Index

ACER series 2000 rheometer, 196-8 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene

(ABS), 141, 578 ADA, 176 Agglomeration, 504-6 Aggregation, 504-6 Air bubbles, 277 Analogue-to-digital (A/D) converter,

173, 176 Angle of convergence, 62-3, 68, 234,

534 Anisotropy of flow properties, 69-81 Annular pumping geometry, 309 Anti-thixotropy, 505 Apparent modulus, 336 Apparent viscosity, 9-11, 19,65

as function of shear rate, 10 Applied stress rheometry, 253, 290-3 ASCII,176 Aspect ratio, 497, 498, 499, 503, 512,

513, 515, 534 Assembler level languages, 176 ASTM 0.1238, 190 ASTM 0.2116-83, 190

Bagley correction, 11, 60, 158, 570, 573

Bagley plots, 51, 58, 59, 61, 65, 87, 208

Balance rheometers, 304, 311, 315-19, 334, 372, 373, 375, 376, 406

Band viscometer, 396 BASIC, 176 Batchelor model, 55

Baud rate, 177 Benchmarks, 177 Bessel functions, 334 Bingham plastic fluids, 5

creeping flow solution, 8-9 Biot number, 125, 132 Birefringence, 15

determination of, 440 literature review, 443-8 measurement, 393, 395, 396, 435-57

instruments for 438-40 occurrence of, 435-6 properties of, 440

Birefringence-stress relation 453 Bit, 177 Blending rules for solution viscosity,

551 Block copolymers, 341-2, 554-6 Bohlin Controlled Stress Rheometer

(BCS),429 Bohlin Rheometer System Model

VOR,427 Bohlin Visco 88, 415 Boundary conditions, 257, 260 Brinkman number, 124, 127,274 Brookfield Digital Viscometer DV-II

viscometer, 410 Brookfield Rheoset, 411 Brookfield viscometers, 410 Brown coal, 289 Brownian forces, 610-11, 612 Brownian motion, 437, 493, 512, 518,

610, 612, 613, 626-7 Bubble collapse method, 226, 234 Buffer, 177

635

636 Index

Bug, 178 Bulk

flow, 604 fluid properties, 4-6 properties, determination of, 604 quantities, definition of, 601-4 stress, 601, 603, 608, 620 velocity field, 605 velocity gradient, 605

Bus, 178 Buying guide for computer systems,

184-8 Byte, 178

CapiIlary flow, 450-2, 500, 562, 565 data, 58-62, 87-90 experiments, 55-8 numerical simulation of, 12-15

CapiIlary number, 618 CapiIlary rheometry, 1-23, 157, 164,

174,194-207 application of, 2 bulk fluid properties, 4-6 entry flow corrections, 11-12 external fluid boundary condition,

3-4 fluid/solid boundary conditions, 4 geometrical constraints, 3 inertia effects, 4 instrumentation for, 57 physical aspects, 2-6 pressure effects, 4 temperature dependence, 4

CapiIlary viscometer, 556 Carri-med Controlled Stress (CS)

Rheometer, 418-20 Carter Baker Enterprises (CBE),

196-8 Casson equation, 507, 521, 529 Cauchy momentum equations, 433 CEAST modular flow indexer, 191-2 CEAST Rheoscope 1000, 198-9 Cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), 557 Centrifugal expulsion, 274, 275 Centronics parallel interface, 178 Circular hole, 350-3, 356, 357, 367 Clock speed, 178

Coaxial cylinder geometry, 334 COBOL, 178 Cogswell's model, 63-8, 77, 78, 87 Cole-Cole analysis, 304 Cole-Cole diagram, 303, 305, 568 Colloidal interparticle forces, 632 Colloidal particles, 617 Compilers, 178 Complex compliance, 302-3

from creep experiments, 327-31 Complex functions, 300, 311, 334 Complex shear modulus, 300-2, 337

from stress growth experiments, 331-2

Complex strain, 300 Complex stress, 300 Complex viscosity, 19,304,305 Compliance correction

ERD geometry, 338-9 osciIlatory rotary rheometry, 336-8

Composite materials, 339 Compressibility effects, 5 Computer control, 151-88, 285

levels of use with extrusion rheometers, 153

potential benefits, 152 potential disadvantages, 152 with on-line data acquisition, 173-5

