with proper strategy.

4) It includes process & activities.

5) It is a worldwide phenomenon have

multiple factors like society , state & organization etc playing their roles .

6) It could be both public & private sector oriented.

1) It refers to public context which is related to public policies.

2) Public administration has a limited area of operation.

3) While public administration is both a subject of study which includes research study teaching , it is dynamic as science & again it is also a procedure.

4) It is related to policy making & implementation.

5) It is implements on specific activity in govt. function & effects public in broader view.

6) It is only related to public administration.

Administration - aim / leadership / decision / directing

Administration organization

Physical factor human factors/elements

Sources economic - intelligence

Machinery

Administration:-

Administration is that power which decides any aim through organization &

management.

Administration decides the dynamic practices which management & organization

works.

Organization :-

Organization means gathering of physical & human resources efficiently & intelligently.


Management:-

Use of an organization to achieve the pre-determined goals.

*Philosophy of management Oliver Sheldon

In his book Sheldon has stated clear difference b/w administration , organization &

management.

Administration - affective direction

Management - executive

Organization - effective system

Administration Management

1) Administration is comprehensive in nature & has a broader range of area to cover.

2) It determines the targets, goals & objective.

3) It coordinates the finance , production & distribution.

4) Administration ensure the effective direction.

1) Management comes under the area of administration.

2) Under this goals are achieved according to the direction give by the administration.

3) It coordinates the activities & actions.

4) Management ensures the effective performance & execution.

Various views on administration & management:-

1) American:-

Administration is a broader term which include management within

2) European :-

Administration

management


management administration

Management has a broader sense & includes administration within it.

3) UNO:-“ Development administration “

Management & administration are

Synonymous

4) Overlapping:-

Main work

Direction

Coordination

Execution

At every level of organization there is presence of both administrative & management

activities.

As we got to higher levels more time is given to administrative function & their

effectiveness also increases while less time to managing functions.

While at lower levels more time is given to managing functions while less time to

administrative functions.

management

administration

Administration

Top management

management

middle administration management

management

lower management adm management


Therefore , it is clear that at every level & stage administration & management

overlaps.

Scope of public administration:-

As Activity In form of field of study

Broad Narrow Modern Luther Gulick subject

matter

(Posdcorb) Viewpoint

1) Extensive (Broader) viewpoint:-

It includes all the 3 organs of govt. legislature , executive & judiciary.

Supporters : Wilson

White

Semock

2) Narrow viewpoint:-

It includes only the executive branch of govt.

Supporters:- Herbert Simon

Luther Gulick

Joshua stamp

3) Modern view point:-

Present state is a “social welfare state” , therefore each work done in social welfare is

public administration.

This view believes that public administration is a tool for social welfare.

Supporter:- Negro

J.L. Nehru

In form of field of study:-

1) POSDCORB:-

This concept was proposed by Luther Gulick in A.D.1937 in his book

“ papers on the science of administration”.

In this book the technique of POSDCORB has been described According to lurther , in

the subject area of public administration there are 7 activities.

P – planning

O – organizing

S – staffing

D – directing


C – coordination

O –

R – reporting

B – budgeting

Gulick believed that Posdcorb provides integrity, Assurity & clarity to public

administration & sequentiality to its teaching.

POSDCORB:-

1) Planning (हनयोजन):- Design the framework to achieve the desired goal.

2) Organization(सन्गठन):- To achieve the target the organizing of physical & human

resources as per their capability.

3) Staffing (कार्ममक):- recruitment & training of human resources & establishing an order

according to ability.

4) Direction:- Directing the officials to achieve the goal.

5) Coordination:- positive cooperation b/w the work of individual & units of an

organization to avoid overlapping , conflicts & dualism.

Time + synchronization + coordination

Eg:- Bicycle

6) Reporting (प्रहतवेदन) :- To prepare a report of the progress of work.

How much work is done. Feedback-प्रहतपुहि

How the work is done.

What is difficulties encountered.

7) Budgeting:- auditing & accounting of income & expenditure.

Evaluation :- This term was added in 1971 & was placed after ‘direction’. It mainly was

meant for evaluation of the progress.

