Index [assets.cambridge.org]assets.cambridge.org/97811070/29866/index/9781107029866_index.pdfIndex 457 Carranza, Venustiano, 134, 296 Carrillo Puerto, Felipe, 122, 134 Carrillo, Braulio,

455

Abascal, José Fernando de, 184Abolitionism (Brazil), 95absolutism

patrimonial, 58secular modernity and, 14Spain, 172, 275, 279, 315

Academia Militar (Honduras), 214Acevedo, José, 49Adelman, Jeremy, 70, 74Age of Extremes (Hobsbawn), 75agiotistas (local lenders, Mexico), 42Alberdi, Juan Bautista, 30, 173, 175Albiñana, José María, 325alcabala (impost on sales transactions,

Mexico), 42Alemán, Miguel, 116, 121Alfonso XIII, King, 325Allen, Woody, 12Almond, Gabriel, 137Althusius, 103Alvarez, Agustín, 166, 230, 231Alvear, Marcelo T. de, 226, 230, 243Alves Branco, Manoel, 85amarillo (census race category), 349Amazonas (Peru), 255, 261Amorós, Cirilo, 166, 167, 170Anales de la Universidad de Chile, 193Ancash (Peru), 261Ancízar, Manuel, 54, 376, 378, 381, 384, 387,

390, 391Andalucía (Argentina), 158Anderson, Benedict, 22, 285, 287, 300, 305,

307, 411Anglo-Portuguese Alliance (1807), 84Anta (Cuzco, Peru), 252anticlericalism, 313–15Antioquia (Colombia), 51, 388

Appelbaum, Nancy, 23, 411, 412Apurímac (Peru), 255Aráoz, Luis, 162Araucano, El (Chilean newspaper), 187, 189,

195areas, brown (O’Donnell), 6Arequipa (Peru), 261, 263, 266Argentina, 21, 26, 295, 407, 414

1820–90, 28–32Spain and, 401unification of, 31

Argentine Confederation, 31Argomedo, José Gregorio, 365Armitage, David, 68Army of Liberation (Guatemala), 216Arrayagaray, Lucas, 231Artigas, José Gervasio, 276assimilation, racial, 349–53Ato Adicional (Brazil), 34Aulard, Alphonse, 105Australia, 61Austria, 63autonomy, 10, 11, 19, 40, 87, 166, 392, 403

(Argentina), 235Brazil, 80British colony political, 66bureaucratic, 196, 401, 405constitutional, 97Costa Rica, 222federalism and, 377provincial, 380

Brazil, 34, 39Mexico, 44

regional, 159, 164, 185Argentina, 158

Avellaneda, Marco, 160Avellaneda, Nicolás, 159, 163, 178, 179, 301

Index

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Index456

Ayacucho (Peru), 261Ayala, Mercedes, 362

Bacha, Edmar, 17Baeza, Juana de Dios, 367Balzac, Honoré de, 12, 301Bananas (Allen), 12Banking and Economic Development

(Triner), 110banks, 88, 110, 150, 219

Banco de la República (Colombia), 53Banco do Brasil

Third, 86, 87Bank of Nicaragua, 145Brazil, 41, 111Chile, 27Mexico, 46National Bank of Nicaragua, 151, 152

Barbosa, Rui, 102, 110Barman, Roderick, 35, 40, 98Barreneche, Osvaldo, 372Barriga, Joaquín María, 49Barrios, Justo Rafino, 147, 149, 205, 208, 211,

214, 216, 219Bascuñan, José Miguel, 363Bassols, Narciso, 124Batlle y Ordonez, José, 295Belaúnde Terry, Fernando, 255Belgrano, Manuel, 274Bel-india (Brazil), 17Bello, Andrés, 20, 183–202, 274, 358–60, 405

legislative involvement, 200–2Benavente, Diego José, 197Bentham, Jeremy, 194Bento de Sousa e Castro, Antônio, 96Bernard, Adolfo, 153Blanco, Lucio, 134Bolívar, Simón, 48, 300, 321Bolivia, 300, 302, 350, 407, 416

Republic of (1825), 28Bonaparte, Napoleon, 60bonds, government (Spain), 311Bonilla, Policarpo, 214Borges de Medeiros, Antônio Augusto, 114Bosch, Marquis of, 168Bourdieu, Pierre, 10, 12–13Boyacá (Colombia), 51Brazil, 19, 295, 350, 407, 414

1820–90, 32–41communication, 91–92Constituent Assembly, 102–4coup (November 15, 1889), 102financial policy, 86–90First Reign (1822–1831), 80

fiscal development, 107–9industrialization, 85infrastructure and communication, 91–92Land Law, 89Old or First Republic, 100Regency (1831–1840), 80Regresso, c. 1837–1842, 81rural oligarchy, 106state origins, 79–85state policy, 85–86tariffs, 85

Brazilian Empire, Myths and Histories (Viotti da Costa), 106

Breña, Roberto, 21Bryan-Chamorro Treaty (Nicaragua/U. S.,

1916), 151Bulnes, Francisco, 130, 186, 191Bulnes, Manuel, 186, 191Bunge, Augusto, 242Bunge, Carlos O., 230bureaucracy, 283