Computer interfacing, 173 Computer systems, buying guide for,

184-8 Concentric cylinder

geometry, 270, 272, 273, 282, 309, 334, 361, 442-9

axial motion, 309 torsion flow, 442-9 viscometer, 264-8

Cone and plate geometry, 252, 256, 258, 275, 277,

278, 282, 286, 308, 334, 340, 361, 366, 448, 502, 545

rheometers, 33-8,46,47, 397 torsion flow, 449-50 viscometer, 254-60

Cone angles, 271, 286 Cone truncation errors, 271 Conservation of linear momentum,

255,256

Conservation of mass, 256 Consistency index, 529

Index

Constant sample length experiments, 219-20

Constant stress experiments, 217-19 Constant stretch rate experiments,

216-17 Constitutive equations, 5-11, 18-22,

52,97, 101, 235, 239, 285, 315, 352, 379, 528, 530, 599, 621,623

Continuous shear, 406 Contraves

CP400,415 Low Shear 30, 414 Rheomat 30, 412 Rheomat 108,415 Rheomat 115,413 Rheomat 135,414 Rheomat 145, 414 Rheoscan 100, 415

Controlled strain rheometers, 305, 306 Controlled stress rheometers, 306 Conventional rheometers, 305, 311 Convergence angle, 68, 234, 534

shallow, 62-3 Convergent dies, 49-91

model using spherical coordinates, 69-81

Convergent flow, 225-6, 234, 503, 533 transition from contrained to free,

86 Copolyamide (CPA), 564 Corrected normal stress difference,

268 Correspondence principle, 340 Couette flow, 309, 359,411, 426, 427,

434, 501, 503 Cox equation, 5 Cox-Merz rule, 19,22 CP/M, 179 Creep

compliance, 253, 291 recovery (recoil) experiments, 389 response, 327 rheometers, 329 tests, 292

Creeping flow, 51, 180, 347, 350, 461

637

Creeping flow-contd. Bingham plastic fluids, 8-9 Higashitani-Pritchard analysis,

353-8 Newtonian fluids, 6-7 power law fluids, 7-8 Second Order Fluid, 352-3

Cross-flow geometry, 453

0.3159-81, 190 Darlington driver circuit, 187 Data acquisition, 285

on-line, 155-7, 164-75 Data analysis, 420

microcomputer, 157-64 off-line, 153-5 on-line, 155-7 schematic flow diagram 161-4

Data logging devices, 285 Data processing, 151-88 Davenport extrusion rheometer,

200-1 Daventest melt flow indexers, 192 Dead-weight test, 253 Deborah number, 41-2, 46, 471 Debye layer, 616, 617 Debye length, 615 Deer PDR81 series II and III

rheometers, 417 Deer Variable Stress Rheometer, 417 Deformation gradient, 97 Deformation strain tensor, 22 Die angle, 64, 85, 87-90, 92

optimum, 68 Die entry effect, 51 Die entry flow, 454-7

anisotropic power law fluids, 81-7

behaviour, 61, 69, 92 corrections, 11-12 data, 87 geometry, 63, 72 patterns, 234

Die entry pressure, 62, 64, 66, 68, 77, 78,89,91

drop, 63 Die entry-exit pressure drop, 526, 570

638

Die Exit Effect Integral, 84 Die swell

effects of viscous heating, 142-6 versus apparent shear rate, 147

Die walls adiabatic, 130-1 constant heat transfer coefficient,

131-3 isothermal, 131 thermal boundary conditions,

130-5 Digital-to-analogue (D/A) converter,

179 Dimethylformamide, 238 Dioctyl phthalate, 251 Displaced sphere geometry, 319 Displaced sphere rheometer, 320-1 Doi-Edwards constitutive equation,

22 Double concentric cylinder geometry,

273 Dough moulding compounds, 67 Droplet axial ratio, 542

Eccentric cylinder geometry, 319 Eccentric cylinder rheometer, 319 Edge effects, 271 Edge shear rate, 261 Editor, 179 Einstein's equation, 340 Einstein's formula, 616, 619 Elastic bulk modulus, 605 Elastic effects, 521-7 Elastic fluids, effect on die swell of

temperature gradient, 144-6 Elastic strain recovery, 96 Elasticity, 239 Electrical drift, 278, 279, 293 Electrical field, 518 Electrostatic effects, 614 Electroviscous effects, 614-17, 627-30 Elongational flows, 452-4, 574-8 Elongational rheometers, 211-45

reviews on, 214 Elongational strain, 214 Elongational viscosity, 215 Emulsion rheology, 536-46

