Index

Abduh, Muhammad 14 Abdullah bin Abdul Qadir 145,150-1 Abdullah, Yusuf Ali 340 ABIM see Malaysian Islamic Youth

Movement absolute power 199,206 Abu Bakar, Ustaz 150 Abu Mukh, Fardi Ibrahim 381,282 Advani, L. K. 132 Afghan Mojahedin 19,69,70,240-2

see also guerrilla groups al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din Asadabadi

14 Afghanistan 19

and Russia 240-2 and Soviet Union 70 and United States 19,69

AFIe see Australian Federation of lslamic Councils

AFMSA see Australian Federation of Muslim Students' Associations

African-American Islam 305-8 Agency for International Development

7 Ahmad, Anis Uddin 268-9 Ahmadi minority group 52, 65, 75,

124 Ahmed, Khondkar Mushtaque 111 Ahmed, Mohiuddin 125-6 AID see Agency for International

Development AlM see Australian Islamic Media AlawilIrshadi conflict (Malaysia)

148,151 alcohol 301

prohibition of 56 Algeria 18, 29 Ali Khan, Abbas 115, 116 Aligarh Movement 104 AII-India Muslim League 42 America see United States American Muslim Mission 307

AmirBiki 190-1 AMY see Australian Muslim Y outh Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah

(Malaysia) 158 Anglo-Mohamedans 104-5, 116,

122, 133 Ansarullah (US) 308 anti-Muslim attitudes 11,299-300,

311-14 Anwar Ali, Sayyid 269 Arab-Israeli War (1967) 53,55,

279-81,313 Arabic language 142, 150 . Association of Muslim Intellectuals

(Indonesia) 193 Association of Muslim Social

Scientists (US) 305 Australia:

and China 334 educational system 326-7,335 historical survey 317-19 institutional structure 319-24 legal system 332-3 Muslims in 317-38 and Saudi Arabia 320, 322-4 women in 325

Australian Federation of Islamic Councils 326, 332, 334-5

Australian Federation of Muslim Students' Associations 324,325

Australian Islamic Media 330 Australian Muslim Times 329-30 Australian Muslim Youth 324-5 A wami League (Bangladesh) 51, 82,

86,106-9,110,115-16,121,123, 125-6, 127-34

see also Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League (BKSAL)

Awang, Abdul Hadi 142,158 Ayub Khan, General 48-9, 60, 73 Azam, Ghulam 80-3,85,99, 102,

109,121,128-31

362

Index 363

Azerbaijan 234-5, 239-40 Aziz, Ustadz Nik Abdul 158 Azzam, Salem 343-4

Baba, Ghaffar 163 Babri Mosque (India) 125, 131-2,

347,353,355-7,360-1 Badawi, Abdullah 156 al-Bait, Musa Usmul 290 Bangladesh:

anti-Hindu movements 107-9, 126-7

bourgeoisie 101-2 educational system 109, 112 and India 105, 106-9, 110, 132 institutional structure 109-10 Islamic politics 100-38 Jamaat-i-Islami 80-99,104-5,

106,107,109-17,120-34 minority groups 124 and Pakistan 52,80-2,96 peasantclass 101,132 and Saudi Arabia 109, 112-13,

123 secu1arism in 103-6 terrorism in 121, 124, 130 under Ershad 113-18 under Mujibur Rahman 102, 103,

105,110 under Ziaur Rahman 111-13 women's organizations 117-18

Bangladesh Constitution (1972) 106 Bangladesh Constitution (1977) 111 Bangladesh Freedom Fighters'

Association see Bangladesh Mukti Joddha Sangsad

Bangladesh Khilafat Movement 115 Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami

League 110, 111 see also A wami League

Bangladesh Masjid Mission 110 Bangladesh Mukti Joddha Sangsad

112, 116 Bangladesh Muslim League 116 Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP)

82-3,97,98,112,113, 115-16,120,127-30

Bangladeshi Chetona Bikash Kendro 131

banking systems 60 interest payments 66, 153

al-Banna, Hassan 280 Banu, Razia Akter 132 Barisan Nasional (Malaysia) 167 Basuki, Rachmat 191 Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship (US)

310-11 Bengali language 81 Bhashani, Maulana 106-7, 108 Bhutto, Benazir 71-2,78-9 Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali 47-57,58-9,65,

69, 72-4, 77 Biswas, Abdur Rahman 129 BKSAL see Bangladesh Krishak

Sramik A wami League Black Sea Economic Zone 235,239 Bligh, Alexander 291,292,293 BNP see Bangladesh Nationalist Party books and newspapers 141,196,

