INDEX [assets.cambridge.org]assets.cambridge.org/97811076/84539/index/9781107684539_index.pdfINDEX Aaronson, S., 107–08, 113 aboutness, 191–93, 200, 202, 245, 267, 423 cellular,

INDEX

Aaronson, S., 107–08, 113aboutness, 191–93, 200, 202, 245,

267, 423cellular, 247

Abrahamson, A., 318, 352absence, constitutional, 186–216absent content problem, 192, 200,

202, 205, 213, 238, see alsoinformation, and absence;information, as causallyefficacious

absolute time, 85actual occasions, 62adapted fit, 261, 263, see also

natural selection, foradapted fit

as non-individualistic, 284agency, 245–48

as caring, 263, 278as whole–part influence,

351definition of, 245divine and human, 334embodiment as condition of,

333, 368human, 8impossibility of, 198of God, 388

Alexander, R. D., 64, 299, 309Alexander, S., 321algorithmic information theory,

130anamnesis, 345Ananthamurthy, S., 74Apter, M. J., 157, 183

Aquinas, T., 21, 50, 53–56, 367,376, 379

arche, 432, see also ultimate realityAristotle, 53, 74

and information, seeinformation, Aristotelian

and metaphysics, 132on causation, 242, 384on matter, 16–21, 40, 50–54, 143on potentia, 135–40, 145on the gap between general and

particular, 227ASCII code, 166Aspect, A., 70Assmann, J., 461Atkins, P. W., 403atoms

as basic reality, 16, 72as computational, 123–25, 127,

423as monads, 57as potential, 26etymology of, 417in mechanicism, 397

Augustine, 352, 363, 379on form, 363on matter, 53–56on mind, 372, 378world view of, 330

Aunt Jobiska’s theorem, 165autocell, 246autopoiesis, 270, 316, 426

Bak, P., 266, 309Baldwin, J. M., 429

464

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Index

Barad, K., 74–76Bar-Hillel, Y., 228, 234Barrett, C. K., 433, 440Barrow, J. D., 33, 44–45, 78, 92,

113, 116baryonic matter, see matter,

baryonicBascompte, J., 282, 311Bateson, G., 207, 215, 419Baumgarten, A. G., 56beam-splitter experiment, 102–05Beauregard, M., 152Bechtel, W., 318, 320, 352Bedau, M., 48, 75Beierwaltes, W., 53, 75Bekenstein, J. D., 98–101, 113Bekenstein–Hawking formula,

99Bell’s inequalities, 70Benard system, 321–23Benioff, P., 110, 113Berg, P., 311Berkeley, Bishop G., 83Bickhard, M. H., 209, 215big bang

as bit bang, 123as first processing revolution,

121theory of, 33–37, 95

binary digits, 97, 193, 419, 424bioinformatics, 189biology

and group selection, 292and intentionality, 267and materialism, 417concept of information in,

176–82, 191contemporary, 394developmental, 157, 176, 178evolutionary, 6, 157, 163, 172,

223information implicating

intentionality, 182

information in, 6, 157, 163,181–82, 228, 236–42, 426

language in, 225modern, 221, 236, 261molecular, 158, 168–71, 189,

207, 238–40nature–nurture, 176of systems, 74reductionist program in, 48, 64,

226, 299biosemiotics, 7, 74, 236–59,

428–29black holes, 98–101Blackwell, R., 21, 44Blumenberg, H., 234Bobik, J., 19, 44body

biological, 358, 362human, 11, 23, 134, 144,

331–34, 459physical, 21–23, 31, 41, 58, 64spiritual, 444, 461

Bøgh Andersen, P., 48, 75Bohm interpretation, 32Bohr, N., 108, 125, 134, 140,

145–48, 152, 409Boltzmann entropy, 204–07, 420Boltzmann, L. E., 4, 7, 123–24,

127, 207, 215, see alsoShannon–Boltzmann

Boltzmann’s constant, 99Bonner, J. T., 271, 309Boolean algebra, 112Borel, E., 128, 132Boscovich, R., 26, 38Boswell, J., 83, 113Bowden, J., 325, 354Bowker, J., 384, 403brain, see also mind and body

ability to care, 263, 285alteration of structures of, 290and interpretation, 242and top-down causation, 276

465






Index

brain (cont.)animal, 243, 285development of, 285, 291generating consciousness, 5human, 5, 286, 288, 398, 420

complexity of, 286, 331, 368mammalian, 120quantum effects in the, 139–43without consciousness, 376

Brauner, T., 421Brentano, F., 190–92, 215Brierley, M. W., 330, 352Brown, R. E., 430, 440Bruni, L. E., 256–59Buch-Hansen, G., 440Bultmann, R., 430, 440, 448Bunge, M., 158–60, 183Burbidge, J. W., 61, 75Buridan, J., 20, 23

Caldwell, R. R., 38, 44Callaerts, P., 183Calvin, J., 461Campbell, D., 251, 258, 321, 352,

355Campbell, J., 384, 387, 403Capelin, S., xviCappadocian Fathers, 411Capra, F., 72, 75caring, see also ethics

about kin, 278, 294and origin of life, 266animals, 261, 275as altruism, 296–301as fitness, 285as middle-range, 262as promoted by natural

selection, 276, 282, 298as selfish, 276environmental, 301–03evolution of, 261–64, 292, 300,

307human, 285, 287–90, 305, 309

illusion of altruistic, 299in genotypes, 267in genotypes and phenotypes,

282in humans, 263in phenotypes, 269organisms, 275organisms and computers, 305orientation as precursor of, 276requiring complexity, 269, 271,

277shaped by ethics, 263universalist, 301

Carnap, R., 228, 234Carr, B., 39, 44Carroll, S., 89, 113Casimir effect, 32Cassirer, E., 227–28, 234causation, see also scientific

explanationas determinative influences, 324biosemiotic, 429bottom-up, 276, 290, 321extending the notion of, 320final, 251, 361, 369formal, 384gaps in, 138, 148, 328genetic and environmental, 168,

