Index

Abalain, H., 108 Abley, Mark, 158 Alber, Siegbert, 23 Alcock, A., 132, 133, 134 Allochthonous languages, 151 Alonso, A.M., 8, 9 Alsace, state policy/planning, 38, 110 Alsatian language, education, 44 Amelang,J.S., 59 Anderson, Benedict R., 57, 71, 113,

128 Andrews, L.S., 84 Arabic languages, 151, 153, 154, 159,

160, 163 Ardit, M., 62 Ardizzone, Piero, 34 Arfe, Gaetano, 22, 23, 24, 25, 34 Argente, ]., 64 Aribau, Bonaventura Carles, 60 Assembly of European Regions, 38 Assimilation,

Brittany, 107, 111, 115 Corsica, 42, 45 dominant languages, 9 migration, 150, 154 multiculturalism, 150 stateless languages, 9

Austria, Charter on Regional or Minority

Languages (1992), 37 Tyrol, 133, 134, 140, 143

Austro-Hungarian Empire, 131-2, 134-5

Autochthonous languages, ancestry, 153, 160 globalization, 153 marginalization, 151 state policy/planning, 15, 148, 154 subnational groups, 148

Balearic language, 28, 65, 73 Balibar, E., 45 Barre, Raymond, 42

Basque Autonomous Community, 7, 38

Basque language, education, 44, 71-2 ethno-linguistic revival, 40 France, 110 nationalism, 70, 128, 129 regional identity, 129 state policy/planning, 38, 57

Belgium, Communaute franyaise, 27, 29 Deutschesprachige Gemeinschaft

Belgiens, 27 German language, 27, 28 langues d'orl, 29 linguistic imbalance, 22 Walloon language, 29

Benet,]., 63 Bengali language, 147, 151, 153 Bilingualism,

Brittany, 109, 112, 113, 123 Carinthia, 141 Catalonia, 64 Corsica, 48 economic advantages, 156 education, 156 heritage bilinguals, 155 migration, 149, 151, 155 reductive, 21 Turkey, 154 Wales, 163

Blommaert, ]., 147 Bourdieu, P., 129, 135 Brecht, R.D., 156 Breton language,

169

broadcasting, 121 Catholic Church, 111-12, 119 comprehension, 113, 116 demography, 111, 122 dialects, 109 Diwan schools, 30, 120-1, 123 education, 30, 44, 120-1, 123 ethno-linguistic revival, 40, 129

170 Index

Breton language (cont.) fluency, 116 identity, 15, 104-26, 129 language shift, 113 linguistic history, 108, 109, 111-13 literary language, 114, 119, 120 monolingualism, 111, 112, 113 music, 118, 121, 123 neo-bretonnants, 123 poetry, 114 public opinion surveys, 120 publications, 119, 123 receptive competence, 113 standardization, 129

Brittany, assimilation, 107, 111, 115 bilingualism, 109, 112, 113, 123 Breton movement, 119-21 Charter on Regional or Minority

Languages (1992), 122 Comite d'etude et de liaison des

interets bretons, 120 Cotes d' Amor, 109 economic prosperity, 112 emsav, 119-21 ethnic groups, 107 ethnic identity, 15, 104-26 ethnicity, 106 European Bureau for Lesser Used

Languages, 27 European Union (EU), 121-2 Finistere, 109 French language, 42, 107, 112, 113,

123 Gallo language, 107, 109, 116 history, 108-10 Ile-et-Vilaine, 109 internal colonization, 104 invented identity, 113, 115, 119 landscape, 117-18 Loire-Atlantique, 109 Lower Brittany, 107, 109, 112, 113,

116, 117, 120, 123 L'Union regionaliste bretonne, 119 militants marginalises, 107, 114, 115 Morbihan, 109 Mouvement pour !'organisation de Ia

Bretagne, 120 nationalism, 4, lOS Nazi collaboration, 20, 105, 119

negative stereotypes, 108, 112 Parti nationaliste breton, 119 primordialism, 10 7, 117 regional autonomy, 122 regional identity, 129 self-determination, lOS small nation, 107-11 Union democratique bretonne, 120 Upper Brittany, 107, 109, 113, 116,

120, 123 Broadcasting,

Breton language, 121 Corsican language, 47, 48, 52 diaspora, 155 Irish language, 84, 155 Welsh language, 84

Broudic, F., 109, 111, 112, 122, 123 Bruner, Lane, 142 Brythonic languages, 108

Candel, F., 63 Carinthia, bilingualism, 141 Castellet, ].M., 60 Castilian language,

Castilianisms, 61, 65, 66, 68 Catalonia, 63, 64 class boundaries, 63 grammar, 69 linguistic history, 58, 59 official languages, 58

