Index

Symbols

1,3-dichlorisocyanuric acid 38 17 a-ethinyloestradiol (EE2) 49-63

-, toxicity 62 17ß-oestradiol (E2) 49-50,52-63 17 ß-oestradiol-3-glucuronide 53 l-octanol 149 2,4,6-trichloroanisol 120 2,4,6-trichlorophenol 119-120 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol 44 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl-ß 44 2-hydroxybenzylalcohol 44 4-chlorophenol 44 4-nitrophenyl-phosphate 46 5,5' -dithio-bis-2-nitrobenzoic acid 46 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-thiazol-3 45 5-fluorouracil 30 8-hydroxychinoline 45

A

absorption 111 AC see activated carbon AlC see acute EC50/chronic NOEC (AlC) ratio acarbose 176,208,223 Acartia tonsa 73, 184 accumulation 47

-, capability 47 -, long term 62

acetaminophen 186,206 acetate 24, 46 acetone 54-55 acetonitrile 25 acetylcysteine 166,168 acetylsalicylic acid 82,132,166,168-170 acidity 241 acriflavine 176 Act on Pharmaceuticals 124 activated carbon (AC)

-, adsorption 87 -, powdered 226

active -, principles 20 -,substances 1-5,20-21,23-24,31-32,38,239

activity -, biological 69, 131, 213

-, enzymatic 243 -, hormonal 49 -,oestrogen 54, 57

acute -, ECso/chronic NOEC (AlC) ratio 197-198 -, fish test 138 -, toxicity test 72

adaptation 32, 58, 91 additive, feed 44, 47, 91, 106, 143 Adriatic sea 25 adsorbable organic halogen compounds (AOX)

6,29,36-39,119-120 -, in urine 37 -, biodegradability 29 -, emission, hospital 29

adsorption 29, 52, 56, 58, 61, 67, 87-88, 136, 207, 214,216

adult 110,115,221-222,227 advanced oxidation processes (AOP) 87-88 aeration 29, 226 agar

-, media 53 -, plate 53

agriculture 131-132,145,155 AIDS 43 air 53,93-94,97,106-107,163 alendronate 176,193

-, sodium 194 alendronic acid 209, 224 algae 5,13,70,72,115,175,190-192,196-198,205,

210-212 -, blue-green 179,197

-, Microcystis aeruginosa 72,186 -, ECso 176- 190,197,210-212 -, green 72,176,178-179,182-183,194-197,201 -, growth inhibition 134

-, test 13 -, micro- 70, 72 -, population 72 -, toxicity test 72

alkalines 46-47 alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) 32-33 allergy 243 allyl thiourea (ATU) 55 alum 119

-, coagulation 119 aluminium sulfate 226 amalgam 35

248 Index

-, dental 35 -, separator 35

-, remobilisation of mercury 35 ambroxol 166 America 125, 127, 241 Ames test 47, 119 AMG see Arzneimittelgesetz amiloride 21 aminoglycosides 144-146, 152-154 aminosidine 176, 208, 224

-, sulfate 176 amitriptyline 24,166,176-177,206-208,212,215,

223 ammonia 33, 71 ammonium 32, 46

-, heptamolybdate 46 -, sulfate 46

amobarbital 177 amopyroquin dihydrochloride 177 amoxicillin 21,25,144-146,154,166 amphetamine sulfate 177 amphibian

-, embryotoxicity test 15 ampieillin 144-146 amyloride 20 analgesie 2,6,12,178,182-183,185-186,190,205

-, NSAID 12-13 analyser 43-47

-, automatie 43-45, 47 -, runoff 43

androsterone 166 animal 4,19,31-32,67-68,77-78,81,91,106,

110, 114, 124, 126, 131, 139, 143, 145, 147-148, 150, 152-153, 155-156, 160-161, 164, 169, 171, 231-234, 243 -, breeding methods 31 -, domestie 139 -, farming 91 -, fattening methods 31 -, field going 152,154 -, grazing 145,147-148,156,164,171 -, husbandry 77,156, 160, 234 -, slurry 68

anthelmintie 25,164, 171-172 antianginal 25,179,185,187,190,193 antiasthmatie 12, 25, 182, 188 antibacterial 25,30, 67-71, 176, 178-179, 181-186,

188-189, 191, 195-196 antibiotie 1-2,6,12-14,20,29,30-32,67-74,77,

79,81-83,91,121,128,131,137,143-145,147-150, 152-153,155-156,162,164,169,171-172,222, 231,232- 234,239-244 -,agents 6,30-32,239 -, ß-lactam 30,143,145,153 -, occurence in environment 67 -, groundwater 68 -, sewage and surface water 32 -, soil 70, 73

-, concentration 150,153 -, surface water 32 -, veterinary 137, 143, 150, 152, 155, 156, 169

antibody 43

-, analysis 43 antidepressant 176-177,182-183,185-186,191,

193, 195-196 antidiabetie 176, 184 antihypertensive 25,193,179,183-188,195 anti-infective 176,183-185,193,195-196 antimalarial 177, 179-180, 187-188 antimicrobial 6,31, 67, 70-74, 143, 172, 231, 233,

242-243 -, environmental impact 231 -, growth promoter 143, 172 -, recalcitrant 6

antimycotie 1 antineoplastie 2-3, 25, 81, 180, 184, 186, 189, 206,

222,226,240,243 antiparasitie 130-131,133,137,172 antiphlogistie 82-83 antipsychotie 188-191, 196 antirheumatie 2, 83, 179-180, 184 antiserum 53 antitumour 30 anti-ulcerative 25,180,182,185 antiviral 181, 190 AOBr 38 AOCl38 AOI 38 AOP see advanced oxidation processes AOX see adsorbable organie halogen compounds application 1, 3-4, 30, 35, 81-83, 87-88, 97, 106,

110,115, 123, 130-131, 143, 147, 150, 155, 198, 204, 210, 227, 239

aprotinin 178 aquaculture 1,4,31-32,67-68,70,72-73,125,

131-132, 134, 241 aqueduct 119 aquifer 88 Arrhenius-Equation 161 Artemia

-, cyst hatching rate 72 -, salina 176-180,182-183,186-190

-, test 193 Arzneimittelgesetz (AMG) 124 aspirin 23,132, 168, 178, 205-208, 212-213, 223 atenolol 21, 25 atropine 193,209,224

-, sulfate 178,193 ATU see allyl thiourea Austria 1, 4, 50 availability 106-107, 161, 169, 205 azithromycin 178, 209, 224

B

ß-blocker 25,82,91 ß-gluconidase 214 ß-glucuronidase 211 ß-lactam

-, antibiotie 30,143-146,152-154 -, evolution 231

ß-lactamases 231 Bacillus licheniformis 78 bacitracin 23, 77-78, 166, 178

-,A 78 -, BI 78 -, B2 78 -,B378 -, desamido- 78

bacteria 4-6, 29-33, 35, 50, 55-56, 61, 68-69, 71-73,121,138,143,172,211,214,234,240, 242-243 -, acetogenic 73 -, activity 214 -, community 71-72,172,234

-, soil 234 -, structure 172

-, consortia 6 -, denitrifying 33 -, fermenting 73 -, gram negative 33 -, gram positive 32 -, growth 68, 143 -, infection 14 -, nitrifying 72 -, pathogenic 6

-, growing number 6 -, photo- 44-45 -, resistant 6, 29, 32, 240, 243 -, respiration 55 -, sulfate reducing 73 -, toxicity 6,35

babermycin 23 bank filtration 32, 83, 86 BCF see bioconcentration factor beef 150,152-153,155

-, cattle 150,152-153,155 beer 241 Belgium 52-55 benzalkonium chloride 32-33

-, dose! efficiency curve 33 benzo(a)pyrene 112,114-117 benzo(ghi)perylene 112-113, 117 benzo(b )fluoranthene 113, 117 benzo(k)fluoranthene 112-113, 117 benzylpenicillin 144-146 Berlin 74, 81 beta blocker 13, 82, 91 betaxolol 82 bezafibrate 13,22,25,81-83,87,166,170 bicalutamide 178-179,194,209,224 bile acid deconjugation test 233 bilirubin 45 bioaccumulation 44, 93, 133, 136, 138, 214-217, 241 bioactivity 85 bioassay 110, U7, 197, 2U, 213

-, multiple species uo biochemical oxygen demand (BüD) 53,59, u8 biocide 2,127,159,162,170,239 bioconcentration 217 bioconcentration factor (BCF) u6-U7,215

