Index

AAbrasion depth, 292, 293Accelerated

ageing method, 140carbonation test, 127curing condition, 139

Acid rains, 2Acid soluble

chlorides, 383, 391, 417sulphates, 398, 406, 410sulphur, 410

Adheredcement paste, 99mortar, 82, 86

Admixtures, 5Aerated concrete, 385Aerating agent, 134Aggregate

abrasion valuedefinition, 99

impact value, 102mining, 14

ecological problem, 14Aggressive soils, 399Air-content, 236, 238, 239

concrete with recycled concrete aggregatecrushing age of aggregate, 238quality of aggregate, 239

Air-cooledBFS slag aggregates in concrete

drying shrinkages, 148modulus of elasticity, 146splitting tensile strength, 146water absorption, 147

granulated copper slag, 45

porous slag, 43slag, 42, 43slag sand, 43steel slag, 34

Air-entrained concrete, 323Air-entraining

admixture, 118agent, 392

Alkali activatedslag concrete, 43slag concrete with BFS aggregate

air-content, 144autogenous shrinkage, 148compressive strength, 145, 146compressive strength and effect

of curing, 145, 146density, 144drying shrinkage, 148slump, 144water to cement ratio, 145

Alkali-aggregatereaction, 325reactivity, 397

Alkali content, 397Alkali-silica reaction, 382, 389, 398Alkali silica reactive materials

in CDW aggregate, 106Aluminium black dross, 216Analysis of variance (ANOVA) method, 236,

257, 283Artificial neural networks, 257Asphalt pavement, 14Attached mortar, 86Attached mortar content

determination, 86

J. de Brito and N. Saikia, Recycled Aggregate in Concrete,Green Energy and Technology, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-4540-0,� Springer-Verlag London 2013

431

A (cont.)relation

with density, 87with Los Angeles abrasion value, 101with water absorption capacity of CDW

aggregate, 92Autoclaved aerated concrete

with CBAcompressive strength, 120flexural strength, 121

Autogenous shrinkage, 205, 206Automobile industry, 69Average pore’s diameter, 306

BBall-bearing effect, 117Base isolation capability, 197Basic diffusion law, 323Basic oxygen furnace steel slag (BOF slag), 32Basic oxygen process, 33Belite-based cement, 12Bending moment, 285Bibliographic internet-based survey, 343Biodiversity, 1Biofuels, 3Bioleaching, 215Biomass, 11Bitumen and charred materials, 381Blast furnace, 32, 41Blast furnace slag, 32, 36

chemical composition, 41mechanical properties, 43, 45physical properties, 42sand, 42

Blast furnace slag (BFS) aggregates,in concrete

abrasion resistance, 146capillary water absorption, 147compressive strength, 145, 146dry density, 144freeze thaw resistance, 148, 149fresh density, 144high temperature behaviour, 147, 148length change, 147modulus of elasticity, 146slump, 144splitting tensile strength, 146resistance against wet-dry cycles, 148water adsorption, 147

Bleedingcapacity

definition, 240of CDW aggregate concrete, 239, 240

of concretedefinition, 239

Blended cement, 12Block laying mortar, 213BOF steel slag, 32Boiler slag, 24, 25, 28

chemical composition, 28composition, 28particle size, 27physical properties, 25

Bond, 295strength, 295stress at failure, 294

Bone char sludge, 213properties of concrete, 213

Bottom ash, 24types, 24

Bound granular fill, 216Brittleness index (BI), 186, 187Building

life-cycle, 2materials, 2owner, 341

Bulk density, 384Bunkers and jersey barriers, 186Burning efficiency, 25Burnt coal cinder,

as aggregate in concretecompressive strength, 132failure behaviour, 132

CCalcium aluminium silicates, 315Calcium bearing minerals, 31Calcium silicate gel, 313Calcium silicate hydrate, 98, 315Calcium silicate hydrate gel, 120CaO–SiO2–Al2O3 ternary diagram, 107, 108Capillarity

porosity, 239test, 306water absorption coefficient, 312water sorptivity, 311, 312

Car and truck tirescompositions, 70

Carbonblack, 174capture and storage (CCS), 11neutral, 4

Carbonate-looping technology, 11Carbonation

effect, 355front, 372

432 Index

CBA. See Coal bottom ashCDW. See Construction and demolition waste

classification, 381CDW aggregate

absorption graph, 92bulk density, 87, 90chemical composition, 107classification, 82, 380, 383, 392, 405,

