445J. Lerman (ed.), Neonatal Anesthesia, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6041-2, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015

Index

A Abaijan, C. , 405 Abdominal wall defects , 9–10

biliary atresia , 259–260 bladder exstrophy/cloacal exstrophy , 256–257 exomphalos , 255–256 gastroschisis , 253–254 necrotizing enterocolitis ( see Necrotizing enterocolitis) posterior urethral valves , 257 sacrococcygeal teratoma , 257–259

Acetaminophen adverse eff ects , 96 analgesic pharmacodynamics , 94–95 analgesics developmental pharmacology , 388–389 mechanism of action , 94–95 pharmacokinetics , 95–96 postoperative pain management , 394–395

Acquired subglottic stenosis , 426 Activated clotting time (ACT) machine , 333 Activated partial thromboplastin time

(APTT) , 226 Acute kidney injury (AKI) , 340 Agenesis , 25 Air embolization , 347 Airtraq optical laryngoscope , 163 Albumin , 207 Alfentanil , 100–101, 141–142 Allegaert, K. , 72, 73 Allnutt, M.F. , 429 Allott, P.R. , 79 Alpha(2)-adrenoreceptor agonists , 288 Altman classifi cation , 258 Amethocaine gel , 393 Amplitude-integrated EEG (aEEG) , 180–182 Analgesia , 144–146, 287 Anand, K.J. , 401, 432 Ancillary drugs

acetaminophen adverse eff ects , 96 analgesic pharmacodynamics , 94–95 mechanism of action , 94–95 pharmacokinetics , 95–96

anticholinergic drugs adverse eff ects , 112–113 atropine , 111–112 glycopyrrolate , 112 scopolamine , 112

induction agents ketamine , 77–78 propofol , 76–77 thiopentone , 77

inhalation agents anesthetic depth control , 83–84 cardiac output , 83 cardiovascular system , 88–89 central nervous system , 87 central neuroexcitation , 91 emergence , 85, 92 hepatic function , 90–91 induction techniques , 79–81, 83, 91 malignant hyperthermia , 92 metabolism , 85 neuromuscular junction , 92 pharmacodynamics , 85–87 pharmacokinetics , 78–82 physicochemical properties , 78–79 renal function , 89–90 respiratory system , 89 shunts , 83–85 stability , 93–94 ventilation , 82–83

local anesthetic agents adverse eff ects , 107–108 mechanism of action , 106 pharmacodynamics , 106 pharmacokinetics , 106–107, 109

neonatal bupivacaine toxicity , 67 neonatal pharmacodynamic diff erences , 74–75 neonatal pharmacokinetic diff erences

absorption , 68–69 blood-brain barrier , 71 body composition , 69–70 distribution , 69 elimination , 71 extrahepatic routes of metabolic clearance , 73–74 hepatic metabolic clearance , 71–73 plasma proteins , 70 pulmonary elimination , 74 regional blood fl ows , 71 renal elimination , 74

neuromuscular-blocking drugs adverse eff ects , 111 antagonism , 110–111 neonatal physiology , 108 pharmacodynamics , 108–109 pharmacokinetics , 109–110

NSAIDs adverse eff ects , 97 drug interactions , 97 mechanism of action , 96 pharmacodynamics , 96 pharmacokinetics , 97

446

Ancillary drugs (cont.) opioid analgesic drugs

alfentanil , 100–101 alpha-2 agonists , 104–106 benzodiazepines , 103–104 codeine , 102–103 fentanyl , 99–100 meperidine , 103 methadone , 103 morphine , 98–99 remifentanil , 100–101 sufentanil , 101–102

pharmacodynamic measures , 75–76 pharmacokinetic covariates

maturation , 68 organ function , 68 size , 67–68

postmenstrual age , 67 Anderson, B.J. , 67–113, 430 Anemia , 299 Anencephaly , 275, 277 Anesthesia

cardiac surgery , 322 circuits and controlled ventilation , 5–6 general

awake vs. anesthetized tracheal intubation , 137–138

cricoid pressure , 138 gastric emptying , 138 inhalational induction , 140–142 intravenous induction , 140 ketamine , 139 mask ventilation , 138–139 muscle relaxants , 142–143 nitrous oxide , 143 preoxygenation , 138 propofol , 139 rocuronium , 140 succinylcholine , 139–140 thiopental , 139 tracheal intubation , 143–144

induction , 330–331 maintenance , 331

analgesia , 144–146 hypnosis , 144

principles consciousness , 131 emotional context , 131 hypnotics , 132 memory , 131–132 neurotoxicity , 132–135 optimal risk-benefi t ratio , 135

spinal , 135–137 Anesthetic complications

location of operative procedures , 426–427 neurocognitive development , 432–433 oxygen toxicity , 428–429 perianesthetic mortality and adverse events , 423–424 prevention of adverse events

equipment-related incidents , 431 human factors , 429 medication errors , 429–431 risks , 431–432

respiratory and airway complications , 424–426 transfusions , 427–428 vascular access , 428

Anorectal anomalies anesthetic considerations , 252 diagnosis , 251–252 embryology , 251 Krickenbeck classifi cation , 251, 252 management , 252 outcomes , 252 surgical considerations , 252

Anticholinergic drugs adverse eff ects , 112–113 atropine , 111–112 glycopyrrolate , 112 scopolamine , 112

Anticoagulation , 333, 335 Antidiuretic hormone , 198–199 Aortic clamp , 334 Aortic cross-clamping , 334 Aortic stenosis (AS)

anatomic features , 308–309 anesthetic considerations , 310 management , 309 pathophysiology , 309 post-bypass problems , 310 transcatheter interventions , 310

Aortopulmonary (AP) window , 318 Apnea , 44–45 Apnea monitors , 176 Apoptosis , 26, 27, 45, 51, 78, 133, 135, 136, 145, 197, 228,

232, 251, 386, 432 Arnold-Chiari malformation , 25 Aronoff , D.M. , 95 Arrhythmias , 347–348 Arterial blood gas (ABG) machine , 333 Arterial blood pressure

arterial cannulation cutdown , 325 indwelling arterial monitoring , 324 invasive monitoring , 324 noninvasive monitoring , 323–324

Arterial fi lter , 331–332 Arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation monitoring , 191–192 Arterial pressure monitoring

coarctation of the aorta , 300 tetralogy of Fallot , 304

Arterial switch operation. See Jatene procedure Artery of Adamkiewicz , 272 Atrial natriuretic peptides , 197 Atropine , 111–112 Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) , 185 Axillary blocks , 414