POSDCORB provides unification, certainty & clarity to pub. Ad. & coordinate the subject

of public administration.

But this concept of POSDCORB is criticized by critics as they think it only emphasizes

upon on technique while ignoring the subject matter.

POSDCORB is done by different institutions & they does not pay attention to their

problems.

POSDCORB view is technique oriented but not subject view oriented.

Therefore, the root value neglect the knowledge of the subject.

Subject View (Levis Marine)

Two blade theory

POSDCORB Subject matter


According to levis marine functions of each administrative agency is according to the

view.

Policy-formation:-

In the state any kind of government system & the political persons (minister) have lack

of time & knowledge.

Policy formation is a technical Subjects in which finding of problems & to find out the

options for problems solving to select the right option & in accordance to that shape

policy-formation. For providing completeness to this procedure an efficient & smart

administrator is required.

Policy-formation is the essence of public administration.

Nature

In form of procedure In form of subject

Integral managerial modern science-whether Art

It is or not

Integral view (specialization):-

To achieve the set goals the implemented actions, its totality is integral view.

Top Collection

To deputy commission

Bottom

Every subject has its specific characteristics , which is not mentioned in POSDCORB.

Problems of each administrative agency depends on the subject matter.

Lewis Marine is a strong critic of POSDCORB. He believes that POSDCORB is incomplete.

He believes that public administration is a tool with a 2 blades like scissors.

One blade of that tool includes –knowledge & area that comes under POSDCORB.

Second blade is – The knowledge of the subject matter.

In which POSDCORB technique will be used.

Therefore to make this tool effective , knowledge of both blades is necessary.


With this the top to bottom activities in an public organization are included.

According to the view administration depends on the subject of the department means

that the subject would different from department to department.

Concept supported by thinkers.

1) Pfiffner , Marx & L.D. white

2) And followed by America.

Managerial view (generalization):-

Within this only managerial activities are included .

In this view , administration is determined by the top level strata of an organization.

In this administration is similar is every field because in every field managerial

technique are similar.

This view point considers the administration itself is a different & separate activity the

one nuho have knowledge about the managerial activity can be administrator.

Thinker who supported this view

Simons

Thomson

Smithberg

Modern view:-

Administrative process is a dynamic concept means the real nature of administrative

depends on the context (environment, situation) where the work is taking place.

Therefore, according to the changing situation the nature of administration will parallel

change.

Public administrative as a science:-

Before declaring this subject as a science, the clarification of science is necessary.

Public administrative is used in 2 meanings:-

Luther Gulick was a traditional thinker.

Kautilya – All institutions depends or finance.

Income

tax

Education

depart.


1) As government activity:

2) As subject of study

In the form of process we completely consider it as an art but in governmental issues

when implemented it is taken as a science when it is researched.

science such as subject in which lies clarity, certainty & which is completely based

on facts where these facts could be reexamined & whose work & results is not

influenced & affected by time , circumstances & human nature & where forecasting

could be made.

Supporting points to prove that public administration is science:-

Alike science public administration too has some set principles which could be

tested(परीक्षण) anywhere like – 1) Coordination

2) Span of control

Alike science in public administration there is inter dependent relation b/w knowledge

& research.

The principles of public administration are universal, certain & firm (सटीक).

On the basis of these principles forecasting could be made.

Supporters of this thought:-

1) Woodrow Wilson

Henry Fayol

Marcen

Charles Austin

Public administration is not a science:-

Supporters:- Waldo(वाल्ड़ो) , Wales(वालेस), Finer(फाइनर), Morias(मोरेस), R. Cohen

(कोिन).

Arguments:-

1) Science remains unbiased & neutral while public administration as works inside

the society is thus bounded by values.

2) Science is based on the fact thus Certainty lies in it while public administration

has its absence.

3) Public administration area/field is dynamic in this the practices of could not be

used.

4) Principles of science are not affected by human behavior while public

administration is affected by human behavior.

5) The subject matter of public administration is human behavior which is

unstable.

