Index- M2EChina has occupied Island groups like Paracel, Spratly and Scarborough Island. China is Militarizing these Islands. For eg. On woody Island of Paracel Island group china

KAIVALYA –An Institute for RAS - UDAIPUR 9358419320 WWW.KAIVALYARAS.COM Page 0

Index- M2E

Topic Page

International Relations India China Relations India USA Relations India Russia Relations European Union India Germany Relations India France Relations United Nations American Hegemony in world Politics South Asia Organizations of South Asia West Asia South East Asia Non Alignment Movement Determinants of Indian Foreign Policy New Trendra in World Politics post cold war era Law Concept of law Crimes against Women and Children The Protection of women from Domestic violence Act 2005

Right to Information Issues Cyber crime Intellectual Property Rights Rajasthan Land Revenue Act 1956 Rajasthan Tenancy Act, 1955 Psychology / Behaviour Intelligence Personality Learning Motivation Meeting life challenges Stress Management World History Renaissance & Reformation Imperialism and Colonialism World War 1 The Paris peace conference of 1919 World war 2

1 – 93 1 13 20 24 29 30 32 37 39 65 71 79 83 89 92 94 – 162 95 109 119 126 132 134 141 149 155 163 - 190 163 167 178 182 186 188 191-227 191 201 211 218 222


International Relations

India and its neighboring countries

INDIA-CHINA RELATIONS:-

2nd largest economy of the world.

Largest exporter and importer country.

Politically it has adopted communalism.

China has 22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions and 2 special administered regions.

Hong Kong and Macau

(UK 1997) (Portugal 1999)

In Chinese society, people of Han origin are in majority.

Mongol

Uigur (Muslim).

Tibetan Buddhists are minorities.

Political Background:-

Till 1912, there was monarchial govt.

In 1912, Republican govt. was established.

Main political party was Kuomin Tang.

Leader – Chiang Kai Shak

Communist leader “Mao Tse Tung” established communist party of china (CPC).

Kuomin Tang fought for power and finally in 1949 CPC became Victorious.

China under CPC is called peoples Republic of china (PROC).

Taiwan Island has rule of Kuomin Tang party and it is called Republic of china (ROC).

Initially, western countries did not recognize PROC. India was among the first countries

which recognized PROC.

Initially permanent seat of UN Security council was given to ROC. In 1972, it was

transferred to PROC.

Issue of Tibet:-

In 1912, Tibet announced its Independence from China.

In 1949, communist declared occupation of Tibet as its sacred duty.

In 1950, China attacked Tibet.

In 1951, China and Tibet signed a treaty. According to this agreement Tibet accepted

china’s supremacy and Tibet was given autonomy.

During British period, India was given some special Privileges in Tibet.

Postal and telegram services would be under India.

Indian representative will be seated in Tibet.

Right to establish trade centre.


In 1954, India and China signed a treaty over issue of Tibet, the preamble of this treaty

Principles of Panchsheel was written.

Panchsheel Principles:-

Sovereignty and territorial integrity of other countries will be respected.

Non-interference in the internal matters of the countries.

Relations with other countries will be of respect and mutual benefit.

Non-Aggression.

Peaceful co-existence.

After 1956, Chinese interference increased in Tibet, many protests were raised against this

interference, Chinese govt. suppressed these protests.

In 1959 Tibetan religious leader Dalai Lama came to India along with his 100’s of

followers and he was given refuge in Himachal Pradesh. After this incident, border issue

was first raised.

Border issue:-

Western sector Total Border- 3488 km

LAC

Central sector Eastern sector Mc Mohan

Finger tip region line

Border problem is divided into 3 parts-

Western sector

Central sector

Eastern sector

Western sector:-

In this sector, the main dispute is due to occupation of Aksai chin. India’s claim in this

region is by Johnson line which gives Aksai chin to India.

This line was drawn by British Surveyor W.H. Johnson in 1865, China do not consider this line

as valid because according to China it was not informed about this line.

Another line is Mc Donald line which divides Aksai Chin in two parts. According to China it was

informed about this line, Although there was no consensus on it.

Chinese occupation is on entire Aksai chin. This occupation is demarcated by LAC (Line of

Actual control). This line is not completely defined which create tensions from time to time.