Catalan language, Balearic, 28, 65, 73 Castilianisms, 61, 65, 66, 68 class boundaries, 63 codeswitching, 64, 65 correctness, 67-9 dialects, 65, 66, 67, 68 dictionaries, 62, 63 diglossia, 64 education, 67-70, 71-2 France, 26 Generalitat, 62, 67 grammar, 62, 69 ideology, 70 Institut d'Estudis Catalans, 56, 61,

62 Ia decadencia, 59 linguistic history, 58-9 literary language, 58-9, 60 minority languages, 9, 28

nationalism, 4, 15, 56, 59, 66, 70 normalization, 15, 56-75 official languages, 65 poetry, 60 post-Civil War repression, 63, 64 registers, 67 scientific study, 56-7 Spain, 26, 28 Valencia, 28 Valencian, 65, 73

Catalano-Proven~allanguage, 60 Catalonia,

bilingualism, 64 Castilian language, 63, 64 economic centrality, 71 elections, 63-5 English language, 14 majority language, 28 Mancomunitat, 62 social history, 58-63 socialists, 63-4 state policy/planning, 38, 63-6 Statute of Autonomy, 63, 64

Cathcart, R., 84 Celtic,

ethnic identity, 113, 114-15 languages: Breton see Breton language;

Brythonic, 108; Cornish, 108; Irish see Irish language; Manx Gaelic, 29, 108; Q Celtic, 29; Scots Gaelic, 27, 84, 93, 94, 108; Welsh see Welsh language

revival movement, 78-9 Center for Applied Linguistics, 156 Central and Eastern European

Countries, 20, 35, 128 Cervantes (Saavedra), Miguel de, 58-9 Chapman, M., 106, 107, 113, 114 Charter on Regional or Minority

Languages (1992), Austria, 37 Brittany, 122 Committee of Experts, 36 Croatia, 37 culture, 12 Cyprus, 35, 37 Czechoslovakia, 35 Denmark, 37 eurocentricity, 149, 152, 153, 160

Index 171

European Parliament, 25-6 Finland, 37 France, 35, 37, 122 Germany, 37 Greece, 35 Hungary, 35, 37 Iceland, 37 Italy, 37 Liechtenstein, 3 7 lobbying, 30 Luxembourg, 37 Macedonia, 3 7 Malta, 37 migrants' languages, 149, 153 minority languages defined, 35-6,

149 Netherlands, 37 Norway, 37 official languages, 36 Poland, 35 ratification, 37, 122 rights, 12, 35, 149 Romania, 37 Russia, 37 separate identity, 12 signature, 37 Slovenia, 3 7 Spain, 37 stateless languages, 152 Sweden, 37 Switzerland, 3 7 territorial base, 12 Turkey, 35 Ukraine, 37 United Kingdom, 35, 37, 96

Cheesman, Tom, 15, 147-66 Chinese languages, 151, 153, 159, 160 Civic elements,

European integration, 14, 147 French language, 41-2 nationalism, 5

Codeswitching, Catalan language, 64, 65 Corsican language, 43

Cole, J ., 132 Comelles, J.M., 62 Communism, Eastern Europe, 20 Conlogue, R., 158 Coppola, G., 134 Cornish language, 108

172 Index

Corsica, assimilation, 42, 45 bilingualism, 48 Italianlanguage,48,52 nationalism, 44, 45, 48-9 outward migration, 41, 42 Regional Assembly, 46, 47, 48, 49 regional identity, 129 Romancelanguages,48 University of Corsica, 46-7, 48, 49,

53 Corsican language,

broadcasting, 47, 48, 52 codeswitching, 43 culture, SO databases, 46, 48 devaluation, 43, 44 diglossia, 43, 44, SO, 52, 53 education, 41, 44, 46-51, 52 elaboration, 48 essentialism, 45, SO ethno-linguistic revival, 40, 43-5,

49 grammar, 43, 44, 46 ideology, 44, 54 Italian language, 44, 51-3 language shift, 40, 41-3, 49 mandatory Corsican, 48, 49-51 mass media, 47, 48, 52 music, 46 normalization, 44, 48, 49 patois, 42, 43, 49 pluralism, 51-4 polynomy, 51, 53-4 Scola Corsa, 45 state policy/planning, 15, 40-54 under threat, 16

Coulmas, F., 11, 14, 15 Council of Europe,

Central and Eastern European Countries, 35

Comite ad hoc langues regionales (CAHLR), 35

Committee of Ministers, 25, 34, 35, 36,37

minority languages see Charter on Regional or Minority Languages

Parliamentary Assembly, 34

Council of Ministers, see also European Union (EU) minority languages, 11 official languages, 22 Parliamentary Assembly, 34

