Index

Italic page numbers indicate figures and tables.

ABA. See Abscisic acid ABA-deficient (aba) mutant, 297 ABA-insensitive (abO mutant, 47,

294,297 ABC model, homeotic genes,

175-177 aberrant lateral root formation (alf)

mutant, 127-128 aberrant testa shape (ats) mutant,

217,219 ABI gene, 47 Abscisic acid (ABA), 14, 21-22

and bud dormancy, 302 and GA, 21-22 and heterophylly, 89 as stress hormone, 47, 296 in seed desiccation and

dormancy, 296-297 in seedling growth, 46-47

Abscission, 99-100 Acalypha indica, 252 Achene, 281, 300 Aconitum vulparia, 224 Actin, 195, 200, 209, 242, 265,

267, 316. See also Microfilaments

Actinomycetes, 132, 133 Actinomycin D, 10, 14 Actomyosin, 206 afila (af) gene and mutant, 86

AG gene, 176, 177, 179, 180-182, 182

agamous (ag) mutant, 175-179, 177,178

Agapanthus umbellatus, 210 AG/DEF gene, 181 Agrobacterium, 201 Agrobacterium rhizogenes, 323,

333,333-334 Agrobacterium tumefaciens, 267,

323,326-330,328,332 aintegumenta (ant) mutant, 217,

219,225 Albumins, 273 Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH),

174, 198, 199, 201 Aleurone cells

a-amylase synthesis by, 17-21 endosperm differentiation

into,252-254,253 Aleurone grains, 272 Aleurone layer, 17, 21 Alfalfa. See Medicago sativa Allergens, 188, 195, 200 Alnus, 132 Alnus glutinosa, 132 altered meristem program (amp)

mutant, 46, 62 Altered polysaccharide

composition (PSCA) locus, 327

a-Amanitin, 11, 15, 16 Amaranthus retroflexus, 300 Amaryllis belladonna, 209 Ambrosia sp. (ragweed),200 ameiotic 1 (am1) mutant, 221 ameiotic 1-prophase I arrest (am1-

pra!) mutant, 221 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-

carboxylic acid (ACC), 44, 288

Aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG),122

AMP gene,46 a-Amylase, 17-19,20-22 p-Amylase, 39 a-Amylase genes, 18-19 Amyloplasts, 26-28 Ananas comosus (pineapple), 280 anantha (an) mutant, 151, 163 Angiosperms

development, 1-3 flower, 169 leaf primordia, 79 shoot apex, 58 submerged, 89

ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN) gene, 92 Anion channels, 39 Anneau initial, 60, 61 ANT gene, 217-218, 226 Anther

culture, 310, 316-320

]]9

340

differentiation, 187-194 development, early, 188 gene expression in, 187-190 structure, 186 wall layers, 187

anther ear (anl) mutant, 45 Anthocyanins, 93, 283 Antipodals, 221, 222, 224, 225 Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon)

centroradialis (cen) gene and mutant, 151

cyc mutant, 179 CYCLOIDEA (CYC) gene, 47,

180 DEF gene, 179, 180, 181, 182 deficiens (def) mutant, 179 DICHOTOMA (DICH) gene,

180 fimbriata (fim) mutant, 151 floricaula (flo) gene and

mutant, 150 flower-meristem-identity

genes, 149-152 GLO gene, 179, 181 globosa (glo) mutant, 179 homeotic mutations in, 178-

181 ovulata (ovu) mutant, 179 phantastica (phan) gene and

mutant, 83 plena (pIe) gene and mutant,

179 pollen tube attractant in, 233 sepaloidea (sep) mutant, 179 squamosa (squa) mutant, 151

AP genes, 151, 164, 172, 175-178, 181

apetala mutants, 151, 175-179, 177,178

Apical dominance, 47-48 Apical hook, 32, 43-45, 44 Apical meristem, root

autonomy, 110-111 cell divisions, 113--115 growth and development,

106-115 pattern formation, 111-113,

116-119 Apical meristem, shoot

analysis of, 58-65 autonomy, 65-66 cell fates, 66-68, 146, 149 competence to flower, 146-149 differentiation during

embryogenesis, 255-259

in embryo-pattern mutants, 269,270

Apium graveolens (celery), 159 Apomicts, 253 Apomixis, 222 Apoptosis (programmed cell

death), 69, 256 Apple. See Malus domestica Aquilegia formosa, 170, 171 Arabidopsis

ABA-deficient (aba) mutant, 297 ABA-insensitive (abi) mutant,

47,294,297 aberrant lateral root formation

(alf) mutant, 127-128 aberrant testa shape (ats)

mutant, 217 ablation of floral organs, 171,

172 AG gene, 176, 177, 179, 180-

182,182 agamous (ag) mutant, 175-179,

177,178 aintegumenta (ant) mutant, 217,

219,225 altered meristem program (amp)

mutant, 46, 62 AMP gene, 46 ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN) gene,

92 ANT gene, 226 AP genes, 151, 164, 172, 175-

178, 181 apetala (ap) mutants, 151, 175-

179, 177, 178 Arabidopsis thaliana meristem

L1 layer (ATMLl) gene, 258, 259

ARGONAUTE (AGO) gene, 83 auxin-resistance (axr) mutants,

42, 124 auxin-resistant (aux) gene and

mutants, 27, 42 AXR genes, 42, 125 BELl gene, 217, 218, 226 bell (bell) mutant, 217, 218,

225,234 bioI, bi02 mutants, 268-269 CAB underexpressed (cue) gene

and mutants, 96 CAL gene, 178 can of worms (cow) mutant, 124 CAPRICE (CPC) gene, 124, 125 cauliflower (cal) mutant, 151 cell lineage studies, 67-68

Index

CERI gene, 230 clavata (clv) mutants, 62, 152,

178 CLV gene, 63, 152, 178 CO gene, 154, 155 cobra (cob) mutant, 114, 115 conditional root expansion (core)

mutants, 114 cons tans (co) mutant, 154 constitutive photomorphogenic

(cop) mutants, 36-38, 37, 95 constitutive photomorphogenesis

and dwarfism (cpd) mutants, 36,37

constitutive triple response (ctr) mutant, 44, 122

COP genes, 36-38, 38 COW genes, 125 cpc mutant, 124 CPD gene, 36, 38 CTR gene, 44, 122, 125 cudgel (cud) mutant, 114 cup-shaped cotyledon (cuc)

mutant, 268 cytokinin-resistant (ckr) mutant,

46 dark developmental program

in light, mutants, 33-36 de-etiolated (det) mutant, 36, 37,

38,95,96 defective in pollen-pistil

interactions (pop) mutants, 229-230,231

DET genes, 36, 38 DIM gene, 38 diminuto (dim) mutants, 36, 37,

38 DISTORTED (DIS) gene, 92 ectopic root hair (erh) mutants,

124 EIN gene, 43 EIR gene, 28 EMBRYONIC FLOWER (EMF)

gene, 64 emf mutant, 149 ERH gene, 125 ethylene insensitive (ein)

mutants, 43 ethylene insensitive root 1 (eir1)

mutant, 28 ethylene overproducer (etol)

mutant, 44 ethylene response (etr) mutant,

43,44

Index 341

ethylene response sensor (ers) hydra (hyd) mutant, 269 PISTILLAT A (PI) gene and mutant, 43 hypocotyl (hy) mutants, 29, 30, locus, 175, 176

ETR gene, 43, 44, 289 33, 34, 35, 38, 95, 156, 301 pom-pom (poml and pom2) extra cotyledon (xtc) mutant, 62 inner no outer integument (ino) mutants, 114 F644 gene and mutant, 253 mutant, 217, 219 POP2, POP3 genes, 234 fackel (fk) mutant, 269 KAKTUS (KAK) gene, 92 PRC gene, 36 far-red elongated (fre) mutants, keule (keu) mutant, 269 procuste (prc) mutant, 36, 37