176, 178Humean concept of, 322, 337,

417informational, 410moral, 406semiotic, 252top-down, 7, 48, 74, 251, 253,

256, 276, 287, 290, 321, 349whole–part, 318–22, 324, 335,

337, 346–51, 359, 366chance, see also randomness

and information, 388and necessity, 85, 394–97divine action, 326human action, 137

466






Index

in quantum theory, 127, see alsodecoherence

Chandler, J., 74, 76channel conditions, 176, 178choice

conscious, 247Einstein on divine, 85freedom of, 138, 140–43, 147,

150, 407of a bacterial cell, 247of animals, 252of laws of the universe, 150of probing action, 138, 140, 147of the right, 305

Chomsky, N., 120, 132Christensen, J., 436, 440Christiansen, M. H., 309Christiansen, T.-A. F., xvii, 290Christoffersen, M., xviiChristology, 412

coming of Christ, 453–55continuity and discontinuity in,

341, 457cross of Christ, 454deep incarnation, 436definition of Chalcedon, 338divine self-communication,

341–42logos, 430Logos, 414, 438resurrection of Christ, 451–54,

459Chuang, I. A., 124, 132Clarke, S., 25Clausius, R., 4, 215, 415Clayton, P., ix, xvii, 2, 25, 47,

75–78, 245–47, 258, 310,320, 352, 442

Cobb, J. B., 401–04code, idea of comma-free, 166coded instructions, 9coder, 157, 159–61collapse of the wave function, 68

communication, see alsoinformation

and information, 217, 421animal, 170as abstract structure, 232as basis for life, 217, 225as common understanding, 218as coordination, 219as human hallmark, 120divine, 341–42etymology of, 218human, 183in theory of information, 163,

191, 388mathematical theory of, 201measuring of, 189of potentialities, 149presupposingunderstanding,221requiring randomness, 390, 394,

397–99spiritual, 460theory of, 196

complementarity, principle of, 67,72, 108

complexityand origin of life, 266as externally modular, 282as internally modular, 271as modular, 271–73as prerequisite for caring, 263,

269, 275, 277–80, 309as self-aware, 285cause of, 127, 391development of, 125, 166, 171,

231, 250, 265–67, 272emergence of, 273–75, 398hierarchy of, 316, 331levels of, 262, 318, 397of cultural world, 119, 291, 402of human brain, 285–87of humans, 262of semantic information, see

information: semantic

467






Index

complexity (cont.)reductionist notion of, 396replacing matter, 407theory of, 232, 258, 304, 351

computational process, 150mental processes as, 197physical processes as, 197universe as, see universe,

computationalComte, A., 66conscience, 301consciousness, see also mind;

quantum theory: observerinfluence

and semantic information,365–67

as causally effective, 139, 147,367

as distinct reality, 363as embodied, 369, 373, 376as premise for common

understanding?, 219as primary causal factor, 368as ultimate reality, 369, 372carrier of forms, 363Cartesian concept of, 373cosmic, 371, 373, 377–79, see

also mind, of Godexplanation of, 366human, 376, 379, 387material view of, 47of self, 61originating the universe, 369primordial, 366

contingency, see also chance; order,and contingency

and information, 388of nature, 392, 394, 399

Copenhagen interpretation, seequantum theory

Copleston, F., 85cosmic bit count, 98, 100–11, 129,

see also information content

cosmic expansion, 33, 36–38, seealso universe, expanding

cosmic fine tuning, 38, 365cosmic microwave background,

35cosmic pessimism

definition of, 394two wings of, 394–97

cosmological constant, 38cosmology, 33–38, see also universe

Holy Grail of, 359new forms of matter, 409quantum, 359standard model of, 95

Cramer, M., 109, 113creation, 447

as creatio, 447as creatura, 447

goodness of, 449partaking in creatio, 448, 450

ex nihilo, 54Crick, F. H. C., 48, 75, 166, 183

central dogma, 237

d’Espagnat, B., 68–71, 75, 367d’Holbach, P.-H. T., 23dark energy, see energy, darkdark matter, see matter, darkDarwin, C., 66, 159, 163, 211, 245,

270, 325, 388, 392Darwinism, 7, 206, 239Daston, J., 2, 11Davidson, E. H., 271, 310Davies, P., 1, 3, 27, 76–78, 83, 86,

92–93, 100, 110, 113–16,365, 379, 407, 440

Davis, T. M., 113Davisson, C. J., 31Dawkins, R., 277, 309, 371, 379,

383, 391–93, 403de Broglie, 31de Sitter space, 100De Volder, B., 58, 78

468






Index

Deacon, T. W., x, 5–8, 74, 186,205, 211, 215, 238–40, 246,251, 257–59, 287, 309, 322,352, 355, 420–24, 426, 429,440

decoherence, 68, 109, 127–29,130–32, 139–44, 417, 425

Deely, J., 251, 258Deleuze, G., 232–34dematerialization, 3, 16, 27–38,

409, 417Dennett, D., 177, 182–85Depew, D. J., 237, 258–60, 352,

440Derrida, J., 53, 62, 75Descartes, R., 56, 75, 114, 379

dualism of, 373either-or thinking of, 251on divine creation of the laws of

nature, 90on matter, 21–23, 50on mind and body, 55–57, 213,

376determinism, 1, 47, 68, 94, 135–37,

198–200, 243, 252, 263,390, 406–08

Dirac, P. A. M., 98, 114divine action

and accidents, 392and information, 382and language of analogy, 383,

388and mechanical design, 396as design, 392as informational flow, 392as whole–part influence, 349between randomness and

redundancy, 399creation of Jesus as, 340in human person, 349in quantum events, 383, 387, see

also quantum mechanics,divine action in

special, 331, 349, 390special and general, 346

DNA, see geneDobhzhansky, T., 236, 322,

352Draganski, B., 290, 309Drake, S., 85, 114Dretske, F., 176, 183Drummond, H., 326, 352dualism

dual aspect theory, 213God and matter, 432information and matter, 5material and spiritual, 405mind and body, see mind and

bodyPlatonic, see Platonic

philosophy, dualism ofwave-particle, see

complementarity, principleof

Dunbar, R. I. M., 291, 309Dunn, J. G., 341, 352Durkheim, E., 66

E = mc2, 28, 67, 415Eckstein, H.-J., 451, 462Eco, U., 242Eddington, A. S., 98, 114Eddington–Dirac number, 98Ehrenfest, P., 123, 132Ehrenfest, T., 123, 132eidos, 50, see also formEigen, M., 222, 234Einstein, A., 38, 44, 310, 403,