Central sector:-

In HP and Uttarakhand, Hilly regions of around 2000 sq.km is disputed. The northern area

of Sikkim is called “finger tip region”. It is also presently disputed. Sikkim has been

recognized by China in 2003.

Eastern Sector:-


In this region, India’s claim is related to McMahon line.

This line was drawn in Shimla conference of 1914 in which India’s Representative was Henry

McMahon.

China consider this line as illegal because-

This agreement was signed b/w India and Tibet.

This line was drawn by imperialistic forces.(and imperial forces always show extended

territory)

China claims around 90000 sq.km area of India and consider it as south Tibet.

China’s both arguments are incorrect because-

Tibet became Independent in 1912 and it was a sovereign country.

China recognize other lines drawn by imperialistic forces.

Doklam dispute:-

Doklam plateau is situated in SW Bhutan. It is among those 3 regions which are disputed b/w

china and Bhutan. They are-

Zakar Lung/Jakur Lung

Pasam Lung

Doklam Plateau. (259 sq.km)

Sino-British Treaty was signed in 1890. According to China this treaty gives Doklam to China,

but India and Bhutan reject these claims.

China was constructing a road in this region which was opposed by India because-

India and Bhutan have a “friendship treaty” of 2007 which gives Bhutan’s Defence

responsibility to India.

In 2013, India and china signed “ Border Defence and corporation Agreement” which

maintains status quo in Border areas and china was amending the status quo.


This region is strategically important because “Chicken Neck Corridor” which connects

NE states to mainland India is near Doklam. An attack can be launched on India

through this region.

To resolve this dispute India adopted Diplomatic and Defence means. This standoff continued

for around 4 months after which forces of India and China were withdrawn from the

region.

Efforts made to resolve Border Dispute:-

In 1974, diplomatic relations were reestablished.

In 1988, Indian PM visited china.

To resolve the border dispute a joint working group (JWG) was established.

To strengthen economic relations, a joint economic group (JEG) was established.

In 1993, an agreement to maintain peace and Tranquility on border was signed.

In 1996, “confidence Building measures” (CBMs) agreement was signed.

In 2003, special representatives were appointed to resolve border dispute. 1st special

representative (SR) was Brijesh Mishra.

SR (Present) Ajit Doval

Till now, 19 round of negotiations have already happened.

In 2005, “strategic Partnership” Agreement was signed.

In 2013, “Border Defence and cooperation agreement” was signed.

Suggestions:-

Strategic Partnership should be implemented.

Instead of top to bottom approach Bottom to top approach should be followed.

Defining LAC and resolution of central sector can be done.

Apart from Border dispute, cooperation should be strengthened in other fields.

It’s a complicated problem therefore its resolution will take time.

Tawang Monastery:-

This Monastery is situated in Arunachal Pradesh. It’s 2nd largest Monastery of Tibetan

Buddhists. Next Dalai Lama could be appointed from Tawang. China wants to occupy

Tawang because this Monastery can become a “centre of Tibetan Revolt”. Historically, this

region has been under India. During British era, its administrative control was under India.

To visit this place ILP (Inner line permit) is required.

Maritime Disputes:-

Indian oceans South China Sea

Strategic importance Long term

Interest.

(political, economical, social, defence etc


India’s Interests in Indian ocean-

Protection of India’s coastal border and protection of islands situated in Indian Ocean.

India’s trade.( 94% by volume and 70% by value trade is through sea)

Energy imports (around 70% of energy needs fulfilled)

Natural Resources such as – oil , Natural gas, Fisheries, Minerals, etc.

Research on natural calamities and disaster Management.

Chinese activities:-

String of Pearls.

According to this policy, to encircle India ports are being developed on strategically important

Locations.

This theory was given by a US journalist.

China is building various Naval Bases in Indian ocean like –

On Coco Island of Myanmar (in B.O.B) naval base has been established. Through

which surveillance operations are conducted on eastern coast of India.

Maldives and Djibouti Naval bases have been established.

Activities of Chinese Submarine in Indian Ocean have increased. Chinese submarine

were found on Karachi and Colombo ports earlier.