33,34,35,301 KLUNKER (KLK) gene, 92 PRL gene, 225, 226 far-red elongated hypocotyl (fhy) KN gene, 271 prolifera (prl) mutant, 225

mutants, 33, 34, 156 KNI-like gene, 81 QUARTET (QRT) gene and fasciata (fas) mutant, 178 knolle (kn) mutant, 269, 270 mutant, 194 fass (fs) mutant, 113, 269, 270 knopf (knf) mutant, 269 quill (qui) mutant, 114, 115 FCA gene, 154 LEAFY (LFY) gene, 150, 154, radially swollen (rsw) mutant, fertilization-independent 164, 178 114

endosperm (fie) gene and LEAFY COTYLEDON (LEC) RASPBERRY gene, 267 mutants, 253 gene and mutant, 268 raspberry mutant, 267, 268

fertilization-independent seed lfy mutant, 150 REB gene, 125 (fis) gene and mutants, 253 LUG gene, 175 REVOLUTA (REV) gene, 178

FHY gene, 38 leunig (lug) mutant, 175, 176 RHDgene, 122, 124,125 fiddlehead (fdh) gene and light developmental program RHLgene, 124, 125

mutant, 231 in dark, mutants, 36-39 root cell division patterns, fist mutant, 269 lion's tail (lit) mutant, 114, 115 107-108 floral homeotic mutants, 175- LUMINIDEPENDENS (LD) root epidermal bulger (reb)

178 gene, 154 mutant, 124 floral organ differentiation in, MALE STERILITY (MS) gene, root hair defective (rhd) mutant,

175-178 190 122-124 FLORAL ORGAN NUMBER medea (mea) gene and mutant, root hair formation in, 120,

(FON) gene, 178 271 121, 123, 124 flower-meristem-identity megasporogenesis defective (msd) root hairless (rhl) mutant, 124

genes, 149, 150 mutants, 225 root hairs, mutants affecting, four lips (flp) mutant, 91, 92 mgo mutant, 63 122-124 FS gene, 269 MGOUN (MGO) gene, 63--64 rootless (rtl) mutant, 269 jusca (jus) mutant, 36, 37 mickey (mic) mutant, 269 root meristemless (rml) gene FUS gene, 38 monopteros (mp) mutant, 112, and mutant, 115 GA-insensitive (gai) mutant, 45, 269,270 root morphology, mutants

301 MP gene, 271 affecting, 111-113 GA-sensitive (ga) mutant, 45, nonphototropic hypocotyl (nph) ROTUNDIFOLIA (ROT) gene,

156,301 mutant, 30, 31 83 gl mutants, 92, 94, 123 NPH gene, 31 sabre (sa b) gene and mutant, GLABROUS (GLl, GL2, GL3) ovules, 218, 219 114

genes, 92-94, 123, 124, 125 pasticcino (pas) mutant, 269 SCR gene, 113 GN gene, 271 PERIANTHIA (PAN) gene, 178 scarecrow (scr) mutant, 112, 113 GNARLED (GRL) gene, 92 phabulosa (ph b) gene and shoot meristemless (stm) gnom (gn) mutant, 112, 269, mutant, 83 mutant, 61--63, 62, 269, 271

270 photoperiodic behavior, 154 short integuments (sin) mutant, gollum (glm) mutant, 112, 113 phytochrome A (phyA) gene, 217,218,225,234,271 GU gene, 271 156 short root (shr) mutant, 112, gurke (gu) mutant, 269, 270 phytochrome B (phyB) gene, 29, 113 hasty (hst) mutant, 148 156,300 SHR gene, 113 hlsl mutant, 43 phytochrome gene family, 26 shoot apical meristem HOOKLESS (HLS) genes, 43, phytochrome signaling early development, 59

44 flowering (pefV mutant, 156 sidecar pollen (scp) mutant, 195 huellenlos (hll) mutant, 217 pinhead (pnh) mutant, 61--62 spindly (spy) gene and mutant, HY genes and loci, 35, 36, 38, pinocchio (pic) mutant, 112 46

39 pi mutant, 176, 177, 178, 179 sporophytic and megagameto-

341

genesis defective (smd) mutants, 217

STICHEL (ST!) gene, 92 STM gene, 62, 63, 258 STP gene, 114 stud (std) gene and mutant,

193 stunted plant (stp) mutant, 113 SUPERMAN (SUP) gene, 178,

218 superroot (sur) mutant, 127 sus mutants, 267, 268 SUSPENSOR (SUS) gene, 267 terminal flower (tfl) mutant, 151 tetraspore (tes) gene and

mutant, 193 TFL gene, 151, 154 TIP gene, 125 tip mutant, 124 too many mouths (tmm) mutant,

91,92 TOUCH-INDUCED (TCH)

genes, 32 TOUSLED (TSL) gene, 178 TRANSPARENT TESTA

GLABRA (TTG) gene, 92-94, 123,125

TRIPTYCHON (TRY) gene, 92-93

try mutant, 93 ttg mutant, 92, 94, 123 twin (twn) mutants, 267, 268 UFO gene, 178 unusual floral organs (ufo)

mutant, 151 wavy (wav) mutant, 32 wig mutant, 178 WIGGUM (WIG) gene, 152,

178 wooden leg (wo/) mutant, 112,

113 wus mutant, 269, 271 WUSCHEL (WUS) gene, 63 ZWICHEL (ZWI) gene, 92 zwille (z/l) mutant, 61

Arabidopsis thaliana, 2 Arabidopsis thaliana meristem L1

layer (ATMLl) gene, 258, 259

Arabinogalactans, 110, 134, 198, 232

Archesporial cell (initial), 187, 188,220

ARG80 gene, 182 Argemone, 243

Arginine decarboxylase (ADC), 160, 162

ARGONAUTE (ARG) gene, 83 Ascorbate oxidase, 188 Ascorbic acid, 109 Ascorbic acid oxidase, 109 Asparagus officinalis, 174 Aspen, flowering of, 164 Atrichoblasts, 120, 122 Atropa belladonna, 317 aurea (au) mutant, 33, 96, 163 Auricle, 78 AUXI gene, 27, 42 auxin-resistance (axr2) mutants,

42, 124 auxin-resistant (aux) mutants, 27,

42 Auxins

and cell growth, 28 and embryogenic potential of

cells, 311 and ethylene function, 44 and gravitropism, 27-28 and phototropism, 31 and root culture, 130 and seedling growth, 40-42 in culture media, 324 in floral organ culture, 173 in lateral root formation, 127 in parthenocarpic fruit

development, 280 in root apex, 109 in tumors, 331 in vascular pattern formation,

116-119 in vascular tissue

differentiation, 69-71 Avena fatua (wild oat), 17, 22,

297-298 Avena sativa (oat), 21, 29, 30, 151 Avocado. See Persea americana AXIS-ABUNDANT (AX92) gene,

130-131 AXR genes, 42, 125 Azolla jiliculoides, 107 Azolla pinnata, 107

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, 191 Bacteroid, 133, 134 Banana (Musa sp.), 280 Barley (Hordeum vulgare)

a-amylase, synthesis, 17-21 culture of zygotes, 263 eceriferum-g (cer-g) mutant, 91 embryos, dormancy of, 298

GA, effects on, 17-19,20 grain, structure of, 17

Index

hooded mutation, 172-173, 173 malting of, 17 pollen embryogenesis in, 317 shrunken endosperm expressing

xenia (sex) mutant, 254 BARNASE gene, 191, 231 BARST AR gene, 191 Basal endosperm transfer layer

(BET) gene, 262 Bean. See Phaseolus vulgaris Beet root (Beta vulgaris), 159 BELl gene, 217, 218, 226 bell (bell) mutant, 217, 218, 225,

234 Benzyladenine,46 Bertholletia excelsa (Brazil nut),

275 BET gene, 262 Beta vulgaris (beet root), 159 Betula pubescens (birch), 302 Betula verrucosa, 200 Biliverdin IX ct, 35 bioI, bi02 mutants, 268-269 Biotin auxotrophs, 269 Birch (Betula pubescens), 302 blind (b/) mutant, 180-181 Blue light responses, 25, 30-31,

38-39 Blue/UV-A, UV-B absorbing

pigments, 32 Bonner-Devirian medium, 111 Boron, 205 Bradyrhizobium, 132, 133 Brassica campestris, 238-240, 294 Brassica napus (rapeseed)