-, fish 135 biodegradability 6, 12, 20,30-31, 33, 44, 46-48,

54, 58, 70, 83, 242 -,aerobic 54,58,70 -,AüX 29

Index 249

-, contrast media 29 -, disinfectant 29 -, pharmaceutical 29 -, QAC 32

bio degradation 1, 4, 29, 32, 35, 38, 52, 55-57, 60-62,67,69-70,83,88, u8, 133, 138, 204, 206-207, 210, 216, 242 -, rate 56 -, test 83

biodiversity 242-243 biofilm 31, 84-85

-, reactor 84-85 bioluminescence 71

-, inhibition test 71 biomarker UO, 197, 2U biomass 85 biomonitoring 135 biotransformation 2U, 215 bird 233 birth 232 bisoprolol 82 Bithynia tentaculata 195, 201 bivalve 197 bladder snail 201 bleaching 6, u8

-,agent 6 bleomycin 22,166,170, 222, 228,227 blood 43, 133

-, group 43 BüD see biochemical oxygen demand body 49-50,78,148,153,164,214,216 Borneff's series 112 Brachydanio rerio 73,180,184, 186, 188, 201 Brachionus calyciflorus 177-180,183,185-190 breeding

-, pig 31 -, poultry 31

brilliant blue 45 broiler 162, 169 bromhexine 166 bromine 45-46

-, cresol green 45 bromocyclen 137 broncholyticum 128 brook trout 201 brown trout 73 budesonide 179,194,209,224 buffer 45,47,55,155 bull 161 by-product UR-120

-, chlorination 119-120

c 14C see carbon caffeine 166,168-169,179 calcium 31, 46, 70, 210

-, chloride 46 calve 31, 143 canal 54 cancer 52, U4, 120, 132, 227, 240

-, breast 52

250 Index

-, endometrium 52 -, ovarian 52 -, rate 227 -, risk 120, 227

captopril 21, 25 carbamazepine 15

-,oestrogenie activity 15 -, toxicity 15

carbon 55-56, 58, 60-61, 87, 101, 118, 149, 16), 226, 243 _, 14C 242 -, cycling 243 -, dioxide (C02) 53 -, dissolved organie (DOC) 61, 84-85, 119 -, organie 55, 60-61, 101, 118, 149, 163 -, total organie (TOC) 55,119-120

carboplatinum 30, 33 carcinogen 112 carcinogenesis 118 carcinogenie 6, 46, 52, 112, 227

-, compounds 227 carcinogenicity, genotoxic 222 carrier 36, 88 carvedilol 179,193,209,224 cattle 31,147,150,152-153,155,160-161,164,171

-, dung 164 CDP see cumulative-distribution functions cefprozil 179 ceftazidime 21, 25, 32 ceftibuten 179, 209, 224 ceftiofur 23 ceftriaxone 21, 25 cell 14,47,52,61-62,129,134

-, fish 14 -, growth inhibition test, chronie 129 -, killer-, natural activity 15 -, proliferation 52

Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) 196-197

cephalosporine 2, 25, 30 cetirizine 179, 209, 224 channe! 34, 83 channel catfish 201 cheese 241 chemieal oxygen demand 118 chemicals, industrial 125,131,143,175,197-198 chemotaxonomy 243 chieken 78 childhood 52 children 114 Chironomus riparius 134 chlamydial anomaly 231 chloramine T 37, 179 chloramphenieol 82, 179, 209, 213, 224 Chlorella spp. 184, 195

-, ellipsoidea 72 chloride 32-33, 46 chlorination 118-119, 226 chlorine 6,37,118-119

-, bleach 38 -, dioxide 118

chlormadinonacetate 166 chloroform 120 chlorophenol 6, 118-119 chloroquine 208,215,233

-, phosphate 179-180 chlortetracycline 144-146,145-155,161,166 cholesterol 45 chromatography 119

-, gas-phase 119 chromogen 44,47-48 cigarettes 241 cimetidine 180, 208, 223 ciprofloxacin 31 cisapride 180,194,209,224 cis-platinum 30 cladribine 180 clam 193 clarification 44, 118, 120, 241 classification 2, 46, 50, 92, 135, 215 clay 78,161

-, minerals 161 cleaning 30, 32, 35, 38, 46, 162, 170, 241

-, agents 35, 46 clenbuterol 166 climate 234 clofibrate 12-13, 22,24-25,81, 129, 166,170, 180,

194, 197, 208, 212, 214, 222-223, 227-228 -, ethyl 81

clofibrie acid 11-12, 22, 81-85, 87-88, 129, 166, 169-170,180,212,214,222,225

clorine 45 Closed Bottle test (OECD 301D) 84 cloxacillin 146 coagulation 119, 226 COD see chemical oxygen demand coenzyme 47 codeine 24 coffee 168 colloid 88 colon 164 colonisation 232

-, mierobial 232 Committee for Pharmaceutieal Medicinal

Products (CPMP) 124,204 Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products

(CVMP) 68,124-125,136-137,159-160 community 15,32,52,56,60-61,71-73,86,106,

110, 172, 231, 234 -, aquatie 32 -, bacterial 71-72,172,234

-, soil 234 -, bentiIie 106 -, mierobial 52, 56, 61, 71, 73, 86, 231 -, structure 110

compartment 6,33,67,91,93-94,97,101-102, 112-114,123,130-134,136-137,145,147,153, 155,169,203,205,216,241-242 -, limnie 133

competitor 231 concentration

-, natural background 36 -, inhibitory 32, 71

conjugate 49, 214-215, 217 conjugation 49, 211, 215 consumer 108,152 consumption 1,30,31, 44, 49, 55, 81, 91, 165,

205-206, 222, 227 -, water 44, 205

contaminant 24-26, 117, 119, 221 contamination 6, 26,34, 43, 60, 61, 97, 101, 107,

109, 118, 132, 172, 222, 228, 239 -, drinking water 239 -, groundwater 239 -, model 107

contraceptive, oral 49 contrast media 2, 4, 6, 36-39

-, biodegradability 29 -, emission, hospital 29 -, iodised X-ray 2,6,37-38

-, organic 6,37-38 -, MRI 35

conversion 20,78,113,152 converter 33

-, catalytic 33 co omas sie blue ferrocin 45 copper 45-46

-, sulfate 45-46 corticosteroid 193 counter ion 33 CPMP see Committee for Pharmaceutical

Medicinal Products creatinine 45 cross-reactivity 53 crustacea 72,115,201

-, amphipod 178-179, 201 -, anostracan 201 -, cladoceran 201 -, copepod 201 -, Daphnia magna 13,15,44-45,72,128-129,

134,176-192,194-198,201,210-212 -, Daphnia pulex 197 -, decapod 201

Culex pipiens molestus 72 cumulative-distribution function (CDFs) 111

CVMP see Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products

cyanide 45 cyanobacteria 197,201 cycle

-, life 52, 110, 161, 169 -, nutrient 110

cyclohexylaminopropansulfate 46 cyclophosphamide 24-25,30, 94, 97, 166,

168-169,222,227 cyclosporine 180 cyst 72

-, Artemia sp., hatching rate 72 cytostatic 2, 6, 30, 33 cytotoxic 226, 240

-,drug 226

Index 251

cytotoxicity 14

o dam 105 Danio rerio 13, 15

-, embryo teratogenesis assay (DRETA) 13 Daphnia 176-190,197-198

-, magna 5,13,15,44-45,72,128-129,134, 176-192,194-198,201,210-212 -, 48 hour immobilisation test 13 -, acute toxicity test 13 -, chronic toxicity test 13 -, reproduction 134

-, pulex 196-197 -, test (GD) 44-45

DDMAC see didecyldimethylammonium chloride decay 56,58 deconjugation 233 defecation 153-154,156 deformation 73

-, skeleton 73 degradability 70, 84, 105 degradation 26,31-32,47,52,56,58,61-62,

68-73,78-79,84-85,87,91,93,97,111,117-118, 121,132-133,145,148-150,152-156,216,241-242 -, microbial 62, 69 -, organic matter 73, 118 -, pharmaceutical 85 -, photochemical 32,69-70 -, physicochemical 56, 62 -, product 26, 31, 62, 78, 88, 93, 111 -, rate 94,152,154

denitrification 84 -, bacteria 33

Denmark 143,147,152,155-156,205,244 dental

-, private surgeries 35 -, treatment 35

depth 101, 149, 153 deregulation 14, 126

-, neural activity 14 derivative 78, 215 desamido-bacitracin 78 detectability 32, 70, 211, 226 detection 1, 4, 11, 12, 16, 25-26, 31, 39, 50, 53, 68,