329-30,344 see also the media

Bosnia Herzegovina: Muslims in 35,156,347,353

bourgeoisie: in Bangladesh 101-2, 132

Bretton Woods System 7 Briodo, G. 250 Britain:

educational system 353, 360 institutional structure 341-52 Muslims in 339-61 Pax Britannica 4 Women's organizations 347-8

British Commonwealth 156 Bulgaria:

Muslims in 32-6 bumiputra see peasant class Bush, George 7, 11,20,21-2,32

see also United States

Canada 308 capitalism 4-5,10

see also international economics Carter, Jimmy 70,76

see also United States Catholic Relief Services 214-15 censorship 60, 68

see also the media

364 Index

CENTO 69 Central Treaty Organisation see

CENTO Chalid, Idham 184--5 Chauerjee, Basant 102-3, 107-9 China 238-9

and Australia 334 and Pakistan 48

Chittick, William 310 Chowdhury, Badrul Haider 128-9 CIA 13,54 CIS 232-3

see also Russia; Soviet Union civil disobedience 56

see also opposition groups Clara Muhammad schools (US) 307 client-state concept 8,11-14,19-23 Clinton, Bill 22

see also United States Cold War doctrine 4,8,22-3 colonialisation 36 Cornmission for Racial Equality 353,

360 Cornmittee on Islamisation (Pakistan)

64 Commonwealth of Independent States

see CIS Communist Party (Bulgaria) 33-4 Communist Party of Bangladesh 110 Community Association of Ezbet Zein

(Egypt) 216-17 Council of Islamic Ideology (Pakistan)

56,60,66 crusade syndrome 38-41,51

see also foreign policy Cyprus 35

daawah activities: in Australia 328

Dakwah Foundation (Malaysia) 156 dakwah organisations 157, 169, 186 DAP see (Opposition) Democratic

Action Party (Malaysia) Dar al-Islam (US) 308 DARUL ARQAM see House of

Arqam Movement (Malaysia) Darwish, Shaykyh Abdallah Nimr

279,281-2,285-6,292 Democratic Action Party (Opposition)

(Malaysia) 158

Deri, Arye 288 Dhar, Manoranjan 108 Dharsono, H. 191 dietary regulations 321 DPR (Indonesia) 185 dress codes 61,77, 143, 153 Drew, Timothy 306

Economic Cooperation Organization 235,239

economic crises 6 economic systems:

interest-free 66, 153, 168 Malaysia 154, 168 Pakistan 64 see also international economics

educational systems: Australia 326-7,335 Bangladesh 109, 112 Britain 353, 360 foreign inftuences 141-2,146-7,

159-60 Islamic schools 229 Malaysia 154 Pakistan 63-4,75 United States 307

Egypt 18,69,273 health care 217-18,219,222-5 investment in 212-13 Islam in 211-31 and Israel 212 voluntaryorganisations 213-23

Eid-u Fitr celebrations 331-2 elections:

Bangladesh 97 Indonesia 183-4 Israel 283-5 Malaysia 157-9 Pakistan 67-8,71-2

Elijah Muhammad 306 Elimination Committee see National

Coordination Committee for the Elimination of the Killers and Collaborators of 1971

Ershad, Hossain Muhammad 81,85, 111, 113-18

established churches: and Islam 12-13,299,332

Estonia 32 ethnic radio 329, 330

Index 365

see also the media ethnic riots:

in Malaysia 154-5, 160--1 European Community 4, 6, 35

Faisal, King 61, 109,320 Fairplay Operation (Pakistan) 57 family planning 223-4 FAMSY see Federation of Australian

Muslim Students and Youth Farouk, King 212 Farrakhan, Louis 307 Fedman 12, 13-14

see also guerrllla groups Federation of Australian Muslim

Students and Youth 325 Federation of Islamic Organisations

(US) 302 Federation of Students' Islamic

Societies (UK) 344-5, 358 feminist movements 325

inBangladesh 117-18 see also women

FIA see Federation of Islamic Organisations (US)

foreign md: to Egypt 214-15,226 to Pakistan 54-5, 70

Foreign Assistance Act (US) 70 foreign policy:

bridge building 37-8,314 crusade syndrome 38-41,51 of Malaysia 156 ofPakistan 53-4,69-70

FOSIS see Federation of Students' Islamic Societies (UK)

Fukuyama, Francis 24 fundamentalism:

definition of 17-18 in Bangladesh 100--38 in Malaysia 140-4, 146--9, 153-73 in Pakistan 60--1,72-4 perceptions of 139-51