AG-like gene, 180 anthers, 190 AXIS-ABUNDANT (AX92)

gene, 130-131 leaf senescence, 98-99, 99 MERISTEM(MERI) gene, 64 mRNA, accumulation in

seeds, 14 mRNA, in vitro translation, 12 pollen embryogenesis, 310,

317,319,320 pollen-specific genes, 201 pollen-stigma interactions,

229,230 storage protein mRNA

changes in, 273, 274 Brassica oleracea (cauliflower), 64,

199,229,236,238-239

Index

Brassica rapa (turnip), 33, 117 Brassinosteroids, 46-47 BRASSINOSTEROID UP-

REGULATED (BRU) gene, 47

Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa), 275

brittle (bt) mutant, 254 Bromus secalinus, 298 Buds

dormancy of, 301-302 self-pollen acceptance in, 236 substitution with NAA for, 71

bundle sheath defective 1 and 2 mutable (bsd1-m1 and bsd2-m1) genes and mutants, 98

CAB underexpressed (cue1) mutant, 96

Calcium/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, 29

Calcium ions and a-amylase secretion, 19 as chemoattractant, 233, 242 in chloroplast development,

96 in gravitropism, 27, 29 in pollen germination, 205,

209-210 in pollen recognition

signaling, 229 in pollen tube growth, 208 in root hair initiation, 121 in self-incompatibility, 237

CAL gene, 178 Callase, 190, 191 Callitriche heterophylla, 88, 89 Callose

breakdown of, 190-191 deposition in pollen tubes of,

208,235 in megasporocyte wall, 220

Calluses in cultured explants, 309 morphogenesis of, 323--326 proteins specific to, 313 xylem regeneration in, 70-72

Calmodulin, 19, 28, 96 Cambium, 105, 117, 118 CaMY. See Cauliflower mosaic

virus Canal cells, 232 can of worms (cow) mutant, 124 CAPRICE (CPC) gene, 124, 125

Capsella bursa-pastoris (Shepherd's purse)

cell lineage in the root, 106-107

culture of embryos, 263-264 egg cell, 223 embryogenesis, 255-257, 257 poly(A)-RNA localization in

embryos, 108,225 zygote, 255

Capsicum annuum, 37 Carboxypeptidase, 14 CArG box, 181 a-Carotene, 284 Carotenoids, 283, 284 Carpels

growth in cultured flower buds, 171, 173-174

in homeotic mutant flowers, 175-181

Carrot (Daucus carota) apical meristem culture, 65 cell suspension culture, 309-

311 embryogenic mRNAs and

proteins, 312-316 secreted proteins, 311-312 somatic embryogenesis in,

311-316 variant cell lines, 311-314

Casparian strip, 112 Castor bean (Ricinus communis),

294 Casuarina, 132 Casuarina cunninghamiana, 132 Cauliflower. See Brassica oleracea cauliflower (cal) mutant, 151 Cauliflower mosaic virus

(CaMV) promoter, 35, 64, 93 CDC2 genes, 114, 115, 128,129 Celery (See Apium graveolens) Cell cycle

and ascorbic acid, 109-110 and cyclin activation, 110,

115-116 and floral evocation, 160 during generative cell

division, 204--205 histone transcript

accumulation during, 130 in the quiescent center, 111

Cellulase, 99, 100, 284, 285 Cellulose

degradation of, 284--286 in cell walls, 78, 282

341

Cell wall cellulose reinforcements of, 78 changes during fruit ripening,

282-284 degrading enzymes, 20 loosening of, 41, 46 of egg cells, 223

CEN gene, 151 Central cell, 221, 222, 224 Centaurea solstistialis, 88 centroradialis (cen) mutant, 151 CERI1 gene, 230 Chalaza, 58, 216, 255 Chalcone synthase (CHS), 39, 40,

95,188 Cheiranthus allionii, 159 Cheiranthus cheirii, 159 Chicory (Cichorium intybus), 313 Chloramphenicol acetyl

transferase (CAT) gene, 286 Chlorophyll alb binding protein

(cab) gene, 95, 281, 282 Chloroplasts, 32, 94--96, 283 Cholodny-Went hypothesis, 26 Chromoplasts, 283 Chromosomal virulence (CHVA,

CHVB) loci, 327 Cicer arietinum, 48, 294 Cichorium intybus (chicory), 313 Citrus limon (lemon), 283 Citrus sp., 283 clavata (clv) mutants, 62, 152, 178 Climacteric fruits, 283 Clivia miniata, 233 CLV gene, 63, 152, 178 CO gene, 154, 155 cobra (cob) mutant, 114, 115 Cocklebur. See Xanthium

strumarium Coconut water (milk), 262, 309 Cottea arabica, 313 Colchicine, 201, 209 Coleoptile, 256 Coleus blumei, 70, 71, 72 Columella, 26, 107, 108 Companion cell, 72-73 Compound leaves, 85-86 Comptonia, 132 Comptonia peregrina, 132 conditional root expansion (core)

mutants, 114 Conglycinin, 273 constans (co) mutant, 154 constitutive photomorphogenic

(cop) mutants, 36-38, 37, 95

344

constitutive photomorphogenesis and dwarfism (cpd) mutants, 36,37

constitutive triple response (ctr) mutants, 44, 122

Convicilin, 273,274 Convolvulus sepium, 333 COP genes, 36-38, 38 Cordycepin, 11, 14 Corpus, 59-60, 64, 69 Corylus avellana (hazel), 299 Corynebacterium fascians, 323 Cotton. See Gossypium hirsutum Cotyledons

endoreduplication in cells of, 260

hybridization of RNA from, 296

in cop mutants, 36-37 in developing embryos, 256,

257,258 in embryo-pattern mutants,

269,270 COW gene, 125 CPD gene, 36, 38 C3 and C4 plants, 94-98 Craterostigma plantagineum

(resurrection plant), 296 crinkly (cr) gene and mutant, 85 Crocus chrysanthus, 231 Crown gall tumor, 323, 326, 326-

333 Cruciferin, 258, 273, 274 Cryptochrome (CRY1) gene and

protein, 38, 39 CTR gene, 44, 122, 125 Cucumber. See Cucumis sativus Cucumis sativus

flower bud culture, 173-174 long hypocotyl (lh) mutants, 33 malate synthase in, 14, 15

Cucurbita maxima (pumpkin), 73 cudgel (cud) mutant, 114 CUEl gene, 96 Cultures

of anthers, 309, 316-320 Bonner-Devirian medium for,

111 of calluses, 324-326 of cell suspensions, 310-314 coconut water (milk) in, 262,

263 of embryos, 263-264 of floral apices, 147-148, 157 of floral organs, 170, 171, 173

for in vitro fertilization, 242-243,244

Murashige-Skoog medium for, 264,310

of pollen grains, 310, 317 of root meristems, 110, 116-

119 of roots, 129-130 of thin-layer explants, 152,

153, 153, 163 curl (cu) mutant, 86 Cuticle, stigmatic, 229, 231 Cutinase, 231 CYC genes, 114, 128, 180 CYCI-At genes, 114, 128 Cyclin-dependent kinases, 110 Cyclins, 110 Cycloheximide, 10, 14,314 CYCLOIDEA (CYC) gene, 47,

180 Cytochalasin, 206, 208 Cytochrome P-450, 83 Cytochrome P-450

monooxygenase, 218 Cytokinesis, 193, 325 cytokinin-resistant (ckr) mutant,

46 Cytokinins

for callus cultures, 324-325, 325

interaction with STP gene, 114 leaf senescence, role in, 98-99 phloem regeneration, role in,

72 for root cultures, 117 in seedling growth, 46--47 tumor growth, role in, 331-

332 xylem regeneration, role in, 70

Dactylis glomerata, 313 Datura innoxia, 309, 317 Datura metel, 317 Datura sp., 58, 61 Datura stramonium, 170, 263 Day lengths, influence on

flowering, 154-158 DAY NEUTRAL (DNE) gene, 154 DC8 and DC59 genes from

carrot, 315 de-etiolated (det) mutants, 36, 37,

38,95,96 DEF gene, 179, 180, 181, 182 defective in pollen-pistil

Index

interactions (pop1) mutants, 229-230,231

defective kernel (dek) mutants, 254,269

deficiens (def) mutant, 179 Deoxyribonuclease (DNase), 17 Deoxyribonucleic acid. See DNA Desiccation, 293, 296-297 desynaptic *9101 (dsy*9101)

mutant, 221 DET gene, 36, 38 Dethiobiotin, 268 DGT gene, 42 diageotropica (dgt) mutant, 42 Diakinesis stage, 192 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