B Baby Doe regulations , 443 Bailey, P.D. , 402 Balanced analgesia , 387–388 Barker, D.J. , 17, 18 Barnum, B. , 441 Beauchamp, T. , 439, 441 Beecher, H.K. , 5 Bell classifi cation , 261 Bell, H.E. , 6 Belton, M.K. , 5, 7 Benoit, M. , 158 Benzodiazepines , 103–104 Berde, C.B. , 411 Berlin Heart Excor Pediatric VAD ® , 344–345

Index

447

Beta blockers , 288 Bhutani, V.K. , 50 Bier, D. , 11 Bigelow, H.J. , 1 Biliary atresia (BA)

anesthetic considerations , 260 classifi cation , 259, 260 diagnosis , 259–260 management , 260 surgical approach , 260

Bladder exstrophy/cloacal exstrophy , 256–257 Blalock-Taussig shunt , 341–342 Bleeding , 338–339 Blood-brain barrier (BBB) , 71, 274 Blood glucose monitoring , 195 Blood loss, patent ductus arteriosus , 299 Blood pressure monitoring , 192–193 Body temperature monitoring , 194–195 Bohn, D. , 9 Bonfi ls fi ber-optic laryngoscope , 165 Born-Alive Infants Protection Act (BAIPA) , 443–444 Bosenberg, A. , 401–416 Boutaud, O. , 95 Brachial artery , 324 Bradycardia , 406 Brain tumours , 283 Brandstater, B. , 4 Brett, C. , 17–54 Bronchial blocker , 229 Bronchopulmonary dysplasia , 219 Bronchoscopy. See Esophagoscopy Browne, D. , 11 Budin, P. , 2 Bupivacaine , 393 Burns, J.P. , 439–444

C Canalisation , 275 Canneson, M. , 179 Cannulas and tubing , 332–333 Cannulation and initiation, cardiopulmonary bypass , 333–334 Capnography , 194, 323 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors , 288 Carden, S.M. , 271–288 Cardiac MRI , 375 Cardiac surgery

cardiac output and distribution of blood fl ow , 293–294 cardiopulmonary bypass

anticoagulation, and cannulas removal , 333, 335 aortic clamp and myocardial reperfusion , 334 aortic cross-clamping and myocardial protection , 334 bleeding and coagulation eff ects , 338–339 cannulation and initiation , 333–334 cooling and temperature management , 334 deep hypothermic circulatory arrest , 336 intensive care unit transport , 335 myocardial eff ects , 340 neonate vs. adult , 336–338 neurologic eff ects , 339–340 perfusion equipment, tubing, circuits, and bypass prime ,

331–333 pre-bypass period , 331 pulmonary eff ects , 340 renal and gastrointestinal eff ects , 340 selective antegrade cerebral perfusion , 336 systemic infl ammatory response syndrome , 338

cardiovascular physiology fetal circulation , 291–293 postnatal circulation , 293 transitional circulation , 293

congenital cardiovascular anomalies aortopulmonary window , 318 coarctation of the aorta , 299–300 critical aortic stenosis , 308–310 d -TGA ( see d -Transposition of the great arteries) Ebstein anomaly , 318–320 HLHS ( see Hypoplastic left heart syndrome) interrupted aortic arch , 314–315 patent ductus arteriosus ( see Patent ductus arteriosus) pulmonary stenosis , 315–317 tetralogy of fallot , 303–305 total anomalous pulmonary venous return , 305–307 truncus arteriosus , 307–308

congenital heart disease circulatory support , 343–345 classifi cation , 296 clinical presentation and diagnosis , 295–296 epidemiology , 295 preoperative assessment , 320–322

intraoperative management , 330–331 myocardium , 294 perioperative considerations

altered respiratory mechanics , 347 anesthesia care provider , 322 arterial blood pressure monitoring , 323–325 capnography , 323 central venous pressure monitoring , 325–327 conduction disturbances and arrhythmias , 347–348 congestive heart failure , 346 cyanosis , 347 direct transthoracic pressure monitoring , 327 electrocardiography , 323 emergency medications availability , 323 intravenous access , 322–323 myocardial ischemia , 347 neurologic monitoring , 328–330 operating room transport , 322 post-cardiac transplant recipients , 348 premedication , 322 pulmonary hypertension , 345–346 pulse oximetry , 323 stress response , 348 systemic air embolization , 347 systemic hypotension , 346 temperature monitoring , 323 transesophageal echocardiography , 327–328 urinary output measurements , 327 ventricular pressure overload , 347 ventricular volume overload , 347

without cardiopulmonary bypass coarctation of the aorta repair , 342 pulmonary artery banding , 341 pulmonary artery shunt placement , 341–342 vascular ring division , 342–343

Cardioplegia circuit , 333 Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)

activated clotting time machine , 333 anticoagulation, and cannulas removal , 333, 335 aortic clamp and myocardial reperfusion , 334 aortic cross-clamping and myocardial protection , 334 arterial blood gas machine , 333 arterial fi lter , 331–332 bleeding and coagulation eff ects , 338–339

Index

448

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) (cont.) blood hemoconcentrator , 333 bypass circuit miniaturization , 333 cannulas and tubing , 332–333 cannulation and initiation , 333–334 cardioplegia circuit , 333 cell saver , 333 cooling and temperature management , 334 deep hypothermic circulatory arrest , 336 heart-lung machine , 331 heat exchanger unit , 331 intensive care unit transport , 335 membrane oxygenator , 331 myocardial eff ects , 340 neonate vs. adult

cannulation , 337 glucose homeostasis , 337–338 physiologic eff ects , 337

neurologic eff ects , 339–340 pre-bypass period , 331 pulmonary eff ects , 340 pump prime , 333 renal and gastrointestinal eff ects , 340 selective antegrade cerebral perfusion , 336 surgery without

Blalock-Taussig shunt , 341–342 coarctation of aorta , 342 pulmonary artery banding , 341 vascular ring division , 342–343

systemic infl ammatory response syndrome , 338 venous reservoir , 333 venous saturation and hematocrit monitor , 333

Cardiorespiratory monitoring , 191 Cardiothoracic surgery , 395 Cardiovascular function

clinical signifi cance , 24 myocardial development

myocytes , 20–21 subcellular components , 21–22 sympathetic innervation , 22

preterm infant , 23–24 transitional circulation , 18–20

Cardiovascular physiology fetal circulation , 291–293 postnatal circulation , 293 transitional circulation , 293

Cardiovascular system echocardiography , 177–178 inhalation agents , 88–89 oscillometry , 178 pulse CO-oximetry , 178–180