Croatia, 37 Crowley, T., 79 Crystal, D., 160 Culioli, G.X., 41 Culture,

see also Multiculturalism Corsican language, SO cultural heritage, 12 cultural/linguistic change, 157-60 diversity, 13 EU policy, 11, 13, 14 Irish language, 85, 86, 88-92, 95 Italy, 130 meaning, 2 regional identity, 129 shared culture, 4 social strata, 7 Trentino, 134, 135, 140 zones, 7-8

Cyprus, 35, 37 Czechoslovakia, 20, 35

Danish language, 9, 22, 152 De Witte, B., 130 Delanty, G., 97 Demography,

Breton language, 111, 122 German language, 160 minority languages, 9, 10-11 Welsh language, 160

Denez, P., 109, 121 Denmark, 37, 122, 162 Dialects,

Breton language, 109 Catalan language, 65, 66, 67, 68 elites, 13 7 European Bureau for Lesser Used

Languages, 29 German language, 133 Italian language, 44, 131, 135, 136,

137-8, 140, 142 Latin, 29 purity, 137 Q Celtic languages, 29

regional identity, 136, 141 Slovene language, 141 specificity, 138 Sylheti, 1S2, 163 Trentino, 135, 136, 137-8, 140, 142

Diaspora, broadcasting, 155 migration, 151, 154-5, 162 Welsh language, 155, 162

Dietler, M., 113 DiGiacomo, Susan, 4, 10, 15,56-75 Diglossia,

Catalan language, 64 Corsican language, 43, 44, SO, 52,

53 ideology, 51 meaning, 42

Dominant languages, assimilation, 9 elaboration, 44 ideology, 43, 54, 86 legitimacy, 44

Douglas, M., 137 Duarte, C., 59, 61 Dutch language,

Nederlands language, 29 official languages, 22

Dyson, Ketaki Kushari, 147

Eastern Europe, 20, 35, 128 Eckert, P., 51 Economics,

bilingualism, 156 Brittany, 112 Catalonia, 71 development, minority languages,

10, 12, 156 European integration, 130 Irish language, 82 Scotland, 71

Education, Alsatian, 44 Basque, 44, 71-2 bilingualism, 156 Breton, 30, 44, 120-1, 123 Catalan, 67-70, 71-2 Corsican, 41, 44, 46-51, 52 French, 40, 41

German language, 140 Irish, 82, 84, 85, 98

Index 173

minority languages, 10, 11, 30, 36 Netherlands, 154 UNESCO, 21, 30-1, 156 United States, 156

Edwards,]., 129 Elliott, J.H., 59 Elmallah, A., 156 English language,

Catalonia, 14 European Union (EU), 13-14, 22 globalization, 160-1 Ireland, 78, 79, 82-3 lingua franca, 71, 161 modernism, 156-7 official languages, 22 published translations, 160

Eriksen, T.H., 9, 10 Estonia, 128 Ethnic groups,

boundaries, 4 characteristics, 2 formation, 3 semantic pejoration, 106 shared culture, 4

Ethnic identity, Breton language, 15, 104-26,

129 Brittany, 15, 104-26 Celtic, 113, 114-15 common designators, 104-7 constructivism, 3, 6 culture, 4 instrumentalism, 3, 70, 74 Irish language, 5, 86-7, 88-99 Northern Ireland, 5, 86-7 oppositional identity, 86 politics, 2, 4, 14 primordial see Primordialism separate identity, 12 social status, 3 · Trentino, 141

Ethnic nationalism, destructive potential, 1, 5 identity, 129

Ethnicity, meaning, 2-3, 106-7 reductionism, 3

174 Index

Ethno-linguistic revival, Basque language, 40 Breton language, 40, 129 Corsican language, 40, 43-5, 49 European Union (EU), 1, 15, 79 Irish see Irish language nationalism, 4, 6 Occitan language, 40, 129

Euromosaic, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 Europe,

see also European Union (EU) new imagined communities, 41, 51,

129 new minority languages, 151-3 non-white immigration, 147-9 without frontiers, 129, 134 zones, 7

European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages,

achievements, 38 Brittany, 27 bursaries, 32 conferences, 32 Contact Bulletin, 31, 34 Council, 26, 30 dialects, 29 establishment, 15, 23, 96 European Commission, 27, 33 Friesland, 27 funding, 12, 24, 27-8, 32-3 lobbying, 30 local authorities, 27 Luxembourg, 27 maps, 152, 153 Member State Committee (MSC),

26,30 overview, 20-39 publications, 31-2, 33 Republic of Ireland, 24, 26, 27 strategies, 29-30 structure, 26-8 voluntary effort, 23 Wales, 27, 33 work programme, 29-33