78, 81-82, 123, 138, 210-211, 227, 241 -, pharmaceuticals, Italy 19

detergent 1, 44, 47-48 detoxification 214 development, fetal 52 dextropropoxyphene 24,166,170, 180, 206-208,

212-213, 223 diagnosis 43, 239, 241 diagnostic 1,4,6,29,43-44,47,182-183, 195,

239-240 diatom, marine 201 diazepam 22,25,94,97,128,166,168-170,180,

208, 213,222-223,225 dichloroisocyanuric acid 6

252 Index

dichlorophenol 45 dichlorophenyl-diazonium salt 46 dichlorvos 162 dic10fenac 13, 22-23, 82-85, 87-88, 166, 169, 216,

225 didanosine 180, 209, 224 didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDMAC)

33 dieldrin 137 diet 112,115-116,222 diethanolamine 44 diethylstilbestrol 24,180-181,194,197, 209, 215,

222,224-225 diflubenzuron 162, 170 digoxin 20-21, 181, 209, 224 dihydroandrosteron 166 dihydrostreptomycin 144-146,154 dilution 37,53,55,83,116,118-120,131,152,165,

168, 206-207, 210-212, 217, 226 dimethisteron 166 dioxin 1,14

-, chlorinated 1 dirithromycin 181 disease 43, 67, 105 disinfectant 1, 2, 4, 6, 29, 32-35, 38, 121, 162, 170,

239-243 -, biodegradability 29 -, emission, hospital 29 -, PVP-iodine-based 38 -, skin 34

disinfection -, instrument 32 -, skin 32 -, surface 32

dissemination model 112 dissolved organic carbon (DOC) 61, 84-85, 119 distribution coefficient 241 diuretic 12, 91 DNA, reassociation analysis 234 DOC see dissolved organic carbon dodecapeptide 78 dog 78,131 dorzolamide 181, 209, 224 dosage 5, 26, 85, 143, 147, 153, 155, 161, 171, 221,

227-228,244 dose 12,39,49,56,58-59,78,85,111,114-116,119,

144,147-148,15°,152- 153,155,161,164,214, 222,225-228,239 -, benzalkonium chloride 33 -, daily 12, 78

-, therapeutic 221-222, 226-228 -, internal 111 -, lifetime risk 114-116 -, oral 49, 161

doxycyc1ine 166, 168 drain 29, 206, 210 drainage 93

-, basin 1, 93 dredging 106 DRETA see Danio rerio embryo teratogenesis

assay

drinking water 2-3, 5, 11, 19-20, 22, 24-25, 29-3°,44,52-53, 60, 62, 81, 83, 86-88, 118-120, 171- 172,216,221-222,226-228,239,243 -, catchment area 83 -, contamination 239 -, directive 222 -, mineral 52, 60, 62 -, production 81, 86-87 -, treatment 221, 226, 243

drug 1-4,6,15,19-21,29,37,39,49,77,79,81,91, 124-126,128,13°-139,143,147-15°,152-153, 155-156,160,165,168,172,190,196,205-207, 214,216-21h221,226,239-243

-, c1asses 131 -, cytotoxic 226 -, human 19, 131, 136, 160, 165, 172 -, residues 19,148-149,155-156 -, surplus 81 -, veterinary 19, 165

-, environmentalloads 20 Drugs Law 46 DT 50 see transformation rate (DTPA)Gd-dimeglumine 36 dung 130,132,136-137,148-149,152-153,156,160,

164-165,171-172 -, cattle 171 -, fauna 172 -, fly 137, 165, 171

-, aberration in wings 137, 164, 171 -, Neomyia cornicia 171

-, Scatophaga stercoraria 165, 171 dye 45,242

E

E2 see 17 ß-oestradiol EA see environmental assessment earthworm 130, 136 ECso 112, 129,176-190,196-197,210-212 eco-shadow 76,79,233-234

-, concept 79, 231-232 -, index 232, 234 -, macroorganism, measurement 232

ecosystem 6,11,13,67,69,74,77,79,108-110, 112, 130, 203, 231-233 -, microbial 231 -, pharmaceuticals, effect 13 -, side effects 19 -, terrestrial 74, 112

ecotoxicity 39, 44, 46-48, 67, 74, 117, 125-126, 131, 175-176,191,193-194 196-198,205,207,211-212, 214, 216-217 -, bioassay 117 -, chronic 131, 191, 197-198, 213 -, invertebrate 196

ecotoxicology 13, 15-16, 39, 91 -, tests 13

EDso 112 EDS see endocrine disrupting substance EE2 see 17a-ethinyloestradiol eenofibrate 166

eenofibrinic acid 166 efedrine 166 effect 2-6, 11, 13-16, 19, 26, 30, 33, 35-37, 39, 44,

47-50,52,56,59,62,67-68,70-73,78,81-83, 102,105-107,109-112,117-121,123-125,127-138, 148,160,171-172,193,196-198,203,2°7,210, 213-214, 216-217, 221-222, 226-228, 232, 239-244 -, adverse side 14 -, antiandrogenic 15 -, cascading 110 -, ecological 106, 203, 244 -, hormonal 48 -, hormone-like 14 -, immunosuppressive, carbamazepine 15 -, inhibitory 33 -, intrinsic pharmacodynamic 39 -, long-life exposure 26 -,long-term 6,82-83,239,244 -,model 107 -, mutagenic 44, 47, 134, 243 -,oestrogenic 15 -, pharmaceuticals

-, ecosystem 13 -, organism 13

-, photolytic 62 -, teratogenic 15

efficiency curve, benzalkonium chloride 33 effluent 1,3-4,6,11-12,15,3°-31,33,35,37-39,

50,52,81-83,118-120,128,165,168,205-207, 210-212,216,226-227 -, antibiotics

-, concentration 6 -, hospital 6

-, STP 1, 36, 83 egg, production 211 EIA see environmental impact assessment EIC see expected introduction concentration elimination

-, abiotic 69 -, BOD 118 -, COD 118 -, efficiency 85 -, ifosfamide 30 -,QAC 32

embryo 13, 138 embryotoxicity 6,13, 15

-, test 13, 15 EMEA see European Medicines Evaluation

Agency emission 4, 29, 33-35, 38, 68, 81, 93, 97, 101-102,

132,148-149,222,239,241 -, absolute 33 -, antibiotic, environment 67 -, gadolinium, Germany 37 -, hospital

-,AOX 29 -, contrast media 29 -, disinfectant 29 -, pharmaceutical 29

-, platinum, specific 34

enchytraeids 73 Enchytraeus albidus 128

Index 253

endocrine 1,14-15,5°,81,121,130,134,136,138,197 -, activity 14 -, disrupter 50, 121, 136 -, disrupting substance (EDS) 1

-, modulation 15 endometrium 52 endoplasmatic reticulum

-, binding 15 -, expression 15

endorsement 175 endpoint 13-14, 109-111, 113, 131, 138, 175,

190-191,193,196-198,210-213,221 enrofloxacin 144-146,154 environment

-, antimicrobials, impact 231 -, aquatic 3-4,12,15-16,29,39,52,81-83,88,

123, 204-205, 227, 240 -, contamination 172 -, hygiene 6,39, 55, 239 -, pollutant 19 -, toxicity 20, 21 -, toxicology 15

environmental -, assessment (EA) 125-126,196,204-2°5,216 -, impact

-, assessment (EIA) 126 -, statement (EIS) 125

-, risk assessment (ERA) 12-14,16,74, 106-107, 123, 125-127, 130-133, 135-139, 159-160,172,175,196,198,203-205,216

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 50, 106-107, 109

enzyme 19,46-47, 61, 132, 211, 234, 243 -, activity 243

EOX 119 EPA see Environmental Protection Agency epirubicin 30 EQC see equilibrium criterion model equilibrium criterion model (EQC) 92-94 ER see endoplasmatic reticulum ERA see environmental risk assessment erythromycin 22, 24-25,31, 82, 128, 166, 168, 170,

181, 208, 213, 223 -, phosphate 181 -, thiocyanate 181

ethinyloestradiol 22, 49-50, 52-53, 57-59, 63, 166,168-170,181,191,194-195,197-198, 209-212,214,216,222,224-228

ethofyllinclofibrate 81 ethyl acetate 24 ethylene glycol 55 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 46 ethynodioldiacetate 166 etidronic acid 181,195,197,208,223 etiocholanolon 166 etofibrate 81 EU see European Union Europe 1,30, 93, 121, 123, 125, 136, 159, 172, 206,