Gellner, Ernest 119-20 genocide 81 Ghan camelmen 317-18 global security 7 Golkar (lndonesia) 177 Gorbachev, Mikhail 32

see also Russia; Soviet Union guerrilla groups:

Afghan Mojahedin 19,69,70, 250--2

Fedman 12, 13-14 Mojahedin 12, 13-14

GulfWar 4,5-6,8,9,19-23,127, 313,350,360

Haddad, Yvonne 279,300,312-13, 314

Hadhrarnis 144-5 Hafizjee Huzur (Bangladesh) 114 Hmder, Daud 123 haj, the 53,63, 140, 144, 149, 178,

279 see also Mecca

halal meat 321 Hasina, Sheikh 126,131-2 Hassan al-Banna 212 hatral see strike action Headley, Lord 340 healthcare 217-18,219,222-5 Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin 69 Hezb-i-Islami (Afghanistan) 69 High Islam 119-20

see also Islam Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam

(Indonesia) 186,195-6 Hindu minority groups 107-9,

126--7,355-6 historical surveys 4,36,144,317-19,

339-40 HMI see Himpunan Mahasiswa

Islam (lndonesia) Hoda and Nour (Egypt) 224-5 Hong Kong 334 House of Arqam Movement (Malaysia)

157, 169 House Building Finance Corporation

(Pakistan) 66 hudud see Islarnic penal code Hungary 38 Hurgronje, Snouck 176--7,194-5 Hussein, Adel 149 Hussein, Saddam 19-20,21,127

Ibrahim, Anwar 155 ICIN see Islamic Cultural and

Information Network (Australia)

366

ICMI see Association of Muslim Intellectuals (lndonesia)

ICS see Islamic Chhatra Shibir (Bangladesh)

IIFSO see International Islamic Federation of Students' Organizations

IIIT see International Institute of Islamic Thought

IJI see Islami lamhoori Ittehad (Pakistan)

al-Ikhwan al-Muslimun see Muslim Brotherhood of Egypt

Imam, Jahanara 96-7, 129 imams 53 IMF see International Monetary

Fund immigrant communities see Muslim

immigrants India:

and Bangladesh 105, 106-9, 110, 132

Bahri Mosque 125,131-2,347, 353,355-7,360--1

Hindu-Muslim problems 125, 355-6

lama'at-i-Islami 259-77 Kashmir 273-5 and Pakistan 51, 54, 70

Indian Agent Resistance Committee (Bangladesh) 130

Indo-Bangladesh Friendship Treaty (1972) 107

Indonesia: containment policies 176-82 development programmes 181 elections in 183-4 Islam in 140, 145, 148, 149-50 Muslims in 174-96 opposition groups 187-91 Pancasila 181-2, 195 spiritual renewal 186-7 terrorism in 187-8

Indonesian Communist Party 174 Indonesian constitution 174, 194 Institute for the A wareness of the

Constitution Foundation see Yayasan Lembaga Kesadaran Berkonstitusi (Indonesia)

Index

Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs 32-3

institutional structures: Australia 319-24 Bangladesh 109-10 Britain 341-52 Malaysia 166-8 modern 13 Pakistan 60 political 6-7 religious 60, 109-10 traditional 13 United States 6-7,302-5 voluntary organisations 213-23,

282-3 interest payments 66, 153, 168

see also banking systems international economics 4, 9, 16-17

capitalism 4-5, 10 currency standards 7 and United States 7 see also economic systems

International Institute of Islamic Thought (US) 303, 305

International Islamic Federation of Students' Organizations 345

International Monetary Fund 7, 55 international politics:

client-state concept 8, 11-14 and Islamic resurgence 3-30 and oil industry 8-11 Third World countries 6 US hegemony 4,5-11, 19-23

international relations see foreign policy

Intifada (Israel) 288 investment companies 212-13 Investment Corporation of Pakistan

66 Iran 69,141,234,235-40

guerrilla groups 12, 13-14 Islamic Revolution 13-16 opposition groups 13-14 and Pakistan 69 religious groups 12-13 and Turkey 237 underKhomeini 11-14,16,17,

198-202 under the Shahs 11-14, 198

Index 367

White Revolution 13,27,198,200 and United States 11-13

Iran Constitution (1979) 205 Iran-Iraq War 69 Iraq:

and Iran 69 and Uni ted States 4,5-6,8, 19-23,

127,353 IRC see Islamic Representative

Council Isa, Imman 308 Islam 14,83-4,197

Bangladesh 80-99, 100-38 Britain 339-61 Central Asia 236-8 Egypt 211-31 and established churches 12-13,