(2, 4-D), 42, 170 in carrot somatic

embryogenesis, 310-313, 315

DICHOTOMA (DICH) gene, 180 Dicotyledons

shoot apex, fate of, 146-147 root hair formation, 119-120 root organization, 106 vascular tissue differentiation,

116-119,117,118 Dictyosomes, 195, 204, 208, 209,

223, 224. See also Golgi apparatus

Digitalis lanata, 313 DIM gene, 38 diminuto (dim) mutants, 36, 37,

38 Dioecious plants, 173 DIPHTHERIA TOXIN A (DT A)

gene, 171, 172, 201, 231 Diplotene stage, 192 DISTORTED (DIS) gene, 92 divergent spindle (dv) mutants,

193,221 DNA

endoreduplication, 91, 224, 254,260

repair of, 8 synthesis during meiosis, 192-

193 synthesis during seed

germination, 8, 10 DNA ligase, 8 DNase (deoxyribonuclease), 17 DNE gene, 154 Dormancy

and desiccation, 296-297 bud, 301-302

Index

development of, 293-296 gene control of, 294 gene expression during, 297-

298 in seeds, 292-298 overcoming, 298-301

Drosophila, homeotic mutations, 62

Duboisia myoporoides, 128 dwarf (d) mutants, 45

Early methionine-labeled (EM) protein,13

EARLY NODULIN (ENOD2) genes, 133, 134

eceriferum-g (cer-g) mutants, 91 ectopic root hair (erh) mutants,

124 EDT A (ethylenediamine

tetraacetic acid), 27, 28 EF-1a protein, 64, 273, 316 Egg

interaction with sperm cells, 242

in vitro fertilization, 242-243, 244

parthenocarpic development, 280

EIN gene, 43 EIR1 gene, 28 Elodea canadensis, 122 elongated internode (ein) mutant,

33 EM gene, 295-297 EMB1 gene, 315 embryo-specific (emb) mutants,

269 Embryogenesis, 255-261. See also

Embryos cell lineage during, 260-261 gene action during, 264-271 mRNA abundance during,

264,265,266 ofpollen,304,310, 316-320 of somatic cells, 309-316 ultrastructural changes

during, 259-261 Embryoids, formation, 310-320 EMBRYONIC FLOWER (EMF)

gene,64 emf mutant, 149 Embryos. See also

Embryogenesis culture, 263-264 defe~tive mutants, 267-269

heterotrophic nutrition, 261-263

pattern mutants, 269, 270, 271 polypeptide synthesis, 267 storage proteins, 273-274

Embryo sac formation, 220-221 mRNA localization in, 225 organization, 221-226 structure of cells, 223-224

embryo sac defective (emd) mutants, 225

embryo-specific (emb) mutants, 269

empty pericarp (emp) mutant, 269 Endocarp, 280 Endochitinase, 311 Endodermis,27,107,108 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 19,

20,27, 189, 195,204,208, 210,223,224,235,272,273

Endoreduplication, 91, 224, 254, 260

Endosperm development, 251-254 during seed germination,

17-22,300 embryo nutrition, role in, 262-

263 storage proteins of, 271-273

Endosperm box, 18-19 Endothecium, 187-189, 189 Endothelium (integumentary

tapetum), 216, 218 Endymion non-scriptus, 206 Ent-kaurene, 45, 156-157 Escherichia coli, 332 Eschschlotzia, 243 ESR gene, 262 Esterases,116 Ethylene

in bud dormancy, 302 in climacteric fruits, 283 in fruit ripening, 288-289 in root cell expansion, 114 in root hair development,

122-124 in seedling growth, 43-45

Ethylene chlorhydrin, 302 Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid

(EDTA), 27, 28 ethylene insensitive (ein) mutants,

43 ethylene insensitive root 1 (eir1)

mutant, 28

ethylene overproducer (eto1) mutant, 44

Ethylene-response binding proteins, 226

345

ethylene response (etr) mutants, 43,44

ethylene response sensor (ers) mutants, 43

ETR gene, 43, 44, 289 Exine, 194, 195 Exocarp, 280 Expansin, 41,78,200,286 Extensin, 124, 198 extra cotyledon (xtc) mutation, 62

F644 gene and mutation, 253 fac/(el (fk) mutation, 269 Fagus sylvatica, 111 falsiflora (fa) mutant, 151 far-red elongated (fre) mutants, 33,

34,35,301 far-red elongated hypocotyl

(fuy) mutants, 33, 34, 156 Far-red light

flowering, effect on, 156 role in gravitropism, 29 lateral root formation, role in,

127 photomorphogenesis, role in,

25-26 seed germination, role in, 300

fasciata (fas) mutant, 178 fascia ted mutant, 170 fass (fs) mutant, 113, 269,270 FAT gene and mutant, 83 Female germ unit, 222 Ferns, 79 Ferredoxin type A (fedA) gene,

95 Fertilization

double, 240-242 in vitro, 242-244, 244 pollen-pistil interactions

leading to, 228-247 fertilization-independent endosperm

(fie) gene and mutants, 253 fertilization-independent seed (fis)

gene and mutants, 253 FRY gene, 38 Ficus carica (fig), 281 fiddlehead (fdh) gene and mutant,

231 Fig (Ficus carica), 281 fimbriata (fim) mutant, 151 fist mutant, 269

346

Flavonoid, 133, 135 FLO gene, 150 FLORAL APEX (FA2) gene, 163 FLORAL BINDING PROTEIN

(FBP) genes, 180, 218, 220 Floral evocation, 149-164 Floral meristem, 145-153

identity genes, 149-152 Floral-organ-identity genes, 181-

182,217 FLORAL ORGAN NUMBER

(FON) gene, 178 Floral organs

determination of, 170-174 homeotic mutations of, 175-

182 polypeptides of, 174-175

floricaula (flo) mutant, 150 Florigen, 156, 159 floury (fl) mutant, 254 Flowering

chilling requirement for, 158-159

competence for, 146-153 genes involved in, 162-164 in thin-layer explants, 153 molecular control of, 159-164 photoperiodic control of, 154-

158 phYSiology of evocation in,

153-159 Flowers

bilaterally symmetrical, 175 developmental fate of, 281 unisexual, 173-174 zygomorphic, 179

Food reserve mobilization, 16-22 four lips (flp) mutant, 91, 92 Fragaria sp. (strawberry), 281 Fruits

biochemistry of ripening, 283-284

cell walls of, 282 color changes in, 283 definition of, 280 ethylene in the ripening of,

288-289 growth,281-283 ripening, 283-288

Fucus, 242 FUS gene, 38 fusca (fus) mutant, 36, 37

GA. See Gibberellic acid GAl gene, 45, 46

GA-insensitive (gai) mutant, 45, 301

GA response complex (GARC), 19

GA response element (GARE), 19

GA-sensitive (ga) mutant, 45, 156, 301

Gametogenesis, female, 221-226, 221,222

Gametogenesis, male, 196, 203-210,205

Gamma plantlet, 8, 9, 10, 82, 115 Generative cell, 195-198, 196,

204-205,317,318,319,320 Germin,48 Germination

control by light, 300-301 control by temperature, 299-

300 digestion of food reserves

during, 16-22 mRNA changes during, 266,

295 nucleic acid metabolism

during, 7-13 photoreversibility of, 300 of pollen grains, 205-207 protein metabolism during,