European Coal and Steel Community, French language, 22

European Commission, Ariane project, 152 Euroblas, 97

European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages, 27, 33

minority languages, 12, 23, 24 European Convention on Human

Rights (1950), 12 European Court of Justice (EC]),

EU budget, 27, 33 Irish language, 22

European Language Day (1999), 30 European Parliament,

Bill of Rights, 22 Charter of Ethnic Minorities, 22 Charter on Regional or Minority

Languages (1992), 25-6 Fianna Fail, 23, 25 Forsa Italia, 25 Gaullists, 23, 25 Intergroup for Minority Languages

and Cultures, 24-6 Irish language, 22 minority languages, 12, 22-6, 37-8,

96 Socialist Group, 22, 23 Tories, 23 Union for Europe Group, 25 Volksunie Group, 24

European Union (EU), Balkan nightmare, 159 Brittany, 121-2 Commission see European

Commission Council see Council of Ministers cultural policy, 11, 13, 14 Denmark, 122 ECJ see European Court of Justice

(EC]) economic unification, 130 English language, 13-14, 22 ethno-linguistic revival, 1, 15 France, 122 funding, 12 goals, 14 identity, 148 integration, 14, 130, 141, 147 Interregional Programme, 52, 53 Irish language, 15, 22, 88, 93, 96-9 LINGUA programme, 96 Maastricht Treaty (1992), 13, 122,

133

minority languages, 11-12, 14-15, 22,93,94,96, 161,163

monolingualism, 11 Moslem population, 148 multiculturalism, 13 multilingualism, 11, 12, 14, 93,

152 official languages, 22 Parliament see European Parliament pluralism, 11, 13 politics, 73 regional identity, 133, 141 state policy/planning, 130 stateless languages, 8, 73 subsidiarity, 11-12

Euskadi, 71, 162 Extra-territorial state languages,

cultural diversity, 158 French, 9 German, 9, 152

Fabra, Pompeu, 61, 62, 63 Fabregas, Xavier, 61 Favereau, F., 110, 117, 118, 119, 120,

122 Ferrando, A., 61 Ferreri Girones, Francese, 63, 66 Fettes, M., 161 Fichte, J.G., 80 Finland, 36, 37 Finnish language, 22, 152 Flanders, 20, 29 Forrest, A., 11, 14 Foucault, M., 57 Foundation on Inter-Ethnic Relations,

31 France,

Basque language, 110 Breton see Breton language Brittany see Brittany Catalan language, 26 Charter on Regional or Minority

Languages (1992), 35, 37, 122 Corsica see Corsica Deixonne law (1951), 44, 45 European Union (EU), 122 French Revolution (1789), 109-10,

113,114 minority languages, 30

monolingualism, 40 nation-state, 106 regional languages, 28

Index 175

Franco (Bahamonde), Francisco, 63, 64, 71, 72

Franz Joseph, Emperor of Austria, 134-5

French language, Brittany, 42, 107, 112, 113, 123 civic elements, 41-2 education, 40, 41 European Coal and Steel

Community, 22 extra-territorial state languages, 9 ideology,40,41-2, 44,110 Jules Ferry law, 41 patois, 109, 110 state policy/planning, 15, 40,

109-10 Friedman, J., 130, 134 Friesland, 27, 162 Friulian language, 142, 162 Fuster, J., 65

Gaeilgeoiri, 80, 93, 94, 95, 100 Gaeltacht, 80, 81, 82, 85, 94 Gal, S., 45 Gali, A., 63 Galicia, 74 Gallo language, 107, 109, 116 Ganahl, R., 159 Gellner, E., 6, 7, 128 German language,

Austrian identity, 143 Belgium, 27, 28 demography, 160 dialects, 133 education, 140 extra-territorial state languages, 9,

162 Language 1:, 28 U~tzebuergesch, 20 official languages, 22 South Tyrol, 131, 132, 133, 140 Trentino, 132, 136, 140-1, 143

Germany, Charter on Regional or Minority

Languages (1992), 37 nationalism, 7

176 Index

Germany (cont.) Nazism, 20 Niederdeutsch, 29 Turkish language, 152, 154

Globalization, autochthonous languages, 153 communications, 154-5, 161 English language, 160-1 heritage languages, 155, 161 homogeneity, 13 regional identity, 142, 144

Goppel, A., 23 Gourvil, F., 108 Graddol, D., 151, 160, 161 Greece, 35, 153 Greek language, 22 Grillo, R., 14 Gubert, R., 140 Guimera, Angel, 61 Gumbrecht, Hans Ulrich, 159 Gypsies, non-territorial languages,

36

Haarman, H., 15 Haberland, H., 9 Hammar, T., 149 Handler, R., 45, 86 Hanf, T., 4 Harvie, C., 129 Heady, P., 138, 142 Hechter, M., 70, 104 Heiberg, M., 70, 71 Heritage languages,

globalization, 155, 161 Heritage Language Initiative, 156

Hersart de !a Villemarque, Theodore, 114

High Commissioner on National Minorities, 31

Hindi, 151, 153, 159, 160 Hindley, R., 82 History,

alternative history, 86 Brittany, 108-10 Catalonia, 58-9 forgotten history, 57 linguistic: Breton language, 108,