408, 413, 418composition, 82–85contaminants, 82, 83crushing strength, 101, 102density/specific gravity, 87–92durability properties, 106, 107fineness modulus, 104from high performance concrete, 87, 99mechanical properties, 99mineralogical compositions, 107pore size distribution, 99porosity, 94, 95, 99, 306preparation, 82requirement

composition, 384, 390, 401, 406,410, 415, 418

properties, 384, 385, 387, 390, 391,394, 398, 402, 406, 408, 412,413, 414, 416, 421

shape and texture, 102shape parameters, 103soundness, 106ten minutes’ water absorption value, 233toughness, 102types of particles, 85water absorption capacity, 92–97water accessible porosity, 99

CDW aggregate concreteair content, 236, 238, 239density, 236, 237

influence of parameters, 238compressive strength, 241flexural strength, 269, 270

with curing time, 271mixing methodologies, 232, 233modulus of elasticity (MO), 276, 277relation, CS and other properties, 341slump, 230–235

and aggregates composition, 233, 234and pre-saturation technique, 230and water absorption capacity, 230influencing factors, 230

splitting tensile strength, 260–263effect of replacement ratio, 260

water to cement ratio, 233and aggregates composition, 233, 234

workability, 230effect of pozzolanic materials, 235

CDW recycle plantschematic diagram, 83

Cementbased renders, 361clinker, 9kiln, 11mortar

with non-metallic product(NMP), 216, 217

rubber composites, 187slurry, 98

Ceramicand mortar aggregates, 361brick waste, 202bricks, 58earthenware waste aggregates, 202production plant, 56waste, 55, 56, 59

types, 51, 56, 59Ceramic hollow bricks

as aggregateproperties, 52, 59

waste, 202Ceramic waste aggregate

chemical composition, 73particle size distribution, 54physical properties, 57, 59

Ceramic waste aggregate concreteabrasion resistance, 204, 205accelerated ageing test, 207, 208air-content, 199chloride permeability, 206, 207compressive strength, 201–203density, 199, 201drying shrinkage, 205effect of internal curing, 203, 205flexural strength, 203, 204freeze-thaw resistance, 207modulus of elasticity, 203, 204permeability

water and oxygen, 206slump, 199, 200splitting tensile strength, 203, 204stress–strain curve, 204toughness, 204water absorption behaviour

effect of additionof superplasticizer, 205, 206

water absorption by capillarity, 206Characteristically hazardousmaterial, 35Chemical

admixture, 121

Index 433

C (cont.)binders, 59

Chloridebinding capacity, 315, 316conductivity, 312resistivity, 316

Class-H concrete, 393Class-L concrete, 393Clay-cement-wood composite, 218Clayey concrete, 218Climate change, 1CO2, 1Coal ash aggregate, 24Coal bottom ash, 24

chemical properties, 27, 29deleterious materials, 28minerals, 27, 29pore-size distribution curve, 27, 28microscopic result, 28shape and surface texture, 27

Coal bottom ash (CBA) concrete, 116abrasion resistance, 127, 128

effect of chemical admixture, 128behaviour, in freeze-thaw testing, 128

effect of mixing,blast furnaceslag aggregate, 128

bleeding of water, 117, 118carbonation depth, 127capillary water absorption, 126

effect of pozzolanic activity,of CBA aggregate, 126

chloride permeability, 126, 127at constant slump, 127at constant w/c, 127effect of chemical admixture, 127

compressive strength, 119, 120with curing time, 120

depth of wear, 127, 128dry density, 118, 119drying shrinkage, 124, 125expansions, 127failure of concrete, 120flexural strength, 120

effect of chemical admixture, 121flow characteristics, 116fresh density, 118high temperature performance, 129plastic shrinkage, 125

effect of chemical admixture, 125residual compressive strength, 129resistance, against wet-dry cycles, 129

effect of mixing, blast furnaceslag aggregate, 129

resistance, against wet-dry cycles, 129

resistance to sulphate attack, 127slump and workability behaviour, 116, 117sorptivity coefficient, 126splitting tensile strength, 122, 123static elastic modulus, 122–124stress–strain curves, 124

Coal fired power plant, 12Coarse CDW aggregate,

grading curve, 104Cold region concrete, 323Colliery spoil, 52

in concrete, 216particle size distribution, 54

Colourof fly ash, 31

Commercial wood concrete, 218Compacting factor test, 116Compaction of concrete mixes, 232Compact rubber aggregates (CRA), 71Composite brick

with wood saw dust waste aggregate, 218Compressive strength. See CSConcrete

briquette, 118classification, 4, 11durability

definition, 297durability classification

by permeability test, 305fatigue, 295hardening process, 394permeability behaviour

influence by porosity, 305production units, 8requirements

maximum binder content, 400rheological behaviour, 375stiffness, 276with class F fly ash aggregate, 130with ferro-silicate slag, 155with fly ash aggregate

bleeding, effect of water reducersand retarder on bleeding, 129

with high calcium fly ash aggregate, 130with iron ore mineral waste, 215with iron waste, 217with lead and zinc smelting slag, 155

abrasion resistance, 155absorption of a and b rays, 155bending strength, 155compressive strength, 155leaching of elements, 154–156modulus of elasticity, 155slump, 155