Index

Emulsion rheology-contd. dilute systems, 537-8 infinite dilution, 536-7

Energy dissipation, 91 Equations of motion, 44, 324, 606 Equivalent Newtonian liquid, 370 ERD (eccentric rotating discs)

geometry, compliance correction, 338-9

ERD (eccentric rotating discs) rheometer, 311, 335

Error sources, 268-79, 282-6, 333-9 sliding cylinder rheometers, 400 sliding plate rheometers, 386-8

Ethylene-propylene copolymer, 576 Ethylene-propylene-I, 4-hexadiene

terpolymer (EPDM), 565-6 Exit loss, 52 Exit pressure, 26, 31, 37, 39, 46 Expansion cooling, 135-8 Experimental effects, 278-9 Experimental methods, 281-6 Experimental observations, 543-6 Experimental studies, 440-57 Extended cone and plate geometry,

270.286 Extensional flow, 85, 212-13, 527-30

kinematics, 214-15 reviews, 213

Extensional rheometers for solutions, 226-41

Extensional stresses, 225, 237 Extensional vicosity, 53, 65-7, 221,

222, 226, 235-7, 240 Extrudate

speed measurement, 171 swell, 171-2, 525 temperature accessory, (ETA), 197 temperature measurement, 172-3

Extrusion plastometers, 190-4 Extrusion rheometers, 153, 157, 164,

194-207

Falling ball rheometry, 276 Falling rod viscometer, 398 Fano flow, 227, 228, 231 Feedback mechanism, 408

FFT algorithms, 326 Fibre

reinforced materials, 340 spinning devices, 224, 227 suspensions, 55

Index

Filament stretching techniques, 242 Finger tensor deformation, 19 Finite element analysis, 37, 39, 40 Floating point numbers, 179 Flocculation, 504-6 Floppy disc, 179 Flow

curves, 507 disturbances near die exit, 40-4 equations

in capillaries, 122-4 non-dimensional, 126-7 non-dimensionalised variables

substituted into, 124 solution methods, 127-30

analytical, 127 empirical, 128 numerical, 128-30

geometry, 271 parameters, 88 properties, anisotropy of, 69-81 rate, 56, 73, 534 rate ratio (FRR), 190 visualisation, 233, 433-77

entry flow studies, 458-60 Fluent, 12 Fluid

anisotropy, 69-81 compressibility, 135-8 inertia, 268-70

Fluid/solid boundary conditions, 4 Fluidity additivity equation, 563 Fluorocarbon blowing agents, 47 Fokker-Planck equation, 611, 612,

625 Force balances, 224 Force measurements, 229-33

sensitivity in, 232 Force transducer, 230, 235 FORTRAN, 179 Four-roll mill geometry, 453 Fourier series, 391 Fourier transform, 331, 333

Fracture mechanics, 275 Free jet rheometer, 235

639

Free oscillation rheometers, 321-5 Frequency domain data, 326

Giesekus' theorem, 369 Glacial acetic acid, 241 Glassy modulus, 301 Gottfert melt flow indexers, 192 Gottfert Rheograph 2001, 201-3 Gottfert Werkstoff-Prufmaschinen

Elastograph 76-85, 429 Graetz number, 125

Haake Rheocontroller, 412 Rotovisco CV 100, 411 Rotovisco RV2/3, 411 Rot6visco R V 12, 411 Rotovisco RV20, 412 Rotovisco R VI 00, 411

Hagen-Poiseuille equation, 58 Handshaking, 180 Hard disc, 180 Hardware, 180 Hartmann number, 616 Heat transfer, 44 Heat transfer coefficient of die walls,

131-3 Helical screw rheometer, 252, 289-90 Hencky strain, 214, 219, 220 Hencky strain rate, 397 Herschel-Bulkley fluid, 159 Hexane/hexadecane mixture, 553 Higashitani-Pritchard assumptions,

358-60 Higashitani-Pritchard creeping flow

analysis, 353-8 Higashitani-Pritchard equation, 356,

357 Higashitani-Pritchard-Baird

equations, 365, 366 High density polyethylene (HDPE)

20, 21, 34, 35, 457, 533, 562, 575,578

High level languages, 180

640 Index

High viscosity liquids, hole pressures, 360-7

Hole pressures, 345-82 circular hole, 366 definition of, 348 elastic, 372 elastic contribution to, 349 for equivalent Newtonian liquid,