Since 2008 china is participating in anti-piracy-operations but china is deploying ships

having capacity more than what is required. Ships are also being used in search and

rescue operations.

South china sea dispute:-

Naval Bases


China has occupied Island groups like Paracel, Spratly and Scarborough Island.

China is Militarizing these Islands. For eg. On woody Island of Paracel Island group

china has established Missile Launch system.

Artificial Islands are also being developed.

These island groups are situated in EEZ (exclusive economic zone) of Vietnam, Malaysia,

Brunei and Philippines.

Chinese occupation of these islands is violation of UNCLOS.

Chinese claim is based on 9-Dash line theory. According to this theory around 80 percent of

SCS comes under china.

Effects:-

Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei and Philippines Interests would be affected or compromised.

International sea lanes of communication, would be affected/Blocked.

There could be increase in clashes among super powers

International trade will get affected.

By violation of international laws, international order will collapse.

India’s relations with ASEAN countries will get affected.


Recently, for occupation on Scarborough Island group Philippines appealed in PCA (permanent

court of Arbitration) against china. This court gave verdict in favour of Philippines but china

refused to accept this verdict.

ONGC Dispute:-

Since 1988, ONGC is exploring oil and natural gas resources in SCS. In 2011, Vietnam gave

two oil blocks (127 and 128) for drilling to ONGC (India) but china objected against these

activities. At present, India and Vietnam have again signed an agreement for oil

exploration.

Kra Canal:-

Kra Canal is being made in Thailand.

Economic Relations b/w India and china:- Bilateral trade b/w India and china is 71 Bn $ in which Chinese export is 61 Bn $ and India’s

export is 10 Bn $ which means trade deficit of 51 Bn $.

Causes of Deficit:-

Chinese products are cheaper because:-

China engages in large scale dumping.

Devalue its currency.

Large scale production reduces per product cost.

Labour and environmental laws are very liberal.

Strong infrastructure.

Indian exports are very less because china does not provide market access to Indian exports.

Indian exports are banned time to time. Eg- Basmati rice, Generic medicine etc.

Indian economy has many structural loop holes because of which product cost is higher.

Bop Foreign trade

Policy-2015-2020

Current Capital

Deficit Surplus

Efforts made to reduce trade Deficit:-

Chinese investment is being promoted in India for eg. During visit of Chinese president an

investment of 20Mn $ was announced.

Strategic and economic dialogue is organized. Recently, 5th Dialogue was organized in India in

which is argued that Chinese market will be opened for Indian product.


India has also changed its trade policy, non-traditional exports have been emphasized. Eg-

Bollywood.

Belt and Road Initiative (BRI):-

(Post Mauryan)

Best for Indian trade

BRI

Silk road Maritime Silk Road

Economic Belt

In this initiative there are 2 main projects:-

Silk Road economic Belt.

Maritime Silk Road.

This initiative was first announced in 2013 in Kazakhstan it has been extended gradually.

In this initiative china is being connected to Europe Africa, Asia and America.

BCIM corridor

Silk Road Economic Belt:-

Silk Road economic belt will be developed on land.

Under it-

Industrial parks

Railways

Highways

Oil & gas pipeline

Energy Projects

Communication Projects.

are being developed.

Maritime Silk Road:-

It will be developed in Ocean, Under it-

Europe Russia

Mongolia

Caspian Sea Central Asia China

Western Asia Pakistan India

Africa Arabian Sea

India Ocean

South China Sea

Pacific Ocean


Development of Ports

Ship Repair Centres

Refineries

Godowns etc are being developed.

Objectives of BRI:-

This project has strategic and economic objectives.

Economic Objectives:-

Promoting Chinese exports.

Increasing Investment of Chinese economies.

Increasing influence of financial institutions of china.

Increasing acceptability of Chinese currency.

Strategic Objectives:-

Use of Soft power in Countries involved in, so that decision of these countries could be

influenced.

Minimize India’s influence in Indian Ocean.

Minimize Russian influence in central Asia.

Minimize Influence of USA in Europe, Asia and Africa and Pacific Ocean.

Establish control on information of these countries.

Impact:-

+ve:-

Creation of Infrastructure

It will boost international trade.

Employment opportunities would be made available which will reduce political

instability.