434 Index

water absorption capacity, 154with low calcium fly ash aggregate, 130with marble waste, 217, 218with organic-modified reservoir

sludge, 213, 214with phosphate mill tailings, 216with sand blasting grit waste, 216with water treatment sludge, 213

Construction industryenvironmental impact, 2

Construction and demolition waste, 81, 229distributions of materials, 83, 84

Controlled low strength materials(CLSM), 72, 215

with quarry dust, 215Copper slag, 46

chemical composition, 45coarse aggregate, 45fine aggregate, 45particle size distribution, 45physical properties, 42, 44, 45

Copper slag aggregate concrete, 149abrasion resistance, 152air-content, 150

effect of silica fume, 150chloride corrosion rate, 153compressive strength, 150–152

of high strength concrete, 151density, 150drying shrinkage, 153flexural strengths, 151freeze-thaw resistance, 153

effect of limestone powder, 153rate of carbonation, 153rebound hammer value, 152resistance to sulphate attack, 153segregation and bleeding, 149

effect of chemical admixture, 150factors for bleeding, 150

slump, 149, 152splitting tensile strength, 151, 152

effect of silica fume, 151surface water absorption, 153ultrasonic pulse velocity, 152water permeable voids, 153water to cement ratio, 149

Corrective factors, 409Corrosion current densities, 316Corrosivity indicator tests, 28Cracking

moments, 285pattern, 285

Crack width, 285, 286Creep

coefficient, 289–291definition, 288deformation, 289of concrete, 354strain, 289, 291

Crushed clay bricks (CCB), 92Crushed oyster shell (OS) aggregate

in concreteacid resistances, 210carbonation depth, 210compressive strength, 210creep, 210drying shrinkage, 210freeze-thaw resistance, 210permeability, 210stress–strain curve, 210slump, 209

Crushed tile waste aggregateproperties, 57

Crystalline calcium aluminate silicates, 330Cyclone

boiler, 24furnace, 25

Cyclopean concrete, 389

DDe-inking solids, 212Degradation of PET, 64Demolition debris, 84Dioxins, 12Dredged polluted sediment, 214

as fine aggregate in mortar, 214Dry bottom ash, 24, 25

physical properties, 25, 26Dry bottom boiler, 25Drying shrinkage strain, 298Ductility factors, 285, 288Durability factor, 324

EEAF slag aggregate in concrete, 132

abrasion behaviour, 138alkali-aggregate reaction, 143behaviour in autoclave test, 140compressive strength, 133–135, 141

effect of curing conditions, 133, 134,140, 141

effect of accelerated ageing, 140, 141flexural strength, 136, 137freeze-thaw resistance, 141, 142fresh density, 133length change, 139

Index 435

E (cont.)modulus of elasticity, 137resistance against wet-dry

cycles, 142, 143slump, 133

effect of mixing of limestonefiller, 133

soundness, 141splitting tensile strength, 135, 136stress vs. strain curve, 138

Eco-designed building, 4Eco-designing, 3Effective

sustainability, 376water, 345water absorption, 98water to cement ratio, 97, 233water/cement ratio, 345, 361

Efflorescence, 140Elastic

deformation, 162energy capacity, 287

Electrical insulator industry, 55Electric arc furnace, 32Electric arc furnace (EAF) dust, 47Electric arc furnace slag (EAF-slag), 32Electric charge, 358Energy, 2

efficiency, 3saving methodologies, 3storage capacity, 5

Environmental exposure classes, 394, 407Environmental impact

of concrete production, 5Equivalent mortar volume (EMV) method,

251, 282, 290, 295, 317, 325Ethylene terephthalate, 64Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), 212Etringite, 98Eurocode 2 relationship

compressive and tensile strengths, 268Expanded

blast furnace slag, properties, 42polystyrene (EPS) foam aggregate, 62rubber aggregates (ERA), 70slag, 41

Expansion of RCA concrete, 325and wet curing, 327in alkali-aggregate reactivity test, 325in sulphate-induced corrosion

effect of FA addition, 326, 327Experimental absolute results, 344Exposure class, 397