370 for torque-driven shear flow, 362 high shear rates, 370-9 high viscosity liquids, 360-7 low viscosity liquids, 370-9 measurements of, 379 Newtonian liquid, 349-52 origin of, 346-9 Second Order Fluid analysis, 353 transducer arrangements used to

measure, 363 Homogeneous stretching, 216-22 HPBL equations, 367-70, 372, 373,

375, 376, 377, 379 Hydrocarbon, 238 Hydrodynamic interaction effects, 626 Hydroxy-propylcellulose, 238, 241

IEEE parallel interface, 180 Inelastic fluids, effect on die swell of

temperature gradient, 143-4 Inertia effects, 4, 51, 333-5, 602, 610 Inertial correction, 367-70 Inertial forces, 367 Inertial normal force function, 269 Injection mould gating, 90-1 Injection moulding machine, 57 Input/output (I/O) operations, 180-1 Instron 3250 Rotary Rheometer, 423 Instron high pressure capillary

rheometer model 3211, 203-4

Instrument compliance, 336-8 Instrument stiffness, 336-9 Instrumentation, 164-73 Intensity factor, 515 Interaction effects in non-dilute

suspensions, 625-30

Inverse gas chromatography (lGC), 556

Isochromatic patterns, 456 Isochromatics, 440 Isothermal conditions, 408 Iwamoto Seisakusho IR-200, 430

Jump strain, 97, 98

Kayeness melt flow indexers, 192 Kayeness rheometer model 2052, 204 Kepes balance rheometer, 315-19, 334 Kerner model, 340 Kilo, 181

Laboratory rheometers, 56 Laplace law, 607 Large gap geometry, 267 Laser Doppler anemometry (LDA),

462-3 Laser Doppler velocimeter, 471 Laser-speckle interferometry, 463-4 Leonov model, 103 et seq. Line of shear, 354 Linear displacement rheometers, 306 Linear low density polyethylene

(LLDPE), 569, 570, 571, 576,578

Linear viscoelasticity, 298 Liquid crystalline polymers, 340 Liquid crystals, 241 Liquid-in-liquid dispersions, 536-78 Load measurement, 168-9 Lodge rubber-like fluid, 98 Lodge Stressmeter, 371 Lodge-type rubber-elastic liquid, 95 Log-additivity rule (NDB), 552, 571,

576 Log-additivity rule (PDB), 551, 552,

564, 571, 575, 576 Low density polyethylene (LDPE), 30,

32, 33, 38, 42, 43, 45, 47, 115, 141, 142,221, 222, 364, 365,455,456,466,569-71, 573, 575, 576

Index 641

Lower critical solution temperature (LCST), 548, 550

Lubricants, 251

Machining errors, 278 Martin's equation, 520 Material effects, 276-7 Maxwell model, 37-9 Maxwell/Oldroyd-B model, 102 et

seq. Mean temperature correction, 53 Mechanical drift, 278, 293 Mechanical spectroscopy, 298 Medium density polyethylene

(MOPE), 576 Meissner's rheometer and rotary

clamps, 219 Melt flow index (MFI), 190 Melt flow indexers, 155-7, 190-4 Melt spinning, 223-5 Melt volume index (MVI), 190 Membrane viscoelasticity, 622 Memory, 181 Microscale flow problem, 604-9, 618,

620, 622 Miscibility, 549 Modelling aspects, 235-41 Modified PTT model (MPTT), 103 et

seq. Molecular weight, 301, 302,407, 576,

577 Monsanto automatic capillary

rheometer, 193-4 Monsanto processability tester

(MPT), 205-6 Mooney's equation, 340 MS-DOS, 181 Multigrade oils, 370-1 Multiphase flows, 484, 485, 581 Multiplexer, 181 Munstedt Creepmeter, 218

Nahme-Griffith number, 124-5, 127 Narrow gap concentric cylinder

geometry, 273 Navier-Stokes equations, 73, 74, 311

Newtonian flows, 518-20, 536-8 Newtonian fluids, 4, 5, 16,44, 53, 54,

59, 69, 100, 107, 121, 130, 133, 215, 232, 233, 235-7, 239, 242, 257, 269, 270, 275, 283,311,315,346,349-52, 389, 391, 393, 438, 463, 464, 470, 484, 498, 508, 514

creeping flow solution, 6-7 suspensions in, 487-98

Newtonian shear viscosity, 623 Nitrocellulose propellant dough,

145-7 Non-isothermal flow, 44, 124-6 Non-linear effects, 335, 340 Non-linear viscoelasticity, 396 Non-linearity, 392 Non-Newtonian flows, 498-518, 521,