13-16 and seed desiccation, 292-293

Geum chiloense, 69 Gibberella fujikuroi, 323 Gibberellic acid

and ABA in enzyme induction, 21-22

a-amylase induction by, 17-20 in bud dormancy, 302 culture of floral organs, role

in, 170, 171 effect on juvenility of leaves,

87-88 flower induction, role in, 156-

157 and meristem identity genes,

151 regulation of a-amylase genes

by, 17-19 sex determination, role in,

173-174 in thermoinduction of

flowering, 159 Gibberellins, 45-46, 280. See also

Gibberellic acid Ginkgo biloba, 111

Index

GLl5 gene, 87 gl mutants, 92, 94, 123 GLABROUS (GLl, GL2, GL3)

genes, 92-94, 123, 124, 125 Gladiolus gandavensis, 229 GLO gene, 179, 181 globosa (glo) mutant, 179 Globulins, 272, 273 glossy 15 (gl15) mutant, 87 (1-+3,1-+4)-p-Clucanase, 20-22 Glucanases, 17 p-GLUCURONIDASE (GUS)

protein accumulation in protoplasts,

21,41 activity in deletion mutants,

201,202 activity in roots, 107, 130 activity in seedlings, 15, 107,

260,261 activity in stem internodes, 70 activity with promoterless

constructs, 259 with nuclear targeting signal,

201 Glutelin, 272, 275 Glycine max. See Soybean Glycinin, 273, 274 Glyoxysomes,14 GN gene, 271 GNARLED (GRL) gene, 92 gnom (gn) mutant, 112, 269, 270 Golgi apparatus (bodies,

vesicles), 20, 69, 189,208, 271-273. See also dictyosomes

gollum (glm) mutant, 112, 113 Gossypium barbadense, 84 Gossypium hirsutum (cotton), 10,

199,200,223,240,255,263, 266,295

Grape (Vitis vinifera), 280, 281 Graptopetalum paraguayense, 78 Graviperceptors, 26-29 Gravitropism, 26-30, 28, 30, 129 green petal (gp) mutant, 180 Growth

hypocotyl and internode, 33-39

pollen tubes, 207-210, 231-234 seedlings, 25-48

GUgene, 271 Guard cells, 90, 91 Guard mother cells, 91 gurke (gu) mutant, 269, 270

Index

Glutathione peroxidase, 298 Gymnosperms 58-59,111 GYNOMONOECIOUS SEX

FORM 1 (GSF1) gene, 174

Habituated leaf (HL) trait, 324 Habituation, 324 Haemanthus katherinae, 203-204 Hairy root disease, 323, 333, 334 Haplopappus ravenii, 127 hasty (hst) mutant, 148 Heat shock proteins (HSPs), 193,

288,314,319-320 Hedera canariensis, 87 Hedera helix (ivy), 87 Helianthinin, 273 Helianthus annuus (sunflower),

67,68, 199, 203, 223, 273 Helix-tum-helix motif, 62 Hemicellulose, 282, 284, 286 Heteroblasty, 86-88 Heterophylly, 88-90

osmotic stress, role in, 88-89 Hippuris vulgaris, 89 Histone genes, 130, 316 Histones, accumulation in pollen

nuclei,198 his mutant, 43 HOOKLESS (HLS) genes, 43, 44 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-

CoA (HMGR),282 Homeobox gene, 62 Homeotic genes, ABC model,

175-178 Homeotic mutations, 175-182,

177,179 hooded mutation, 172-173, 173 Hordein, 272 Hordeum distichum, 317 Hordeum vulgare. See Barley Hormones, 40-47. See also specific

hormones huellenlos (hll) mutant, 217 HY genes and loci, 35, 38, 39 Hybrid aspen (Populus tremula

x tremuloides), 164 Hybridization kinetics, 265 hydra (hyd) mutant, 269 Hydration and dormancy, 292-

293 Hydrocharis morsus-ranae, 121,

122 Hydrogen ion secretion, 29, 41,

45,300 Hydroxyproline, 198

Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 174

hypocotyl (hy) mutants, 29, 30, 33, 34,35,38,95,156,301

Hyoscyamus niger, 159 alkaloids of, 128 anther tapetum of, 190 pollen embryogenesis in, 317-

320,319,320 Hypocotyl

defects in embryo-pattern mutants, 269

gravitropism, 29-30 growth, 33-39

Hypophysis, 108, 256, 259

IAA. See Indoleacetic acid IDS2 gene, 152 Impatiens balsam ina, 79, 80 indeterminate (id) gene and

mutant, 157 indeterminate spikelet (ids1)

mutant, 151 Indoleacetic acid (IAA)

callus growth, control of, 324, 325

crown gall tumor growth, control of, 331-332

floral organ growth, control of, 170, 173

gravitropism, role in, 28 hairy root disease, role in, 333 in lateral root formation, 127,

128 in root meristem culture, 110 somatic embryogenesis, role

in, 314 in thin-layer explant culture,

153 vascular pattern formation,

control of, 116-119, 117 xylem regeneration, role in,

70,71,120 Inflorescence, 67, 145, 146, 148,

149, 150, 151, 152 inner no outer integument (ino)

mutant, 217, 219 Insertional mutagenesis, 267, 268 Internode

growth, 33-39 xylem regeneration, 70-72

Intine, 194, 195 Invertase, 29, 30 In vitro fertilization, 242-243,

244

Isocitratase, 14 Isocitrate lyase, 14

347

Isopentenyl transferase (IPT) 47, 98,99,332

Ivy (Hedera helix), 87

Japanese morning glory (Pharbitis nil), 160-162, 174

Juvenile-to-adult transitions, 87, 148

KAKTUS (KAK) gene, 92 Kalanchoe diagremontiana, 330,

331 Kalanchoe tubiflora, 331 keule (keu) mutant, 269 Kinesin, 209 Kinetin

callus growth, control of, 324, 325

floral organ growth, control of, 170, 174

in root meristem culture, 110 in thin-layer explant culture,

153 KLUNKER (KLK) gene, 92 KN gene, 271 knl mutants, 79, 81 knolle (kn) mutant, 269, 270 knopf (knf) mutant, 269 KNOTTED 1 (KN1) gene, 62, 64,

79,173 in compound leaf formation,

86 in leaf determination, 80-82,

82 KNOTTED-RELATED

HOMEOBOX (KNOX) genes, 64, 81-82, 173

KTI gene, 258, 259 Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI),

188

Lactuca sativa (lettuce), 127, 300 lam mutant, 83 LAT52 and LAT59 genes, 201,

202 LATE EMBRYOGENESIS

ABUNDANT (LEA) genes, 294-297,315

Lateral roots, 124-129, 126, 127, 129

LEA proteins, 13, 265, 298 LEAFBLADELESS (LBL) gene, 83 Leaf primordia, 57, 78-82, 86

348

LEAFY (LFY) gene, ISO, 154, 164, 178

LEAFY COTYLEDON (LEC) gene and mutant, 268

Leaves abscission, 99-100 compound, 86 determination and

development, 76--85 determination of primordia,

78-82,86 differentiation of cells, 89-98 epidermis, 89-94 evolution of form, 85-89 growth and differentiation,

76-100 heteroblasty, 86--88 heterophylly, 88-89 initiation, 76-77 mesophyll, 94-98 perception of daylight by, 156 postinitiation development,

82-85 senescence, 98-99

Lectin, 14, 110 Legumes, nitrogen fixation by,

133-135 Legumin, 273, 274 Legumin box, 274 Lemma, 172, 173 Lemon (Citrus limon), 283 length (lv) mutants, 33 Lepidium sativum, 27 Leptotene stage, 192 Lettuce (Lactuca sativa), 127, 300 leunig (lug) mutant, 175, 176 lfy mutant, 150 Ligule, 78, 79, 81, 85 liguleless (LG1) gene and

mutations (lgl, Ig2), 85 Lilium henryi, 190, 194 Lilium longiflorum, 189, 192-194,

198,199,206,209,220 Lilium sp., 190, 192 Limnophylla indica, 89 Linum usitatissimum, 127 lion's tail (lit) mutant, 114, 115 Lipids, 14, 271 Liriodendron tulipifera, 147 Lolium temulentum, 157 Long-day plants (LDPs), 154,

156-158, 160 long hypocotyl (lh) mutant, 33 Lotus corniculatus, 130 LUG gene, 175