109, 111-13; Castilian language, 58, 59; Catalan

language, 58-9; Irish language, 78-80; Romance languages, 29, 58

mythology, 118, 119 romanticised view, 115

Hitler, Adolf, 20 Hobsbawm, E., 5, 45, 71, 74, 113,

128, 129 Hofer, Andreas, 134-5 Holy Roman Empire, 7 Homogeneity,

ethnicity, 13 globalization, 13 modernism, 13, 14, 16

Hugo, Victor, 108, 112 Human rights,

European Convention on Human Rights (1950), 12

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), 20-1

Hume, John, 22, 23, 25, 28 Hungary, 35, 37 Hutchinson, ]., 2 Hyde, Douglas, 79, 89

Iceland, 37 Identity,

ethnic see Ethnic identity ethnic nationalism, 129 European Union (EU), 148 meaning, 107 oppositional identity, 86 regional see Regional identity

Ideology, alternative history, 86 Catalan language, 70 Corsican language, 44, 54 diglossia, 51 dominant languages, 43, 54, 86 French language, 40,41-2,44,110 Irish language, 81, 86, 87, 88, 89,

95 Italy, 130, 131 nationalism, 115 oppositional identity, 86

India, cultural identities, 14 Industrialization, nationalism, 6 International Labour Organization

(ILO), 21

International Mother Language Day, 156

Invention, identity, Brittany, 113, 115, 119 national languages, 129

Ireland, English language, 78, 79, 82-3 famine (1845-9), 79 independence,80,89 Irish Free State, 79-80 Northern see Northern Ireland partition, 79-80, 83, 84, 99 Republic see Republic of Ireland

Irish language, broadcasting, 84, 155 Committee on Irish Language

Attitudes Research (CILAR), 81, 97

culture, 85, 86, 88-92, 95 decline, 78 depoliticization, 87, 92 economic value, 82 education,82,84,85,98 European Court of]ustice (ECJ), 22 European Parliament, 22 European Union (EU), 15, 22, 88,

93, 96-9 Gaelic League, 79, 84, 89 identity, 5, 86-7, 88-99 ideology, 81, 86,87, 88,89,95 Institiuid Teangeolaiochta Eireann

(ITE), 81, 97 language maintenance, 81 language shift, 78 linguistic history, 78-80 marginalization, 78 minority languages, 10 nationalism, 79, 81, 82, 86, 88 Northern Ireland see Northern

Ireland official languages, 10, 22, 28 Protestants, 83, 88 public opinion surveys, 81-2, 89,

97 publications, 83, 85, 97 Republic see Republic of Ireland revival, civil rights, 94; discourses,

15, 18, 88-95, 97; modern interest, 83-4, 85, 94, 129;

Index 177

movements, 79-81; political expression, 86-7, 89, 90-2, 95-6

standardization, 81 Statutes of Kilkenny, 78

Italian language, Corsica, 48, 52 Corsican language, 44, 51-3, 131 dialects, 44, 131, 135, 136, 137-8,

140, 142 official languages, 22, 36 South Tyrol, 133 state policy/planning, 41 Switzerland, 36 Trentino, 132, 135, 139-40, 141

Italy, Carnic Alps, 142 Charter on Regional or Minority

Languages (1992), 37 culture, 130 federalism, 130 Friulian language, 142 ideology, 130, 131 Lombardy, 130 minority languages, 30 nationalism, 7 Northern League, 130-1, 133, 136 political crisis, 133, 139 regional identity, 16, 130-44 regional languages, 28 Slovene language, 27,141 Trentino see Trentino Tyrol see South Tyrol

Jaffe, Alexandra, 4, 15, 40-54, 70 Japanese, 151 Jews, 36, 152 Johnston, H., 70 Judt, T.A., 134

Karim, Karim H., 159 Kedourie, E., 128 Kergoat, L., 120 Killilea, Mark, 25-6 Kloss, Heinz, 44 Korean, 151 Kosovo, 128 Kotkin, Joel, 155 Kuijpers, Willy, 24, 25

178 Index

Kurds, 9, 151 Kuter, Lois, 105, 107, 118

Laitin, D.D., 13, 14 Lamey, A., 157, 158 Language shift,

Breton language, 113 Corsican language, 40, 41-3, 49 Irish language, 78

Languages, dominant see Dominant languages extra-territorial see Extra-territorial

state languages invention, 129 lesser-used see Minority languages Mediterranean languages, 41, 51 new/old, 15, 147-66 non-territorial see Stateless

languages planning see State policy/planning rational/emotional, 8 revival see Ethno-linguistic revival Romance see Romance languages state languages see Official

languages Larreula i Vidal, E., 69 Lass, A., 57, 59-60, 63 Latin, 29, 48, 58 Le Coadic, Ronan, 106, 108, 113,