538-46 Non-Newtonian fluids, 45, 50, 55, 85,

233,271, 346, 383,457,461, 463,465

mechanics problem, 433 Non-uniform stretching, 222-6 Normal stress differences, 345-82,

392,437 Normal stress function, 286 Normal stress growth functions, 281 Nucleation and growth (NG), 548-50 Numerical simulation of capillary

flow, 12-15 Nusselt number, 125, 132 Nylon 66 compounds, 61, 90 Nylons, 43, 222, 515

Oil-in-water emulsions, 542, 544, 545 Oil/water/sodium dodecyl sulfate

system, 543 Oldroyd B model, 239, 434 Oldroyd model, 542 Order-disorder transition, 532 Orientation, in flow, 498-504, 532-6 Orientation angle, 503 Orthogonal rheometer, 304, 311-15 Oscillatory rheometry, 297-343

compliance correction, 336-8

642 Index

Oscillatory rheometry-contd. controlled displacement methods,

306-11 controlled torque (force) methods,

306-11 material functions derived from,

299-304 new designs, 319-21 polyphasic systems, 339-42 resonant methods, 325-6 test methods, 304-39 see also under specific typtes of

rheometer Ostwald ripening (OR), 549 Out-of-phase stress to strain ratio,

301

Parallel plate geometry, 252, 262, 269, 275, 277, 278, 282, 286, 308, 334,408

Parallel plate (or torsional) flow, 260 Parallel slot, 352, 356, 357 Parity bits, 181 Particle bridging, 276 Particle-filled materials, 340-1 Particle-particle interactions, 617 Particle size distribution effects,

489-93 Particle stress, 606 Particular rheological composition

(PRC),563 Particulate filled polymer melts, 276 PASCAL, 181 Past deformation history, 19 Peclet number, 125,/493, 616 Peripheral, 182 Phan-Thien-Tanner model (PTT),

102 et seq. Phase separation, 277, 549, 554 Physica Viscolab LCI, 415 Physica Viscolab LCIO, 415 Piezoelectric transducers, 278, 285 Piston displacement measurement,

169-70 Piston speed control, 170-1 Pixel, 182 Planar entry flow, 454-7

Plug flow, 526, 533 Point velocity measurement, 457-71

techniques for, 461-4 Poiseuille flow, 438, 450 Polariscope 438-40 Polarizability, 535 Polyacrylamide (PAA), 236-8, 240,

468 Polyamide-6, 562-3, 566, 576 Polybutene (PB), 239, 240 Polycarbonate (PC), 43, 567, 568, 576 Poly (2,6-dimethylphenyl

ether)/polystyrene (PPE/PS), 551

Polydispersity index, 577 Polyesters, 222 Polyethylene, 15,216, 520, 530, 547,

560,566 see also High density polyethylene

(HDPE); Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE); Low density polyethylene (LDPE)

Polyethylene oxide (PEO), 236, 238, 240

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), 43,532

Polyethylene terephthalate/polyamide-6,6 (PET/PA-66), 563

Polyethylene/poly( ethylene-r-vinyl acetate) (HDPE/EVA), 551

Polyethylmethacrylate, 567 Polyflow, 12 Poly(hydrogenated

butadiene-p-styrene, 578 Polyisobutylene (PIB), 238, 239,

360-2, 372, 373, 376, 397, 448

Polyisobutylene-polybutene fluid, 470 Polymer alloys and blends (PAB),

341-2, 546-78 basic concepts, 547-50 blend elasticity, 570-4 flow imposed morphology, 559-78 immiscible, 556-9 miscible, 550-4 relation between steady state and

dynamic viscosities, 565-70

Index 643

PAB--contd. rheological criteria, 559-60 rheological-interfacial criteria,

560-2 shear flows, 562-4 structure of melts, 559 viscosity-concentration dependence,

564 Polymer alloys, blends and

composites (P ABC), 484, 581

Polymer melts, 53-5 Polymer memory function, 19 Polymeric liquid crystals (LCP), 578 Polymerization process, 624 Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA),