FFA. See Fly ash.False facades, 176Families of concrete, 346Ferrochromium slag, 48

mineralogy, 48physical properties, 49

Ferro-silicate slag, 48Ferrous slag, 32Fibre-shaped plastic waste, 61Filler, 398Fine blown polystyrene waste, 61Fine CDW aggregate

grading curve, 104–106Fine fraction of CDW aggregate in concrete

compressive strength, 257–259Fineness modulus

of CBA, 27Fine recycled concrete aggregate

(FRCA), 257–259Fine recycled concrete aggregate (FRCA)

concrete. See FRCA concreteFired ceramic waste, 55, 56Flexural deflection, 285Flexural failure mode, 285Flexural strength

definition, 164. See also FSFlue gas, 24Fluidifying agent, 134Flux, 47Fly ash, 24, 30

chemical composition, 31Class C (high calcium), 30Class F (low calcium), 30classification, 30fine aggregate, 30glassy phase, 30, 31mineralogical composition, 30particle size distribution, 31

Fly ash aggregate in concrete, 129–131abrasion resistance, 130, 131air-content, 129, 130bleeding, 129

and super-plasticizers, 129carbonation behaviour, 130chloride corrosion resistance, 130drying shrinkage, 130fresh concrete mix

slump, 129water requirements of concrete

mix, 129fresh density, 129

Foamed blast furnace slag, 41

436 Index

Foundry sandphysical properties, 60

Four point flexural test technique, 164FRCA concrete

compressive strength, 258, 259relationship with effective w/c ratio,

259effect of super plasticizer, 259

development of CS, 258Freeze-thaw attack, 389Fresh concrete density, 235Friability coefficient

MBM-BA, 49Frost

action, 397susceptible soils, 41

Fuzzy logic systems, 257

GGetting the numbers right (GNR) data, 9Glass fibre, 274Glazed ceramic waste, 201Global

average temperature, 3warming, 1

Good category concrete, 296Grading

curve, 345of steel slag, 33, 34

Granulated slag, 36, 44Graphic analysis methodology, 342

adopted steps, 342, 343qualitative criteria, 343

Graphical analysis, 342Green

house gas, 1, 2sand, 59

Gross domestic product, 2

HHazardous waste, 15Hazardous waste category, 45Heat of hydration, 160Heat-treated expanded polystyrene

(MEPS), 160Heavy-duty

concrete elements, 102external paving blocks, 324

Heavy liquid separation technique, 392Heavyweight concrete

with EAF slag aggregate, 133

High performance concrete with RCAworkability loss, 235

High quality CDW aggregate, 86High strength concrete

with BFS aggregatescompressive strength, 145water absorption capacity, 147

with EAF slag aggregatecompressive strength, 134flexural strength, 136strength gain rate, 134

High-quality concrete classes, 382Hollow red clay bricks, 361Hollow red clay wall bricks, 359Hydrolytic degradation, 173Hydrophilic, 213

sludge, 51Hydrophilizated polystyrene granules, 61Hydrophobic nature, 159Hydrostatic balance, 98

IImmersion test, 306Impact

crusher, 101energy, 189

Imperial Smelting Furnace (ISF), 48Imperial Smelting slag, 48Impregnation, 255Incinerator, 174Incomplete coal combustion, 24Industrial

by-products, 24solid waste, 15

Industrial waste aggregateclassification, 24

Inertmaterials, 379waste, 15, 341

Initial surface water absorption, 310Inorganic wastes, 24Insensitive to alkali-silica reaction, 386In-stream extraction, 14Interfacial

bond failure, 266bonding, 269frictional force, 182transition zone, 97–99, 161, 207, 262, 263

Interior elements, 386Internal

bleeding of concretedefinition, 239

Index 437

I (cont.)curing, 25, 146, 148, 203, 215wet-curing, 56

Intrinsicpermeability, 318porosity, 362

Iron ore mineral wastes, 50Ironsmith processes, 217

JJarosite residue, 215Jaw crusher, 55, 57, 102, 388

LLadle furnace slag (LDF-slag), 32Ladle refining, 32Land

mining, 14filling, 11

Laser size grading, 63Latent hydraulic material, 41Lead slag, 46Lightweight aggregate, 25Lightweight cement composite

by textile waste cuttings, 214Lightweight composite aggregate

sawdust and water treatmentsludge mix, 218

Lightweight concrete, 385, 387, 401containing

EVA aggregate, 212leather waste, 212tobacco waste, 211

Lightweight materials, 398Light weight rubber aggregate, 72Lightweight waste aggregate, 24Limestone powder waste, 218Load-deflection curve, 288, 331Load versus slip curve, 295Los Angeles abrasion test, 99Los Angeles abrasion value