115-18, 124 Le Gallo, Yves, 112 Le Gars, A., 117, 123 Lebesque, Morvan, 104, 123 Letzebuergesch, national language,

29 Levy, M., 131 Liechtenstein, 37 Limousin language, 60 Linguistic history see History Literary language,

Breton language, 114, 119, 120 Catalan language, 58-9, 60

Llull, Ramon, 58 Local authorities, European Bureau

for Lesser Used Languages, 27

London Research Centre, 156 Lopez del Castillo, Ll., 59 Luedi, G., 42

Luvera, B., 133 Luxembourg, 27, 29, 37

Maastricht Treaty (1992), 13, 122, 133

Mac P6ilin, A., 84 McDonagh, G.W., 61 McDonald, M., 50, 86, 106, 107, 113,

114, 118, 128, 129 Macdonald, S., 128 Macedonia, 3 7 Maguire, G., 84 Malay, 151 Malta, 37 Manx Gaelic language, 29, 108 Marcet, Xavier, 71 Mari, Isodor, 73 Martorell, Joanot, 58 Massip, A., 59, 61 Mata i Garriga, M., 72 Mercator Centres, 27, 33, 152, 153 Migration,

assimilation, 150, 154 bilingualism, 149, 151, 155 Corsica, outward migration, 41,

42 cultural/linguistic change, 157-60 diaspora, 151, 154-5, 162 multiculturalism, 150 non-citizens, 149 non-white immigration, 147-9 old/new cultural minorities, 153-7

Miller, D., 5, 130 Minnich, R., 141 Minority languages,

Catalan language, 9, 28 Charter see Charter on Regional or

Minority Languages collaboration, 11 definition, 35-6 demography, 9, 10-11 dialects see Dialects discourse, 88, 93, 94 economic development, 10, 12,

156 elaboration, 44 European Commission, 12, 23, 24 European Parliament, 12, 22-6,

37-8, 96

European Union (EU), 11-12, 14-15,22,93,94, 96,161,163

France, 30 institutionalization, 10 Irish language, 10 isolation, 10 Italy, 30 legal status, 10 legitimacy, 10 'lesser used', 28-9 marginalization, 9 minorise, 28 oppression, 9, 28 public life, 36 state policy/planning, 10, 12 stateless languages, 8 teaching see Education terminology, 9, 28-9

Mitterrand, Fran<;:ois, 73 Modernism,

English language, 156-7 homogeneity, 13, 14, 16 nation, 6, 8

Molas, ]., 60 Monolingualism,

Breton language, 111,112,113 European Union (EU), 11 France, 40

Multiculturalism, assimilation, 150 European Union (EU), 13 inequality, 149 migration, 150 moderate version, 150 normalization, 14 regional identity, 141, 142 strong version, 150

Multilingualism, European Union (EU), 11, 12, 14,

93, 152 Quebec, 157

Music, Breton language, 118, 121, 123 Corsican language, 46

Napoleon Bonaparte, 134 Nation,

meaning, 2, 5, 105-6 modernism, 6, 8

Index 179

National Foreign Language Center, 156

Nationalism, Basque language, 70,128,129 Brittany, 4, 105 Catalan language, 4, 15, 56, 59, 66,

70 civic elements, 5 Corsica, 44, 45, 48-9 cultural racism, 147 ethnic, 5, 129 ethno-linguistic revival, 4 forgotten history, 57 Germany, 7 ideology, 115 industrialization, 6 Irish language, 79, 81, 82, 86, 88 Italy, 7 regional identity, 4 Republic of Ireland, 4, 7, 82-3 self-determination, 105, 128 Soviet successor states, 7 Spain, 71 Trentino, 132 Yugoslavia, 7

Naughton, John, 155 Netherlands,

see also Dutch Language Charter on Regional or Minority

Languages (1992), 37 education, 154 Nederlands language, 29

Nicolas, M., 61 Niederdeutsch, 29 Non-territoriallanguages see Stateless

languages Normalization,

Catalan language, 15, 56-75 Corsican language, 44, 48, 49 institutionalization, 10 multiculturalism, 14 politics, 62, 64