China would establish itself as a global super power.

-ve:-

This project will affect Sovereignty of member countries.

Member countries will be trapped in cycle of debt.

Clashes b/w superpowers will increase.

Chinese Companies will damage environment.

Human rights violation will increase.

India’s Reaction:-

India has opposed this project because one part of project (CPEC) passes through POK. Chinese

activities in this region are against India’s Sovereignty.

-ve Impacts of this project are highlighted by India.

Response to this project- Project Mausam, Project Cotton, Project spice Route etc. are

discussed by India.

USA, Japan and India have announced development of “Asia-Africa Growth Corridor”.


For this Project, Finance of around 900-1000 Bn $ would be required. Mainly, financial

facility will be provided by Chinese National Banks. Although, some new institutions have

been established such as

AIIB (Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank)- established in 2016.

Members- 87

HQ- Beijing

Total Capital – 100 Bn $

Largest investor/shareholder-china

2nd largest shareholder-India

Function:- It’s a Multipurpose bank which will provide finance to infrastructure and sustainable

development Projects.

New financial institutions are established due to following reasons:-

Present financial institutions are incapable of providing required finances. These new

financial institutions will help it in bridging the gap.

International FIs have influence of western countries and its allies with the creation of

new institutions their influence would reduce.

Recently, existing FIs are compelled to do Reforms.

Brahamputra River dispute:-

Dagu Dam

Jinxu Dam

Zangmo Dam

Jiacha Dam

On R.Brahamputra, dams are being constructed by china. India has opposed this development

because:-

By storing of water, conditions of flood and drought can be created in India.

Hydroelectricity projects in India would be affected such as- Subarnasiri R. Project and

उच्च सिकीय ांग Project etc.

River ecosystem would be affected.

Water sharing dispute may arise with Bangladesh.

River navigation would be affected.

Chinese Reaction:-

These projects are of “Run-of-the river” type. Although, the satellite pictures rejects

this claim.


To resolve this dispute a water-sharing agreement should be signed on the lines of Indus-

water-treaty (IWT). In it, the participation or meditation of WB could be taken.

China and Pakistan Relations:-

China and Pakistan signed a “Border related treaty” in 1963, In which 5180sq. km “Shaks Gam

(शक्ि ग म) Valley” was given to china.

In 1974, china opposed India’s nuclear Experiments.

China has played a significant role in Pakistan’s Nuclear and Missile Programmes.

China has opposed India’s claim for permanent membership in UNSC and it also opposed

India’s NSG membership.

China has also supported Pakistan- based terrorist groups such as Masood Azhar’s organization

“Jaish-e-Mohammad”.

China is developing big infrastructure project i.e (Development Programme)- “CPEC”.

It starts from Kashgar and Extends till Gwadar port (Pakistan).

A total investment of 46 Bn $ has been announced.

It’s part of BRI.

It’s main projects-

Daimur-Bhasa (दायमर-भासा) Dam (Kashmir).

Solar Power plant “Qaid-e-Azam” (कायदे-आजम) in Bahabalpur.

Coal power plant in Sahiwal (साहीवाऱ) area.

Establishment of Gwadar port.

Wuhan Summit:-

Recently, an informal summit was organized between India and china. In which some

important issues were discussed such as-

Efforts will be made to resolve water dispute.

For effective border management, strategic guidance would be provided to the

military.


Efforts would be made to reduce trade-deficit.

To eliminate terrorism and establishment of peace in Afghanistan, India and china

would conduct joint dialogue.

Emphasis laid on people-to-people contact, through

S- Spirituality

T-Tradition, trade and Technology

Relationship R- Relationship

Spirituality E- Entertainment

Tradition, trade and Technology N-Nature

G- Games

T- Tourism

H-Health

One-China Policy:-

According to this policy, china doesn’t recognize Independent existence of Taiwan. It Consider

Taiwan as a part of China.

According to this policy condition is imposed on other countries that they cannot have

simultaneous diplomatic relations with china and Taiwan.

This policy can be used by India against Chinese activities in P.O.K.

Constitutional Amendment in China:-

Recently, Chinese constitution was amended after 14 years in which the limit of 2 tenures for

president has been quashed/abolished.