CDW aggregate, 100relation with compressive

strength, 101Los Angeles values, 100Low-grade applications, 102Low quality

fly ash, 30RCA, 271

Low risk meat and bone meal bottomash. See MBM-BA

Lubrication effect, 116

MMagnesium sulphate attack, 327Marble

aggregates, 218quarries, 217sizing industries, 217

Masonryaggregates, 385, 401rubble, 381waste, 383

Material efficiency, 3Matte, 43Maximum acceleration frequency, 197MBM-BA

as aggregate in concrete, 211minerals, 50particle size distribution, 51properties, 50, 55

Meat and bone mill bottom ash (MBM-BA).SeeMBM-BA, 50

Mechanical interlocking, 269Melamine waste aggregate, 62Melt flow index (MFI), 63Membrane technology, 11Mercury intrusion porosimetry, 306Mercury intrusion porosity, 99Metakaolin (MK), 266Methane, 12Methylene blue value, 107Micro-fines, 382Microwave heating, 255Mid-span deflections, 285Mill scale, 2, 35, 40Mineral

additions, 282oil, 268waste, 15

Mineralized wood concretewith wood sawing industry waste, 218

Minestone, 216Mine wastes

physico-mechanical properties, 49, 50sieve analysis, 52

Mixed aggregates, 381Mixing water compensation method, 97Modulus of elasticity

definition, 162Modulus of rupture, 271Mohr scale, 46Molten slag, 24Mono-sulphoaluminate, 325MSW incinerator, 12Muffle furnace, 173Mullite, 202

438 Index

Municipal solid waste (MSW), 379Municipal waste, 15

NNailing effect, 252Nano

catalyst, 11silica, 256, 257technological tools, 7technology, 7

NA/RA replacement ratio, 344Natural aggregate (NA), 230Natural environmental conditions, 387Natural pozzolans, 12Negative half-cell potential, 316Nitrogen gas penetration, 318Non-biodegradable, 174Non-destructive

method, 292test, 296

Non-ferrous metallurgical slags, 44physical properties, 46

Nonlinearity index, 187Non-mineral

organic materials, 381particles, 403

Non-potable water, 8Non-renewable natural materials, 340Non-structural

concrete, 380, 381, 393, 407sealing elements, 218

Normal concrete mixing approach (NMA), 98Normative standards, 380

OOil-coated RCA, 285Oil palm shell aggregate

in structural lightweight concrete, 208air-content, 208density, 209drying shrinkage, 209ductility behaviour, 209effect of PVA treatment, 209permeability properties, 209strength properties, 209type of application, 208workability, 208

OMRS, 52in cement mortar, 213propertiessieve analysis, 47

Open porosities, 306OPS. See Oil palm shell aggregateOrganic

surfactant, 213wastes, 24

Organic-modified reservoirsludge. See OMRS

Oxy-fuel technology, 11Oxygen permeability, 318Oxygen permeability index (OPI), 319

PPaper mill sludge, 52Paper mill waste

as aggregate in concrete, 212Paper recycling plants, 212Papersludge

physical properties, 53Particle size

natural sand, 27Particle size distribution curve

CBA, 27steel-slags, 34

Particulate materials, 1Passive oxide layer, 319Peak strain, 287Pelletized blast furnace slag, 42Penetration resistance, 292PET, 62, 69

molecular formula, 64PET aggregate, 61Petroleum reservoir sludge

composition, 54PFA in concrete, 130

bleeding performance, 131compressive strength, 132slump, 130, 131

Phase change materials (PCM), 5Phenolic urethane, 59Phosphate minerals, 214Photo-catalysts, 7Physical attacks, 387Physical properties

quarry rock dust, 55Plastic

deformation energy, 187energy, 183energy capacity, 287

Plastic aggregatepreparation, 61, 64properties, 62–64types of substitution, 65

Index 439

P (cont.)Plastic aggregate in concrete

abrasion resistance, 167air-content, 158carbonation resistance, 170, 171chloride diffusion coefficient, 169, 170chloride penetration resistance, 169, 170compressive strength, 158–161

influencing factors, 159super plasticizer effect, 160

dry density, 158ductility, 166failure behaviour, 166, 167fire behaviour, 173flexural strength, 164freeze-thaw resistance, 172fresh density, 157, 158gas permeability, 169lightweight concrete, 159, 160, 166load-deflection curves, 165modulus of elasticity, 162–164Poison’s ratio, 166porosity, 168, 169shrinkage, 171, 172slump, 156, 157sorptivity coefficient, 168splitting tensile strength, 161