LUMlNIDEPENDENS (LD) gene, 154

Lupinus albus, 65, 66 Lycopene, 284 Lycopersicon esculentum. See

Tomato Lycopersicon peruvianum, 170,

208,236

MADS-box genes, 163, 181, 218 Maize (Zea mays)

ameiotic 1 (am1) mutant, 221 ameiotic I-prophase I arrest

(aml-pra!) mutant, 221 anther ear (an1) mutant, 45 basal endosperm transfer

layer (BET) gene, 262 brittle (bt) mutant, 254 bundle sheath defective 1 and 2

mutable (bsdl-ml, bsd2-m1) genes and mutants, 98

C4 anatomy, 97 clonal analysis, 67 crinkly (cr) mutant and gene,

85 culture of shoot tips, 147-148 defective kernel (dek) mutants,

254,269 desiccation tolerance of

grains, 294 desynaptic *9101 (dys*9101)

mutant, 221 divergent spindle (dv) mutants,

193,221 dwarf (d) mutants, 45 embryo surrounding region

(ESR) gene, 262 embryogenesis, 257, 258 empty pericarp (emp) mutant,

269 floral-organ-specific

polypeptides, 174 floury (fl) mutant, 254 gene expression during

embryo germination, 15-16 GYNOMONOECIOUS SEX

FORM (GSF1) gene, 174 indeterminate (id) gene and

mutant, 157 indeterminate spikelet 1 (ids1)

mutant, 151 in vitro fertilization in, 243,

244 KNOTTED 1 (KN1) gene, 62,

64,79-82,82,86,173

Index

kn1 mutant, 79, 81 KNOTTED-RELATED

HOMEOBOX (KNOX) genes,64,81-82,173

LEAFBLADELESS (LBL) gene, 83

liguleless (lgl, Ig2) gene and mutants, 85

male sterility, 203 miniature seed (mn) gene and

mutation, 254 multiple archesporia I cells 1

(mac1) mutant, 221 narrow sheath (ns) mutant, 82 OP2 gene, 273 opaque (op) mutant, 254 pollen embryogenesis, 318 pollen-specific genes, 198-199 polymitotic (po) mutant, 221 protein synthesis profiles of

pollen, 198,199 quiescent center in roots, 109-

111,109 RED (R) gene, 93, 123 ROUGH SHEATH (RS) gene,

64,81 rs mutant, 81 shrunken (sh) mutant, 254 shrunken endosperm expressing

xenia (sex) mutant, 254 stored mRNA in pollen

grains, 206 sugary (su) mutant, 254 tangledl (tan1) mutant, 82 tapetum-expressed genes, 190 tassel seed (ts) mutant, 151, 174 teopod (tp) mutant, 87, 148 terminal ear (te1) gene and

mutation, 82 TP1 gene, 87 TS2 gene, 174 tunicate (tu) mutant, 174 waxy (wx) mutant, 254 Zea root preferential (ZRP)

genes, 131 Malate dehydrogenase, 96 Malate synthase, 14 Male germ unit, 204, 205 MALE STERILITY (MS) gene,

190 Male sterility, 202-203

induction of, 191 Malus domestica (apple), 280, 281 Marsilea quadrifolia, 89,125-126

Index

medea (mea) gene and mutant, 271

Medicago sativa (alfalfa), 133, 200, 225,316

Medicago truncatula, 133, 135 Megagametogenesis. See

Gametogenesis, female Megasporocyte, 220 Megasporogenesis, 220, 221, 222 megasporogenesis defective (msd)

mutants, 225 Meiosis, 192-194,220-221 Meristeme d' attente, 60 Meristeme medullaire, 60 MERISTEM (MERI) genes, 64 Merophyte, 107, 126 Mesocarp,280 Mesocotyl, 32, 47 Mesophyll, 94-98

xylem differentiation, 71-72 Messenger ribonucleic acid. See

mRNA MET gene, 182 Methyltransferase (MET), 151 MGOUN (MGO) gene, 63--64 mgo mutant, 63 mickey (mic) mutant, 269 Microfibrils, 78, 195 Microfilaments, 193, 195,204,

206,209,210,223. See also Actin

Microgametogenesis. See Gametogenesis, male

Microsporocyte,187 Microsporogenesis, 192-194 Microtubules. See also Tubulins

embryo sac-based, 223 in developing embryos, 255 in developing endosperm,

252,253 in germinating pollen grains,

206 in microgametogenesis, 193,

195,203-204 and movement of generative

and vegetative cells, 209 in shoot regeneration, 78

miniature seed (mn) gene and mutant, 254

Minichromosome maintenance defect-causing (MCM1) gene, 162

modifier (mod) mutant, 240 Monocotyledons

floral fate of the shoot apex, 146-147

leaf sheaths, 78 root hair formation, 119-120 stomatal placement, 90-91

monopteros (mp) mutant, 112, 269,270

MP gene, 271 M-phase promoting factor

(MPF),254 mRNA

accumulation in mature pollen, 197

auxin-induced, 44, 281 hybridization kinetics, 264-

265,265 in egg and synergids, 224-225 LEA, 294-295, 295 long-lived, 10-13, 206-207, 207 of storage proteins, 273 synthesis in embryogenic

pollen grains, 318-319 translation profiles of, 197,

206-207,207 Mucigel,110 multiple archesporial cells 1 (mac1)

mutant, 221 Murashige-Skoog medium, 263,

310 Musa sp. (banana), 280 MYB genes, 93 Mycorrhizae, 131, 134 Myeloblastosis-associated virus-

like protein (MYB), 83, 93, 124

Myelocytomatosis-associated virus-related protein (MYC), 93

Myo-inositol,65, 117, 153 Myosotis discolor, 158 Myrica, 132 Myrica gale, 132

N-acetyltransferases, 44 Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA),

71 naked mutant, 151 nana (na) mutation, 45 Napin, 258, 273,274, 320 Narcissus pseudonarcissus, 233 narrow sheath (ns) mutant, 82 neverripe (nr) mutant, 285, 286,

288 Nicotiana alata, 232, 236, 237

349

Nicotiana debneyi X N. tabacum, 172

Nicotiana glauca, 326, 332 Nicotiana langsdorfii, 237 Nicotiana langsdorfii X Nicotiana

alata,l72 Nicotiana plumbaginifolia, 15, 313 Nicotiana sylvestris, 83, 158, 317 Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)

apical meristem culture, 67 cell fate in leaves, 84, 85 culture of floral organs, 170,

171 flowering, 158 gene from floral apex, 163 GUS gene activation, 29, 41 pollen embryogenesis, 317,

318 pollen germination, 206 root culture, 327 vegetative-to-floral transition,

147 Nitrate reductase (nia2) gene, 95 Nitrogen fixation, 132-135 Nitrogen-fixing (NIF) genes, 133 5-Nitro-2-(3-

phenylpropylamino )-benzoic acid (NPPB), 39

no apical meristem (nam) gene and mutation, 64

NODULATION (NOD) genes, 133,135

Nodule formation, 131-135, 132, 134

Nonclimacteric fruits, 283 Nopaline synthesis (NOS) gene,

329 nonphototropic hypocotyl (nph)

mutant, 30, 31 nonripening (nor) mutant, 285,

286 NPHgene,31 NR-Iocus segregating gene, 288

Oat. See Avena sativa Octopine synthesis (OCS) genes,

329 Oenothera organensis, 199, 200 Olea europea (olive), 281 Olive (Olea europea), 281 OP2 gene, 273 opaque (op) mutant, 254, 273 Orchis maculata, 220 Oryza sativa (rice), 13, 18, 199,

201, 313, 317

350

anther differentiation in, 187, 188

histone genes, 130 homeobox genes, 64 root growth, 131 storage proteins, 272 tapetum, 190, 191,203

Oryza sativa homeobox (OSH!) gene,64

Osmunda cinnamomea, 79 Ovary, fruit development from,

281 ovulata (ovu) mutant, 179 Ovules

accumulation of photosynthates, 262

and ovary growth, 281 determination and

development, 217-219 pollen tube guidance to, 232-

234 structure, 216-217

Pachytene stage, 192 Paeonia, 243 Papaver, 243 Papaver rhoeas, 236, 237 Papaver somniferum, 243 Parsley. See Petroselinum crispum Parthenocarpic fruits, 280, 282 Parthenogenesis, 222 pasticcino (pas) mutant, 269 Pea (Pisum sativum)

afila (af) gene and mutant, 86 coiling of tendrils, 31 DAY NEUTRAL (DNE) gene,

154 in vitro translation of RNA, 12 length (Iv) mutants, 33 nana (na) mutant, 45 PHOTOPERIOD RESPONSE