440field equations of, 28, 36on comprehensibility of the

world, 302–05on divine dice, 85, 127, 390on equivalence of mass and

energy, 28–30, 40, 67on laws of nature, 86, 394

469






Index

Einstein, A. (cont.)on matter and energy, 417on quantum mechanics, 125, 148on relativity, 3, 28, 61, 407, 415on static or contractive universe,

36Eisert, J., 109, 113elan vital, 190Elbert, T., 290, 310emergence

emergentist monism, 9, 316–25,335, 337, 351, see also EPN

epistemological, 358in whole-part systems, 320increase of information in, 396of altruism, 296of caring, 300of complexity, 275, 318, 396of divinity in Christ, 340of information, 6, 397–99, 423,

429of life, 246of narrative patterns, 394of new forms of matter, 327of new kinds of reality, 109, 337,

343–46, 385, 391of value, 402semiotic, 7, 251–58

definition of, 250strong, 48weak, 48

Emmeche, C., 428, 440Empedocles, 50energy

and information, 424and time, 32as conserved through change,

26, 415as Spirit of God, 412dark, 38–42density of, 38, 41development of concept of, 44,

190

in biological webworking, 282industrial conception of, 190kinetic, 29, 35, 64, 407momentum of, 30of creation, 447potential, 28, 110–12, 407quantum, 32, 83vacuum, see vacuum energy

Engberg-Pedersen, T., 432,440

entropy, see also Boltzmannentropy; Shannon entropy

and information, 100, 186and negentropy, 307as information, 124, 425as measure of ignorance, 99as prerequisite for information,

394concept of, 98definition of, 124life as countercurrent to, 270of black holes, 99of quantum entanglement,

109signal, 204, 213

Epicureans, 436EPN (Emergentist monism/

Panentheism/Naturalism),9, 337–51

Eslick, L., 16, 45esse ipsum, 55essence, see substanceethics, see also caring

and possibility of free choice,138, 262, 407

as only human, 301definition of, 305development of, 7, 300environmental, 301–03Golden Rule, 298, 301Good Samaritan, 298–301in liberal theology, 407of God, 366

470






Index

of self and others, 294tribal, 292universalistic, 296

event horizon, 97–103, see alsocosmic bit count

Everett, H., 113–16evil

as privation, 53good and, 306moral, 335natural, 307, 334of noise, 402of redundancy, 402problem of, 55, 334

evolutionand information, 211, 396,

410and intelligent design, see

intelligent designas constituent for biology, 236as historical, 243as perpetual-motion machine,

231as selection and autopoiesis,

270beginning of, 171concept of, 159emergent, 250energy and information in, 414experimenting, not rational,

382genetic, 181God in, 326, 394, 402holistic explanation of, 365illustration of, 178micro- and macro, 237of caring, 262, 300, 305, 307of complexity, 286of consciousness, 257of higher levels of reality, 9, 397of life, 228, 388of physical laws, 368of purposive behavior, 251

of quorum sensing, 256of selfishness, 261of semiotic freedom, 250quantum, 108, 127suffering in, 334

ex nihilo, 54existence of everything possible,

88–89

Faraday, M., 67Feigl, H., 44–45Feynman, R. P., 32–34field, 38, see also quantum field

theoryand matter, 3, 411, 417gravitational, 43of electromagnetism, 26of energy and matter, 436of potentiality, 40, 198of subatomic events, 417

field equations, 28–31, 36flesh, 458, see also body

and body, 457Logos becoming, 9, 430–32,

436, 439meanings of, 436

Flores, F., 417, 440fluctuation, 32force

biological, 48, 282conscious, 48divine, 48divine action without, 346four fundamental, 265, 318gravitational, 24, 29–30, 32, 64,

98, 417natural and supernatural, 325of informational structures, 410of natural selection, 267of unfairness, 295physical, 47, 63–65, 94spiritual, 60

Ford, K., 95, 116

471






Index

formAquinas on, 55Aristotelian concept of, 19, 51,

384biological, 181, 382Platonic concept of, 17, 50, 92,

362, 378Freud, S., 66Freudenthal, G. B., 53, 75Friedmann, G., 59, 75Fuchs, O., 462

Gadamer, H.-G., 221–23, 234Galileo, G., 64, 86gamma ray, 28gap

between is and ought, 305causal, see causation, gaps inontological, 336, 347

Gatlin, L. L., 162, 183Gehring, W. J., 183Geiger counters, 139Gell-Mann, M., 127gene

and sex, 121and species, 280as instructing, 6, 9, 178, 218,

266, 417, 428as intentional, 177as selfish, 277axiological, 277caring about species, 280carrying information, 121, 157,

176, 178, 182, 282, 358,362, 365, 368, 410, 426

copying information, 161Lamarckian concept of, 429no natural laws for, 417presupposing information, 157programmed by natural

selection, 171, 178, 182,239, 275, 358

regulation of, 168–71

sharing of, 119signalling symbolically, 175signalling to other genes, 173working in other species, 173

genetic code, 162, 165–69, 172–74,269

genetic transcription, 161genetics

and origin of life, 266information theory in, 162, 181limit of, 298, 300or biosemiotics, 7probabilism in, 162

Gerhardt, C. I., 59, 75–78Germer, L. H., 31Gibbons, G. W., 114Gibbs, J. W., 123–25, 127Gibbs, W., 248, 258Gill, M. L., 51–53, 76Gilman, A., 248Gnosticism, 53, 430–32, 434–35God

analogical language of, 9and biosemiotics, 257–59as acting in the world, see divine

actionas at least personal, 351as creator, 326–29as Creator, 57, 84, 316, 335,

338, 377, 394, 447–49in, with, and under the

natural processes, 327, 330,334, 338, 346, 412

of laws of nature, 90, 150as deistic, 325as designer, 9, 384, 391as information, 9, 373, 384as necessary being, 84, 328–31as omnipresent creator, 326as primordial consciousness, 366as suffering and therefore

experiencing, 334as sustainer, 450

472






Index

as ultimate reality, see ultimatereality, God as

as wisdom, 382classical concept of, 331, 334,

411creating continuously, 327, 335,

392energy of, 11, 412forms in the mind of, 363grace of, 351immanence and economy, 434kingdom of, 307, 453metaphysical concepts of, 448natural processes as acts of, 325,