relation with CS, 162stress–strain curves, 162, 166thermo-physical properties, 173, 174toughness indices, 165types of concrete

based on CS, 159water absorption value, 168

Plasticizers, 345Plastic waste treatment plant, 61Polycarbonate (PC) waste aggregate, 62Polyethylene terephthalate. See PETPolyethylene terephthalate waste aggregate, 64Polyvinyl alcohol. See PVAPop-outs of concrete, 139Porcelain aggregate

physical properties, 59sieve analysis, 59

Pore fluid, 54Pore solution, 322Porous red ceramic aggregates, 202, 205Portlandite, 98, 325Post combustion capture techniques, 11Potable water, 4, 7Potentially reactive, 417Potential surface activity, 107Power utilization technology, 11Pozzolanic reaction, 258

Precast concrete block, 216Prefabricated concrete, 381Pre-moistening, 346Presaturated FRCA, 257Pre-saturation method, 252Pre-saturation technique, 230Pre-soaking of CDW aggregate, 96Pre-stressed concrete, 387, 388, 403, 411Propeller crusher, 62Properties of coal ash

controlling factor, 25Pulverized fuel ash. See also PFA

in concrete, 244PUR-foam aggregates, 160PVA, 267PVC plastics granules, 62Pyrite ore, 215

QQuarry rock dust, 52

chemical properties, 51physical properties, 55

Quenched slag, 28

RRA. See Recycled aggregateRadioactivity, 216Rapid chloride ion penetration test, 316Rapid chloride permeability test, 126Rate

of bleedingdefinition, 240

of carbonation, 319of slump loss of RCAC, 232

effect of fly ash, 232Reactive chloride, 416Ready-mixed concrete plant, 399Rebound number, 292RCA, 82, 229RCA concrete

abrasion resistance, 292–294and curing conditions, 293effect of fly ash addition, 294effect of impurities, 294

aggregate-cement bond performance, 295bleeding, 239, 240

effect of fly ash, 240calcium leaching rate, 328capillary water absorption capacity, 311,

312carbonation depth, 319–322

effect of curing condition, 320

440 Index

effect of mineraladdition, 310, 315, 317

effect of treatment, 321relationship with CS, 323

carbonation kinetics, 320chloride

conductivity, 312penetration depth, 313

chloride diffusioninfluence of concrete strength, 314

chloride ion penetration coefficient, 313chloride penetration resistance, 313–315

effect of mineral additions, 315–317effect of mixing methods, 317effect of RCA treatment, 315, 317

chloride resistivity, 316compressive strength, 241

and aggregate to cement ratio, 245and concrete’s porosity, 247and contaminants in RCA, 250and crushing age, 250and crushing level, 250and curing conditions, 251, 252and mineral admixtures, 252–255and mixing method, 252, 253and moisture content in RCA, 247, 248and properties of parent concrete of

RCA, 248–250and size of coarse RCA, 248, 249and water to binder ratio, 245, 246development, 243, 244effect on treatment of RCA, 255–257

effect of super plasticizer, 259influence of mixing methodology, 244,

252, 256long term behaviour, 253quality of aggregate, 343strength of aggregate, 243

creep, 288–291controlling factors, 289–291effect on RCA treatment, 291of high strength concrete, 291

depth of carbonation, 319, 321, 322drying shrinkage, 298–300, 302–305

effect of mineral additions, 303, 304effect of treatment of RCA, 304, 305relation with CS, 302, 303relation with RCA‘s water absorption

capacity, 301failure mode, 296fatigue, 295flexural performance, 285flexural strength

and crushing age, 272

effect of FA addition, 272, 273effect of glass fibre, 274effect of impurities, 272–274effect of mixing method, 274, 275effect of moisture level in RCA, 272effect of RCA‘s size, 272effect of strength of RCA, 272effect on treatment of RCA, 275with curing ages, 271ratios of FS to CS, 271relation with CS, 276

freeze-thaw resistance, 323effect of air-entrainment, 323effect of crushing types, 324effect of mineral addition, 324effect of moisture content

in RCA, 324, 325impact resistance, 294initial surface water absorption

effect of concrete strength, 310, 311effect of FA addition, 310, 311

modulus of elasticity (MO)and curing age, 279andparent RCA concrete‘s strength, 280and replacement ratio, 278and size of aggregate, 279effect of curing condition, 280–282effect of impurities in RCA, 281, 282effect of mineral additions, 282, 283effect of mixing method, 282effect of moisture levels in RCA, 282effect of porosity of RCA, 279effect on treatment of RCA, 282effect of water to binder ratio, 280, 281relationships with CS, 284, 285

permeabilityair, 318gas, 318intrinsic air, 318oxygen, 318–320relation with CS, 318

plastic behaviour, 288post-fire performances, 328

effect of soil content, 329rebound number, 292

and concrete‘s CS, 292resistivity of concrete, 327rupture modulus

and RCA‘s water absorption capacity,275, 276

skid resistance, 294effect of aggregate to cement ratio, 294effect of FA addition, 293effect of impurities, 294