333, 511, 550, 573 Poly(oxymethylene) (POM), 557, 564 Poly( oxymethylene )/copolyamide

blends, 565 Polyphasic systems, oscillatory

rheometry, 339-42 Polypropylene, 34, 36, 59, 89, 508,

52~ 526, 527, 530, 531, 533, 547, 571, 572, 573

Polypropylene/poly(butene-l ) (PP/PB-I), 551

Polystyrene, 34,40,47,216,221, 226, 305, 366, 368, 392, 466, 502, 509, 524, 532, 550, 568, 572, 573, 577, 614

Polyurethane, 238 Polyvinylacetate, 328, 329 Polyvinylidene fluoride, 567 Poly( vinylidene-co-hexafluoropropy-

lene), 565 Polyvinylmethylether (PVME), 566 Power law

behaviour, 53, 54, 81, 92 equations, 87-90 fluids,S, 81-7, 434, 529

creeping flow solution, 7-8 generalised inertia flow, 15 total extensional pressure

dissipation for, 84 relationships, 52

Pressure drop, 57, 79, 80, 82, 87, 90, 234

Pressure-contd. measurements, 233 technique, 227

effects, 4, 121-2 flow rheometers, limitations of,

384-5 gradients, 44, 268-9, 289, 290 loss, 80 measurements, 27, 166-8 profiles, 15, 27-8, 44 transducers, 28, 31, 39, 56,289,

347, 348, 363, 364 Pressure-generated shear flow, 363 Primary effect, 615 Printing inks, 396-7 Probability density, 603 Process monitoring device, 289 Program, 182 Pseudoplasticity, 190, 509

Q tensor, 22 Quality control, 174, 190, 406 Quasi-stationary material approach,

406

Rabinowitsch correction, 9, 64-6 Radial temperature profile, 136, 137 RAM,182 Ravenfield model BS Wide Range

Viscometer, 409 Reciprocal extensional viscosity, 70 Reciprocal shear viscosity, 70 Recoil function, 292 Recoverable elastic strain, 93-118

definition of, 95 Red muds, 289 Refractive index, 436, 440 Relative transmittance, 439 Relaxation modulus, 19 Relaxation time, 333, 528, 530, 539,

542, 620, 622 Research rheometers, 421-31 Retardation function, 510 Retardation spectrum, 329, 510 Retardational compliance, 303 Reynolds number, 4, 12, 13, 51,96,

644 Index

Reynolds number-contd. 269,271, 346, 349-51, 465, 466, 470, 500, 513, 602, 626

Rheo-Tech VER (visco-elastic rheometer),420-1

Rheo-Tech Visco-Tech 8, 421 Rheogoniometers, 283, 285, 365 Rheological properties, methods of

measuring, 485 Rheometrics

Dynamic Analyser RDA-700, 426 Dynamic Spectrometer, 426 Extensional Rheometer, 510 Fluids Rheometer RFR-7800, 426 Fluids Spectrometer RFS-8400 and

RFS-8500, 426 Mechanical Spectrometer, 510 Mechanical Spectrometer

RMS-605, 425 Mechanical Spectrometer,

RMS-800, 425 Stress Rheometer, 427 System-4, 426

Rivlin-Eriksen type constitutive equations, 621, 623

ROM,182 Rosand capillary rheometer, 206-7 Rotary rheometers, 305, 331, 336-8 Rotational instruments, commercial

types, 405-31 Rotational rheometers

advantages of, 406 basic design of, 406 limitations of, 384-5 performance of, 408

Rotational viscometry, 220, 247-96, 510

Rouse-Zimm bead-spring theory, 374 RS-232Cj422/423 serial interfaces, 183

Sample evaporation, 277 Sample expulsion, 275 Sample fracturing, 274, 275 Sample stability and instability,

274-6,293 Sandwich rheometers, 310, 387-8,

395,396

Sangamo Visco-Elastic Analyser, 420 Second Order Fluid, 360, 366, 391,

612, 619 creeping flow analysis, 352-3

Secondary effect, 614-15 Secondary flow, 392 Sedimentation, 276, 277 Shape factor, 306, 308-10, 336, 611 Sharp edge orifice, 234 Shear complex modulus, 333 Shear

flow, 77, 354, 397, 613, 622 coordinate system, 354 measurements, 281 properties, 55 theoretical relationships, 281-2

inception, 279, 280 modulus, 304, 315, 331, 528 rate, 40, 45, 54, 59, 251, 256, 258,