Northern Ireland, civil rights, 92-3, 94 cultural discourse, 88, 89, 90, 91,

92, 95 decolonizing discourse, 88, 89, 90,

91,92,95 ethnic identity, 5, 86-7

180 Index

Northern Ireland (cont.) Gaeilgeoiri, 80, 95 Gaeltacht, 85 Good Friday Agreement, 29 Irish language: discourses, 88-95;

revival, 83-8, 129 nationalism, 4 peace initiatives, 29, 87, 96 Protestants, 83, 88 religious discrimination, 83, 87 rights discourse, 88, 92-3, 94 SDLP, 87 Sinn Fi'in, 87, 89 Ulster Unionists, 83, 84, 95 Ulster-Scots, 29 violence/conflict, 7, 82, 86, 87, 89,

90 Norway, 37, 162 Nunberg, G., 161

0 Donnaile, A., 78 0 Glias<iin, M., 89 0 Riag<iin, Donal!, 12, 15, 20-39 0 Riag<iin, P., 79, 80, 81, 82, 89, 96,

97 Occitan language, ethno-linguistic

revival, 40, 129 Ochoa, E., 7 4 O'Connell, Daniel, 79 Official languages,

Castilian, 58 Catalan, 65 Charter on Regional or Minority

Languages (1992), 36 Danish, 22 Dutch, 22 English, 22 European Union (EU), 22 Finnish, 22 German, 22 Greek, 22 Irish, 10, 22, 28 Italian,22,36 Portuguese, 22 state policy/planning, 38 Swedish, 22, 36

Oller, Nards, 61 O'Reilly, Camille C., 1-17, 78-101,

129 OSCE, 31, 38

Oslo Recommendations, 31

Paoli, Pascal, 46, 52 Pasch, H., 157 Patois,

Corsican language, 42, 43, 49 French language, 109, 110

Peeters, Yvo, 34 Philip V (King of Spain), 59 Piedmont, nationalism, 7 Pitarra, Serafi (pseud.), 60 Pia, ]osep, 74 Pluralism,

Corsican language, 51-4 European Union (EU), 11, 13

Poetry, Breton language, 114 Catalan language, 60

Poland, Charter on Regional or Minority Languages (1992), 35

Politics, ethnic identity, 2, 4, 14 European Union (EU), 73 Irish language, 86-7, 89, 90-2, 95-6 normalization, 62, 64

Polynomy, Corsican language, 51, 53-4

Poppi, C., 132 Portuguese language, 22 Prat de la Riba, Enric, 56, 61, 62, 66 Primo de Rivera y Oraneja, Miguel

(Marques de Estella), 62 Primordialism,

Brittany, 107, 117 essentialism, 70 group membership, 2 idealism, 7 4 kinship, 3, 117 modernity, 6 social standing, 3

Prodi, Romano, 30 Prussia, nationalism, 7 Public opinion surveys,

Breton language, 120 Irish language, 81-2, 89, 97

Pujol,]., 73

Q Celtic languages, dialects, 29 Irish see Irish language

Manx Gaelic language, 29, 108 Scots Gaelic language, 27, 84, 93,

94, 108 Quebec, 142, 157-8, 162

Ranger, T., 71 Rannou, P., 107 Recolons i Arquer, Ll., 63 Reece, ].E., 104 Regional identity,

Basque language, 129 Brittany, 129 Corsica, 129 culture, 129 dialects, 136, 141 European Union (EU), 133, 141 globalization, 142, 144 Italy, 16, 130-44 multiculturalism, 141, 142 nationalism, 4 non-linguistic, 4, 15, 16, 129 prominence, 4 Scotland, 129 South Tyrol, 16 transnationalism, 142-4 Wales, 129

Regional languages, Charter see Charter on Regional or

Minority Languages (1992) France, 28 Italy, 28

Regions, Assembly of European Regions, 38 autonomy, 63, 64, 122 EU Interregional Programme, 52, 53 Europe without frontiers, 129,

134 Renan, Ernest, 57, 129 Republic of Ireland,

European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages, 24, 26, 27

Gaeilgeoirf, 93, 94, 95, 100 Gaeltacht, 80, 81, 82, 94 Irish language: Bard na Gaeilge, 93,

97; cultural discourse, 88, 89, 90,91, 9S;deadlanguage discourse, 88, 94-S; EU budget, 24; minority language discourse, 88, 93, 94; national language discourse, 88, 89,

Index 181

90, 93, 95, 97; new meanings, 80-3; official language, 10, 28; nationalism, 4, 7, 82-3

state policy/planning, 38, 80-2, 96 Rex, John, 147-8,149,150 Roman Empire, 29, lOS Romance languages,

Corsica, 48 Latin dialects, 29 linguistic history, 29, 58

Romani language, 152, 153 Romania, 37 Roosens, E., 4 Russia, 37 Russian language, 151

Sahlins, Peter, 59, 135 Sands, Bobby, 89 Sanguanini, B., 132 Schopflin, G., 3, 4, s, 6 Scotland,

economic centrality, 71 Gaelic language, 27, 84, 93, 94, 108 regional identity, 129 state policy/planning, 38