299,332 foreign attitudes to 11,299-300,

311-14,329 High Islam 119-20 Indonesia 140, 145, 148, 149-50,

174-96 Iran 11-12, 14-16 Israel 278-98 and Judaism 41 Low Islam 119-20 Malaysia 140-4, 146-9, 152-73 minority groups 31-44,259-361 Pakistan 47-79 as political force 3-30 United States 298-318 velayat-eJaqih 14-16,196-210

Islam in danger see crusade syndrome

Islam Pasand parties 50-1,52,61, 68,71,72,73

Islami Chattri Sangstha (Bangladesh) 98

Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (Pakistan) 71-2

Islami Jami' at-i-Talaba (India) 274 Islamic Associations (Israel) 290 Islamic Awakening (Saudi Arabia) 19 Islamic Bank (Malaysia) 155 Islamic bomb 54, 70, 76 Islamic Centre (Malaysia) 141, 155 Islamic Chhatra Shibir (Bangladesh)

85,89,98,120

Islamic College (Israel) 290 Islamic Council of Europe 343-4 Islamic Cultural Centre (UK) 340 Islamic Cultural and Information

Network (Australia) 330-1 Islamic Democratic Alliance see

Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (Pakistan)

Islamic Economic Foundation (Malaysia) 155

Islamic Egalitarianism see Musawat­eMuhammadi

Islamic Foundation (Bangladesh) 109-10

Islamic Girls Student Organisation see Islami Chattri Sangstha (B angladesh)

Islamic Law see Shariah Islamic Medical Society 222-3, 224 Islamic Movement (Israel) 282-3,

284-93 Islamic Party of Britain 350-1, 359 Islamic penal code 60,63, 142, 153,

158 see also legal systems

Islamic Representative Councils 143, 154

Islamic Republics 14-16 and New World Order 16-19 Iran 204-8 Pakistan 47-71

Islamic Salvation Front (Algeria) 18 Islamic schools 229

see also educational systems Islamic Socialism 49,55 Islamic Society of Britain 348-50 Islamic Society of North America

303 Islamic Solidarity Committee

(Pakistan) 56-7 Islamic Summit Conference, Lahore

(1974) 53,54,109 Islamic University (Bangladesh)

113-14,118 Islamic voluntary organisations

213-23,282-3 Islamiyat 64 ISNA see Islamic Society of North

America

368 Index

Israel 127 Arab-Israeli War 53,55,279-81,

313 and Egypt 212 election 283-5 Islamic movement 278-98 Occupied Territories 279-80 regional interests 20 and Soviet Jews 32 and Uni ted States 20-1 voluntary organisations 282-3

AI-Ittihad see Federation of Australian Muslim Students and Youth

Jabbar, Maulana Abdul 99 Jahan, Rounaq 118-19 Jakarta Charter 174 lamaat-i-Islami:

Bangladesh 80-99, 104-5, 106, 107,109-17,120-34

future of 94-6 ideology 83-4,96-7,268-72 India 259-77 membership 85-93,98,266-7 operational techniques 84-5 Pakistan 52,59,61-2,63,66,81,

172 party funds 93-4 student section 85,89,98, 120

Jama'at Tabligh (Malaysia) 157 Jamaat-ul-Ulama-i-Islam (Bangladesh)

124 Jamaiyat-i-Mudarresin (Bangladesh)

112,114-15 lamiyyat al-Shaaban al Muslimiin

see YMMA (Egypt) AI-Jamiyyaat al Tibbiyya al-Islamiyya

see Islamic Medical Society Janome 217 Japan 4,6,334 Jatiya Party (Bangladesh) 114, 126 jihad 51, 56, 69, 281 Jinnah, Muhammad Ali 42,47, 102 Judaism:

and Islam 41 see also Israel

Junejo, Muhammad Khan 68

Kamaluddin, Khwaja 340 Karim, Yahya Abdul 308 Kashf-al-Asrar (Khomeini) 200 Kashmir state 273-5

see also India Kazakhstan 238-9,240

see also Soviet Union Kazi Abdul Qader 116 Keating, Paul 326,335,337 kebatinan 184 Kettani, Ali 326 Khan, Abbas Ali 81,85,127, 128 Khan, Ghulam Ishaq 71,72,78-9 Khan, In'amur Raham 270 Khan, Liaquat Ali 81 Khan, Muhammad Faruq 270-1 Khan, Syed Ahmed 104 Khan, Yahya 51, 52 Khan, Zillur Rahman 119 al-Khatib, Kamal 287,288 khatm-i-Nabuwat 65 Khilafat Andolon (Bangladesh) 122 Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah

11-14,16,186,197-202,352 KashJ-al-Asrar 200 velayat-eJaqih 14-16, 196-210

Kissinger, Henry 76 see also United States

kiyai 183 Klinghoffer, Leon 313 Kunayev, D. 244 Kuwait 20, 127

labour-exporting countries: Pakistan 55, 69

land reforms 7, 73 Latvia 32 legal status:

of women 65-6 legal systems:

Australia 332-3 Islamic penal code 60,63, 142,

153, 158 Pakistan 62 Shariah 62-3

linguistic unity 61, 64, 77, 81 Low Islam 119-20

see also Islam

Lum, Omar 326 Lummis, Adair 300

MAA see Muslim Aid Australia Madjid, Nureholish 140 Mahathir, Mohamed 152-3,154,

155-7, 160, 165, 168 Mahmud, Abdul Taib 326 Majelis Ulama lndonesia 178-9 Majlis-i-Shura 62, 65 majority groups:

Indonesia 140, 145, 148, 149-50 Malaysia 140-4, 146--9, 152-73 Muslims as 47-256 Pakistan 47-79

Malaysia: Chinese in 160-2, 163 eeonomic system 154, 168 edueational system 154 ethnie riots 154-5, 160-1 foreign poliey 156 institutional strueture 166-8

Middle East influenees 141-4 minority groups 160-8

Muslims 140-4, 146-9, 152-73 peasant class 154, 162 Sabah 162-4 Sarawak 162-4 societal strueture 160-8

Malaysian Constitution 166--7 Malaysian Islamic Youth Movement

142, 157 Malaysian National Students'

Association 157 Malcolm X 299, 306, 315 Malik, Ibrahim 286 Mannan, Abdul 112, 114-15 marriage 144, 145

see also women Marshall Plan 7 martiallaw:

in Pakistan 56, 60, 68 Masjid Samaj (Bangladesh) 110 Masyumi party (Indonesia) 174-5,

177,272 Mat, Haji Nik Aziz Nik 142 Maududi, Syed Abul Ala 52,61-2,

81,83,104,123,124,276

Index

and lamaat-i-Islami 259-77 MCA see Muslim Community

Association (US) Mecca 140

369

the haj 53,63, 140, 144, 149, 178, 279

the media 63-4, 141, 146, 155-6, 304,329-31,345-6

books 141,196,309-10,329-30, 344

censorship 60, 68 ethnie radio 329,330

Mehdi, Mohammad 304 Middle East:

influenee of 140-4 perceptions of 139-51

migration: from Pakistan 55,69

military intervention: by United States 6-7,8,11

minority groups: Australia 317-38 Bangladesh 124 Bosnia 35 Britain 339-61 Bulgaria 32-6 India 259-77 Israel 278-97 Malaysia 160-8 Muslims as 31-44,259-361 in Muslim States 52, 62 options open to 31-2,33-6 Pakistan 52,62,65,75 religious issues 39,41-2 repatriation 32 United States 298-316

Mintareja, M. S. 180 Mirza,Iskander 48 Mladenov, President 34-5 Mohammad, Anu 122 Mojahedin 12,13-14

see also guerrilla groups monarehies see royalty mosque eommunities:

in United States 302,315 Motahhari, Murteza 14 Movement for the Restoration of

Demoeraey (Pakistan) 68

370 Index

MRD see Movement for the Restoration of Democracy (Pakistan)

MSA see Muslim Student Association (US)

Mubarak, President 212-13 Muhammad, Mian Tufail 61 Muhammadiyah (lndonesia) 175-6 Mujib Bahini (Bangladesh) 107 MujiburRahman, Sheikh 51,81,

102, 103, 105-10 Mukti Ali 178 Muktijuddho Chetona Bikash Kendro

(Bangladesh) 117 Mu'minah (Australia) 325 Murdani, Benny 190 muridan 104 Musawat-e-Muhammadi 55 Muslim Aid Australia 329 Muslim Brotherhood ofEgypt 123,

143,212,229,272,280 Muslim Community Association (US)

302-3 Muslim immigrants:

to Australia 317-18,336-7 to Britain 340-1 to United States 300-5,314

Muslim League (Bangladesh) 106, 107, 109-10, 111,264

Muslim Missionary Group see Jama'at Tabligh (Malaysia)