Caudal block anatomy , 406–407 complications , 408 dosage , 408 knee-chest position , 407 sacral hiatus , 407 technique , 407–408

Caudal catheter techniques , 408–409 Cautley, E. , 2 Cavernous sinus , 272 Central nervous system , 24–25

age-related injury patterns cerebral blood fl ow , 28–29 congenital heart disease , 28 gray-white dichotomy , 26

N-methyl- D -aspartic acid receptor , 26 vulnerable cell population , 26–28

cerebellar injury , 32–33 cerebral blood fl ow monitoring , 29–30 cerebral white matter injury , 30–31 clinical signifi cance , 33 germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage , 31–32 inhalation agents , 87 normal development , 25–26

Central venous catheters (CVCs) , 193–194, 365–366

Central venous pressure (CVP) abnormal rhythm , 325 monitoring , 193–194 percutaneous sites , 326–327 ultrasound guidance , 326

Cephaloceles , 278–279 Cerebellar injury , 32–33 Cerebral blood fl ow (CBF)

autoregulation , 273 PaCO 2 change , 273–274 perfusion pressure , 273

Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) , 273 Cerebral white matter injury , 30–31 Cerebrospinal fl uid (CSF) , 274 Cervical teratoma , 166 Chalkiadis, G.A. , 107 Chest radiograph

congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation , 229 esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fi stula , 233

Childress, J. , 439, 441 Chlorhexidine , 406 Chloroform , 1–2 Circular shunt

Ebstein anomaly , 320 pulmonary stenosis , 317

Circumcision, postoperative pain management , 394 Cisatracurium , 143 Citrate , 428 Cloaca , 252–253 Clonidine , 104–105, 411 Coagulation , 338–339 Coarctation of aorta (CoA)

anatomic features , 299 anesthetic considerations , 300 arterial pressure monitoring , 300 cardiopulmonary bypass , 342 management , 300 pathophysiology , 299–300 surgical considerations , 300

Codeine , 102–103, 391, 392 Cohen, M.M. , 424 CO 2 insuffl ation , 228 Cole , 4 Collett, R.W. , 307 Colloids , 207 Colonic atresia , 246–247 Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia (CSEA) , 426 Congenital cardiovascular anomalies. See Congenital heart diseases

(CHD) Congenital cataracts , 288 Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM)

anesthetic considerations , 231 chest radiograph , 229 diagnosis , 230 management , 230–231

Index

449

Stocker classifi cation , 230 surgical considerations , 231

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) , 9, 372–373 anesthetic considerations , 240–241 diagnosis , 238 embryology , 237–238 foramen of Bochdalek defect , 237 foramen of Morgagni defect , 237, 238 medical management , 239 outcomes , 238–239 prenatal treatment , 239 surgical considerations , 239–240

Congenital glaucoma , 288 Congenital heart diseases (CHD)

annual birth prevalence , 295 aortopulmonary window , 318 clinically nonsignifi cant , 296 clinically signifi cant , 296 clinical presentation and diagnosis , 295–296 coarctation of the aorta , 299–300 critical aortic stenosis , 308–310 d -TGA ( see d -Transposition of the great arteries) ductal-dependent , 296 Ebstein anomaly , 318–320 epidemiology , 295 HLHS ( see Hypoplastic left heart syndrome) interrupted aortic arch , 314–315 life-threatening , 296 mechanical circulatory support

Berlin Heart Excor Pediatric VAD ® , 344–345 ECPR , 344 indications , 344

PDA ( see Patent ductus arteriosus) physiologic classifi cation , 296, 297 preoperative assessment

electrocardiographic , 320–321 fasting period , 322 history and physical examination , 320 informed consent , 321 radiograph , 320, 322

pulmonary stenosis , 315–317 tetralogy of fallot , 303–305 total anomalous pulmonary venous return , 305–307 truncus arteriosus , 307–308

Congenital lobar emphysema (CLE) , 232 Congenital thoracic malformations , 229 Congestive heart failure , 346 Constant, I. , 131–146 Constipation , 252 Continuous epidural infusions , 410–411 Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) , 217–218 Corning, J.L. , 11 Coronary artery anomalies , 304 Couney, M. , 2 Courreges, P. , 402 Cowles, A.L. , 79 Craniosynostosis , 284–285 Cranium

infratentorial compartment , 272 intracranial pressure , 271 spinal canal compartment , 272 supratentorial compartment , 271–272

Cricoid pressure , 138 Cross, K. , 225–263 CT scan, sedation , 374 Cyanosis , 347 Czerny, A. , 2

D Dandy-Walker syndrome , 280 Daniel, N. , 441 Davidson, A.J. , 271–288 Davis, P.J. , 432 de Hoon, J.N. , 72 de Jong, R.H. , 79 Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) , 336 Deming, M. , 8 Dent, C.T. , 2 Derotation, malrotation , 249 Derrington, M.C. , 423 Desebbe, O. , 179 Dexmedetomidine , 105–106, 374, 377, 392 Diencephalon , 271–272 DiGeorge syndrome , 315 Donath, S. , 160 Doppler, C. , 184 Downes, J.J.Jr. , 9 d -Transposition of the great arteries ( d -TGA)

anatomic features , 300–301 anesthetic considerations , 301 arterial switch operation , 301, 302 left ventricular compliance , 302 management , 301 myocardial ischemia , 302 pathophysiology , 301 pulmonary hypertension , 303

d-Tubocurarine , 5 Duodenal atresia

anesthetic considerations , 245 classifi cation , 244 diagnosis , 245 embryology , 244–245 management , 245 outcomes , 245 surgical considerations , 245

E Ebstein anomaly

anatomic features , 318, 319 anesthetic considerations , 319 circular shunt , 320 management , 319 pathophysiology , 318–319 pulmonary vascular resistance , 320 respiratory status , 320 rhythm disturbances , 320

Echocardiography , 177–178, 239 Eckenhoff , J.E. , 4 Edwards, J.E. , 307 Eger, E.I. , 79 Electrocardiography , 323 Electroencephalogram (EEG) , 75, 180–182 Elsberg, C. , 3 Endobronchial intubation , 229 Endotracheal intubation , 3–5 Enteral nutrition , 202 Epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) , 374 Esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fi stula (EA/TEF) , 8

anesthetic considerations , 236–237 chest radiograph , 233 classifi cation , 232–234 diagnosis , 234 etiology , 232 medical management , 234–235

Index

450

Esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fi stula (EA/TEF) (cont.) risk stratifi cation , 234 surgical considerations , 235–236