240-241

254 Index

European -, Aspirin Foundation 205 -, Federation of Animal Health (FEDESA)

30- 31, 125, 137 -, Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) 68,

124-126,131,136-138,159-160,162,165,169 -, Union (EU) 2-4,44,46,123-131,135-136,

138,147,155,159,162,171,196,204,206-207, 221-222 -, dass 128-130 -, legislation 4 -, safety data sheets 44, 46 -, Technical Guidance Document 206-207

evaporation 54-55, 93, 148, 164 evolution 231 excretion 1, 4, 12, 19-21, 26, 29-31, 33, 35, 38,

49-50,62,67,78-79,81,93,143,148-150, 152-153,155-156,164,171,211,214-215,241 -, faecal 19 -,human 21 -, rate 20,31, 143, 155, 241 -, urinary 19

exogenous 50 expected introduction concentration (EIC) 136 exposure 106,110-111,127-13°,133,147,221

-, assessment 110-111,133,159-161,203,207, 212, 214, 217

-, model 107,159-160,172 extinction 110 extraction 24-25, 88

F

faeces 19,70,78,143,145,148,150,155-156,214 -, pig 78 -, rat 78

famciclovir 181, 2°9, 224 famotidine 182, 209, 224 farm 68, 73, 81 farming 31,67-70,91,241

-, marine fish 70 fathead minnow 211 fattening 1,31,150,152-153,155

-, pig 31,150,152-153,155 -, poultry 31

fauna 62, 107, 112, 130, 172, 197 -, micro- 112 -, sediment dwelling 62

FDA see Federal Drug Administration Fe(III) 36

-, -EDTA complexes 36 Federal

-, Drug Administration (FDA) 2,106,125-127, 136,159,196-197,204,210, 215-216,221

-, Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) 125 FEDESA see European Federation of Anima!

Health feed additive 91, 143

-, medical 143 feeding 85 female 52, 91 fenofibrate 224-225

fenofibric acid 22, 82 ferrocin 45 fertiliser 4, 61, 68, 155 fertility, soil 112 FETAX see frog embryo teratogenesis assay

Xenopus FFDCA see Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic

Act field 15,47,67-69,81,88,109-111,115,121,

13°-131,134,136,149-150,152-153,155,171-172 filtrate 32 filtration 54,83,86,119-120,226

-, CAG 119 -, sand 87, 119

finasteride 182,195,209,224 finding of no significant impact (FONS!) 126,

204 fingernail clam 193,201 fish 14,31,67-70,72-73,81,94,115,121,124,130,

135-136,138,143,175-192,196-198,201,205, 210-212, 215, 222, 226, 233 -, acute fish test 138 -, aquarium 124 -, bioconcentration factor (BCF) 116, 215 -, cell 14 -, early life stage 134 -, embryo test 138 -, farming 31,67-70,73,81

-,marine 70 -, immune system 15

fishing net 105 fitness 72 flocculation 36

-, agents 36 flora 79, 107, 232-233

-, mammalian 232 -, micro 112, 233 -, microbial 233

florfenicol 23,144-146,154-155 flow 43-44,46-47,70,85,97,118-119,148 flow-off, analyser 44, 46-47 flumazenil 182,2°9,224 flumequine 23, 182 fluoranthene 112-113,116-117 fluoroquinolone 77, 231, 234

-, carboxylic acid 32 fluoxetine 182,195, 197, 206, 208,210, 212,223 flutamide 182 fluticasone 209, 224

-, proprionate 182 fluvoxamine 182,193

-, maleate 182,195 fly 137, 165, 171 FONSI see finding of no significant impact food 19, 26, 47, 72, 102, 106, 110, 222, 242

-, chain 19, 26, 47, 72, 102, 110, 242 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 125 forest 73 formic acid 24 France 112 freshwater 197

-, bivalve 197

frog embryo teratogenesis assay Xenopus (FETAX) 13

fugacity 242 fungi 4, 70, 73 furans 1 furazolidone 23 furosemide 21,25

G

gabapantin 182,208,223 GAC see germ-free animal characteristic gadodiamid 35 gadolinium 6, 35-37

-, complexes 35-36 -, emission, Germany 37 -, natural background concentration 36

gadopentat 35 Gambusia affinis 180, 201 gamma counter 53 gastrointestinal

-, flora 232 -, tract 31

gastropod 201 gene 231 genotoxicity 47, 112, 222 gemcitarabine 23 gemfibrozil 22, 82, 166 gentamicin 146 germ, pathogenic 33 germ-free anima! characteristic (GAC) 233-234 Germany 1,3,11-12,15,24,29,30-31,34-37,74,

82-83,123-124,131,139,165,168,205,210-212, 226,239 -, gadolinium, emission 37 -, hospital 29 -, potable water supplies 226

-, rivers 15, 210 -, STP effluent 3,15 -, surface water 36, 165, 210-212

glucose 45 glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase 46 glucuronic acid 215 glucuronidase 50, 211 glucuronide 49-50, 53, 211, 214 glycine 54, 56 glycol 55 gonadosomatic index (GSI) 191,211 goose 31 grassland 156,161,163-165,169 grazing 145,147-148,156,164,171

-, animal 145,147-148,156,164,171 Great Britain 3, 11 green algae 72,176,178-179,182-183,194-197,201 groundwater 2-5, 32, 61, 67-68, 81, 83, 88,

112-113,115,136-137,160,162-164,169,171-172, 221, 228, 239 -, contamination 239

growth 1, 4, 13, 20, 31, 62, 67-68, 73, 77, 79, 112, 129, 143, 172, 231, 234, 241-242 -, bacteria 68, 143 -, promoter 1,4-5,20,31,143,172,234241-242

Index 255

GSI see gonadosomatic index 191, 211

H

habitat 106, 110 -, modification 106

halogen 6, 37, 118 hamster 47

-, cell test 47 harlequin fish 201 hazard 12,16,30,43,46,49,77,105-106,108,117,

127, 132, 159, 243 -, identification 127, 159

health 30,35,50,88,91,105-106,108,110,112, 115-118,120-121,126,132,139,172,222,227-228, 244 -, insurance institution 35

healthcare 205 heavy metall, 6, 33, 46-47 hepatitis C 43 heptamolybdate 46 hexacyanoferrate(II) 46 HN03 52 homeostasis 51 hormone 1, 14, 49-50, 53, 56, 58, 61, 81, 91, 123, 212

-, activity 49 -, effect 14, 48

horse 143, 160, 164 -, dung 164

hospital 2,6,12,29-30,33-35,38-39,43-44,46, 68,71,132,205-206 -,effluent 30,33,35,38 -, emission

-,AOX 29 -, contrast media 29 -, disinfectant 29 -, pharmaceutical 29

-,Europe 29,34 -, Germany 29, 33-34 -, Switzerland 31

household 2, 4, 81 -, waste 4

human -, drug 19, 131, 136, 160, 165, 172 -, excretion 21 -, medicine 67, 242 -, metabolism 206, 210, 212, 214, 217 -, nervous system 198 -,oestrogen receptor 54 -, pharmaceuticals 12,26,159,175-191,

194-196,198,205,215,222 -, therapy 26 -, toxicity 39, 239

husbandry 1-2,31,77,143,152,155-156,160,234 Hyalella azteca 185,201 hybridisation, in situ 243 hydrocarbons 1, 112 hydrochloric acid 46 hydrochlorthiazide 21 hydrogen 87-88

-, peroxide 87 hydrolysis 69, 78, 215

256 Index

hydrophilie 164, 171, 215 hydrophobie 32, 112

-, ion 32 hydrophobicity 111, 216, 241 hydroxide 46 hygiene 6, 39, 55, 239 hypertrophy 52 hyphe length, mould 73 hypoehlorite 6, 38, 46

see iodine ibuprofen 13,22-23,25,81-87,101,166,169-170,

182, 213, 224-225 IC 30,32 Ictalurus punctatus 176-177,181,184,201 ifosfamide 24,30,167-169,227 IgA 15 IgM 15 IKSR see Int. Commission for the Proteetion of

the River Rhine illness 91 imidazolaeetate 45 immobilisation 13, 15 immune system 14-15

-, fish 15 -, modulation by pharmaeeutieal 14

immunology departments 47 immunomodulation 14 immunosuppression 14

-,earbamazepine 14 in vivo metabolie eapacity test 233 ineubation 53, 55-56, 58-61, 70 indeno-pyrene 112-113,117 index

-, biotie integrity 110 -, eco-shadow 232, 234

indieator 38, 39, 160 indomethacin 13,22,167,169-170 industry 2,77,118,123-126,131-132,134,136-137,