Index 441

R (cont.)shear performance, 286slump, 230–232sorptivity, 310, 311

and curing condition, 310, 311splitting tensile strength

development, 263, 264effect of addition of treated RCA, 268effect of adhered mortar content, 266effect of curing time, 263, 264effect of fly ash, 266effect of impurities, 265effect of mineral admixtures, 266, 267effect of RCA size, 266effect of RCA strength, 266effect of slag cement, 262effect of water absorption capacity of

RCA, 264effect of w/c ratio, 264ratio with CS, 267, 268relation with CS, 268, 269relation with concrete porosity, 265

stress–strain curve, 287, 288effect of chemical admixture, 288

sulfate resistance, 325total porosity, 306ultrasonic pulse velocity, 296

effect of mineral additions, 297relation with CS, 297

water absorption capacity, 306–308influence of RCA types, 307, 308influence of impurities, 309

water loss, 232water penetration depth, 309water permeability, 309, 310

effect of fine RCA content, 310effect of impurities, 310

Recycled aggregate (RA), 82field of application, 423, 424

Recycledfoam polystyrene waste, 62precast concrete, 82tyre rubber aggregate, 70wastes, 24water, 8lead slag (RLS), 49

physical properties, 50Recycled aggregate concrete

compressive strength, 241, 242and fly ash in RA, 242effect of fine content in RA, 242, 243influence of mixing methodology, 242,

244influencing factors, 243

relation with open porosity of RA, 242with curing time, 243

type of application, 393Recycled brick aggregates, 202Recycled ceramic aggregate, 359Recycled concrete aggregate. See RCARecycling

of construction waste, 19of secondary lead batteries, 48plant, 327, 397, 413

Refiningof copper, 44slag, 32

Refractory bricks, 409Reinforced

concrete beam, 285, 287concrete project, 376RCA concrete beams, 285

Remer jig treatment, 48Renewable energy, 3Reservoir of water, 25Residential sector, 2Resistance to salt scaling, 212Rigid polyurethane foam waste aggregate, 62Rotary crushers, 388Rubber aggregate, 70

grading curve, 70, 72properties, 71–73

Rubber aggregates based concreteabrasion resistance, 190

effect of surface treatment, 190air-content, 178behaviour, 196

sea water curing condition, 196brittleness index (BI), 186, 187chloride ion permeability, 194, 195

effect of fly ash, 195effect of silica fume, 194

compressive strength, 179–182effect of rubber aggregate’s

particle size, 181effect of rubber aggregate’s

treatment, 182reason for reduction, 180

cracking potential, 192damping ratio, 197, 198dry density, 178, 179flexural strength, 183, 184

load-deflection curves, 183freeze-thaw resistance, 196fresh density, 176, 177

effect of silica fume, 176impact resistance, 188, 189modulus of elasticity, 184, 185

442 Index

effect of rubber type, 184effect of silica fume addition, 185

post-cracking behaviour, 185, 186shrinkage, 191, 192skid resistance, 189, 190slump, 174–176

effect of aggregate type, 175effect of microsilica, 175

splitting tensile strength, 182, 183and failure behaviour, 182causes of reduction, 182of roller compacted concrete, 183

stress–strain curves, 185–187toughness indices, 186, 187water absorption behaviour, 192–194

effect of fly ash addition, 193, 194effect of rubber aggregate‘s

particle size, 193, 195sorptivity coefficient, 193, 194

high temperature behaviour, 196, 197effect of microsilica addition, 196

thermal insulation performance, 198Rubberized concrete, 175Rupture modulus, 275

SSalt cake, 216Salt cake slag, 49Sand coated PET aggregate, 63Sanitary porcelain waste, 56, 57, 202Schmidt

hardness, 292, 324hardness test, 292rebound hammer, 292

Screed concrete, 407Sea-coal organic binder, 60Sea water, 8Secondary lead slag, 47

physical properties, 46, 50Seismic activity, 393Self-cementing ability, 263Self-compacting concrete, 5

fine RCA, 259with CBA aggregate, 127

resistance to sulphate attack, 127Self-compacting RCA concrete

water absorption capacity, 306Self-consolidating mortar, 192, 193Self-healing concrete, 5Semi-crystalline polymer, 6Seven day compressive strength, 342, 349Shear behaviour, 286Shear reinforcement, 209