Esophagoscopy , 235 Ethical and medicolegal considerations

Baby Doe regulation controversy , 443 Born-Alive Infants Protection Act , 443–444 four principles approach

limitations , 439–440 perioperative applications , 440–442

perioperative care , 439 perioperative do-not-resuscitate orders , 442

Ethyl chloride , 2 Eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA) , 393 Exomphalos , 255–256 External jugular vein , 326 Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) , 239, 373–374 Extracorporeal support during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) ,

344 Extralobar sequestration (ELS) , 231 Extremely low birth weight (ELBW) , 17 Ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) , 166–167

F Face mask ventilation , 154–155 Femoral artery cannulation , 193 Femoral nerve blocks , 414 Femoral vein , 326 Fentanyl , 99–100, 141, 391 Fergusson, W. , 2 Fetal circulation

characteristic features , 293 late gestation , 291–292

Fetal neurosurgery , 284 Fiadjoe, J.E. , 153–167 Fisher, D.M. , 5, 109, 110 Forget, P. , 179 Four principles approach

limitations , 439–440 perioperative applications

autonomy , 440 benefi cence , 441 justice , 441–442 non-malefi cence , 441

Franklin, R.H. , 8 Frawley, G. , 160, 197–210 Frawley, G.P. , 402 Fuenzalida, D. , 160

G Gastric emptying , 138 Gastrointestinal/genitourinary surgery , 394–395 Gastroschisis , 371–372

anesthetic considerations , 254 diagnosis , 253 management , 253–254 outcomes , 254 pathophysiology , 253 surgical considerations , 254

General Anesthesia Study (GAS) , 433 Germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage (GM-IVH) , 31–32 Gillespie, N.A. , 3 Gillooly, J.F. , 68 Girotto, J. , 161 Glenn anastomosis , 312

GlideScope , 162–163 Glomerular fi ltration rate (GFR) , 361 Glucose , 201 Glycopyrrolate , 112 Gottlieb, E.A. , 291–348 Gray, T. , 11 Greenhalgh, D. , 2 Gregory, G.A. , 79 Greisen, G. , 29 Gross, R. , 9, 10

H Habre, W. , 213–221 Haight, C. , 8 Hasan, M.A. , 402 Heard, C. , 359–378 Heart-lung machine , 331 Heat exchanger unit , 331 Hemoconcentrator , 333 Hemorrhage and trauma , 283–284 Hepatic function

anatomy , 45, 46 clinical signifi cance , 51 hemorrhagic diseases , 47 inhalation agents , 90–91 jaundice and hyperbilirubinemia , 47–51 metabolism , 47 synthesis , 46 in utero development , 45–46

Hepatic metabolic clearance , 71–73 Hewer, C.L. , 3 High-fl ow nasal cannula (HFNC) , 217–218 High-frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) , 368 High-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) , 367–368 High-frequency ventilation (HFV) , 216–217 Hippocrates , 440 Hirschsprung’s disease

anesthetic considerations , 251 diagnosis , 250 embryology , 249–250 genetics , 250 management , 250 outcomes , 250–251 surgical considerations , 251 surgical procedures , 250

Holder, E. , 444 Holliday, M.A. , 204, 208 Howard, R.H. , 383–396 Hydrocephalus

anesthetic considerations , 281–282 clinical presentation , 280 etiology and pathophysiology , 279 MRI image , 280, 281 myelomeningocele , 280 posthemorrhagic , 279–280 treatment , 280–281

Hydromorphone , 391 Hydroxyethyl starches (HESs) , 207–208 Hypercapnia

CBF , 273 halothane , 89 neuropharmacology , 276 permissive , 176

Hyperglycemia , 202 Hyperkalemia , 427 Hypnosis , 144

Index

451

Hypo-and hyperventilation , 213 Hypocapnia , 213 Hypoglycemia , 201–202, 276 Hyponatremia , 276 Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS)

anatomic features , 310 anesthetic considerations , 312–313 balancing the circulations , 313–314 hybrid procedure , 312–314 mixed venous oxygen saturation monitoring , 314 Norwood procedure , 312 physiology , 310 postoperative issues , 314 right ventricular optimization , 313 surgical palliative approach , 313 systemic vs. pulmonary circulations , 311

Hypotension , 23, 275–276, 346, 370 Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis , 197–198 Hypothermia , 362 Hypoxic ventilatory depression (HVD) , 43

I Ilioinguinal nerve blocks , 414 Induction agents

ketamine , 77–78 propofol , 76–77 thiopental , 77

Infraorbital nerve blocks , 414 Infratentorial compartment , 272 Ingelmo, P. , 197–210 Inguinal hernia

anesthetic management , 242 diagnosis , 241 pathophysiology , 241 repair , 394 surgical management , 241–242

Inhalation agents anesthetic depth control , 83–84 cardiac output , 83 cardiovascular system , 88–89 central nervous system , 87 central neuroexcitation , 91 emergence , 85, 92 hepatic function , 90–91 induction , 79–81, 83, 91 malignant hyperthermia , 92 metabolism , 85 neuromuscular junction , 92 pharmacodynamics , 85–87 pharmacokinetics , 78–82 physicochemical properties , 78–79 renal function , 89–90 respiratory system , 89 shunts , 83–85 stability , 93–94 ventilation , 82–83

Inspired and expired gas analysis , 175–176 Intercostal nerves , 414–416 Internal jugular vein , 326 Interrupted aortic arch (IAA)

anatomic features , 314 anesthetic considerations , 315 management , 315 pathophysiology , 314 surgical considerations , 315

Intestinal atresias , 244 Intracranial pressure (ICP) , 271, 274 Intralobar sequestration (ILS) , 231 Intraoperative temperature control , 7 Intrauterine growth retardation , 202 Intravenous access , 322–323 Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH)

hydrocephalus , 279–280 NICU , 361

J Jatene procedure , 301, 302 Jejunal/ileal atresia , 245–246 Junctional ectopic tachycardia , 305

K Karl, H.W. , 8 Keller, G. , 179 Kennedy, R.L. , 8 Ketamine , 77–78, 139, 377, 392 Kinney, H.C. , 25 Kleinman, M. , 423–434 Kost-Byerly, S. , 402 Kovatsis, P.G. , 423–434 Krickenbeck classifi cation , 251, 252 Krishnan, K. , 402 Kurth, C.D. , 173–187