139,143,160,171-172,175,197-198,227,241 infeetion

-, mierobial 67, 231 -, nosoeomial 6 -, risk avoidanee 43

influx 12 infrastrueture 205 ingestion 5,30, 111, 114-116, 221-222, 227-228,

233 -, high dosage short term 5 -, lifetime 222 -, low dosage long term 5

inhalation 111 inhibition 13-14,59,71-73,129,214,231

-, proliferation 14 inhibitor 53,55, 193 inhibitory

-, eoneentration 32, 71 -, effeet 33

injeetion 24, 143, 150, 152-153, 155, 171 inorganie 46-47,53

-, acids 46 -, nutrients 53 -,salts 46-47

inseet 171, 233 instrument, disinfeetion 32 intake 5, 86, 106, 116, 119-120, 239 Int. Commission for the Protection of the River

Rhine (IKSR) 35 intrinsie pharmaeodynamie effeet 39 invertebrate 130,175,196-197,205,215

-, eeotoxicity 196 -,maero- 175,198,205

iodide 46 iodine 6, 20, 37-39, 53, 77, 94-95, 97, 126, 136-137,

145, 150, 153, 160, 162, 171, 175, 205, 215, 243 iodised X-ray eontrast media 6,37-38 ion

-, hydrophobie 32 -,organie 33

ionisation 92, 215-216 iopromide 182-183,195,197,208,223 iron 36

-, (III) salt 36 -, oxides 36

isoleucine 78 isoniazid 183, 208, 223 Italy I, 19-21, 101

-, pharmaeeutieals -, deteetion 19 -, environmentalloads 19

ivermeetin 20, 23, 25, 94, 125, 130, 137, 164-165, 171

J

juvenile 15, 193

K

ketorolae tromethamine 183 killer-eell

-, natural aetivity 15 kitehen, wastewater 37 Kow see oetanollwater partition eoefficient

L

laboratory 23,30,37,43-44,47,61,69-71,84, 86-88, 110, 119, 128-130, 134, 136, 152, 155, 171, 203,226,240 -, effluent 37 -, wastewater 43

laetulose 233 -, test 233

lake 22, 24-25, 101 -, trout 73

land 114,132,145, 150, 153, 155 -, arable, nitrogen applieation 150

landfill 4-5, 30, 68, 117 lansoprazole 183, 209, 224 larvae 171 LAS see alkylbenzenesulfonate

L-asparagine 78 LCso 109,112,128,130,176-190,193,196 LDso 112 leaching 93,148,153,156,163-164,171 Lebistes reticulatus 73 Lee River 165, 168 legislation 2

Lepomis macrochirus 176-177,180-188,201 lethality 198, 213 level

-, safe 105,112-113,117 -, threshold 105, 117

life 5,26,38,52,70,72,77-78,84,88,91,95,110, 120, 148, 150, 155, 161, 169, 210, 213, 215, 227, 232 -, cyde 52, 110, 161, 169

lifetime 114-116,221-222,227-228 -, risk dose 114-116

lincomycin 21,25,144-146,154-155,183 lipid 1, 3, 13, 82-83, 243

-, lowering agent 1-3,243 -, regulator 13, 82

lipophilicity 155-156,214 lisinopril 20-21 L-isoleucine 78 lithium 46, 183, 208, 223

-, hydroxide 46 -, picrate 46 -, salt 208, 223 -, sulfate 183

liver 114, 164 -, flukes 164

lixiviation 117 LOD 210 LOAEC see lowest observed adverse effect

concentration LOEC 197, 211 Lombardy (Italy) 101 lomefloxacin 183 195 loracarbef 183,195 losartan K 183-184,195,209,224 lowest observed adversed effect concentration

(LOAEC) 112

luminescence 71 Lymnaea stagnalis 195,201 lysimeter 30, 164, 171

M

MAA see marketing authorisation applications MAC see microflora-associated characteristic macro-invertebrates 175,198,205 magnesium 46, 70

-, acetate 46 -, sulfate 46

magnetic 36 -, moment 35 -, resonance imaging (MRI) 35

male 222 -,oestrogen 222

-, endogenous production 222 mammal 12,14-15,79,115,196,214-215,221,227,

232-233

Index 257

-, flora 232 -, metabolism 12,214-215 -, studies 14 -, toxicity 196

man 19, 26, 114 manure 1,4-5,32,67,132-133,136-137,145,147,

149-150,152,155-156,161 -, liquid 4,32, 132 -, load 155 -, spreading 147, 149 -,tank 150,152,155

marine 70, 132 -, diatom 201 -, fish farming 70 -, water 70, 132

marketing authorisation applications (MAA) 204

MATC see maximum acceptable toxicant concentration

maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) 112

maximum measured environmental concentration (MEC) 210, 212-213

meat 32, 84, 114, 222 -, extract 84 -, processing 32

mebendazole 167 MEC see maximum measured environmental

eoneentration meehanism 85, 97, 134, 216-217, 233 medieation 4,19,29,143,153,155,239,241 medroxyprogesteronaeetate 167 membrane 19, 36, 111, 214

-, biologieal 19, 214 -, penetration 214

menopause 226 meprobamate 24, 167 merbromin 34 mereuroehrom 34 mereurophyllin 34 mereury 6, 34-35, 92

-, eoneentration 34 -, emission 35 -, remobilisation, amalgam separators 35

merthiolate 184 mesoeosm, studies 110 metabolie 20-21,31, 86, 216, 233

-, bone disease 176,181,190,193-196 -, rate 31

metabolisation 1,4,12,49,131,153,211,215-216 metabolism 12, 131, 206-207, 210-212, 214-217,

241 -, human 206, 210, 212, 214, 217 -, mammalian 12, 214-215 -, organism 241

metabolite 1,12-14,19,26,49,61,67,69,79,81, 83-84,87-88,93,101,111,131-133,136-138, 143-145,162,164,170,211,214-215,217,221, 228, 231, 241

metall, 6, 46-47 meta-model 164 metformin 184, 208, 223

258 Index

methanol 24 method, group contribution 207, 210 methomyl 162, 170 methotrexate 25,184, 213, 224-225 methyl 45

-, mercury, toxicity 35 -, -dopa 24, 167

methylation 120 metoprolol 13, 82 metronidazole 24,167-168,184,195,208,223 MICso see semi-maximum inhibitory

concentration mice 78 microbes 231-234,243 microbial 13,29,56,61-62,67,71,73,79,86,211,

214, 217, 231-234 -, colonisation 232 -, community 52, 56, 61, 71, 73, 86, 231 -, degradation 62, 69 -, ecosystem 231 -, flora 233 -, growth inhibition test 13 -, infection 67, 231 -, population 71

microcosm 136-137 -, test 137

Microcystis aeruginosa 72,186,196 microfauna 113 microflora 112-113,233

-, -associated characteristic (MAC) 233-234 -, soil 112-113

microorganism 54, 58-59, 62, 69, 77, 79, 121, 231- 243 -, oligotrophie 54 -, soil 231

micropollutant 52, 60 midazolam 194, 196, 209, 224 milrinone 209,224

-, lactate 184 mineral 52,53-54,56,58,60,62,132,161

-, drinking water 52, 60, 62 -, water 54

mineralisation 69, 155 minnow 197, 211

-, Fathead 211 -, Pimephales promelas 176-177,179,181-183,

185-190,195,201,211 -, reproduction 197

minocyclin 167 mitoxantron 23, 30 model

-, contamination 107 -, dissemination 112 -, effect 107 -, equilibrium criterion (EQC) 93-94 -, exposure 107,159-160,172 -, FOCAS 92 -, meta- 164 -, PEARL 163 -, PEST LA 163-164 -, QWASI 92,101 -, regional 97, 101

-, ChemCAN 92, 97 -, sewage purification system 71 -, site specific 92,101-102 -, SoilFug 92,101 -, water compartment 101

moexipril 184 moexiprilat 185 moisture 161,164

-, soil 161 mollusc 201 monesin 23 monitoring 25, 43, 56, 91, 120, 128, 131, 172, 211 morbidity 110 Morone saxatilis 176,185-186,189,201 mortality 72, 110

-, nauplii 72 Moselle River 118-120 mosquito fish 201 mould 73,78

-, hyphe length 73 MRI see magnetic resonance imaging MRM see multiple reaction monitoring multiple