330of the gaps, 315, 328ontological connection between

world and, 412ontological gap between world

and, 330, 336panentheistic concept of, see

panentheismSpirit of, 11, 55, 411–13,

438–39, 459–61theistic naturalism, 316, 324–31triune concept of, 411world-transforming capacities,

9Godfrey-Smith, P., 166, 183Goodfield, J., 45Gordon, D. M., 252–55, 258–60Gould, S. J., 237, 259, 388, 403Grant, S., 286gratuite, 168–71, 181, 428gravitation, 30, 38, see also force,

gravitationaland dark matter, 36, 40, 409and entropy, 98as action at a distance, 25of mass, 23, 28–31, 43replusive or attractive, 35

Gray, R. D., 239, 259Greek thought

atoms in, 417form in, 51Logos in, 382matter in, see matter, in early

Greek thoughton nature, 307technology in, 4ultimate reality in, 432

Greene, B., 36, 45, 83, 114Gregersen, N. H., x, 2, 9, 74,

343–46, 352–55, 405,410–13, 433, 436, 440

Grib, A. A., 70, 76Gribbin, J., 407, 440Griffin, D. R., 62, 76–78, 401, 403Griffiths, P. E., 182, 185, 239, 259Guth, A., 35

Haas, A. M., 53, 75Habermas, J., 445, 462Haldane, J. B. S., 165, 171, 183Halder, G., 173, 183Hanson, N. R., 417, 440Harper, C. L., 78, 116Harper, D. G. C., 152, 170, 185,

403Hartle, J. B., 127Harvey, W., 159Haught, J. F., x, 9, 382Hauser, M. D., 120, 132Hawking, S. W., 86, 98–101,

114Hegel, G. W. F., 76

on Geist, 60, 382on matter, 50, 59–62

Heidelberger, M., 2, 12Heisenberg, W., 76, 152

on matter, 134on potentia, 135, 139on quantum cosmology, 145on uncertainty principle, see

uncertainty principleHeraclitus, 50

473






Index

hermeneutics, see understandingHerring, C. D., 310Hick, J., 352Hilbert space, 85Hitchcock, J. L., 72, 76Hobbes, T., 63Hoffmeyer, J., xi, 7, 236, 246–48,

250, 252, 255–56, 259, 423,428, 440

Holden, T., 22, 26, 45holism, 43holographic principle, 100, 105,

110Houlgate, S., 61, 76Hubble, E. P., 36Hume, D., 64, 284, 310, 322, 337,

417Huygens, C., 30hyle, 16, 51, see also matterhylomorphism, 51

idealism, 58–61impenetrability, 22, 31impetus, 9, 20, 316indeterminism, 68, 200, see also

choice, freedom ofindividual and environment

opposites or apposites, 282individuation, 19inexistence of mental phenomena,

190, 213–14Infeld, L., 417, 440infinitesimal intervals, 112inflation theory, 35information

age of, 188and absence, 186–88, 190, 202,

206, 213, see also absentcontent problem

and communication, 217, 221,232

and entropy, 99, 186, 394and ignorance, 99

and information-bearingcapacity, 201

Aristotelian, 8, 409as abstract structure, 8, 232as causally efficacious, 189–93as embodied, 373as instruction, 218, 424as Logos, 412–14as ordering of indefiniteness,

390as physical, 105as post hoc, 203, 207, 212as secondary concept, 95as ultimate reality, 95as unifying concept in sciences,

191between redundancy and noise,

388, 399, see alsoredundancy, and noise

causal difference of, 9concept of

in biology, see biology,concept of information in

in communication theory, seecommunication, in theoryof information

in computer theory, 197definition of, 193–98, 207, 384,

419derived randomly, 128, 194digital, 5, 7divine action as, 347etymology of, 218foundational, 4, 84genetic, 121, 163, 171, 181, 217,

223–25, 239, 397, 429as sequential information, 239

governing elementary processesof life, 217

in non-physical carriers, 362,373

in physical carriers, 162,204–05, 373

474






Index

laws of physics, matter and, 95mathematics, physics and, 95mental, 5novel, 128, 397of black hole, 99physical difference as potential,

207physical distinctions as

potential, 196potential of, 7, 196, 420pragmatic, 193–96, 208–12presupposing other information,

221, 229–32probability in theory of, 158,

162processing revolution, 118–24,

125, 130receiver influence, 227, 229replacing matter, 74, 407required to specify two

individuals, 171sciences of, 6secondary, 8semantic, 8, 11, 182, 193–96,

198, 207, 211, 227–28, 357,363–67, 374–81, 410,420–24, 425, 429–31

complexity of, 229–33novelty value of, 228pragmatic relevance of, 228

shaping, 357, 362–64, 367, 378,421–24, 430

channeling information, 421,426

cutting information, 421, 426,429, 439

sign as substitute for, 241significant, 7singular, 387supreme principle of, 10, 362,

368–69symbolic meaning in biology,

168, 175, 182

syntactic, 193–98, 200, 206, 211system of, 385theory of

as structural science, 232foundation of, 5in biology, 162, 170, 409shortcomings in, 8, 189

thoughts as in-forming, 290transmission of, 157–59, 162,

164, 324, 338, 374, 391,428

types of, 11, 324, 357, 378, 409,419–21

units of, 409valued, 7

information content, see alsocosmic bit count

and counting information, 419cosmic, 95, 100finite cosmic, 100–11of a volume, 100of computer, 193of message, 228

informational code, 10, 362, 368,380

informational terms, 157–59, 267,401

informed concern, 7, 261, 263initial conditions, 2, 94, 109intelligent design

and biosemiotics, 257and evolutionary naturalism,

391and information, 398and information in biology, 241,

365and natural selection, 157, 161,

183, 358, 383, 388and novelty, 391, 394, 402methodological mistake of, 383,

399Ionian philosophy, 16, 19, 143It from bit, 94–96

475






Index

Jacob, F., 98, 168, 175, 183James, W., 123, 410Janowski, B., 462John, gospel of, 337, 342, 347,