L Lakshminrusimha, S. , 197–210, 359–378 Laparotomy , 240, 263 Larsson, L.E. , 411 Larsson, P. , 67–113 Laryngeal mask airways (LMAs) , 155 Laryngoscopy , 156–157 Laser surgery , 287–288 LeDez, K.M. , 12 Leigh, D. , 6 Leigh, M.D. , 5, 7 Lerman, J. , 12, 67–113, 133, 359–378 Lewis, G. , 6 Lidocaine , 392–393 Litman, R.S. , 153–167 Local anesthesia (LA)

agents adverse eff ects , 107–108 mechanism of action , 106 pharmacodynamics , 106 pharmacokinetics , 106–107, 109

caudal epidural analgesia , 394 continuous epidural analgesia , 394 pain assessment and management

EMLA , 393 lidocaine, bupivacaine, levobupivacaine and ropivacaine ,

392–393 sucrose , 393–394

Long, C. , 1 Lou, H.C. , 29 Louvet, N. , 131–146 Low-birth-weight infants , 177, 200 Lumbar epidural , 409–410 Lung sequestration , 231 Luz, G. , 411

Index

452

M MacEwen, W. , 3 Magill, I. , 3 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

hydrocephalus , 280, 281 sedation , 374

Mainstream capnography , 175 Malignant hyperthermia , 92 Mallinckrodt™ , 194 Malrotation

anesthetic considerations , 249 diagnosis , 248 embryology , 248 management , 248 midgut volvulus , 248 outcomes , 248 surgical considerations , 248–249

Malviya, S. , 79 Mancuso, T.J. , 439–444 Maplseon, W.W. , 79 Mask ventilation , 138–139 McAuliff e, J. , 173–187 McDonald, I.H. , 4 Meconium ileus , 247 Meignier, M. , 411 Membrane oxygenator , 331 Menzies, H. , 3 Meperidine , 103 Meretoja, O.A. , 109 Merry, A.F. , 430 Methadone , 103 Methylxanthines , 426 Meyer, S. , 178 Midazolam , 395 Midgut volvulus , 248 Miller-Hance, W.C. , 291–348 Miniaturization, bypass circuit , 333 Minimal enteral nutrition , 202 Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) , 228 Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) , 74 Mivacurium , 142–143 Mixed venous oxygen saturation monitoring , 314 Morphine , 98–99, 390 Morton, W.G. , 1 Motta, P. , 291–348 Multimodal analgesia. See Balanced analgesia Murat, I. , 203 Murrell, D. , 402, 411 Muscle relaxants , 142–143, 146 Mustard, W. , 10 Myelomeningocele , 278–280 Myocardial ischemia

CHD , 347 d -Transposition of the great arteries , 302

Myocardium dysfunction , 340 neonatal vs. mature , 294 protection , 334 reperfusion , 334

N Nandi, R. , 271–288 Nasal intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV) , 217 Nasotracheal intubation , 157 Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) , 29–30, 182–184, 328–329 Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)

anesthetic considerations , 263 Bell classifi cation , 261 blood pressure , 370 electrolyte and acid–base disturbances , 370 hematologic disturbances , 370 lateral radiograph , 262 management , 261–262 mortality , 371 outcomes , 261 pathogenesis , 260–261 pathophysiology , 369 preterm neonate , 261 respiratory failure , 370 surgical approach , 262–263 vascular access , 370 X-ray, pneumoperitoneum , 369–370

Neonatal airway management diffi cult airway

Airtraq optical laryngoscope , 163 Bonfi ls fi ber-optic laryngoscope , 165 cannot-intubate-cannot-ventilate scenario , 162 cricothyroid membrane , 166 fi ber-optic light bundle , 164 GlideScope , 162–163 laryngeal cleft , 163 Pierre Robin sequence , 161 Shikani Optical Stylet , 165 Storz video laryngoscope , 162 subglottic webs , 156, 161 Truview EVO2 , 164

ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) , 166–167 induction of anesthesia

face mask ventilation , 154–155 laryngeal mask airways and supraglottic devices , 155 laryngoscopy and orotracheal intubation , 156–157 nasotracheal intubation , 157 rapid sequence intubation , 159–160 tracheal tube size selection , 157 tracheal tube tip positioning , 159 tube size assessment , 158–159 uncuff ed vs. cuff ed tracheal tubes , 157–158

upper airway anatomy , 153–154 Neonatal cardiovascular surgery , 10 Neonatal hypoxia–ischemia , 182 Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)

anesthesia requirements , 366–367 anesthetic technique , 376–377 cardiac catheterization laboratory , 375–376 cardiac MRI , 375 complications , 377–378 congenital diaphragmatic hernia , 372–373 extracorporeal membrane oxygenation , 373–374 fetal accretion rates , 361 fetal hemoglobin , 361 gastroschisis , 371–372 glomerular fi ltration rate , 361 hepatic enzyme systems , 361 intraventricular hemorrhage , 361 logistic considerations

central venous catheterization , 365–366 operative procedure , 363 peripheral arterial cannulation , 365 umbilical arterial catheter , 364–365 umbilical venous catheter , 364

lung development , 360 necrotizing enterocolitis

blood pressure , 370

Index

453

electrolyte and acid–base disturbances , 370 hematologic disturbances , 370 mortality , 371 pathophysiology , 369 respiratory failure , 370 vascular access , 370 X-ray, pneumoperitoneum , 369–370

oxygen toxicity , 359–360 patent ductus arteriosus closure , 369 patient indication , 362–363 preanesthetic assessment, cath lab , 376 premature and full-term neonates , 360 premature infants , 361 pulmonary arterial hypertension , 378 pulmonary vascular resistance , 361 respiratory control , 360 retinopathy of prematurity , 372 sedation

high-frequency ventilation , 367–368 imaging procedures , 374 transport , 368

spontaneous intestinal perforation , 371 thoracoabdominal surgery , 227–228 transporting neonate risks , 362 uncuff ed tracheal tubes , 360–361

Neonatal renal function glomerular fi ltration , 199–200 renal blood fl ow , 199 tubular function , 200

Neonatal ventilation CPAP and NIV , 217–218 high-frequency ventilation , 216–217 monitoring , 220–221 operating theater , 218–220 pressure-controlled ventilation , 214–215 respiratory system , 213–214 volume-controlled ventilation , 215–216 volume-targeted ventilation , 216

Nervous system EEG and amplitude-integrated EEG , 180–182 near-infrared spectroscopy , 182–184 neurophysiological monitors , 184–187 transcranial Doppler , 184

Neural tube defects (NTDs) anesthetic considerations , 279 embryology and pathology , 274–275 neurosurgical conditions , 277–278

Neuraxial blockade caudal block , 406–408 caudal catheter techniques , 408–409 continuous epidural infusions , 410–411 epidural adjuvants , 411 lumbar and thoracic epidural , 409–410 sacral epidural block , 410 spinal , 405–406