-, reaction monitoring (MRM) 25 -, species bioassay 110

municipal 29, 33, 35-36, 38, 52, 58, 85, 93 -, sewage 29, 36, 85, 93 -, sewage treatment plant 29, 93 -, wastewater 30,35,38,52

mutagenesis 118 mutagenic 6, 44, 46-47, 134, 240, 243

-, effect 44, 47, 134, 243 mutagenicity 44, 47-48

-, test (Ames test) 119

N

N-(2-acetamido)-imino-diacetic acid 46 NaCI 53,55 NaOH 53 naphthalene 132

-,oil 132 naproxen 13, 24, 167, 208, 213, 223

-, sodium 185 nauplii 72 NDA see New Drug Actives or see New Drug

Applications nefazodone 185,208,223 neomycin 144-146,154,176,208,224 Neomyia cornicia 171

New Drug Actives (NDA) 196, 205 New Drug Applications (NDA) 196, 205 nicotine 185,196-197

-, amide 167 -, sulfate 185

nisoldipine 185 nitrification 53,55,59-60,62,71-72

-, bacteria 72 -, inhibitor 53, 55 -, sludge 55, 59-60, 62

nitrifiers 59 nitrofurazone 185

nitrogen 56,79,149-150,152,155,243 -, application, arable land 150 -, cycling 243

nitromersol 34 Nitzschia closterium 189,201 NOAEC see no observed adverse effect

concentration NOAEL see no observed adverse effect level NOEC see no observed effect concentration NOEL see no observed effect level no observed adverse effect concentration

(NOAEC) 112

no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) 227 no observed effect concentration (NOEC) 112,

129, 134, 138, 197, 212 no-effect exposure level (NOEL) 109 non specific bound 53 norethindron 167

-, acetate 167 norethisterone 22-23,167,169-170,224-225 norethynodrel 167 norfloxacin 30 norm 55 North America 241 North Sea 81, 85 NSAIDs see analgesie NSB see non specific bound nutrient 31, 85, 105, 110, 145, 232

-, cycling 110 -, gradient 85 -, inorganic 53 -, uptake 31

o occupational exposure limit (OEL) 227 occurrence, antibiotics, environment 67 octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow) 20, 49,

91, 93, 143, 149, 161, 214-216 OEL see occupational exposure limit oestradiol 49, 50, 52-53, 57-59, 63, 167, 169, 211 oestriol 53,167,169 oestrogen 14-15,49,50,52,54,56-57,61-63,

180-181,194-195,197-198,211,214,222,226 -, activity 54, 57 -, effect 15 -, endogenous production, male 222 -, natural endogenous 49 -, pharmaceutical 52 -, receptor, human 54 -, receptor bin ding 14 -, synthetic 49,52,61-62

oestrogenicity 212 oestrone 53, 62, 211 oestrone-3-glucuronide 53 oestrone-sulfate 53 OH-radical, production 87 oil 132 omeprazol 185,208,223 oncology 227 Oncorhynchus mykiss 176-177,180-185,187-189,

191,194-195,197,201,211

ondansetron 185 organ 52, 106 organic

-, acids 46

Index 259

-, carbon 55, 60-61, 101, 118, 149, 163 -, compounds, brominated 38 -, iodised X-ray contrast media 6 -, ion 33 -, matter 71-73,88,118-119

-, degradation 71-73,118 organism

-, aquatic 13,15,196-197,215 -, exotic 105-106 -, genetically engineered 105 -, higher 4 -, macro 232-233 -, metabolism 241 -, micro- 54, 58-59, 62, 69, 77, 79, 121,

231-233, 243 -, oligotrophie 54

-, pharmaceuticals, effect 13 organohalogen 120 orphenadrine 208, 223 OTC see sold over the counter products 12, 205 outflow 133, 136 owl 106 oxidant 87-88 oxidation 35,62,78,87,215 oxolinic acid 14 oxygen 53 oxytetracycline 20,23,25,144-146,154,161,164,

167-168,185-186,196,206-208,210,212-213, 223 -, HCI 161,185-186

ozonation 87, 119, 226 ozone 87-88, 118

p

paclitaxel 186,196,209,224 PAH see polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Panaeus setiferus 201

paper mill, effluent 118-119 paracetamol 23,131,167-168,186,206-208,210,

212,214,222-223,226-228 Paracetamol Information Centre 205 parasiticide 91 paroxetine 186, 208, 223 parrot 124 parturition 193 pasture 114, 132, 145 pathogen 106 pathogenic 6, 33, 242

-, bacteria 6 -, germs 33

PCB 14 PDF see probability-density function PEC see predicted environmental concentration pellets 53 penethamate 144-146,154-155 penetration 214

-, biological membranes 214

260 Index

penicillin 2, 23, 25, 31, 77, 226, 231 -, -binding proteins 231 -, G 77,145 -, V 77,222

pentobarbital 24,186 pentoxyverine 167 peptide 78 peptone 84 percolation water 30 perindopril 209, 224

-, erbumine 186 permeability 111

Penaeus setiferus 179, 185, 188 peroxidase 46 peroxide 87,88 pesticide 1, 2, 106, 109, 125, 127-129, 134, 163,

164, 171, 175, 239, 244 -, application 106

pet 31-32,124,137 pH 54,55,93, 152, 162, 170, 215-216 phagocytosis 15 pharmaceutical

-, aquatic organisms 13 -, biodegradability 29 -, degradation 85 -, detection, Italy 19 -, effect

-, ecosystem 13 -, organism 13

-, emission, hospital 29 -, environmentalloads, Italy 19 -, human 12,26,159,175-191,194-196,198,

205, 215, 222 -, immune system, modulation 14 -, veterinary 4, 12, 123

pharmacokinetics 20,144-145,148,150,153 pharmacology 20-21, 23-25, 78, 214-216, 227 pharmacy 139,205 phenazone 182,225-226 phenobarbital 187, 208, 223 phenol 45 phenoxymethylpenicillin see penicillin V phenylpropanolamine 167, 169 phosphate 46, 55 phosphorus 149, 155 photobacteria 44-45

-, test 44-45 photochemical 32,69-70

-, degradation 32, 69-70 -, reaction 69

photodecomposition 69 photodegradability 69, 210 photodegradation 67, 69, 210, 216 phototaxis, Daphnia magna 72 Physa spp. 180, 201 physicochemical degradation 56, 62 pig 31,78,131,143,147,150,152-153,155

-, breeding 31 -, faeces 78 -, fattening 31

piglet, urine 78 pigmentation 72

pigments 1

Pimephales promelas 176-177, 179, 181-183, 185-190,195,201,211

pipeline 241 pK. 20, 91, 93, 215, 216 plant 1,3, 6, 11-12, 15, 29, 50, 52, 55, 59, 61, 67, 69,

81,83-85,87,93,101,106,112-115,118-120, 131-133,136,159,172

plasma 49, 148, 191, 211, 215 -, vitellogenin 191, 211

platinum 6,30,33-34 -, emission 34

PNEC see predicted no-effect concentration poisoning, secondary 135 politics 120, 126, 244 pollutant 19, 46, 48, 73, 88, 120

-, micro- 52, 60 pollution 37-38, 43-44, 47, 68, 108, 118, 121 polyamine 243 polycydic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) 1,

112-117 polymorphism 239 polypetide 78 pond snail 201 population 30,36,50,71-72,106,109-111,

133-134,171-172,205,212,227 -, density 36 -, dynamic 171 -, microbial 71

porewater 162, 171 postchlorination 119 potable water, supply 222, 226

-, Germany 226 -, UK 226

potassium 46 -, hexacyanoferrate(II) 46 -, iodide 46 -, sodium tartrate 46

potential of trihalomethane formation (pTHM) 119

poultry 31-32, 143 -, breeding 31 -, fattening 31 -, processing 32

POX 119 prechlorination 119-120 predicted environmental concentration (PEC)

61,125-131,133,135,137-138,143,145,147-150, 153-156, 160-165, 168-169, 171, 203-204, 206-207, 210-212, 214, 217, 226 -, PEC/PNEC ratio 127-131,135,203,207,

210-212, 217 predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) 127-131,

133-135,198,203-204,206-207,210-213, 217 pregnanediol 167 preservative 6, 44-45, 47-48 primary production 110 primidone 87 probability-density function (PDF) 111

product identification 160 progesteron 167 proliferation 14, 52

-, inhibition 14 propanolol 13, 82 propranolol 187, 206, 208,212-213, 223 propyphenazone 225-226 prostate 15