Muslim National Communists 247-9,251

Muslim Parliament (UK) 351-2, 359 Muslim Pragmatists 47,74 Muslim states:

in Central Asia 232-40, 245-56 Muslim Student Association (US)

302-3 Muslim Students' Association

(Malaysia) 154 Muslim Students' Society (UK)

345-6,358 Muslim Welfare Association

(Malaysia) 157 Muslim Women's Association 325 Muslim Youth (Israel) 282 Muslim Youth Association (Australia)

325-6

Muslims see Islam Mustafa Mahmud Society (Egypt)

218-19,229 al-MustashJa Sayida Zeinab (Egypt)

217-18 MWA see Muslim Women's

Association MY A see Muslim Y outh Association

(Australia)

Nahdatul Ulama (Indonesia) 140, 177,178,179,182-5,195

Naripakhyo (Bangladesh) 117-18 Naro, Jaelani 184 Nasr, Seyyed Hossein 310 Nasser, President 212 Nasution, A. H. 188 Nation ofIslam (US) 306--7,315 National Awami Party (Bangladesh)

110 National Coordination Committee for

the Elimination of the Killers and Collaborators of 1971 (Bangladesh) 82,96--7, 130-2

National Council on Islamic Affairs (US) 304

National Investment Trust (Pakistan) 66

National Islamic Front (Sudan) 18 national political systems:

Bangladesh 109-10 Britain 350-1 Pakistan 66-7

nati onal securi ty 8 nation-building 80 NATO 35 Natsir, M. 188, 189-90 New Economic Policy (Malaysia)

154 New Education Policy (Malaysia) 154 New Right Movements 11 New World Order:

and Islam 16-19 newspapers see books and

newspapers Nicaragua 11 Nizami, Matiur Rahman 127, 128 Nizamiah Mosque Trust (UK) 340 Nizam-i-Islam 56, 60, 62, 64

Index 371

Nizam-i-Islam Party (Bangladesh) 106,107

Ni:am-i-MustaJa 56,57-8, 6\, 70-1 Noble Drew Ali see Drew. Timothy Non-Aligned Movement 156 Noriega. Manuel 32 NU see Nahdatul Ulama (lndonesia) Nubian Islamic Hebrew Association

(US) 308 nuc\ear energy 54, 70, 76, 233, 235

Odeh, Alex 313 OIC see Organization of the Islamic

Conference Oikyobadhyo Nari Samaj (Bangladesh)

117-18 oi! cartels 9-10 oi! industry 8-11, 26 oi! prices 9-10 oil rent 9 OIPFG (Iran) 27 OPEC 10 OppOSItion groups 33,34, 110, 187-91

civi! disobedience 56 see also revolutionary movements

organisation for the Iranian People's Fedayee Guerrillas see Fedaian

Organisation of Iranian People's Mojahedin see Mojahedin

Organization of the Islamic Conference 32-3,35,36-7,70,112-13,353-4

membership 69, 112, 156,292-3

Pahlavi Shahs 11-14,198,202-4 see also Iran

Pairin Kitingan 163 Pakistan 234, 235-40

and Bangladesh 52,80-2,96 and China 48 elections 67-8, 71-2 foreign policy 53-4, 69-70 and India 51, 54, 70 inward aid 54-5,70 and Iran 69 martial law 56, 60. 68 mi grants from 55, 66 minority groups 52, 62, 65, 75 Muslims in 47-79 post-Zia 71-2

referenda in 67 under Bhutto 47-57,58-9,65,69,

72-4,77 under Zia-ul-Haq 59-71, 72-4

Pakistan Movement 47 Pakistan National Alliance 55-7,

59-60,61 Pakistan People's Party 49-50,51,

55-7,68,72 Palestinian question 20-1 Palmon, Josh 289 Panama 32 Parmusi (Indonesia) 117, 195 Partai Demokrasi Indonesia 177 Partai Muslimin Indonesia see

Parmusi Partai Persatuan Pembangunan

(lndonesia) 177, 184, 185-6 Parti Bersatu Sabah (Malaysia) 163 Parti Islam SeMalaysia 142, 153,

156-8,162,164-5,169 Parti Pesaka Bumiputra Bersatu

Sarawak (Malaysia) 164 PAS see Parti Islam SeMalaysia PaxAmericana 4,5-11,16-17 Pax Britannica 4 Paz, Reuven 286 PBS see Parti Bersatu Sabah

(Malaysia) PD! see Part ai Demokrasi Indonesia peasant c\ass:

in Bangladesh 101, 132 in Malaysia 154,162

Pemerintah Revolusioner Republik Indonesia 175, 194

PERKIM see Muslim Welfare Association (Malaysia)