264,267, 276, 286, 287, 291, 293,331,385,396-7,517, 545,621

relaxation, 279 strain, 386, 389 stress, 37-40,44,45,281,292, 350,

363, 386, 389, 399 growth function, 280, 281 transducers, 394-5, 397

surfaces, 354 thinning, 38, 52, 54, 239, 613, 614,

627 viscosity, 53, 67, 73, 222, 251, 619 viscosity function, 251 viscosity ratio, 560 wave propagation, 390-2

Shear-induced particle migration, 276 Shearing cessation, 280 Shearing deformation, 226 Shearing duration, 281 Shearing initiation, 285 Shearing motion, 249 Silicone fluid, 511 Silicone oils, 239 Simple shearing flow, 261 Size exclusion chromatography (SEC),

577 Sliding cylinder rheometers, 398-401

applications of, 400-1

Index 645

Sliding cylinder rheometers-contd. non-dilute-contd. basic equations, 399-400 basic features, 398 error sources, 400

Sliding film rheometer, 397 Sliding plate rheometers, 385-98

advantages and disadvantages, 385 applications of, 395 basic equations, 386 basic features, 386 commercially available, 397-8 edge effects, 388-90 end effects, 388-90 error sources, 386-8 sandwich-type, 387, 396 strong shear flow generation, 397 very high shear rate, 396-7

Slit die, 26 correlations of PExit and Nl with b, 32 flow disturbance near die exit, 40-4 flow of viscoelastic fluid in, 41 methods used, 31-2 operational considerations, 31 theory, 28-9

Slit die accessory (SDA), 197-8 Slit die rheometers, 363 Slit flow, 450-2 Slit rheometry, 25-48 Software, 183 Solartron 1172 frequency response

analyser, 424-5 Solutions, 53-5, 550-1

extensional rheometers for, 226 Spinline rheometers, 227 Spinline viscometer, 242 Spinning, 239, 242 Spinning drop technique, 234 Spinodal decomposition (SD), 548-50 Square hole, 356 Start-up responses, 518 Steady elongational behaviour, 106-8 Steady shear behaviour, 105-6 Steady simple extension, 397 Steady simple shear, 397 Steady state flows, 506-16 Stokes equations, 606, 608 Stokes flow, 610

Storage modulus, 570 Strain

amplitude, 335 hardening, 575, 576 history, 52 rate, 54, 59, 64, 71, 80, 91 rheometers, 331

Streak-line observation, 457-71 techniques for, 461-4

Streak photography, 455, 457, 461 Stream surfaces, 346, 348, 350, 358 Stress

decay, 286 equation, 74 fields, 15-18, 437 growth, 280, 531 growth experiments, complex shear

modulus from, 331-2 growth functions, 527 measurement, 26 overshoot, 283 relaxation, 281, 284, 333, 429 rheometers, 331 undershoot, 281

Stress-strain master curves, 541 Stressmeters, 363-5, 367, 370-1, 380 Stress-optic coefficient, 434, 437, 440,

448, 449 Stress-optic relation, 436-8, 440, 448,

449, 452, 453 Stretch rate, 234, 235 Stretching flow, 485 Stretching techniques, 228-9 Structured programming, 183 Styrene-acrylonitryle (SAN), 502 527 Styrene-butadiene-styrens (SBS), 555 Sugar solution, 240 Surface temperature rise versus

apparent shear rate, 146 Suspended fibres, 55 Suspensions, 239, 240

dilute, 604-25 general formulation of microscale

flow problem, 604-9 in Newtonian liquids, 498-518 in non-Newtonian liquids, 518-32 microstructural theories, 505 non-dilute, 625

646

Suspensions-contd. interaction effects, 625-30 numerical simulations, 631-2

of anisometric particles, 493-7 of capsules, 619-25 of deformable particles, 617-25 of ellipsoidal particles, 609-14 of highly concentrated spherical

particles, 283 of homogeneous elastic spheres,

618-19 of polystyrene latices, 614 of rod-like particles, 276 of rod-like xanthan

macromolecules, 614 of solid particles, 276, 487-536,

609-17 of solid spheres, 609 of spherical microcapsules, 624 of spherical particles, 276 of uniform hard spheres, 487-9 spatially periodic, 630-1 Troutonian viscosity of, 498 very concentrated, 630 see also Two-phase flows