(PPD) gene, 154 pleiofila (aflt/) mutant, 86 root tip culture, 118 STERILE NODES (SN) gene,

154 tendrilless (t/) mutant, 86 triple response syndrome of

seedlings, 43 unifoliata (unO gene and

mutant, 86 Peach (Prunus persica), 288 Pear (Pyrus communis), 206 Pectic (pectate) lyase, 188, 288

Pectin methylesterase (PME), 110,284,285

Pectins degradation, 284-285 in cell walls of fruits, 282 metabolism in pollen, 200 in pollen tube wall, 208-209

Pellicle, 229 Pelvetia, 242 Perception phase in tropisms,

26,30-31 PERIANTHIA (PAN) gene, 178 Pericarp, 280, 281 Pericycle, 107, 116, 128, 134 Peroxisomes,14 Persea americana (avocado), 281,

284,285 Petals

growth in cultured flower buds, 171

in homeotic mutant flowers, 175-181

Petroselinum crispum (parsley), 187

Petunia, 47 Petunia axillaris, 243 Petunia hybrida, 203, 236

blind (bl) mutant, 180-181 FLORAL BINDING PROTEIN

(FBP) genes, 180, 218, 220 green petal (gp) mutants, 180 no apical meristem (nam)

mutant, 64 ovule determination, 218 pollen-specific genes, 201 pollen-stigma interactions,

230 Petunia infLata, 199, 200, 207, 236 Petunia sp., 15, 64 Plr phytochrome, 25, 29, 30, 300,

301 PG genes, 285-286, 288 pH

and cell wall loosening and elongation, 29, 41, 45, 300

and root hair initiation, 120-121, 125

phabulosa (phb) gene and mutant, 83

Phacelia tenacetifolia, 301 Phalaenopsis equestris, 195 Phalaenopsis sp., 218 phantastica (phan) gene and

mutant, 83

Index

Pharbitis nil (Japanese morning glory), 160-162, 174

Phaseolin, 273-275, 293 Phaseolus coccineus, 256

endoreduplication in suspensor cells, 260

Phaseolus mungo, 260 Phaseolus vulgaris (bean)

dehydration of seeds, 293 endoreduplication in

cotyledon cells, 260 endosperm cellularization, 253 germination of embryos, 297 globulins, 273 RNA synthesis in embryos,

293 suspensor cells, 256

Phenylalanine ammonia lyase, 39, 188

Phleum pratense, 121, 122 Phloem

differentiation, 72-73, 116-119 structure, 68-69

Phloem protein (P-protein), 69, 72, 73

Phosphatases, 17 Phosphoenol pyruva te

carboxylase, 96, 97 Photomorphogenesis, 25-26,

32-40,38 PHOTOPERIOD RESPONSE

(PPD) gene, 154 Photoperiodism, 154-158 Photosynthetic genes, 281, 282 Photosystems I and II, 95, 284 Phototropism, 25-26, 30-31 Phytin, 272 Phytochrome

enzyme synthesis, control of, 39

flowering, role in, 156 lateral root formation, role in,

127 leaf expansion, role in, 94 and photomorphogenesis,

25-26,38 seed germination, control of,

300-301 Phytochrome A, 96 Phytochrome A (phyA) mutants,

156 Phytochrome B (phyB) mutants,

29,156,300 phytochrome-signaling early

flowering (pefl) mutant, 156

Index

Phytochrome species and genes, 26, 95, 300, 301

Phytochromobilin,25 Phytoene synthase (PSY) gene,

284 pi mutant, 176, 177, 178, 179 Pineapple (Ananas comosus), 280 pinhead (pnh) mutant, 61-62 pinocchio (pic) mutant, 112 Pistil 228-240, 232 PISTILLATA (PI) gene, 175, 176 Pisum arvense, 260 Pisum sativum. See Pea Placenta, 216, 233, 236 Plastids, 284

inheritance of, 196,242 of ripening fruits, 254

PLE gene, 179, 181 plena (pie) mutant, 179 pleiofila (aflJtl) mutant, 86 Plumbagella, 222 Plumbagella micrantha, 223 Plumbago, 222 Plumbago capensis, 223 Plumbago zeylanica, 204, 205, 223,

242 Poa pratensis, 200 Pollen embryogenesis, 309-310,

316,317,318,319,320 Pollen grains

abortion of, 202-203 allergens of, 188, 195, 200 development, 186, 194-203,

196 first mitosis in, 195-197 gene expression during

development, 197-202 germination, 205-207 recognition by stigma, 229-

231 Pollen-specific genes, 197-202 Pollen tube

callose deposition in, 207, 208, 235-236

l~hemotropism of, 233 gtlidance of, 233-234 pE>ctin deposition in, 209 re(:ycling of vesicles in, 208 traffic in the style, 231-233

PolYl~omb proteins, 253, 271 Polygalacturonase (PG), 200,

284-286 polymitotic (po) mutant, 221 Polysp'

352

Root-inducing (Ri) plasmid, 333-334

ROOT INHIBITION (ROJ) gene, 330

rootless (rtl) mutant, 269 ROOT LOCI (ROL) genes, 333-

334 root meristemless (rml) gene and

mutant, 115 Roots. See also Apical meristem,

root cell division patterns in, 107-

108 cytokinins, role in growth of,

46 differentiation of, 115-129 interaction with microbes,

131-135 lateral, 124-129, 126, 127, 129 nodules in, 132, 133, 134 regulation of growth, 129-131 vascular tissue differentiation

in, 116-119 of embryo-pattern mutants,

269,270 Root tip culture, 117, 118, 119 ROTUNDIFOLIA (ROT) gene, 83 ROUGH SHEATH (RS) gene, 64,

81 rs mutant, 81 RuBISCO (ribulose-l,5-

bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase),76

genes in fruit ripening, 281-282

light regulation of, 95 localization of gene transcripts

of,96-97 Rye. See Secale cereale

sabre (sab) gene and mutant, 114 scarecrow (scr) mutant, 112, 113 Schizosaccharomyces plombe, 254 Scilla bifolia, 224 SCR gene, 113 Scutellum, 21, 256, 258 SEC7 protein of yeast, 271 Secale cereale (rye), 8, 12, 162 Seedling

gene expression during growth, 48, 49

growth, 25-40 hormonal control of growth,

40--49 light control of growth, 30--40

Seeds after-ripening, 299-300 dormancy, 7,293-298 germination, 7-22 overcoming dormancy, 298-

301 Self-incompatibility

molecular aspects, 236-240 structural and biochemical

aspects, 235-236,235 Senescence,98,99 sepaloidea (sep) mutant, 179 Sepals

growth in cultured flower buds, 171

in homeotic mutant flowers, 175-181

SERUM RESPONSE FACTOR (SRF) genes, 163, 181, 182

Shepherd's purse. See Capse/la bursa-pastoris

SHOOT INHIBITION (SHJ) gene, 330

shoot meristemless (stm) mutant, 61-63,62,269,271

Shoots. See also Apical meristem, shoot

ectopic formation, 81 growth and differentiation,

57-73 KN1 gene localization in,

80-82,82 organization of apex, 58-66 tissue differentiation in, 68-73

Short-day plants (SDPs), 154, 156, 157, 160

short integuments (sin1) mutant, 217,218, 225, 234, 271

short root (shr) mutant, 112, 113 SHR gene, 113 shrunken (sh) mutant, 254 shrunken endosperm expressing

xenia (sex) mutants, 254 sidecar pollen (scp) mutant, 195 Sieve cells, 68-69, 72-73 Signal transduction

during auxin action, 42 during ethylene action, 43 and GA, 19, 45--46 during light action, 36-39 in meristem identity, 151 in pollen tube growth, 210,

234 Rho GTPase, role of, 210

Index

in root-microbe interactions, 133-135

Silene coeli-rosa, 160, 161, 174 Silene pendula, 194 Sinapis alba

anthers, 190, 191 changes during evocation, 160 CHS gene in seedlings, 39, 40 flowering genes, 163 photomorphogenesis, 39 root hair differentiation in, 122 seedlings, growth of, 33