Shear strength, 286Shrinkage correction coefficients, 404Significance test with F statistics, 257Sink-float techniques, 28Slag

definition, 32from recycling of spent lead-batteries, 49tap boiler, 24tap furnace, 25

Slump lossof concrete-with RA, 232

Slump loss timeof concrete with RA, 232

Smectite clay, 52, 213Sodium silicate treatment, 255Sound barrier panels, 219Specific creep deformation, 289Specific gravity

fly ash, 30Specific thermal capacity, 160Specifications, 380Spent mushroom substrate (SMS), 211Steam curing, 280Steel and metal moulding facilities, 60Steel mill scale, 32Steel reinforcement corrosion process, 357Steel slag, 32

basicity, 35–40chemical compositions, 37–40minerals, 35types, 32, 34

Steel slag aggregateexpansive materials, 34flakiness Index, 34physical properties, 34, 35scanning electron micrographshape, 34

Steel slag aggregate concretechloride induce corrosion, 143stiffness of concrete, 138ultrasonic pulse velocity, 143

Steel-making furnaces, 32Steel-making process, 32Strain capacity, 192Stress–strain curve (SSC), 287Structural designer, 341Structural recycled aggregate concrete

adopted methodologyfor long-term properties, 342

graphical analysisabrasion resistance, 367, 368carbonation penetration resistance, 355,

371, 372chloride diffusion coefficient, 373

Index 443

S (cont.)chloride penetration

resistance, 358, 359compressive strength, 347, 348,

363, 365concrete density, 363, 364creep, 354, 355flexural tensile strength, 350, 352modulus of elasticity, 348, 349,

350, 363–365shrinkage, 351–353, 368, 369splitting tensile strength, 350, 351,

365, 366water absorption by capillarity, 370water absorption by immersion, 354,

356, 370, 371methodology

for long-term properties, 342, 343Sulphate enhanced pozzolanic activity, 127Super-fines, 398Super-plasticizers, 361Supplementary cementing materials

(SCM), 12, 30Surface treatment, 255Surfactant, 52Sustainability

in aggregate industry, 14in cement production, 8in concrete production, 4in construction materials, 2in water use, 8

Sustainability in concreteby improvingservice life, 5through innovation in concrete

constituents, 7Sustainable construction materials, 4Sustainable development

definition, 1Synthetic fibres, 346

TTen minutes’ water absorption value, 233Ten percent crushing value, 102Ten percent fines value, 101Tensile failure, 265Tension rebar stress, 285Tertiary aluminium industry, 216Tertiary building sector, 2The Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI), 11Thermal

dilation, 172insulation performance, 174response, 328

Thermal comfort, 4Thermoplastic polyester, 64Tile waste, 202Tyre rubber aggregate

physical properties, 70–73Tyre rubber-classifications, 69Tyre rubber wastes, 70Tobacco waste

lightweight aggregate, 50Total chlorides content, 416Total porosity, 306Toughness ratio, 288Transverse bending test, 164Transverse reinforcement, 286Two stage mixing approach, 98, 274

UUltimate

FS, 285moments, 285strain, 287

Ultra-high strength concrete, 5Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), 296Ultrasonic treatment, 255Underlayment concrete, 213Un-hydrated cement, 257

VVibration damping, 197Volume index

definition, 59Volume of voids, 206Volume stability, 410, 417

WWaelz oxide, 48Waste concrete, 383Waste foundry green sand, 60Waste foundry sand aggregate, 59Waste PET (WPET) aggregate, 61Waste plastic aggregate, 62

types, 65, 67Waste scrape tire, 69Water

absorption, 347absorption at 10 min, 388absorption capacity, 384absorption potential, 92

Water absorption of CDW aggregateeffect of curing age, 96effect of particle size, 92

444 Index

relation with density, 97Water compensation method, 252Water permeability

coefficient, 309index, 309

Water reducing admixtures, 8Water-soluble

chlorides, 383, 391sulphates, 417

Water treatment sludge, 213Weathering of slag, 34Weighed density, 342Weighed density value, 344Weighed water absorption, 342Wet-bottom boiler, 24Wet bottom boiler slag, 24

White ceramic aggregate, 361White ceramic waste, 202White Portland cement, 272White stoneware, 58Workability

of CDw aggregate concrete, 230effect of mixing method, 232, 233

YYield path length, 288

ZZero discharge, 8

Index 445