Second World War, effects, 20 French Resistance, 119 nationalism, 6 Nazi collaboration, 20, lOS, 119

Serbian language, 159 Shore, C., 133 Slovene language, 27, 141, 152 Slovenia, 37 Smith, Anthony D., 2, 4, 8, 9, 106,

128, 130 Sola,]., 61, 62, 66 Soler, Frederic, 60 Somali language, 151, 163 Sorbic language, 152 South Tyrol,

annexation, 132 Austrian sovereignty, 134-S autonomy, 132 Euregio, 133, 134, 143 German language, 131, 132, 133,

140 Italian language, 133 laws, 131 regional identity, 16

182 Index

Soviet successor states, nationalism, 7 Spain,

Castilian language, 58 Catalan language, 26, 28 Charter on Regional or Minority

Languages (1992), 37 Civil War (1936-39), 63 nationalism, 71

Stacul, jaro, 4, 15, 16, 128-44 Stalin, joseph, 20 Standardization,

Breton language, 129 Irish language, 81

Standing Conference of Local and Regional Authorities, 34

State policy/planning, Alsace, 38, 110 autochthonous languages, 15, 148,

154 Basque Autonomous Community,

38 Basque language, 38,57 Catalonia, 38, 63-6 Corsican language, 15, 40-54 European Union (EU), 130 French language, 15, 40,109-10 Italian language, 41 minority languages, 10, 12 official languages, 38 quantified knowledge, 57 Republic of Ireland, 38, 80-2, 96 Scotland, 38 Wales, 38

Stateless languages, assimilation, 9 Charter on Regional or Minority

Languages (1992), 152 European Union (EU), 8, 73 Gypsies, 36 jews, 36, 152 Kurdish, 151 minority languages, 8

States, ethnic homogeneity, 8 ethnic movements, 6-7 meaning, 5, 105-6

Stauffenberg, Graf von, 23 Strassoldo, R., 131 Suarez, Adolfo, 71, 72

Sweden, 37 Swedish language,

Finland, 36 official languages, 22, 36

Switzerland, 36, 37

Tabouret-Keller, A., 9, 12, 13 Taylor, Charles, 157, 158 Thiers, j., 42, 44 Timm, Lenora A., 4, 15, 16, 104-26 Tito, 20 Tonkin, E., 2, 106, 107 Tovey, H., 97 Trentino,

annexation, 132 Association for the Study of

Regional Autonomy (ASAR), 132

Austrian identity, 134-5, 140, 141, 142-3

autonomy, 132, 133, 134, 135 Caorians, 138, 139, 140-1 culture, 134, 135, 140 dialects, 135, 136, 137-8, 140,

142 elites, 13 7 ethnic identity, 141 Euregio, 133, 134, 143 Europe without frontiers, 134 German language, 132, 136, 140-1,

143 Italian language, 132, 135, 139-40,

141 Italians differentiated, 138-43 Ladin areas, 136 laws, 131 linguistic classification, 132 local particularism, 131 Lombards, 136 nationalism, 132 protest movement, 132 province, 130, 131, 132 Trentine-Tyrolean Autonomist

Party (PATT), 133, 136 Vanoi valley, 136-7, 141 Venetie, 136

Tubau,I., 66 Turkey,

bilingualism, 154

Charter on Regional or Minority Languages (1992), 35

Kurds, 9, 151 Turkish language, 151, 152, 153-4

Ukraine, 37 United Kingdom,

Arts Council of England, 163 Bengali language, 147 Charter on Regional or Minority

Languages(1992), 35, 37,96 linguistic diversity, 162 London, 156, 162 translations, 163

United Nations, UNESCO, 21, 30-1, 38, 156 Universal Declaration of Human

Rights (1948), 20-1 United States,

education, 156 Hispanics, 157

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), 20-1

Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights (1996), 160

Urdu, 151, 153, 160 Urla, Jacqueline, 57, 70, 72

Vallverdu, F., 59 Venetie, Trentino, 136 Verschueren, J., 147

Wales, Bengali language, 151-2 bilingualism, 163

Index 183

European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages, 27, 33

inward investment, 163 linguistic diversity, 162 Menter a Busnes, 33 poverty, 163 regional identity, 129 state policy/planning, 38 Sylheti dialect, 152, 163

Weber, Eugen, 42, 110, 111 Welsh language,

broadcasting, 84 civil rights, 94 demography, 160 diaspora, 155, 162 government treatment, 84, 93 national language, 28 stateless language, 152

Williams, Colin H., 162, 163 Wilson, T., 129, 130 Woolard, K.A., 65

Yiddish, 36, 152 Yugoslavia, 7, 159 Yxart, ]osep, 60

Zernatto, G., 105 Zones, culture, 7-8