Swelling causes of, 101 computation of, 10 1-14 elastic theory of, 96-100 inelastic theory of, 100-1 need for further investigations,

116-17 planar problem, 108-14 prediction of, 115-16 relation of rheology to, 114-16 sideways, 99

Swelling ratio, 93-118 computed values of, 110-14 definition of, 95-6

Tanner-Pipkin Second Order Fluid equation, 365, 373

Taylor number, 270 TDMS method, 331, 332 Temperature

distribution, 393 effects, 4

Index

Temperature-contd. gradient, 393 measurement and control, 164-6 rise

comparison of calculated and experimentally determined, 140-2

due to viscous heating, 138-40 Tensile stress, 71, 234, 235

growth coefficient, 215 Tetramethyl polycarbonate (TMPC),

567-9 Thermal boundary conditions

at die wall, 130-5 effects of, 133-5

Thermal diffusion, 603 Thermodynamic transition

temperatures, 298 THERMOVISC2 computer program,

133 Thixotropy, 505, 506 Tilted cone geometry, 319 Tilted cone rheometer, 321 Tilted cylinder geometry, 319 Tilted cylinder rheometer, 321 Tilted sphere (balance rheometer, 321) Time

dependent torques, 282 domain data, 326 domain mechanical spectroscopy

(TDMS), 326-32 domain resolution, 285

Time-temperature superposition principle, 374, 376

Timica Sparkle, 462 Titanium dioxide, 289 Torque exerted by fluid on plate, 261 Torque-generated shear flow, 363 Torque per cylinder length, 265 Torsion bark based stress measuring

system, 283 Torsional balance rheometer (TBR),

372, 373, 375, 376 Total thrust method, 259 Toxic fluids, 235 Toyoseiki Rheolograph Liquid (654),

429 Transient effects, 256, 516-18

Transient flow viscometry, 280-6 Transient shear stress functions, 282 Transient shear stress response, 286 Transverse slot, 350-2, 356, 357, 365,

366,370-1,373 Triblock copolymers, 340 Triple jet instrument, 227 Trouton ratio, 55, 66, 69, 91, 236,

239, 242, 498, 499, 528 Trouton viscosity, 103, 107, III True shear stress versus apparent

shear rate, 145 Truncated cone and plate geometry,

270, 287 Truncated cone and plate

pressure-distribution rheometer, 367

Truncated power law relationship, 45 Tubular entry flows, 454-7, 464-71 Two-phase flows, 479-594

mathematical modelling, 595-634 statement of problem, 599-601

Two-roll mill geometry, 453

Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), 576

Ultrasonic rheology, 333 Unidirectional shear flow, 354 Uniform uniaxial stretching, 216-22 Upper critical solution temperature

(UCST),548 Uranium oxide, 289

Vane rheometer, 252, 288-9 VDU, 183 Velocity

fields, 15-18 Gradient Tensor, 254 gradients, 45 profiles, 15, 20, 64, 75, 76

Vinylon, 515 Viscoelastic Testers RVE-M and

RVE-S, 427 Viscometers, 406, 407, 409 Viscometers (UK) Ltd, basic

instruments, 409-10

Index 647

Viscometric capillary flow, constitutive equations, 6-11

Viscometric normal forces, 263 Viscometric normal stress functions,

258 Viscometric shear stress, 261 Viscosity

activation energy, 341 effect of pressure on, 121-2 function, 261, 370 measurement, 262

Viscous heating, 119-49,273-4 effects on die swell, 142-6 temperature rise due to, 138-40

Viscous shear heating, 44-7 Viton, 565 Vortex growth, 466-8

Walker matrix method, 439 Walter's formalism, 334 Water-in-oil emulsion, 543 Weight dropping extensionmeter, 226 Weissenberg

effect, 56, 407 number, 40-1, 96,110, 116,471 rheogoniometers, 278, 283, 365, 421

Weissenberg-Rabinowitsch equation, 364

Wells-Brookfield Cone-Plate Viscometer, 410

Winchester, 183 WLF

equation, 141 parameters, 341 theory, 556

Xanthan gum, 238, 239

Yield stress, 159, 252, 288-9, 292, 293, 505, 508-10, 521, 522, 527, 544, 555, 572

Zwick 4105 extrusion plastometer, 194