Xi Jinping’s socialist ideas are included.

Xi Jinping has post of –

Chief of CPC.

Chief of Military.

President.

INDIA – U.S.A. RELATIONS:-

India – USA relations can be divided in three time periods-

STRENGTH


1947-1991:-

During this time relationship b/w US and India were not good. Initially, USA requested India to

join capitalist group but India adopted policy of non-alignment. In 1955, Pakistan became

member of USA’s capitalist group after which policy of USA become –ve towards India.

In the war of 1965, Pakistan was supported. India criticized Vietnam War. After this, USA

suspended food supply programme-PL480. In 1971 War, USA absolutely backed Pakistan. In

1974, USA apposed India’s nuclear tests.

NSG was established to oppose India’s nuclear experiments. During Rajiv Gandhi’s time an

agreement for sharing high and technology was signed. Although, it could not be

implemented.

In 1991, USSR was disintegrated and world transformed from bipolar and Unipolar.

1991-2002:-

In initial phase of this period, USA adopted the policy of CTBT (comprehensive test Ban treaty)

and India was pressurized to sign CTBT. India did not sign this treaty because it was

discriminatory.

On 11th may 1998, Nuclear test was done by India (operation Shakti). After this economic

sanctions were imposed on India from USA.

At the same time, India issued its Nuclear Policy whose main points are-

Nuclear power is developed to provide deterrence power. Therefore, India will adopt the policy

of ‘No First Use’.

A self Imposed ban on nuclear operation.

Nuclear power will not be used against non-nuclear powered countries.

In 2000, US president – Bill Clinton came to visit India and most of the economic sanctions

were removed. In 2001, George W.Bush completely removed economic sanctions.

During 1999 Kargil War, USA pressurized Pakistan. In 2001, USA faced terrorist attack on 9/11.

After which a global war against terrorism was announced and India supported this war.

After which areas of co-operation expanded.

Civil Nuclear Agreement:-

This agreement was announced in 2005 but final agreement was done in 2008.

This is also called as 123 agreement because for this, section 1 2 3 of US Atomic Energy act was

amended. This section prohibits USA from having nuclear trade with countries which have

not signed NPT (Non proliferation Treaty). This section was amended and India was accepted

as exception.

Vertical Proliferation:- Nuclear powered countries can improve their technology.

Horizontal Proliferation:- Nuclear technology should not be transferred from nuclear

powered countries to non-nuclear powered countries.


Under this India will separate civil and military nuclear power plants. Civil nuclear power plants

will be kept under IAEA [International Atomic energy Agency]. IAEA inspectors will be

allowed to inspect the civil nuclear power Plants. Safeguards of IAEA will be followed. These

are known as additional protocols (3) and (4).

Nuclear technology and material will be transferred in India. Open waiver will be provided and

India will be accepted as an exception. After this agreement India-France, India-Canada,

India-Australia, India-Japan, India-Kazakhstan civil nuclear agreements were done.

In 2008, 2 companies – Westing House and GE-Hitachi of USA announced their intention to

invest in India.

In 2010, Indian parliament passed CLND Act, 2010 (Civil liability for nuclear Damage). It’s 2

sections were opposed by American Companies-

Section 17 (b)

Section 46.

Section 17 (b):- As per this section, if a nuclear accident happens and its because of faulty

design and use of sub-standard material then, the liability will be of supplier instead of

operator.

Section 46:- According to this, the victims of Nuclear accident may also file a case against

supplier as well.

In 2015, at the time of visit of US president this dispute resolved. Section 17(b) was made

optional instead of mandatory. It will only be used if its written in contract. Regarding section

46 a clarification was issued that it would be applicable only on operator.

Compensation up to 1500 cr. Will be paid by operator (i.e NPCIL). For compensation more than

1500 cr, CSC (established 1997 Convention for supplementary Compensation) would pay.

At present, the Westing house is being acquired by Toshiba and GE-Hitachi is facing problems in

Land acquisition.

Disputes B/w India and USA:-

Intellectual property Dispute:-

USA accuses India of not respecting intellectual property rights (IPRS). This dispute is raised in

field of movies, software, Pharmaceuticals etc.

