Index

Academie franr;aise 5, 11, 226 acquisition of language 60-1

morpho-syntax 61 vocabulary 61

Agence de cooperation culturelle et technique des pays francophones (ACCT) 223-4

Arabic and French 208-10 Africa 204-10

attitudes towards French 204-7 Black Africa 204-7; see also

separate countries North Africa 208-10; see also

separate countries see also separate countries

age 47, 54, 60-9 interaction among different age

groups 67-9 age and dialect 63-7 Algeria 209-10 Alliance franr;aise 228 Alsatian 145 Ambialet 175-6 Andorra 198 Angevin 160 annamito-franr;ais 249-50 Annuaire de Ia francophonie 225 Aran Valley 198 Asia, south-east 213-14

see also separate countries Association generate des usagers

de Ia langue franr;aise (Agulf) 14

Association pour Ia defense de Ia langue franr;aise 12

Bar-Lauriollaw 14 Basque 9, 96, 145 Belgium 195-7

the French of Belgium 216-18 Benin 206 Berrichon 160 Bichelamar 250 bilingualism 77 Bislama 214 Breton 9, 96, 145-6 'brow' scale 97 Burgundian 160 Burkina Paso 206 Burundi 207

Cambodia 213 Cameroon 205, 207 Canada 199-203

Charte de Ia langue franr;aise 201

joual 220 le parti quebecois 201-2 Manitoba 203 New Brunswick 202 Nova Scotia 203 Ontario 203 Quebec 199-202 the French of Canada

218-20 use of auxiliaries in French

Canada 82 use of tu and vous in French

Canada 67-9 Catalan 9, 145 Celles-sur-Durolle 63-7, 81-2 Central African Republic 206

267

268 INDEX

Centre d'information et de recherche pour l' enseignement et l' emploi des /angues 15

Cercle de presse Richelieu 12 Chad 205-6 Champenois 160 Channel Islands 198 Comiie consultatif de Ia langue

fran~aise 13-14 Commissariat general de Ia langue

fran~aise 13, 15, 224 commissions de terminologie 13,

15, 73-4, 100 Congo-Brazzaville 206 conversational performance and

sex 70-1 Corsican 9, 145 Council of Europe 231 creole languages 246-59

attitudes towards creoles 257-9

French-based creoles 249-59; see also separate countries and languages

future of creoles 257-9 linguistic characteristics 255-7 post-creole situation 248-9

crisis in French 10-11

dialect and age 63-7 dialect geography 158-60 diatectalisation 155-8 dialects 1, 3, 5, 6-7, 9-10, 147,

153-79 definition of term 153-5 density of distribution 167-70 dialects of northern France

160-70; see also separate dialects

dialects of southern France 170-9; see also Occitan and separate dialects

dictionaries 11, 18 dictionaries and register 127-

31 Dictionnaire de l'Academie 6 specialist dictionaries 99

diplomatic languages 225-30

Djibouti Dominica

207 253, 258

Egypt 212 Europe 195-9; see also separate

countries European Economic Community

231 European Parliament 231

factors constituting a variety 47-56

field 62, 95-101 Flemish 9, 145 formality 53-5, 119 fran~ais papulaire d'Abidjan

249-50 Frane-Comtois 160, 165-7 Francien 5, 157, 160 Francophonia 222-5 Franco-Proven~al 143, 170-1 franc-tirailleur 249 Franterm 13 French Guyana 250 French Polynesia 214 French Revolution 6-7, 173 future of French in different parts

of the world 215-16

Gabon 206 Gallo 160, 162-3 gallomania 227 Gascon 176, 177-8, 198 geographical origin 49, Chapters

5, 6, 7 German 9 graphic substance 105-6 Grenada 253, 258 Grenadines 253, 258 Guadeloupe 210, 252-3, 258 guardians of French 11-16 Guinea 206, 207

Haiti 210, 250-2, 257-8 the French of Haiti 221-2

Haut Comite pour Ia defense et /'expansion de Ia langue fran~aise 12-13, 224

INDEX 269

hyper-standard French 18-20, 30-1

immigrant languages 1 , 146 India 210-11 Indian Ocean 211, 253-5, 255-

7; see also separate islands Institut national de Ia statistique et

des etudes economiques 80-2

interactional factors 50-6 international languages 225-33 isoglosses 158-60 Ivory Coast 205-6

joual 220

Kampuchea 213

Laos 213 League of Nations 229-30 Lebanon 211-12 lingua franca 246-7 linguistic analysis, methodology