430–32, 436, 438–39, 453Johnson, H. J., 16, 45Johnson, S., 83Jolley, N., 58, 76Jones, G., 27Joos, E., 69, 77Josslyn, C., 77

Kallistos of Diokleia, 336, 352Kant, I., 26, 56, 407, 445Kauffman, S. A., 243–47, 258–60,

270, 310Kaufman, G., 448Kepler, J., 65Kerner, B., 286khora, see receptacleKim, J., 234, 321, 352–55Kimura, M., 171, 183Kingsley, C., 326, 352Kirby, S., 288, 309knowledge, phylogenetical and

ontogenetical, 242, 275,282, 300

kosmos aisthetikos, 405kosmos noetos, 405Krauss, L., 32, 38, 45Kruger, L., 2, 12Kuppers, B.-O., xi, 6, 217–18, 223,

226, 228, 231–35, 421

La Mettrie, J. O. de, 23Lagrangian space, 85Lamarckianism, 164, 429Lambda, 36Lampe, P., 457–58, 462Landauer, R., 94, 104–08, 110, 114

demon of, 108, 113Langford, D. J., 286, 310language

artificial, 228as human skill, 119–21, 251, 287as scientific problem, 288computer, 261connotations of, 226, 232definition of, 222development of, 291functional, 358governing understanding, 222,

374human, 119, 223, 231, 290, 374

origin of, 119–21, 157informational, 176mathematical, 145naturalistic view of, 222–24of analogy, 383of biology, 358of chemistry, 358of emergent reality, 337of genes, 222–24, 231of mathematics, 85of psychology, 358of quantum machinery, 426phycology, 145storing information, 221, 373symbolic, 170teleological, 247theological, 315–17, 337, 351,

383Laplace, P., 94, 102–04, 105, 108,

114, 198, 406Laplace, S., see determinismLavoisier, A.-L., 65laws and states

as arbitrary, 361asymmetry of, 89, 93coevolution of, 93

laws of natureas created, 90, 150as penultimate level of

description, 3as time-dependent, 91emergent, 359

476






Index

higher- and lower-level, 363ignorance of causal principle,

190inviolability of, 394low-energy effective, 92Newtonian concept of, see

Newton, I., on laws ofnature

Platonic concept of, 92, 104,371

principles of complex andintegrated universe, 361

set of general, 92laws of physics

and cosmic bit count, 107and mental realities, 138artificial or real?, 112as informational codes, 368as levitating superturtle, 85, 89,

93as penultimate level of

description, 3causing rules in evolution,

178contingency of, 85–86evolution of, 368finite accuracy, 109governing computing of

universe, 125hidden assumptions of, 89–95,

102in multiverse model, 88inherent in the universe, 105limited explanatory power, 124,

417mathematical nature of, 112non-teleonomic, 267origin of, 86, 95orthodox concept of, 89–91, 94,

104, 109positivistic concept of, 66

Leibniz, G.W., 25, 50, 56–61, 76,367, 379

Lemke, J., 74, 76Leslie, J., 372, 379life, definition of, 247Lloyd, S., xi, 4, 7, 95, 98, 100, 105,

108, 113–16, 118, 130–32,144, 409, 419, 423–26, 442

Locke, J., 64logos

and love, 302–10as ultimate reality, 50

Logos, 438, see also flesh, Logosbecoming; reason

as deep incarnation, 436as divine wisdom, 341–42as embodied, 430as information, 412, 430, 434,

438as meaning, 342as structuring principle of the

universe, 337as ultimate reality, 432asarkos and ensarkos, 436Christology of, see Christology,

Logosin Stoicism, see Stoicism, Logos

ininherent and outgoing, 433present in all things, 336structuring principle of the

universe, 11, 347, 382, 432,434

translation of, 433Luke, 451Lysenko, T. D., 165

MacKay, D. M., 228, 235Mackenzie, D., 310Macquarrie, J., 342, 352Maguire, E. A., 290, 310Mahner, M., 158–60, 183Malthus, T. R., 159Mark, 453Mason, G., 74, 76

477






Index

mass, see also rest massand black holes, 99and force, 65as abbreviation for matter, 23definition of, 28density of, 41relativistic, 28replacing matter, 2, 15

mass and energy, see also gravitationand information, 9, 164, 409,

411–14as primary reality, 2, 7, 72, 318constant amount of, 396density of, 33–37discussion of, 26divine action without, 346equivalence of, 2, 15, 27–29, 40,

67, 409, 415tensor, 38units of, 8

materia, 16signata quantitate, 19

materialism, see also mechanicalphilosophy, matter, inseventeenth-centurythought

claim of, 1, 41, 64, 357consciousness as problem for,

367difficulty of, 2, 48, 67, 72, 377,

417five central theses, 47–49in biology, 399, 417promissory, 138reductionist, 67, 406

mathematicsalgorithmic information theory,

129as primary reality, 4, 85, 95in information processing, 132of quantum mechanics, 69Platonic concept of, 16, 105,

110, 362

matterand energy, see mass and energyas creative synthesis, 62as dematerialized, 417as extension, 21as hypokeimenon, subjectum, 53as information-bearing, 351as la differance, 63as mass and energy, 30, see also

mass and energyas privation, 53as receptacle, 17as reservoir of potentiality, 40as rest mass, 30as unsolved conundrum, 62baryonic, 35–37, 41ceasing influence as term, 23corpuscular, 22dark, 35–37, 41, 409density, 22emergence of new forms of, 327entanglement of meaning and, 74Hymn to, 439impenetrability, 22in early Greek thought, 15–22,

50–54, 143in Hegel’s thought, see Hegel,

G. W. F., on matterin medieval thought, 53–56in Neo-platonic thought, 143in process philosophy, 61–63in seventeenth-century thought,