Neuroanesthesia access and positioning , 275 analgesia postoperatively , 276 blood pressure , 275–276 fl uids, glucose and electrolytes , 276 neuropharmacology , 276–277 temperature , 275 ventilation , 276

Neuroapoptosis , 87, 132–135, 433 Neuromuscular-blocking drugs , 5

adverse eff ects , 111 antagonism , 110–111

neonatal physiology , 108 pharmacodynamics , 108–109 pharmacokinetics , 109–110

Neuropathic pain , 384–385 Neuropharmacology , 276–277 Neurophysiological monitors , 184–187 Neurosurgery

anatomy cranium , 271–272 vascular , 272

brain tumours , 283 craniosynostosis , 284–285 fetal , 284 hemorrhage and trauma , 283–284 hydrocephalus and shunts

anesthetic considerations , 281–282 clinical presentation , 280 etiology and pathophysiology , 279 MRI image , 280, 281 myelomeningocele , 280 posthemorrhagic , 279–280 treatment , 280–281

myelomeningocele , 278–279 neural tube defects , 277–278 neuroanesthesia

access and positioning , 275 analgesia postoperatively , 276 blood pressure , 275–276 fl uids, glucose and electrolytes , 276 neuropharmacology , 276–277 temperature , 275 ventilation , 276

physiology blood-brain barrier , 274 cerebral blood fl ow and cerebral blood volume , 273–274 CSF and ICP , 274 neural tube defects , 274–275 spinal cord blood fl ow , 274

vein of galen malformations , 282–283 Neurulation , 274 Nitrous oxide , 143 Nociceptive pain

long-term eff ects , 385–386 pain processing mechanisms

adult sensory inputs , 384, 385 neonatal sensory inputs , 384, 385 neonate vs. adult , 384 primary and secondary hyperalgesia , 385 sensitization, infl ammatory and neuropathic pain ,

384–385 Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) , 217–218 Nonprotein colloids , 207–208 Nonsteroidal anti-infl ammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

adverse eff ects , 97 codeine , 391 drug interactions , 97 fentanyl , 391 hydromorphone , 391 ketamine , 392 mechanism of action , 96 morphine , 390 novel non-opioid analgesics , 392 opioids , 389–390 pharmacodynamics , 96 pharmacokinetics , 97 remifentanil , 391 tramadol , 391–392

Index

454

Norwood procedure , 312 Nurse-controlled analgesia (NCA) , 390

O Oates, J.A. , 95 Oh, T. , 204 O’Leary, H. , 30 Omphalocele. See Exomphalos One-lung ventilation (OLV) , 228–229 Open heart surgery , 10–11 Operating room

cardiac surgery , 322 NICU ( see Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU))

Ophthalmology alpha(2)-adrenoreceptor agonists , 288 anatomy, physiology and development , 285 beta blockers , 288 carbonic anhydrase inhibitors , 288 congenital cataracts , 288 congenital glaucoma , 288 principles , 285–286 retinopathy of prematurity

laser surgery , 287–288 pathogenesis and treatment , 286–287 screening procedures , 287

tear duct obstruction , 288 Opioid analgesia , 389–390

alfentanil , 100–101 alpha-2 agonists , 104–106 benzodiazepines , 103–104 codeine , 102–103 fentanyl , 99–100 meperidine , 103 methadone , 103 morphine , 98–99 postoperative pain management , 394 remifentanil , 100–101 sufentanil , 101–102

Orotracheal intubation , 156–157 Oscillometry , 178 Oxygen toxicity , 42, 359, 428–429

P Pain assessment and management

analgesics developmental pharmacology , 388–389 children

behavioral observation , 386 physiological variables , 386 self-report , 386

ICU, neonatal analgesia , 395 local anesthetics

EMLA , 393 lidocaine, bupivacaine, levobupivacaine and ropivacaine ,

392–393 sucrose , 393–394

measurement tools , 386–387 neonatal period , 383 nociceptive systems development

long-term eff ects , 385–386 pain processing mechanisms , 384–385

nonsteroidal anti-infl ammatory drugs codeine , 391 fentanyl , 391 hydromorphone , 391

ketamine , 392 morphine , 390 novel non-opioid analgesics , 392 opioids , 389–390 remifentanil , 391 tramadol , 391–392

planning and organising information and protocols , 388 multimodal/balanced analgesia , 387–388

postoperative pain management cardiothoracic surgery , 395 common surgical procedures , 394 gastrointestinal/genitourinary surgery , 394–395 inguinal hernia repair, circumcision, pyloromyotomy , 394

procedural pain , 395–396 Paracetamol. See Acetaminophen Paravertebral block , 416 Partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage , 307 Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

anatomic features , 296–298 anemia , 299 anesthetic considerations , 298 blood loss , 299 inadvertent ligation , 299 intravascular volume , 298 management , 298 NICU , 369 pathophysiology , 297–298 postoperative problems , 299 pulmonary blood fl ow , 298–299 ventilation , 298

Patino, M. , 173–187 Pediatric Anesthesia NeuroDevelopmental Assessment (PANDA) , 433 Pediatric Perioperative Cardiac Arrest (POCA) , 424 Perianesthetic mortality , 423–424 Perioperative do-not-resuscitate orders , 442 Perioperative metabolic care

intraoperative fl uid requirement albumin , 207 cardiac surgery , 209–210 colloids , 207 intraoperative volume replacement , 206 maintenance , 204–206 neonatal endocrine surgical stress response , 209 nonprotein colloids , 207–208 postoperative fl uid maintenance , 208 postoperative metabolic needs , 209 third space losses , 206–207

maintenance fl uid therapy endocrine response , 201 enteral nutrition , 202 fl uid management and fasting , 203–205 glucose , 201 hypoglycemia , 201–202 minimal enteral nutrition , 202 normal enteral feeds , 203 sodium and electrolyte requirements , 201 total parenteral nutrition , 203 water requirement , 200–201

neonatal body water distribution and metabolism , 197–199 postnatal changes

antidiuretic hormone , 198–199 atrial natriuretic peptides , 197 hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis , 197–198 neonatal renal function , 199–200 renin-angiotensin-aldosterone , 198

Index

455

Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) , 365–366 Peripheral nerve blocks, regional anesthesia

ilioinguinal and infraorbital , 414 intercostal nerves , 414–415 paravertebral block , 416 stellate ganglion block , 414 topical anesthesia , 416 transabdominal plane , 414

Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) , 30 Peters, H.A. , 160 Pethidine. See Meperidine Physiology and development

cardiovascular function clinical signifi cance , 24 myocardial development , 20–22 preterm infant , 23–24 transitional circulation , 18–20

central nervous system function , 24–25 age-related injury patterns , 26–29 cerebellar injury , 32–33 cerebral blood fl ow monitoring , 29–30 cerebral white matter injury , 30–31 clinical signifi cance , 33 germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage , 31–32 normal development , 25–26

developmental plasticity , 18 extremely low birth weight , 17 hepatic function

anatomy , 45, 46 clinical signifi cance , 51 hemorrhagic diseases , 47 jaundice and hyperbilirubinemia , 47–51 metabolism , 47 synthesis , 46 in utero development , 45–46

infant mortality , 17 pulmonary system

airway anatomy , 36–37 apnea , 44–45 chest wall and mechanics of breathing , 37–38 control of ventilation , 43–44 embryology , 33–36 functional residual capacity , 38–39 oxygen toxicity , 42 postnatal lung development , 36 pulmonary function testing , 39–40 pulmonary surfactant , 40–41 respiratory distress syndrome , 41

renal function clinical signifi cance , 54 glomerular fi ltration rate and blood fl ow , 52 renal tubular function , 52–53 renin-angiotensin system , 54 sodium-driven transport function , 53–54 total body water distribution , 51–52

thrift y phenotype hypothesis , 17–18 Pierre Robin sequence , 161 Pierson, A. , 1 Pinter, P.B. , 440 Plasma proteins , 70 Pleth variability index (PVI) , 179 Polyhydramnios

duodenal atresia , 245 jejunal/ileal atresia , 246

Posterior urethral valves (PUV) , 257 Postnatal circulation , 293

Potts, A.L. , 99 Premature infant pain profi le (PIPP) , 387 Premedication, cardiac surgery , 322 Preoxygenation , 138 Pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) , 214–215 Profoundly hypothermic circulatory arrest (PHCA) , 11 Propacetamol , 388–389 Propofol , 76–77, 139 Prostaglandins , 54 Prothrombin time (PT) , 226 Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) , 378 Pulmonary artery banding , 341 Pulmonary blood fl ow , 298–299 Pulmonary function testing (PFT) , 39–40 Pulmonary hypertension

d -Transposition of the great arteries , 303 neonatal period , 344–345 truncus arteriosus , 308

Pulmonary mechanic monitors , 176–177 Pulmonary stenosis

anatomic features , 315 anesthetic considerations , 317 management , 317 pathophysiology , 315–316 pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum , 315, 316 suicide right ventricle , 317

Pulmonary surfactant , 40–41 Pulmonary system

airway anatomy , 36–37 apnea , 44–45 chest wall and mechanics of breathing , 37–38 control of ventilation , 43–44 embryology

alveolar phase , 35–36 canalicular stage , 35 embryonic stage , 33–34 pseudoglandular stage , 34–35 saccular phase , 35

functional residual capacity , 38–39 oxygen toxicity , 42 postnatal lung development , 36 pulmonary function testing , 39–40 pulmonary surfactant , 40–41 respiratory distress syndrome , 41

Pulmonary vascular reactivity , 307 Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR)

Ebstein anomaly , 320 NICU , 361 tetralogy of Fallot , 304

Pulse CO-oximetry , 178–180 Pulse index (PI) , 179 Pulse oximetry , 173–175, 323 Pupil dilation , 287 Pyloric atresia , 244 Pyloric stenosis

anesthetic considerations , 243–244 diagnosis , 242 medical management , 242–243 surgical management , 243

Pyloromyotomy , 394

R Rackow, H. , 5, 12 Radial artery , 324 Radiograph , 262

Index

456

Raghavan, M. , 402 Raphaely, R.C. , 9 Rapid sequence induction (RSI)

awake vs. anesthetized tracheal intubation , 137–138 cricoid pressure , 138 gastric emptying , 138 induction of anesthesia , 159–160 ketamine , 139 mask ventilation , 138–139 preoxygenation , 138 propofol , 139 rocuronium , 140 succinylcholine , 139–140 thiopental , 139

Rees, J. , 5, 6 Regional anesthesia

anatomical considerations CSF volume , 404 epidural space , 403 neonatal cadaver axilla , 404, 405 vertebral column development , 403

benefi ts immunosuppressive eff ect , 403 neuraxial , 402 spinal , 402

local anesthetic toxicity management , 416 neonatal epidural risk , 401, 402 neuraxial blockade

caudal block , 406–408 caudal catheter techniques , 408–409 continuous epidural infusions , 410–411 epidural adjuvants , 411 lumbar and thoracic epidural , 409–410 sacral epidural block , 410 spinal , 405–406

peripheral nerve blocks ilioinguinal and infraorbital , 414 intercostal nerves , 414–415 paravertebral block , 416 stellate ganglion block , 414 topical anesthesia , 416 transabdominal plane , 414

pharmacological diff erences , 404–405 risks factor , 403 spinal cord ultrasound imaging , 411–413

Regional analgesia , 11 Regionalization of neonatal services , 11–12 Reid, D.H.S. , 4 Remifentanil , 100–101, 142, 377, 391 Renal function

clinical signifi cance , 54 glomerular fi ltration rate and blood fl ow , 52 inhalation agents , 89–90 renal tubular function , 52–53 renin-angiotensin system , 54 sodium-driven transport function , 53–54 total body water distribution , 51–52

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone , 198 Renin-angiotensin system , 54 Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) , 41 Respiratory system

apnea monitors , 176 inhalation agents , 89 inspired and expired gas analysis , 175–176 pulmonary mechanic monitors , 176–177 pulse oximetry , 173–175

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) , 372 laser surgery , 287–288 pathogenesis and treatment , 286–287 screening procedures , 287

Rickham, P. , 11, 12 Rigouzzo , 135 Robinowitz, D. , 17–54 Rocuronium , 140 Ropivacaine , 393

S Sabourdin, N. , 131–146 Sacral epidural block , 410 Sacrococcygeal teratoma

Altman classifi cation , 258 anesthetic considerations , 259 diagnosis , 258 excised , 257, 258 management , 258 outcomes , 258–259 surgical considerations , 259