.24-31 linguistic atlases 159-60 linguistic conceptual models 97-

9 linguistic variation 41-4

in different parts of Francophonia 216-22; see also separate countries

loi Deixonne 9 Lorrain 160 Louisiana see USA Luxemburg 197

Madagascar 211 , 223 Mali 206 Martinique 210, 252-3, 258 Mauritania 207 Mauritius 211, 254-5, 257-8

the French of Mauritius 221-2 Mayotte 211 medium 53, 101-9

choosing the appropriate medium 118-19

micro-dialects 169-70

Mid-Occitan 178 Mission lai"que franr;aise 228 mode 53, 109-18

modes of speech 110-15 modes of writing 115-18

Morocco 208-10

New Caledonia 214 Niger 206 non-standard French 19-20 Norman 160 North America 199-204; see

also separate countries Northern Occitan 177-8

Occitan 9, 144-6, 171-9 dialects of Occitan 176-9; see

also separate dialects Oceania 214; see also separate

islands Office de Ia langue franr;aise 12,

201 Office du vocabulaire franr;ais

12 organisations committed to

defending French 11-16, 223-5; see also separate organisations

orthography see spelling

paralinguistics 105-6 parastandard French 20, 30-1 Paris 5-7, 16-17, 80-1, 157-8,

167 patois see micro-dialects petit-negre 249 Picard 160, 164-5 pidgin languages 96, 247-9

French-based pidgins 249-50; see also separate pidgins

Poitevin 160 preverbal constitution 47-50,

106 prosody purpose

Quebec

105-6 50-2

67-9, 82, 199-201

270 INDEX

regional French 147-53 accent 149-50 lexis 150-3 syntax 150

regional languages of France 1, 6-10, 96, 144-6; see also separate languages

register 53-5, 119-33 linguistic expression of register

119-27 low register French 127-33 register and Iexis 124-5 register and liaison 123-4 register and phonology 122-4 register and syntax 125-7

Reunion 211, 253-4 rivalry between French and

English 10-11, 228-32 Rodrigues 211, 255 Rwanda 207

Saint Lucia 253, 258 Saint Pierre et Miquelon 67, 203 Saint-Thurin 63, 66-7 Senegal 205, 206-7

the French of Senegal 221-2 sex 47-8, 49, 69-78

linguistic sexual differentiation in non-European societies 69-70

linguistic sexual stereotypes 70-2

sex and bilingualism 77-8 sex and conversational

performance 70-1 sex and gender 72-4 sex a.nd Iexis 75-7 sex and pronouns 74 sex and standard languages 70 sex and taboo 70 sexual discrimination in French

72-7 Seychelles 211 , 255, 257-9 situation and linguistic variation

44-6 slang see register, low register

French socioeconomic status 48, 50,78--82

socioeconomic status and English 78-9

socioeconomic status and French 79-82

speech 101-6, 109-15 conversing 110-12 modes of speech 110-15 monologuing 112-13 non-spontaneous speech 112-

14 reciting 113 speaking of what is written

114-15 speech and writing, differences

between 102-6; grammatical and lexical

differences in French 103-5

spontaneous speech 110-12 spelling 24-5, 106-9

phonographical versus ideological representation 106-7

reforms 107-9 standard French Chapter 1,

146-7 conscription, role of 6, 7, 9 education, role of 7-9 history of 5-10 linguistically defined 18-20 socio-Iinguistically defined

16-18 mass media, role of 9

standard languages 3-5 standard languages and sex

70 sub-standard French 19-20,

127-33 Switzerland 197

the French of Switzerland 218 Syria 212

taboo 70 ray Mi 249-so teens and twenties and linguistic

creativity 61-3 Togo 206 Trinidad 253, 258

tu and vous 67-9 in France 67-9 in French Canada 67-9

Tunisia 208-10

United Nations Organisation 230

USA 203-4 Cajuns 204, 250 CODOFIL 204 CODOFINE 203-4 Louisiana 203-4, 250, 258;

Gumbo 250 New England 203

Val d'Aosta 198 Vanuatu 214 varieties of French Chapter 2 verbal repertoire 42-4

INDEX 271

Vietnam 213-14

Wallonia see Belgium West Indies 210, 250-3; see also

separate islands writing 101-9, 115-19

modes of writing 115-18 writing and speech, differences

between 103-6; grammatical and lexical

differences in French 103-5 writing to be read' silently

115-17 writing to be read as if heard

118 writing to be read as if

overheardorthought 118

Zaire 204, 207, 215