15, 21–26, 55–61, 143in twentieth-century thought,

15, 27–38, 407inertia, 22linguistic view of, 225mobility, 22of bread and wine, 344phenomenalist theory of, 58primary, 19, 72primary qualities of, 22problems of reductionism, 25

478






Index

quantity of, 20redefined, 28sarx as, 436secondary, 19secondary qualities of, 22unreality of, 83

Matthew, 453Maturana, H. R., 270, 310Maudlin, T., 71, 78Maximus the Confessor, 336Maxwell, J. C., 2, 4, 26, 67, 123,

127Mayer, J. R., 415, 442Maynard Smith, J., 157, 166, 170,

185, 267, 310, 428Mayr, E., 267, 276, 310McFall-Ngai, M. J., 256, 259McGrath, A., 392, 403McMullin, E., xii, 2, 15–19, 22–27,

31, 35, 38, 43–45, 143–45,409

mechanical philosophy, 22–26, 41,64, 143, 397

mechanicsclassical, 15, 20–22, 23–26, 28,

68, 94, 123, 135, 152, 361difficulty of, 21ignoring causation of

consciousness, 139quantum, see quantum

mechanicsstatistical, 107

Mechelli, A., 290, 310mereological relations, 318Merzenich, M. A., 290, 310metaphysics

and physics, 63, 132emergentist monism, see

emergence, emergentistmonism

general, 11of determinism, 243of Leibniz, 59

old and new style, 444–47, 450,459

speculative, 407Western, 62

Meyers, M. A., xvi, 74Michelangelo, 325Miescher, F., 223–25, 235Milburn, G., 109, 114mind, see consciousness, see also

quantum theory, observerinfluence

and Logos, 433as cause within nature, 137, 139as computer, 198as embodied, 376as emergent, 394as idea-space, 291as ultimate reality, 372as wetware, 305complexity of, 304of God, 342, 363, 378–81of God-bearing forms, 363shaping behavior, 276theory of, 287, 292

mind and bodyconnection of, 56, 138–40, 287,

351correlation of, 290, 331, 373–77,

379dualism of, 20, 43, 56, 59, 144,

373problem of, 5–7, 44, 66, 142,

198, 213, 347, 373Misner, C. W., 45monism

emergentist, see emergence,emergentist monism

neutral, see neutral monismMonod, J., 168–71, 175, 181,

183–85, 394–97, 403, 428Moore, A., 326, 352Morowitz, H., 322, 352morphe, 51, see also form

479






Index

Morris, S. C., 365, 379M-theory, 67multiverse model, 39, 88–89, 92,

113Murphy, N., 48, 234, 354, 440mutation

as blind?, 267developing reason, 120frame shift, 166in computing, 177, 213via (a)sexual reproduction,

120–23Myth of the Cave, 51

natural selection, see also evolutionand divine action, 325and intelligent design, see

intelligent design, andnatural selection

and intentionality, 157, 177, 428and self-organization, 270as coder in biology, 161as generation and regeneration

of caring, 263as programming, 178as random?, 267as selection for, 266concept of, 159explaining adaptedness, 245for adapted fit, 282–86for better caring, 276limits of explanatory power,

294, 296–98maximizing selfishness, 276,

284mechanisms in, 211–13of genes, 181–85, 239of groups, 292of kin, 278, 282of language, 120on humans, 292presupposing aboutness, 245programming, 170–72, 177

semiotic emergence asalternative to, 251

without adapted fit, 300naturalism

challenge of information, 377definition of, 325evolutionary, 391naive, 219scientific, 9, 327, 390theistic, 324–31, 336–38, 351,

see also EPNmusical analogy of, 328

naturalistic fallacy, 221Neo-platonism, 20, 23, 53, 143,

432, 436neutral monism, 407–12, 417Newman, J. H., 392, 403Newton, I., 442

equations of, 35, 64on clockwork universe, 4, 94on divine plan, 90, 94, 325, 357,

405–07on gravitation, 24, 30, 32, 64on laws of nature, 1, 65, 405on matter, 1, 20, 23–26, 44, 134,

405, 417, 458on mechanics, 8, 23, 26, 94on physics of lights, 30third rule of reasoning, 31

Nicolis, G., 215Nielsen, M. A., 124, 132non-inheritance of acquired

characters, 163–64Nowak, M. A., 299, 310

observer, see quantum theory,observer influence

Occam’s razor, 88Oliveri, P., 271, 310order

and complexity, 128, 130–32and contingency, 9, 285, 307,

399

480






Index

and novelty, 9, 387, 394,398–402, 403, 436

too much, see redundancyOyama, S., 241, 259

Palamas, G., 336Palsson, B. Ø., 74, 78panentheism, 328–36, see also EPN

and theistic naturalism, 316,337, 351

definition of, 330, 346in Eastern Christianity, 336

pan-experientialism, 62Pannenberg, W., 448panpsychism, 72, 198Parmenides, 18, 50participation, 50particle, see also uncertainty

principlecharacteristics of, 70or photon, 32or wave, 67, 108real, 32virtual, 32–34, 38

Paul, 11, 387, 432, 454, 457–61Pauli, W., 134Peacocke, A. R., v, xii, xvii, 9–11,

234, 315, 347, 352–55, 376,410, 442

Peebles, P. J. E., 38, 45Peirce, C. S., 241–43Pennisi, E., 286, 310Penrose, R., 362, 372, 379person, see also consciousness;

mindand ethics, 292, 299as coder, 161choosing and acting, 142distinctive capacities of, 55free choice of, see choice,

freedom ofGod as more than personal, 334,

411

human, 331, 457distinctive capacities of, 55,

374of Christ, 338–42, 436, 453partaking in creation, 152, 344

Peters, T., 451, 462Philo, 342, 382photon, see also particle

having mass, 28virtual, 32

physical variables, 85, 93physics as saving the appearances,

63Planck

temperatures, 91times, 107units, 99–101

Plato, 51, 78, 379dualism of, 20, 50on form, see form, Platonic

concept ofon laws of nature, see laws of

nature, Platonic concept ofon mathematics, see

mathematics, Platonicconcept of

on matter, 16, 50, 53world as imperfectly intelligible,

16Platonic philosophy, 93

calculating demon of, see alsoLaplace, P.