-, weight 15 protein 231

-, penicillin-binding 231 -, evolution 231

Pseudomonas putida 35, 129 -, inhibitory test 35

psyeholeptie 12 publie 35 purifieation 24,30, 32, 67-68, 71 pyrene 112,114-116

Q

QAC see quaternary ammonia eompound QSAR see quantitative strueture-aetivity

relationship QSPR see quantitative strueture-property

relationship quantitative strueture-aetivity relationship

(QSAR) 110, 137, 161, 171 quantitative strueture-property relationship

(QSPR) 93 quaternary ammonium

-, compound (QAC) 32,33 -, salt 46

quinaerine 187-188 quinidine 188,208,223

-, sulfate 188 quinine 188,208,233

-, sulfate 188 quinolone 2,144-146,152,154,234,242-243 quinone 243

R

rabbit 78 radical 87 radioaetive 132

-,marker 242 radioaetivity 53 radioimmuno assay (RIA) 53, 56, 58, 60 radiology 38

-, department 38 -, surgery 39

rainbow trout 191, 197, 211 ranitidine 20-21,25,188,208,223 Rasbora heteromorpha 179, 190, 201 rat 15,78

-, faeees 78 -, urine 78

rate 20, 31, 56, 61, 70, 72, 79, 93-94, 110, 143, 152-156,160,164,227,232,241 -, exeretion 20, 31, 143, 155, 241 -, hatehing, Artemia sp. eysts 72 -, input 94 -, metabolie 31 -, output 94

raw water 83,86,119-120,226 -, storage reservoir 226

reaetion, allergie 172, 222 reaetor 84-88 reagent 6, 43-47, 52 reealcitranee 216 reeeptor 14, 19, 54, 106, 111, 231 redox potential 162, 171

Index 261

registration 2-3, 14, 77, 109, 123-127, 139, 159, 163-164,171,244 -, pharmaeeutieal 14

remediation 62 remobilisation, mereury 35 reproduetion 51, 72, 115,197 reptile 233 reservoir 226 resistanee 6,29,31-33,62,71,77,97,118,121,138,

172,231-232,234,240,242-244 -, baeteria 6, 29, 32, 240, 243

resouree 49, 106-107, 110, 138 respiration 115 restrietion 3, 46, 116, 133, 241 retention 12 Rhizobium trifolii 79 RIA see radioimmuno assay rinsing 43, 52 risk 3,5,12-14,16,19,26,30,43,47-48,52,71,

74,91,101,105-1°9,111-118,120-121,123-124, 126-132,135,137-139,159-160,172,175,196-198, 2°3-206,208,210-212,214,216,221-222,227,

239-240, 243-244 -, assessment 12-14,16,19,74,91,101,

105-109,111-116,118,120-121, 123-124, 126-128,130,138-139,159-160,172,175, 196-198,203-204,206,208,212-214,216, 221, 227, 243-244 -, eeological 107, 121 -, environmental 107 -, organic xenobioties 105

-, characterisation -,aquatie 205

-, management 108,127,135,138,159,244 risperidone 188,196, 209, 224 river 11-12,15,22,24-25,35-36,83,87-88,101,

118-120,165,168,210-211,227 -, bank filtration 32,83,86 -, -bed 61 -, Germany 15, 210 -, Lee 165, 168 -, Moselle 118-120 -, Rhine 35 -, water 12, 83, 87-88, 119

roaeh 191, 194,201, 211 road, runoff 112 robustness 86 rodent 13 roxithromyein 13, 82 runoff 4, 43, 67-68, 81, 93, 101, 112, 125, 132, 137

-, analyser 43 -, road 112 -, soil 4,67

Rutilus rutilus 191, 194,201,211

262 Index

5 -, sludge 4,29,36,86,93,97,101,112,114-115,

Saccharomyces cerevisiae 54 safety data sheet 44, 46, 240 salicylic acid 11-12,128,167-169,188,195,197,

214 salmeterol 188, 209, 224 Salmo

-, gairdneri 73 -, trutta 181,184,187-189

salt 36, 46-47, 85, 190 -, inorganie 46-47 -, organie 46-47 -, toxie 190

Salvelinus -,fontinalis 176-177,181,184,187-189,201 -, namaycush 73,176-177,181,184,187-189

sand 78, 87, 119, 172 -, filtration 87, 119

sanitary 30 SAR see structure-activity relationship S-butyrylthiochloniodide 46 Scandinavia 241, 244 scatophaga 165, 171 Scatophaga stercoraria 165, 171 scavenging 87 Scenedesmus subspicatus 180,184,186,188,201 SDS see sodium dodecylsulfate sea 22,24-25,69-70

-, water 24,69-70 secobarbital 188 secretion 50, 61 sedative 6, 91, 243 sediment 5,24-26,32,62,67-69,72-73,77,

93-94,97,101-102,105,132-134,2°3,216,242 -,suspended 94,105

sedimentation 119 selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI)

193 Selenastrum capricornutum 72,195-196 self-cleaning capacity 30, 32 semi-maximum inhibitory concentration (MIeso)

31

sensitivity -, interspecies 52 -, intraspecies 52

separator, amalgam 35 serotonin 193 serum 43,53 settling 84, 124 sewage 1,3-6,11-12,15,29,31-32,34-38,44,

46-47, 49-50, 52, 67-69, 71, 81, 83-85, 88, 93, 97, 101, 112, 114-115, 132-133, 172, 205, 207, 210-211, 216, 226, 242 -, antibiotic 6, 32 -, communal system 46 -, effluent 11-12,50,52,83,205,207,210-211,

226 -, UK 211

-, public system 34-35 -, purification 68, 71

-,model 71

242 -, treatment

-, effluent 11 -, outflow 133

-, treatment plant (STP) 1- 3,6,11-13,15, 29, 31, 33, 36, 39, 52, 67, 69, 81, 83, 93, 128, 165, 168, 172 -, aeration tank 29 -, Big Blue River 11 -, effluent 3, 15, 81 -, municipal 29, 93 -, retention 12 -, simulation 31

-, treatment systems (STS) 84 -, water

-, raw 11-12 -, treated 11

sewage purification system, model 71 sewer 33,43 shaker 54 sheep 143,160-161,164

-, castrate 161 shrimp 201 siekness 111 simethieone 188 simulation 31,32,69,84,92-95,97,101-102,109,

119,133 skeleton, deformation 73 Ske/etonema costatum 182

skin 32,34 -, disinfectant 34 -, disinfection 32

sludge 4,29,31-32,34-36,50,52-53,55,58-59, 60-62,67,84,86,93,97,101,11-118,210-211, 242 -, activated 29, 31-32, 50, 52-53, 58-59, 62,

84, 86, 210-211 -, adapted 32 -, non-adapted 32 -, Zahn-Wellens test 54

-, contamination 34 -, nitrifying 55, 59-60, 62 -, reconditioning 32 -, urban 112

slurry, transformation rate (DT 50) 160 sobrerol 21,25 sodium 6,38, 46

-, dodecylsulfate (SDS) 33 -, hydroxide 46 -, hypochlorite 6, 38, 46 -, nitrite 45

soil 1,4-6,24-25,32,61,67-70,73,78-79, 93-94,97,101,107-109,111-117,125-126, 130-133,136-137,145,147-150,152-156, 160-164,169-172, 203,216,234,239,242 -, amendment with manure 145,147,150,152 -, antibiotic 70, 73

-, concentration 150, 153 -, arable, sandy 172 -, bacteria, community 234 -, chemieal runoff 101

-, compartment 93, 137, 145, 147, 153, 155, 169 -, fertility 112 -, microflora 112-113,115 -, microorganisms 115,231 -, moistened 161 -, particles 70, 242 -, passage 32 -, runoff 4, 67 -, transformation rate (DT 50) 160

sold over the counter (OTC) products 12,205 solubility 20,49,54-55,58-59,61,73,91-92,111,

132, 143, 156, 163, 214, 216, 241 -, in water 91

solution 45-46, 52-55, 58-59, 62, 87, 118, 244 solvent 24,37, 54-55 sorption 31, 49, 56, 61, 112, 160, 171, 204, 206

-, capacity (Kocl 49,93,136,160-161, 163-164, 169, 171

-, potential 49, 56, 61 SOS chromotest 47 Southern Europe 241 sow 161 species, aquatic 14,116,115 spectinomycin 144-146,154-155 sperm 15 spermatogenesis 191, 211

-, rainbow trout 191 -, roach 191

Sphaerium striatinum 201

spiramycin 144-146,154 spirapril 188 spironolacton 167, 170 springtail 73 SRS see structurally related substance SSRI see selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor stabiliser 44, 47-48 stability constant 36 standardisation 16, 54, 58, 61, 109, 117, 130, 132,