In field of Pharmaceuticals there are 2 main dispute-

Glivec dispute:-

Medicine for Cancer (Blood and intestine) treatment.

Manufactured by:- Novaritis (Swiss company)

Demand for ever greening of patent

Chemical: Tomatinib

Tomatinib Mesylase

Indian patent Act, 1970

Section 3(d)- therapeutic efficiency of drug should be improved.


Note: Patent given for 20 years in India.

Nexavar Dispute:-

Medicine for Lung cancer

Kidney cancer

Manufactured by: Bayers corporation (Germany)

Costly drug (Per Month dose cost – 2 to 2.5 Lac)

IP Act 1970

Section 84: Compulsory Licensing to

Generic Version: Hyderabad Company – NATCO

for manufacturing generic version of this medicine.

India Response:-

Section 3(d) and section 84 are according to TRIPS agreement of WTO.

Special 301 Report:-

US trade act – Section 301

It is released by US Trade representative (TR). In this report trade partners of USA are divided in

4 categories-

Non-watch List:- Those countries which are not damaging US trade both in present and future.

Watch list:- Countries which in future can cause damage to US trade in future.

Priority Watch-list:- Those countries which cause damage to US trade. These countries are

educated and made aware. India, china, Russia come under this category.

Priority Foreign Country:- Countries which cause damage to US trade and trade sanctions are

imposed as a retaliatory measure.

Solar Energy dispute:-

To promote solar energy in India, National solar energy mission was started in 2010. Initially, its

target was 20000 MW which is increased to 100 GW in 2015.

To promote domestic solar industry, India introduced DCR (Domestic content requirement)

provisions. According to this provision, per MW, 1 Crore subsidy would be given to

companies which have procured solar panels from India. USA opposed DCR provision

because it violates principle of National treatment under TRIM (trade related investment

measure) agreement of WTO. In 2016, WTO gave verdict against India. Recently, complaint

against India has been again raised.

H1-B Visa Issue:-

It’s temporary work visa given to skill workers. Initially, it is given for 3 years and it can be

extended for next 3 years. Total 85000 Visa are issued in a year. Out of this 65000 visa are

Per month Dose cost – 8-10k


given to ordinary skilled workers and 20,000 Visa to such workers who had pursued masters

from USA minimum salary should be 60,000 dollar.

H4 visa is issued to spouses.

For Some time back, this Visa is being politically opposed because according to politicians this

visa is causing unemployment in USA.

Some amendments are proposed in visa rules. The limit of minimum salary has been

increased to 1,30,000 $.

H4 visa facility given to spouses would be stopped.

H1B Visa holder cannot replace US citizen in any case.

Most of the Visa’s would be issued to small companies. These changes would affect India’s IT

industry which is most beneficiary of it and will also affect IT exports.

India has complained against these changes in WTO.

CAATSA (Countering American Adversaries through trade sanctions Act):-

US congress recently passed this act. This Act sanctions trade in field of defence, energy etc with

Russia, Iran and North Korea.

This Act will affect India-Russia and India-Iran relations.

India’s defence capabilities in Indian Ocean will be affected. Energy imports and investments

would also be affected.

Recently, India was given exemption for some time.

Recently, USA has increased import duty on steel and Aluminium.

Steel 25%

Aluminium 10%

India is pressurized to reduce import duty on steel and Aluminium.

Political & Strategic Relations:-

US President India visit:

Eisen Hover (1959)

Richard Wison (1969)

Jimmy Carter (1978)

Bill Clinton (2000)

George W Bush (2006)

Barack Obama (2010; 2015)

Present Indian PM has visited US 4 times.

At ministerial level more than 50 dialogue platforms has been constituted, in this most important

is-

Strategic and commercial Dialogue:-

External affairs minister and commerce minister take part in it. In this dialogue climate

change, energy, agriculture, health, education, trade, technology, science innovation and

commerce etc are discussed.


2 + 2 Dialogue:-

External affairs minister and Defence minister participate in this dialogue. It started in 2017

and is scheduled for next month (i.e September)

Recently, USA issued new security strategy, in which the term “Asia-Pacific” is replaced by “Indo-

Pacific” and in this region India has been accepted as an important ally.