dualism of, 53, 105, 434–35fiction of, 104on God as transcendent, 373,

412, 436on Logos, 11, 430

Pleistocene period, 282Plotinus, 53Poincare, H., 107, 288–91Polkinghorne, J. C., 347, 354, 359,

379, 450, 461–62Pope, A., 65

481






Index

Popper, K., 421post-materialist theory, 72potentia, 135–37, 139, 145potentiality, 18–19, 26, 40, 43, 52,

149Precambrian period, 282pre-Socratic philosophy, 50Priestley, J., 25, 65Prigogine, I., 2, 11, 215, 266, 310,

322, 354principle of change, 50privatio, 50, 53probabilism, 127, 162

in biology, 252, 267probability, function, 145–48process, 1, 147–51Provine, W., 394, 403psycho-physical

actions, 140events, 140, 145, 149universe, 152

Puddefoot, J. C., 324, 354, 357,379, 419, 421, 442

quantum computation, 5, 95,107–10, 113, 125–29, 130,200

quantum computer, 4–6, 108–10,113, 127, 130–32, 423,425–27

quantum entanglement, 43, 109,200

quantum event, 137, 200, 409, 424quantum field theory, 33, 68, 72,

92, 110, 150quantum gravity, 38quantum information, 4, 11, 423quantum mechanics

and decoherence, seedecoherence

as spooky action at a distance,148

as typing monkeys, 130

definition of, 125divine action in, 152injecting information, 127observer influence, 198on matter, 417

quantum physics, concept ofinformation in, 191

quantum state, 70, 102, 104, 108,137, 140, 149, 200

quantum theory, see alsouncertainty principle

allowing freedom of choice,140–44, 148

and cosmic bit count, see cosmicbit count

and divine action, 150as challenge to materialism, 3,

30–34, 66as counterintuitive, 125–28as intuitive, 134–36, 143–49Bohm interpretation, 32claim of, 40Copenhagen interpretation, 32,

68, 108, 144–46epistemology of, 148

holistic explanation of, 359irreconcilable with theory of

relativity, 38limit of explanation, 103multiverse model interpretation

of, 113observer influence, 5, 67–69, 83,

104, 135, 138–40, 144–48,200, 225, 367, 378, see alsoconsciousness; mind

of large and small, 138on black holes, 98on matter, 15, 98, 409, 417, see

also dematerializationprobabilism in, 103, 127, 135,

424quantum Zeno effect, 142, 148, see

also decoherence

482






Index

qubits, 4, 7, 423–26quorum sensing, 253

radioactivity, 67randomness, 128, 130, 137, 383,

388, 399, see also chanceRatra, B., 38, 41, 45Rawls, J., 295, 310realism

agential, 74at a distance, 56, 70eschatological, 458tragic, 396, 401

reality, see also ultimate realityactual occasions as, 62as constituted by laws, 368billiard ball concept of, 63, 357definition of, 321, 417emergence of, 327, 341, 351, 396new scientific understanding of,

73–75of different levels of complexity,

318, 335of emergent whole, 320, 324,

337, 340, 349of spiritual body, 444of top-down causality, 251of understanding, 363, 366shared, 85structuring of, 232veiled, 70

reason, 16and emotion, 305as recursion, 120

receptacle, 16–18, 52recombination, 120–23, 130reductionism, 1, 23–26, 63, 318,

335, 351, 406and holism, 43of matter to monads, 58scientific, 48

redundancy, 9, see also orderand information, 385, 397–99

and noise, 388–97, 399–404and novelty, 394, 398of code, 162

Rees, M., 114relativity theory, 3, 15, 27–31,

40, 72, 85, 300, 409, 415–17general theory of, 3, 28, 61, 66,

92special theory of, 3, 27, 61, 66,

407res cogitans and extensa, 55, 213resonance, 9, 410, 429, 434rest mass, 3, 28–31, 36, 41, 409Richards, R. J., 429, 442Richardson, A., 354Richardson, R. C., 320, 325,

352–55Richardson, W. M., 354, 442Riordan, A., 74Rodrigues, Jr., W. A., 77Rolston, H., xii, 7, 261, 298, 310Rontgen, W. C., 67Ruby, E. G., 256, 259Russell, B., 85, 114, 410, 417, 442Russell, L. J., 59, 78Russell, R. J., 48–49, 68, 78, 234,

287, 311, 354, 451, 462

Sarkar, S., 166, 170, 185, 238,259

sarx, 432, 436–38, 457, see also fleshSchrodinger, E., 68Schrodinger’s cat, 108, 139, 200Schroeder, G., 78Schwartz, J., 152scientific explanation, see also

causationaxiological, 372capacity of, 226concerned with probability, 387holistic, 359, 366–69, 378nomological, 372pluralism in, 411

483






Index

scientific explanation (cont.)simple and complex, 361what counts for, 48

Scriver, C. R., 241, 259Seife, C., 385–87, 403semiosis, 215, 246, 251, see also sign

definition of, 241semiotic emergence, see

emergence, semioticsemiotic freedom, 250semiotics, 168, 232, 239, 242, 246,

256, 258definition of, 241symbol, icon, and index, 170

Shannon entropy, 186, 204, 206,420

Shannon information, 188, 205,213, 357, 409, 423

definition of, 202, 357Shannon, C. E., 5, 7, 99, 114, 124,

132, 162, 185–87, 197,202–04, 206–08, 215, 228,409, 442

Shannon–Boltzmann, 7, 207, 211Shannon–Boltzmann–Darwin, 211Sherman, J., 246, 258Shultz, S., 291, 309Sigmund, K., 299, 310sign, see also semiosis

indexical, 253, 257Peircean concept of, 242

Silk, J., 32, 44Singer, M., 311Smith, J. M., xiii, xvii, 6, 157, 267,

426, 442Smolin, L., 91, 114, 368Snackenburg, R., 430Sober, E., 292, 311Sole, R. V., 282, 311soma, 163, 457, see also body,