Persian GulfWar see GulfWar Peters, Yakob 251-3 Pickthall, Marmaduke 340 pirs 104-5, 112, 113, 124-5, 133 PKI see Indonesian Communist Party PLO 347 PNA see Pakistan National Alliance Political Action Committees (US)

303-4 PPP see Pakistan People's Party PPBBS see Parti Pesaka Bumiputra

Bersatu Sarawak (Malaysia)

372 Index

PPP see Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (lndonesia)

prisoners: conversion to Islam 308

prohibition: of alcohol 56

PRRI see Pemerintah Revolusioner Republik Indonesia

publishing see books and newspapers purdah 117,271

see also women

Qadiani see Ahmadi minority group Qallllll-i-Shahadat 65 Quilliam, William Henry 340

Rabin. Yitzhak 293 Radio and Television Malaysia 155-6 Rafsanjani, Hashemi 17 ar-Rahman, Abd 303 Rahman, Azizur 111, 112 Rahman, Fazlur 140 Rahman, Ziaur 81 Ramadan 63,64, 156,292-3 Rao. Narasimha 132 rape 65-6 al-Rayan 213 Razaleigh, Tengku 158,165 Reagan, Ronald 11, 70, 313

see also United States Rekhess, EH 289 relief work 328-9 religious consciousness 301,303,

304,312 religious issues 39,41-2, 106 repatriation:

of minority groups 32 revolutionary movements 4, 84-5

Iran 13-16 see also opposition groups

riba see interest payments Rida, Rashid 14 Romania 38 Roy, Asim 103 royalty 19,99,167,202-4 Rushdie. Salman 124-5,186,347,

350,352-4 Satanic Verses 123.351

Russia: and Afghanistan 240-2 Muslim States 232-40, 245-56 and United States 233 see also Soviet Union

Russian Communist Party 245-6 Ryskulov, Turar 250

Sabah Chinese Association (Malaysia) 164

Sabah state (Malaysia) 162-4 Saberkas see Sarawak Uni ted Youth

Organisation (Malaysia) Sadat, President 212 Sahrai', Ashraf 274 Saidi. Delwar Hossain 117,118 Salafiyya (US) 303 Salah, Shaykh Raed 85 Saleh, Abu Zafar 115 Sanusi, M. 191 Sanusi Hardjadinata 188 Sarawak state (Malaysia) 162-4 Sarawak United People's Party

(Malaysia) 164 Sarawak Uni ted Youth Organisation

(Malaysia) 164 Satanic Verses (Rushdie) 123,351 Sattar, Abdus 113 Saudi Arabia 19,61,99

and AustraHa 320, 322-4 and Bangladesh 109, 112-13. 123

SA V AK (Iran) 13 SCA see Sabah Chinese Association Scarman,Lord 354 secret-police organisations 13 security:

global 7 national 8

Semangat '46 (Malaysia) 153, 158 Shai, Agha 69 Shariah 62-3,68,72, 78-9 Shari'ati, Ali 14 Shari'at-madari, Seyyed Kazem 15 Sharif, Ahmed 117 Shaykh al-Islam see Quilliam,

William Henry Sheikh Mujib see Mujibur Rahman,

Sheik

Index 373

el-Sherif 213 Shi'ah minority group 65 Shkiryatov, Matvei Fyodorovich 250,

251 Siberia 234-5 Siddiqi, KaJim 351, 352 Siddiqi, M. M. 269, 272-3 Simla Agreement (1972) 54 Singapore 141, 150 Sjadzali, Munawir 192 Soviet Union:

and Afghanistan 70 Azerbaijan 234-5,239-40 fall 01' 4-5 and Israel 20,32 Kazakhstan 238-9, 240 Siberia 234-5 Tatarstan 234-5, 245-56 and United States 20 see also Russia

Stalin, Josef 247-50,253 State Economic Development

Corporation (Malaysia) 153 State Religion Bill, 1988 (Bangladesh)

116-19 state religions 114-15,116-19.184 Stone, I. F. 24 strike action 117 student organisations 85,89,98, 120,

142-3,154,157,274,302-3, 324-5,344-6

students 154,324-5 Suara al-Islam 142-3 Sudan 18 Sufi groups:

. in Uni ted States 299,308,309-11 sufis 104,133 Suharto, General 174,175,184,188 Suhrawardy, H. S. 53 Sukarno, President 174, 175, 179 Sultanagaliev, Mirsaid 245-55 Sumatra 175 Sunni groups:

in Uni ted States 308 SUPP see Sarawak United People's

Party Supreme Muslim Council 290,291 Syed Aziz Pasha 346 Symington Amendment (US) 70

Tabligh Jamaat (Bangladesh) 104-5, 114,122

Tablighi Jammat (US) 303 al-Tabri, Shaykh 288 Tait, Michael 326 Taleqani, Mahmoud 14 Tanjung Priok Incident (Indonesian)

190-1 tariqas 104 Tashkent Declaration (1966) 48,74 Tatarstan 234-5, 245-56 Tawab, M. G. (Air Vice-Marshal) 1\3 taxation 60 Teng, Fan Yew 168 Tereschehnko, S. 243-4 terrorist activities 313

Bangladesh 121, 124, 130 Indonesia 187-8 Uni ted States 313-14

Third World countries 6,7 traditions 140, 144-5 transnational corporations:

oil industry 9 Truman Doctrine 7-8, 312 Tunisia 18 Tunku Abdul Rahman 159-60 al-Turabi, Hassan 18 Turkey 35,234,235-40

and Iran 237

UK Action Committee on Islamic Affairs 347,354,355,356-7

UK Islamic Mission 342-3 Umar, Badruddin 121-2, 129 Ummah concept 31,32,35,36-7,39,

41-4,62 UMNO see Uni ted Malays National

Organisation UMO see Union of Muslim

Organisations Union of Muslim Organisations (UK)

346-7 unipolar world views 4, 6, 7 Uni ted Kingdom see Britain United Malays National Organisation

153,155,156,158,159,163, 165-9

United Muslims of America 304 United Nations 70

374 Index

Uni ted States: and Afghanistan 19,69 African-American Islam 305-8 attitudes to Islam I I, 299-300 econo(TIic crises 6 educational system 307 hegemony of 4,5-1 1,19-23 institutional structure 6-7,302-5 and international economics 7 and Iran 11-13 andIraq 4,5-6,8,19-23,123,353 and Israel 20-1 military intervention by 6-7. 8, I I mosque communities 302, 3 I 5 Muslim immigrants 300-5 Muslims 298-3 I 6 national security 8 oil industry IO PaxAmericana 4,5-1 I. 16-17 and Russia 233 and Soviet Union 20 Sufi groups 299,308,309-11 and Third World countries 8 unipolar world view 4, 7

Urdulanguage 61,64,77.81 USAID 226 Usratal-Jihad(Israel) 281-2,287-8

velayat-e-Jaqih doctrine 14-16, 196-210

Vietnam 22 Voice of Islam see Suara al-Islam Voice of Islam (Australia) 330 voluntary organisations:

Egypt 213-23 Israel 282-3

Wahid, Abdurahman 140, 150 Wahid bin Abdullah, Abdel 146-7 WAMY see World Assembly of

Muslim Youth waqffunds 291-2 Warith Deen Muhammad 306-7 Warsaw Pact countries 35

see also individual countries wa'tasima syndrome 36 Wawasan 2020 (Malaysia) 152 welfare measures 64-5,94. 176

White Revolution (Iran) 13,27, 198, 200

women 19,105,193 in Australia 325 dress codes 61, 153 education 64 feminist movements 117-18 legal status 65 marriage 14, 145 in politics 83,86,89,92-3, 128 purdah I 17,271 rape 65-6 role of 65-6

women's organisations: Bangladesh 117-18 Britain 347-8

Women's Renaissance Association (Saudi Arabia) 19

World Assembly of Muslim Youth 345

World Bank 7 World War 1(1914-18) 6 World War 11 (1939-45) 6

Y ADIM see Dakwah Foundation (Malaysia)

Yasan Lembaga Kesadaran Berkonstitusi (Indonesia) 188-90

Yeltsin, Boris 233 see also Russia; Soviet Union

YLKB see Yayasan Lembaga Kesadaran Berkonstitusi (Indonesia)

YMA see Young Muslims of Australia YMMA (Egypt) 219-22 Young Men's Muslim Association

see YMMA (Egypt) Young Muslims of Australia 325 Young Muslims, UK 347-8,358-9

Zakat Fund (Bangladesh) 113 Zakat Fund (Pakistan) 64-5 Zaker Party (Bangladesh) 124 Zakur, Abbas 289 Zhivkov, President 34 Zia, Khalida 1 16, 131-2 Ziaur Rahman, President 111-13,120 Zia-ul-Haq, Muhammad 57-71,72-4