Safety of Key Inhaled and IV Drugs in Pediatrics (SAFEKIDS) , 433 Salanitre, E. , 5, 12 Schmitt-Bantel, B.I. , 79 Scopolamine , 112 Sedation and analgesia

high-frequency ventilation , 367–368 transport , 368

Segar, W.E. , 204, 208 Selective antegrade cerebral perfusion (SACP) , 336 Sevofl urane , 377 Shenkman, Z. , 402, 411 Shikani Optical Stylet , 165 Shuter, G.P. , 3 Sidestream capnography , 175 Situs inversus , 233, 234 Slater, H. , 6 Smith, C. , 7, 10 Smith, G. , 423 Smith, J. , 225–263 Snow, J. , 1, 2 Somri, M. , 402 Spina bifi da , 277 Spinal anesthesia , 135–137, 405–406 Spinal canal compartment , 272 Spinal cord blood fl ow , 274 Spinal cord vascular anatomy , 272 Spinal dysraphism. See Neural tube defects (NTDs) Stage II palliation. See Glenn anastomosis Stage I palliation. See Norwood procedure Stead, A.L. , 5 Steele, C. , 8 Stephen, C.R. , 6 Stephen, R. , 6 Steroids , 204 Steward, A. , 79 Steward, D.J. , 1–12, 191–195 Stocker classifi cation , 230 Stocks, J.G. , 4 Stoelting, V.K. , 8 Storz video laryngoscope , 162 Stricker, P.A. , 153–167 Subclavian vein , 326–327 Succinylcholine , 139–140 Sucrose , 393–394

Index

457

Sufentanil , 101–102, 141 Suicide right ventricle , 317 Sun, L. , 134 Superior sagittal sinus , 272 Supraglottic devices , 155 Supratentorial compartment , 271–272 Swenson, O. , 8 Systemic infl ammatory response syndrome (SIRS) , 338

T Targ, A.G. , 79 Tarnier, S. , 2 Tear duct obstruction , 288 Temporal artery , 325 Tetracaine , 393 Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)

anatomic features , 303 anesthetic considerations , 304 arch laterality , 305 arterial pressure monitoring , 304 coronary artery anomalies , 304 eff ects of surgery , 305 junctional ectopic tachycardia , 305 management , 304 pathophysiology , 303–304 pulmonary vascular resistance , 304

Th ermoregulation , 367 Th iopental , 139 Th iopentone , 77 Th oracoabdominal surgery

abdominal wall defects biliary atresia , 259–260 bladder exstrophy/cloacal exstrophy , 256–257 exomphalos , 255–256 gastroschisis , 253–254 necrotizing enterocolitis ( see Necrotizing enterocolitis) posterior urethral valves , 257 sacrococcygeal teratoma , 257–259

anesthesia techniques classic RSI , 226 inhalational vs. intravenous induction , 226 operating room , 226–227 vascular access , 226

anorectal anomalies , 251–252 bronchial blocker , 229 cloaca , 252–253 colonic atresia , 246–247 congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation

anesthetic considerations , 231 chest radiograph , 229 diagnosis , 230 management , 230–231 Stocker classifi cation , 230 surgical considerations , 231

congenital diaphragmatic hernia anesthetic considerations , 240–241 diagnosis , 238 embryology , 237–238 foramen of Bochdalek defect , 237 foramen of Morgagni defect , 237, 238 medical management , 239 outcomes , 238–239 prenatal treatment , 239 surgical considerations , 239–240

congenital lobar emphysema , 232

congenital thoracic malformations , 229 duodenal atresia

anesthetic considerations , 245 classifi cation , 244 diagnosis , 245 embryology , 244–245 management , 245 outcomes , 245 surgical considerations , 245

endobronchial intubation , 229 esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fi stula

anesthetic considerations , 236–237 chest radiograph , 233 classifi cation , 232–234 diagnosis , 234 etiology , 232 medical management , 234–235 risk stratifi cation , 234 situs inversus , 233, 234 surgical considerations , 235–236

fl uid management , 227 Hirschsprung’s disease

anesthetic considerations , 251 diagnosis , 250 embryology , 249–250 genetics , 250 management , 250 outcomes , 250–251 surgical considerations , 251 surgical procedures , 250

inguinal hernia anesthetic management , 242 diagnosis , 241 pathophysiology , 241 surgical management , 241–242

intestinal atresias , 244 jejunal/ileal atresia , 245–246 lung sequestration , 231 malrotation and volvulus

anesthetic considerations , 249 diagnosis , 248 embryology , 248 management , 248 midgut volvulus , 248 outcomes , 248 surgical considerations , 248–249

meconium ileus , 247 minimally invasive surgery , 228 neonatal intensive care unit , 227–228 one-lung ventilation , 228–229 preoperative assessment and preparation , 225–226 pyloric atresia , 244 pyloric stenosis

anesthetic considerations , 243–244 diagnosis , 242 medical management , 242–243 surgical management , 243

Th orngren-Jerneck, K. , 182 Tiret, L. , 424 Tobias, J.D. , 402 Todd, D.P. , 5 Topical anesthesia , 416 Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)

anatomic features , 305, 306 anesthetic considerations , 307 management , 307

Index

458

Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) (cont.) partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage , 307 pathophysiology , 305–306 pulmonary vascular reactivity , 307

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) , 203 Tracheal intubation , 143–144 Tramadol , 391–392 Transabdominal plane (TAP) , 414, 415 Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) , 184, 329–330 Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) ,

327–328 Transfusions , 427–428 Transitional circulation , 293 Transthoracic pressure monitoring , 327 Transverse sinus , 272 Truncus arteriosus (TA)

anatomic features , 307–308 anesthetic considerations , 308 management , 308 pathophysiology , 308 residual lesions , 308

Truview EVO2 , 164 Tunstall, M.E. , 4 Tyrell Gray, L.H. , 402

U Ulnar artery , 324 Ultrasound imaging

rectus sheath block , 414, 415 skin dimples , 413 vertebral column , 412–413

Umbilical arterial catheter , 364–365 Umbilical artery , 324 Umbilical vein , 326 Umbilical venous catheter , 364 Uncuff ed tracheal tubes (TTs) , 360–361 Upper airway refl exes , 153–154

V Valairucha, S. , 402 van den Anker, J.N. , 72 Van Niekerk, J. , 402 Vascular access , 428 Vascular anatomy , 272 Vascular ring , 342–343 Vas, L. , 402 Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation (VGAM) , 282–283 Venous reservoir , 333 Ventilation

induced lung injury , 213 neuroanesthesia , 276 patent ductus arteriosus , 298

Ventriculoatrial shunts , 281, 282 Volpe, J.J. , 25, 30, 33 Volume-controlled ventilation (VCV) , 215–216 Volume-targeted ventilation , 216

W Walker, I.A. , 225–263 Warm-air heated incubator , 2 Webster, A.C. , 402 Williams, R.K. , 402 Willschke, H. , 402 Wolf, A.R. , 411

Y Yamashita, M. , 402 Yaplito-Lee, J. , 160 Yaster, M. , 10 Yasuda, N. , 79

Z Zindler, M. , 8

Index