humanspace, see also receptacle

limited by reach of light, 97

phase, 361–63, 378theory of, 231, 359

space–timeand individuation, 19as not differentiable, 112Euclidean, 30flat, 33incarnation in, 414non-Euclidean, 30physical variables of, 93relativistic model of, 417relativity-based model of, 38state of, 361ten-dimensional, 83tensor of, 36

speed of light, 70, 415as information limit, 97

Spinoza, B. de, 59, 91, 114Spirit, 453

Absolute, 60of God, see God, Spirit of

Stapp, H. P., xiii, 3, 6, 72, 74, 78,134, 153, 367

static electricity, 26Steinhardt, P., 38, 44Stengers, I., 266, 310, 322, 354Sterelny, K., 185Stevenson, R. L., 306, 311Stoeger, W., 27, 48, 354, 440Stoicism

as monistic, 434influencing Christian thinking,

414, 430, 434Logos in, 11, 382, 430, 433, 436,

438physics of, 432, 436

Stojanow, J., 61, 78stress–energy tensor, 28string theory, 67, 72, 92–93structural sciences, 232Stubenberg, L., 410, 442substance, 56–58, see also form,

matter

484






Index

Aristotelian concept of, 19, 52Cartesian concept of, 56ethereal, 190God as necessary, 328Hegelian concept of, 49, 61Leibnizian concept of, 56–61of God and creation, 325, 336,

411Platonic concept of, 50quantum theory concept of,

142supernova, 36superorganism, 252–55superposition, 4, 69, 103–05, 107,

200Susskind, L., 92, 100, 114–16Swineshead, R., 20Szathmary, E., 157, 185Szilard, L., 99, 116

’t Hooft, G., 100, 116Taliaferro, C., 376, 379Tecumseh Fitch, W., 120,

132Tegmark, M., 39, 88–89, 116Teilhard de Chardin, 439, 442Temple, F., 326tendency, 137, 145, 148, 150, 390,

see also probabilismTertullian, 433, 442Thackray, A., 45Thales, 50Theophilus of Antioch, 433,

442thermodynamics

and evolution, 246and information, 397, 426challenging materialism, 1,

67emerging semantic information,

6law of energy conservation,

415

law of entropy, 98–99, 124, 204,394, 415

non-equilibrium performingwork, 208

providing link between signaland extrinsic source, 188

Thomson, W., 415, 442Tillich, P., 383–85, 387, 403,

448top-down, see causation, top-downToulmin, S., 45tracker fields, 38Turing, A., 112Turner, M., 38typing monkeys, 128–32

Ulanowicz, R. E., 238, 259ultimate reality, see also neutral

monism; realityarche as, 432forms as, 50, 53God as, 9, 85, 331, 357, 407,

410, 412, 438, 448God, matter, and information

as, 351inability to describe, 411information as, 83, 410mass and energy as, see mass and

energy, as primary realitymass, energy, and information,

412mathematics as, 86, 95matter as, 1, 28, 406–08mind of God as, 378mind or consciousness as, 372,

376parable of tower of turtles, 84physical universe as, 84religious understanding of,

392simple substances as, 58

uncertainty principle, 32, 68, 140,417

485






Index

understandingas constituent of information,

365as distinct reality, 363, 366philosophical discussion of, 72,

219–24, 229, 374unified theory of physics, 87universe, see also cosmic bit count;

cosmology; multiversemodel; ultimate reality

as clockwork, 4, 94, 123, 225as code lacking, 168as holistic system, 359, 368as information system, 384as informational, 198, 384, 388,

394, 397, 399–402, 438as mathematical, 90as polynomial or exponential,

107bearing revelatory meaning, 387billiard-ball, 134carrying information, 104, 385compatible with omnipotent

Creator?, 56, 58computational, 4, 104, 113,

118–32, 198, 423–27contingency of, 85–86, 412deterministic, see determinismexpanding, 15, 265expanding or contracting, 33narratively informed or

mechanically designed?, 398naturalistic view of, 377non-ergodicity of the, 243origin of, 55, 359, 362quantum, 135reasons for existence of, 371–73registering itself, 4, 424static or contract, 36structured by Logos, 414, 432,

434two-stock, 405

vacuum, 32–33, 41, 83, 144, 415vacuum energy, 38

density of, 38van de Vijver, G., 74, 76van Till, H., 327, 355Varela, F. J., 270, 310Venter, J. C., 288, 311von Balthasar, H. U., 53, 75von Goethe, J. W., 227, 235von Harnack, A., 430, 442von Neumann, J., 74, 144, 147,

153, 204, 367, 409von Weizsacker, C. F., 68

Wallace, A. R., 159Ward, K., xiv, 9, 116, 357Waters, P. J., 241, 259wave function, 8, 103–10, 113Weaver, W., 124, 132, 163, 185,

215, 419, 442Weber, B. H., 237, 258–60, 322,

352, 355, 440Weinberg, J., 56, 79Weinberg, S., 39, 63, 79Weisheipl, J., 20, 45Weismann, A., 157, 159, 163–66,

185Weizsacker, C. F., 68Welker, M., xiv, 10–11, 444, 462Wheeler, J. A., 74, 90, 94–96, 116,

367, 369, 379Whitehead, A. N., 62, 79, 387,

403, 462as pan-experientialist, 62life is a robbery, 450on evil, 401on matter, 50on old- and new-style

metaphysics, 445on pessimism, 396on structuring principle, 382ontology of, 62, 148

486






Index

whole–part system, see causation,whole–part

Wiener, N., 45, 409Wigner, E. P., 74, 110, 116, 145,

367Williams, G. C., 276, 311Wilson, D. S., 288, 292, 311Wilson, E. O., 252, 259, 311Wimsatt, W. C., 318, 355Wittgenstein, L., 116

WMAP satellite, 35Wolff, C., 56Wolfram, S., 423, 442Wolpert, L., 157, 183Wordsworth, W., 461

Zeilinger, A., 74, 79, 84, 116Zel’dovich, Y, 38Zemann, J., 409, 442Zhabotinsky reaction, 322

487






Documents

INDEX [assets.cambridge.org]assets.cambridge.org/97811076/84539/index/9781107684539_index.pdfINDEX Aaronson, S., 107–08, 113 aboutness, 191–93, 200, 202, 245, 267, 423 cellular,