Recently USA issued south Asia policy, in which India’s role in Afghanistan is recognized.

USA helped India to have membership in NSG (Nuclear suppliers group) Estd. 1974 ; Members-

48.

2016 : MTCR (Missile technology control Regime) (Estd.- 1987 ; members-35)

2012: Wassenar Arrangement (estd.- 1996; members-42)

2018: Australian group (Estd.- 1985; Members-49)

Defence Sector Co-operation:-

In 2005, India and USA signed defence framework agreement. It’s important provision are-

To enhance defence trade.

Technology transfer

Operation among defence personnel.

Organizing joint war exercises.

This agreement was renewed in 2015 and it’s called “Defence Technology and trade

initiative”.

Technology Transfer is emphasized. Defence trade is around 15 Bn dollar.

C-130J Hercules Aircraft- Boeing.

C-17 Globe master – Lockheed martin

are taken from USA.

USA’s companies Lockheed martin will invest in India and F-16 fighter aircraft will be produced.

Malabar War exercise is organized b/w India and USA from 2015. Japan is also participating.

Australia may also participate from next year.

India is also participating in RIMPAC (The Rim of pacific) war exercise.

Foundational Agreements:-

LEMOA (Logistics exchange of Memorandum agreement):-

India and USA have signed this agreement. This agreement allows forces of both the

countries to use military bases of one and other.

But it cannot be used for military activities.

Uses:-

Can be used for fuel supply.

Repairment

Disaster management

Search and rescue operations.

CISMOA (Communication, security and compatibility Agreement):-

It allows inter-operability of equipments.

BECA (Basic exchange and communication agreement):-


No talks are going on this currently.

India is given status of “Major defence partner” which will allow USA to share advance defence

technologies with India.

India is Purchasing 22 Guardian combat Drones.

Terrorism:-

Homeland security dialogue is organized at level of home ministry.

Because of terrorist financing, Pakistan is placed in grey list of FATF(Financial action task force).

[Estd: 1999 ; member-37]

Chief of Hizbul Mujahideen – Syed Salauddin declared international terrorist by USA.

Economic Co-operation:-

USA is the 2nd largest trade partner of India.

USA is the Largest export destination.

To increase direct investment, India-US CEO forum is formed.

USA will develop 3 smart cities in India- Ajmer, Vishakhapatnam and Allahabad.

Science and technology co-operation:-

NISAR= NASA-ISRO Synthetic aperture Radar.

Recently, India launched 104 satellites out of which 97 are of USA.

During MARS orbital missions, assistance from NASA is given for Deep space communication.

Energy:-

To promote clean energy PACE (Partnership for advancement of clean energy) is going on

b/w India and USA.

Policies of Donald Trump:-

Increased protectionism:-

They have adopted policies against globalization.

To control immigration Visa rules are being changed.

A wall between USA and Mexico is announced.

Entry from some Islamic countries have been banned.

Import duty on good is increased.

Climate change:-

Climate change has been negated.

USA has come out of Paris Agreement.

Paris agreement:-

It will be implemented from 2020.

Its Moto is that by the end of century average global temperature should not rise more

than 2 degrees. Special efforts to be made to contain it within 1.5 degrees.

For this purpose each member country was asked INDC (Intended Nationally determined

contribution).


India’s INDC :-

By 2030, 40% of India’s energy production will be produced from non-traditional sources.

To absorb 2.5 to 3 Bn tonnes carbon, forestation would be done.

GDP’s carbon intensity will be reduced to 33-35% in comparison to 2005.

Pro-Israel policy was adopted after which USA has pulled out from UNESCO and UNHRC.

US accuses these organizations working on anti-Israel propaganda.

Jerusalem has been declared as Israel’s capital.

TPP (Trans-Pacific Partnership)

This free trade agreement was to be signed by 12 countries around pacific ocean, but USA has

pulled out from this agreement.

TPP-11:- Other countries except USA free trade agreement.

Against Terrorism:-

Strong policies are being adopted against terrorism.

A dispute has arisen with European partners.

Documents

Index- M2EChina has occupied Island groups like Paracel, Spratly and Scarborough Island. China is Militarizing these Islands. For eg. On woody Island of Paracel Island group china