134, 136, 172, 240 stavudine 188 stercoraria 165, 171 steroid 49, 56, 62, 211, 214, 226 storage 3-4,53, 78, 145, 147, 150, 152, 155, 2°3, 226

-, time 150, 155-156 STP see sewage treatment plant stratification 85 Streptocephalus proboscideus 176-179, 183,

185-190,201 streptomycin 23 stressor 105-107,110-112,117

-, multiple 110 striped bass 201 structurally related substance (SRS) 215 structure-activity relationship (SAR) 110 STS see sewage treatment system sulfadiazine 23,144-146,154-155 sulfadimethoxine 188-189 sulfadoxine 144-146,154 sulfamerazine 189 sulfamethazine 189, 213 sulfamethoxazine 167 sulfamethoxazol 13, 22, 82

sulfapyrazole 144-146,154 sulfasalazine 167, 169 sulfatase 214 sulfate

-, conjugates 214 -, reducing bacteria 73

sulfatroxazole 144-146,154 sulfisoxazole 189 sulfonamides 25,143-146,152-155 sumatriptan 189, 208, 223

-, succinate 189

Index 263

sunlight exposure, seasonal changes 32 supernatant 53 surface water 2-3, 29, 32, 35, 47, 53-54, 61, 71,

81-83,86,101,132,137,156,165,168,172,203, 210, 212, 215-216, 226 -, antibiotic 32 -, dilution of effluent 206-207, 210, 212, 217 -, Germany 36, 165, 210-212 -, self-cleaning capacity 32

surfactant, anionic -, LAS 31-32 -, SDS 33

surgery 35,38-39 Swann report 76 Sweden 50, 205, 244 Switzerland 31

-, hospital 31 -, STP 31

system -, androgenic 14 -, oestrogenic 14

T

tank 6, 29, 55, 70, 72, 150, 152, 155, 156 tap water 30, 39 tartrate 46 taxa 190-192,196-198 taxol 3 Taxus brevifolia 125

Technical Guidance Document (TGD) 125, 127-130, 134-135, 138

TEF see toxicity equivalent factor temperature 54, 69, 70, 93, 101, 148, 152, 155,

161-163, 171, 234 teratogenesis 13 teratogenicity 15 test

-, 48 hour immobilisation, Daphnia magna 13 -, acute toxicity, Daphnia magna 13 -, bile acid deconjugation 233 -, bio degradation 83 -, bioluminescence inhibition 71 -, cell growth inhibition, chronic 129 -, chronic toxicity, Daphnia magna 13 -, Closed Bottle (OECD 301D) 84 -, Daphnia (GD) 44-45 -, ecotoxicology 13

-, non-standard 14 -, standard 14, 16

-, embryotoxicity 13,15

264 Index

-, amphibian 15 -, zebrafish 13, 15

-, fish embryo 138 -, growth inhibition, microbial 13 -, hamster cell 47 -, in vivo metabolic capacity 233 -, lactulose 233 -, microcosm 137 -, multi -species 138 -, mutagenicity (Ames test) 119 -, NOEC 134 -, photobacteria 44-45 -, Pseudomonas putida inhibitory 35 -,reagent 43,44,46-47 -, single-species 137 -, SOS chromo- 47 -, standard 14 -, toxicity 13-14,72 -, urea breath 233 -, Zahn-Wellens (OECD 302B) 47, 54,58-59,

61,84,242 testosterone 167 tetracycline 22,24,31,144,146,152,154-155,161,

164,167-168,189,208,213,223,210 TGD see Technical Guidance Document THM see trihalomethane the Netherlands 50,123,159-161,163-165,

168-169,171,205,226 theobromine 23,167,170 theophylline 23,128,167, 189, 208, 213, 223 therapy 5, 20, 26, 31, 43, 215 thiazoline 78 thiomersal 34 thiopental 189 thioridazine 189-190,207-208,212,215,223 thiotepa 189, 209, 224 thiourea 55 Third World Countries 241 threshold 3,30,57,61,84,105-106,117,175,196,

205, 214, 222, 22h 240 -, dose 227

tiamulin 143-146,154-155 tiludronate disodium 190,196 tinidazole 167 tissue 106, 133, 215-216 TOC see total organic carbon tolazoline 190 tolbutamide 24, 167 topsoil 32, 148, 153 total organic carbon (TOC) 55,119-120 toxicant 59, 112 toxicity 6,13-15,20-21,35,39,55,59,71-73,78,

82,105,110,116-117,121,130-131,136,138, 196- 197,214,227,239-240 -, acute

-,human 239 -, oral 78 -, toxicity test 72

-, bacteria 6, 35 -, bioassays 110, 117 -,carbamazepine 15 -, chronic 197

-, environmental 20-21 -, equivalent factor (TEF) 14 -, human 39, 239 -, mammalian 196 -, methyl mercury 35 -, test 13-14, 72

toxicology 15, 26, 62, 83, 121 -, aquatic 121 -, environmental 15 -, terrestrial 121

toxics 105 toxins 110 tracer 53, 132 tramadol 190,208,223 tranquillizer 91 transformation rate (DT 50) 160-162, 164, 169, 171

-, slurry 160 -, soil 160

treosulfan 23 tribromine hydroxy-benzoic acid 45-46 trichlorfon 162, 170 triethanolamine 45 triglyceride 45 trihalomethane (THM) 118-119 trimethoprim 13,23,82,145-146,154-155 triolein 46 tripartite 126 tris buffer 45 tumour 114 turbidity 32,54 turkey 162, 169 tylosin 23,144,146,154

u United Kingdom (UK) 54,124-125,131,136,165,

205-206, 208-209, 211, 221, 226 -, potable water supply 226 -, sewage effluent 211

United States (US) 1-2,11,50,53,93,106-109, 123, 125-127,130,136,159,196,205,221

uptake 31, 52, 58-60, 62, 116, 193 urban 38, 52, 112, 128

-, sludge 112 urea 84,233 uric acid 45-46 urination 153-154 urine 30,37,43,49,78,143,145,148,150,

152-153, 155, 156, 214-215 -, piglets 78 -, rats 78

US see United States USA see Uni ted States usage 77, 143, 205, 212, 216, 221, 232, 234, 240-241

v vapour 91-92,94,111,132,163

-, pressure 91-92,94,111,132,163 vegetable 26, 114, 116, 222 verapamil 190,208,223 vertebrate 198, 215

veterinary 1.3-4.12.19-21.31.67.77.88.123-126. 130-134.136-139.143.150.152.155-156.159-160. 164-165.169.171-172.239.242 -. antibiotics 137.143.150.152.155-156.169 -. medicine 1. 3-4. 67. 77. 88. 239. 242 -. pharmaceuticals 4. 12. 123

Veterinary International Co-operation on Harmonisation (VICH) 126

Veterinary Medicine Directorate (VMD) 125 Vibrio fischeri 71 VICH see Veterinary International

Co-operation on Harmonisation vitellogenin 14. 130. 191. 211. 226 volatilisation 204. 206-207. 216 volatility 55. 241 volcanoe 234 vulnerability 110. 164. 171-172

w warfarin 190.208.224 washing 24. 32. 43 waste 3-4. 43. 47. 81. 101. 106. 117-118. 124. 204

-. chemical 47 wastewater 1-2.29-35.37-38.43-44.46-48.50.

52. 55. 59. 61. 67-68. 71. 81. 83-84. 86. 88. 101. 112. 118. 120-121. 131-133. 136-137. 205. 207. 210-212. 214. 217. 221. 226. 228. 239 -. communal 68 -. kitchens 37 -. laundries 37 -. purification process 32 -. treatment plant (WWTP) 50. 59. 61. 136

-. municipal 52 water

-. compartment models 101

-. consumption 44. 205 -. depth 32 -. hazard classes 46 -. quality 222 -. shading 32 -. solubility 49. 92. 132. 163

white shrimp 201 women 49. 211

Index 265

WWTP see wastewater treatment plant

x X-ray. contrast media 2

-. iodised 6. 37. 38 xenobiotic 14.105.107.111-112.114-115.215 Xenopus laevis 13

y

yeast 54 yeast screen (YES) 54. 60 YES see yeast screen yewtree 3 yield 210-212. 214. 226

z Zalm-Wellens

-. method 58 -. test (OECD 302B) 47.54.58-59.61.84.242

zalcitabine 190.209.224 ZB see zinc bacitracin zebrafish 13.15.201

-. embryotoxicity test 13.15 zinc bacitracin (ZB) 77-79

-. radiolabelIed 78