Conclusion:-


Robert Dahl(डिोल):- until & unless the study(अध्ययन) of public administration is not

made comparative till then the claim over public administration to be a science will

remain hollow.(खोखला)

His essay – The science of public administration : Three problems

1) Normative attitude- Human attitude could not be differentiated. (values

indulgence)

2) Human behavior is uncertain.

3) The principles are incomplete which are based on limited national &

historical examples.

(The examples from America history could not be applicable or cannot

correlated to Indian circumstances)

Hence, there are 2 extreme viewpoints:-

1) One which considers public administration as science.

2) Other which considers public administration is not science.

But reality is that public administration is a social science which studies (अध्ययन) the

human behaviour which alike physics could not claim the purity.

Science मे illusion निी िोते while public administrationमे illusion , agriculture taxesमाफ

कर दगेे during election but after election nothing is done.

According to the arguments given by the criticizers:-

Public administration could not be considered science until & unless it does not fulfills

the following 3 conditions:-

1) The adequate(समुहित) knowledge of human behaviour.

2) The values & ideology of public administration should be completely defined.

3) Study of different cultures & in this such principles of public administration

should be embedded which are not bounded by cultures.

Public administration as a art :-

Art:- Art is a way of doing a work or it is a systematical way of doing work.

When knowledge is practiced in life it becomes an art.

Argument in favour :-

1. Public administration alike art is a systematic practice.

2. Art is a material talent – administrator performs his works with execution of his

talent.

3. Public administration alike art depends on personality of the person.

4. Art constitute certainty & so in with public administration.

5. Great administrator take birth & are not created.

6. In art , expression of good(शुभ) is seen & in public administration there is also

expression of good. (welfare of people)


7. Art changes with nation & time. Public administration also changes.

Public administration is a fine art –lead.

Significance of public administration:-

In the form of subject

1. The increasing complexities of society.

2. The increasing practices of democracy in state.

3. To increase efficiency & effectiveness in public administration.

4. To understand the impact of govt.’s policies & work.

5. To increase the impact of public administration in developing nation.

Nature

Blue print:-

Procedure Subject

Integral managerial Modern Art

science

Supporter - is science

Has future chances as science

Can never be a science

Importance of public administration as procedure/activity:-

Public administration every aspect of society , state & human that why the present state is called administrative state.

A thinker said” if the pub. Ad. Fails then the whole structure of a civilization will collapse into sand dune”.

Dimension of role of pub. Ad.:- I. Whatever govt.’s form is (monarchy, autocracy, democracy etc) it’s basis is public

administration II. It executes the policies & planning conceived by the govt. so acts as a tool of

implementation. III. It is the instrument of social change & economic development of the developing society

(Third world). IV. It is specially a tool for unification to the nation where lies caste war & sub nationalism.

(nation theory)


V. It provides services to the public eg- health, education etc. VI. It provides stability to the society.

VII. When there are chances of revolt & protest In the state then it provides stability.

Growing importance of public administration:-

Traditionally the role of pub. Ad. Has been confined but in contemporary society it’s role has been dynamic & comprehensive following are its reasons:-

I. Industrial revolution as a result of industrial revolution the birth of social &economic problems.

II. Science & tech because of the use of science & tech the area of work of pub. Ad. Widened.

III. Welfare state The police was replaced by welfare state. IV. Public welfare Adopted the planning for the achieving the aims of public welfare. V. Population due to increased population expansion of service eg- increased demand ,

public health, education & transportation. VI. Democratic system for maintaining democratic system the role of the public

administration is very important eg:- conducting election. VII. Social coordination lack of social coordination which leads to – class struggle, caste

struggle , religious clashes. VIII. Environmental causes due to the environmental causes the disaster caused like –

flood, earthquake, etc during this time services are provided by the pub. Ad.

Conclusion:-

The number of work of state their complexity & diversity has increased because of backward public ad. Backward pub. Ad. Means imbalance b/w desires & the performance {desires – what public experts , performs – what govt. gives}.

Therefore , here the necessity is development of administration & through improvement in the administration the ability & capability of th administrative system should be ensured.