S-locus glycoproteins (SLG), S-glycoproteins, 238, 239, 240

S-LOCUS RECEPTOR KINASE (SLR) gene, 239, 240

S-LOCUS-RELATED (SLR) gene, 239,240

SMALL AUXIN UP RNAs (SAUR) gene, 29, 41, 42

Snapdragon. See Antirrhinum majus

snowy teratoma, 333 Solanum chacoense, 236 Solanum tuberosum (potato), 181,

187,236 Somatic cells, 309-316 Sorghum bicolor, 203, 272 Soybean (Glycine max)

desiccation tolerance of, 294 SAUR genes of, 29, 41, 42 storage proteins of, 273

Sperm cells formation, 196, 204, 205 interaction with egg, 242 in vitro fertilization with, 242,

243,244 spindly (spy) gene and mutant,

46 sporophytic and megagametogenesis

defective (smd) mutants, 217 Sporopollenin, 194 squamosa (squa) mutant, 151 stamenless 2 (sI2) mutant, 171,

172 Stamens

determination of, 170-172 growth in cultured flower

buds, 171, 173-174 in homeotic mutant flowers,

175-181 Statolith, 26 STERILE NODES (SN) gene, 154 STERILITY (S) gene, 234-240

Index

STICHEL (ST!) gene, 92 Stigma, 229-231, 233 STM gene, 62, 63, 258 Stomata, 90-92 Stomium, 187, 188, 189, 190 Storage proteins

ofembryos,273-274 of endosperms, 271-273

STP gene, 114 Strawberry (Fragaria sp.), 281 stud (std) gene and mutant, 193 stunted plant (stp) mutant, 113 Stylar RNase (S-RNase), 237 Style, 216

pollen tube traffic in, 231-235, 235

structure of, 231-232 sugary (su) mutant, 254 Sunflower. See Helianthus annuus SUPERMAN (SUP) gene, 178,

218 superroot (sur) mutant, 127 SUS gene, 267 Suspension culture, 310-314 Suspensor cells, 256, 257, 258,

259,262,264,275 endoreduplication in, 260

suspensor (sus) mutants, 267, 268 Symbiosis plasmid (pSym), 133,

135 Synergids, 221, 222

and fertilization, 240, 242 structure, 223-224

Syringa vulgaris, 71

TA20, TA29, TA56 genes, 188, 190, 191, 192

tangledl (tanl) mutant, 82 Tapetum, 187, 188, 189-192 tassel seed (ts) mutants, 151, 174 Temperature and dormancy,

299-300 temporarily red light insensitive

(tri) mutants, 33, 34 tendrilless (tl) gene and mutants,

86 teopod (tp) mutants, 87, 148 teosinte branched (tbl) gene and

mutant, 47 Teratomas, 332, 333 terminal ear (tel) gene and

mutation, 82 terminal flower (tfl) mutant, 151 tetraspore (tes) gene and mutant,

193

TFL gene, 151, 154 Thalaspi arvense, 162 Thigmotropism, 31-32 Thionin, 188 Ti plasmid. See Tumor-inducing

plasmid TIP gene, 125 tip mutant, 124 Tobacco. See Nicotiana tabacum Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)

anantha (an) mutant, 151, 163 aurea (au) mutant, 33, 96, 103 curl (cu) mutant, 86 diageotropica (dgt) mutant, 42 falsifllora (fa) mutant, 151 fascia ted mutant, 170 FlavrSavr, 289 gene expression during

vegetative to floral transition, 160, 162

genes from anthers, 188, 190 lateral root formation, 127 malate synthase gene, 15 mouse ears (me) mutants, 86 neverripe (nr) mutants, 285,

286,288 nonripening (nor) mutants, 285,

286 NR-locus segregating gene,

288 pollen-specific genes, 199, 201,

202 RbcS genes, 281, 282 ripening inhibitor (rin) mutants,

285,286,288 stamenless 2 (s12) mutants, 171,

172 temporarily red light insensitive

(tri) mutants, 33, 34 yellow flesh mutant, 284

too many mouths (tmm) mutant, 91,92

TOUCH-INDUCED (TCH) genes, 32

TOUSLED (TSL) gene, 178 TPI gene, 87 TRACHEARY ELEMENT

DIFFERENTIATION (TED) genes, 72, 131

Tradescantia bracteata, 195 Tradescantia paludosa

pollen germination in, 205, 206,207

pollen-specific genes of, 199, 200

353

Tradescantia sp., 92 Tradescantia virginiana, 208 Transduction phase in tropisms,

27-30 Transferred DNA (T-DNA)

insertional mutagenesis with, 267,268

integration of, 333 transfer of, 327-329, 328, 330,

331 tumor phenotypes induced by,

329-331 TRANSPARENT TESTA

GLABRA (TTG) gene, 92-94, 123,125

Trichomes, 91-94, 93 Trifolium pratense, 313 Trifolium rubens, 313 Trillium, 192 Tripsacum dactyloides, 174 triple response syndrome, 43 TRIPTYCHON (TRY) gene,

92-93 Triticum aestivum (wheat), 11-19,

11, 12, 22, 45, 48, 187, 203, 317,320

Triticum durum, 9, 11 Triticum sp., 111 Triticum vulgare, 8, 9, 10, 77, 82,

115, 125 Tropaeolum majus, 256 Tropane alkaloids, 128 Tropisms

gravitropism, 26-30 phototropism, 30-31 thigmotropism, 31-32

try mutant, 93 Tryphine, 189 TS2 gene, 174 ttg mutant, 92, 94, 123 Tubulins, 3, 46, 265, 316. See also

Microtubules Tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid,

326-332,328,329 TUMOR MORPHOLOGY

LARGE (TML) gene, 330-331

TUMOR MORPHOLOGY ROOTY (TMR) gene, 330-332

TUMOR MORPHOLOGY SHOOTY (TMS) gene, 330-332

Tumors, reversal of, 332-333 Tunica, 58, 59, 60, 64, 68

:554

Tunicamycin, 311, 312 tunicate (tu) mutation, 174 TURF13 gene, 203 Turnip (Brassica rapa), 33, 117 twin (twn) mutant, 267, 268

Ubiquitin,42, 198, 201 UFO gene, 178 unifoliata (uni) gene and mutant,

86 unorganized teratoma, 333 unusual floral organs (ufo)

mutant, 151

Vascular tissue differentiation, 69-70, 116-119, 117, 118

Vernalin, 159 Vernalization, 159 Veronica agrestris, 158 Vicia faba, 111, 233, 273 Vicilin, 273, 274 Vicilin-box, 274 Vigna radiata, 41 Vinca major, 77 Vinca rosea, 326 Viola odorata (violet), 159

Violet (Viola odorata), 159 VIRULENCE (VIR) genes, 327,

328,329,330 Viruses, 323 Vitis vinifera (grape), 280, 281 Vitronectin, 233 viviparous (vp) gene and

mutants, 297 Vivipary, 22, 297

wavy (wav) mutant, 32 waxy (wx) mutant, 254 Wheat. See Triticum aestivum wig mutant, 178 WIGGUM (WIG) gene, 152, 178 Wild oat. See Avena fatua wooden leg (wot) mutant, 112, 113 Wound callus, 323--324 wus mutation, 269, 271 WUSCHEL (WUS) gene, 63-64

Xanthium pennsylvanicum, 148 Xanthium strumarium

(cocklebur), 154, 156, 158, 161

Index

Xylem, differentiation of, 70-72, 116-120

Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET), 32

YEC2 protein of yeast, 271 yellow flesh mutant, 284

Zea mays. See Maize Zea root preferential (ZRP)

genes, 131 Zea sp., 111 Zeatin, 71 Zein genes, 272-273 Zephyranthes grandiflora, 204 Zinnia elegans, 71, 72, 131 Zonation, shoot apical meristem,

59-61 ZWISCHEL (ZWI) gene, 92 zwille (zll) mutant, 61 Zygote

division, 255 division in embryo-pattern

mutants, 269, 270 formation, 240-242

Zygotene stage, 192, 193