Gerald E. Caiden:-

The dynamic of public administration (book).

In this he has talked of role of pub. Ad. In modern society.

1) Protection of state system.(जैसा राज्य कि रिा ि ैवैसा िम कर लेग)े

2) Maintain stability & the system.

3) Giving institutional form to social & economic changes.

4) To provide the big industrial & trade services.

5) To develop the “public opinion”.

If the pub. Ad. Fails the civilization collapses:-

If our civilization collapses then the main reason for this would be failure of pub. Ad.

Pub. Ad. Works in govt. of environment & administrative institution effect a person from his birth to death. Government comes & go but administrative remains static.


In civilized(सभ्य) society stability is necessary & administration only has the capacity which could control the destructive elements of human civilization.

Pub. Ad. Works for maintaining national unity , socio-economic changes & judicial system & these are the elements which are necessary for existence of a civilization & if administration fails then existence of civilization is difficult.

The process of / administrative procedure is a universal procedure – Henry Feyol.

Administration is a moral procedure & the administrator is a moral agent(अभिकर्ता)- lead

Role of public administration in developed & developing :-

Developing societies:-

Louis Irving Horowitz gave the concept of 2 worlds in his book “three worlds of development”. world

First world second world Third world

Developed nations communist society developing nations

- once ruled by foreign powers

- Leading towards development

- Nations – USA - nations with -Asia , Africa & Latin

Eastern Europe leadership of USSR America

Role of pub. Ad. In developed society:- Developed society is not related to materialism but is means highly educated & mature society along with that in these societies political organization & administrative org. are mature , developed & committed , where the pub. Ad. Form is also mature.

Characteristics of public administration in developed societies:- 1) Administrative institutions are formed & changed according to public desires.

2) Legality (वैधाहनकता) , rationality(तार्ककक)& clarity are features of pub. Ad. 3) Specialization is used in every field of pub. Ad. 4) Bounded towards constitution , national laws & high ideals.

5) Top level(उच्च स्तरीय) morality (नैहतकता)& work efficiency. 6) Emphasis on decentralization & public participation.

Role of pub. Ad. In developed nations:- 1) Administrator play the role of advisor in policy formation. 2) Use of discretion in execution of policies. 3) In developed society the political the political institutions being developed in

policy formation political person play an active role. 4) Due to work specialization the clear role of a bureaucrat could be seen. 5) Allocation of work according to individual to individual (personal) achievement.


6) Taking administrative & political decisions on the basis of rational & factual

standard(मानक) . 7) Impactful political control of over bureaucrat.

In developed societies pub.ad. has following 3 duties to perform:-

1) Regulator (हनयात्मक)& repellent(हनरोधक) work. 2) Service work. 3) Support , help & promotion to private industries.

Administration is an ethical activity & administrator is an ethical correspondent

.Explain?

Administration is an activity to care & look after the public & transparency & non-

discriminatory elements of it make it ethical. Administrator is an ethical correspondent

of administration who uses his own ability & capability according to the aspirations of

society & performs welfare functions rationally, logically & by abiding to the law.

Developing society:-

Developing society is that society in which normally.

1. Production in less & cost high.

2. Per person income level is low.

3. Social structure is full of complexities.

Characteristics of developing society:-

1. Political is not matured.

2. It consist of high population & low human resources development.

3. Agrarian economy.

4. Illiteracy , mal-nutrition , fatalism , poverty , orthodox society prevails.

5. Majority these societies were once colonies.

The features of pub. Ad. In developing societies:-

1. Administrative system of developing societies are copy of the imperial system.

2. The administrative system in hands of generalists.

3. Bureaucratic system & red tapism is found giving rise to corruption.

4. Administration considers itself as supreme & thus disconnects & separate itself

from public.

5. Pub. Ad. Seems neutral from it’s outer appearance but is actually affected by

the polity.

6. Lack of transparency & accountability.

7. Has more rules & regulations & less development.

Documents

INDEX Mains 1E Topic Page Ethics Sociology 45 - 571919 Bombay university sociology department was established under the leadership of Patrick Geddes. Before independence, sociology