Costa Rica, 221–23expert, 221–23

Argentina, 225–46Chile, 191, 199, 405El Salvador, 219–21Honduras, 219–21Nicaragua, 219–21patronage and, 114political spoils and, 219–21Spain, 401, 404

Burns, Robert I., 144

Cabinet of Conciliation (Brazil, 1853–1857), 87

Cabuya, Pancho, 154caciquismo, 20Caetano Alberto, Soares, 89Cajamarca (Peru), 261Caldas, Francisco José de, 381, 388Callao (Peru), 252, 261, 263Calles, Plutarco Elías, 116, 117, 119Cámara, Sixto Sáenz de la, 320camaraderies, horizontal (Anderson), 411Campos Sales, Manuel, 105, 106Canada, 61canal, Nicaraguan interoceanic, 145–51Cannon, Le Roy, 150Cánovas del Castillo, Antonio, 159, 313capacity, fiscal, and foreign trade, 18Capmany, Antonio de, 309Cárdenas, Lázaro, 119, 134Cardoso, Maurício, 114Carlota Joaquina, Infanta, 319






Index 457

Carranza, Venustiano, 134, 296Carrillo Puerto, Felipe, 122, 134Carrillo, Braulio, 205, 208, 215, 218cartography, 378, 393–95Carvalho Moreira, Francisco Inácio, 88Casa del Obrero Mundial, 134Casanova, Juan Norberto, 257Castelar, Emilio, 316, 321Castilhos, Júlio de, 103, 104, 114Castilla, Ramón, 257Castillejos, 316Castro, Américo, 324Catão, Luis, 107Catholic National Party (Mexico), 124Cauca (Colombia), 51Cavour, Camillo, 312censo (municipal lands), 208censuses

Argentina 1872, 3371895, 250, 338, 346

Bolivia (1900), 347, 349, 352Brazil, 332

1872, 335, 3381920, 350, 351

Chile (1865), 333, 345Colombia (1912), 349colonial, 332Costa Rica (1864), 333Dominican Republic (1920), 349elections and, 332elites and, 409ethnoracial, 343–55France, 336goals, 330Guatemala (1893), 347, 351, 352ISC and, 331Italy, 337Mexico

1920, 3511921, 349

national integration and, 336national self-knowledge and, 337nation-building and, 330–55Peru

1876, 2491902, 250, 251–56

political elites and, 333Venezuela (1873), 333

Centeno, Miguel Ángel, 58, 251Central American Federation, 140Central Statistics Agency

Chile, 334Equador, 334

centralization, 59, 283authoritarian, 377

Centro de Estudios Históricos, 324Chaco (Argentina), 236Chambers, Sarah, 23Chamorro, Emiliano, 149, 152Chamorro, Joaquín, 147change

generative causes, 204, 223–24incremental, 204

Chile, 405Costa Rica, 406

permissive conditions, 204, 207–11, 223punctuated, 204

export agricultural expansion and, 205–9

militarization and, 211–13character, national, Spanish, 8Charter of 1891 (Brazil), 101Chiaramonte, José Carlos, 29Chile, 6, 16, 23, 30, 183–99, 225, 295, 393,

401, 407, 413, 4141820–90, 26–28Civil Code

1855, 364, 369codification of civil law, 193–99victory over Confederation of Peru and

Bolivia, 27Chocó (Colombia), province of, 385–87Chorographic Commission (Colombia), 23,

375–77, 411henogeneity and, 391historical context, 378regional solutions and, 395

Christian-Democratic Party (Chile, Spain, Germany, Italy), 124

Church Anglican, 67Catholic, 19, 40, 55, 289

Argentina, 30Brazil, 36, 83Chile, 27, 188Colombia, 48, 51, 52, 53Mexico, 43, 44–45, 46, 124Nicaragua, 141, 148as a political competitor, 26Spain, 9, 177

Civic Guard (Chile), 27Cleveland, Grover, 148clientelism, political, 229, 404Coatsworth, John, 9, 17Cobo, Juan Manuel, 196Codazzi, Agustín, 376, 380, 383, 387,

389, 394






Index458

Código Civil de la República de Chile (1857), 193, 198

Colegio de Santiago (Chile), 188Colombia, 27, 42, 46, 295, 298, 302, 350,

375–95, 407coup (1831), 49Greater (1821), 53

Columbus, Christopher, 312Comercio, El (Peruvian newspaper), 260Commercial Code and Land Law (Brazil,

1850), 87, 88, 89Commission of 21 (Brazil), 103Common Education Bill (Law 1428,

Argentina, 1883), 233comradeship, deep horizontal, 329concertación (Chile), 18, 415conciliação (conciliation, Brazil), 35Concordat of 1887 (Colombia), 52Condesuyos (Arequipa, Peru), 252Confederación Granadina, 381conflicts, internal, 5, 407Congress of School Hygiene (Peru, 1899), 248Congresso Agricola (Brazil, 1878), 95Consejo de la Hispanidad, 321Consejo de Regencia, 71consejo directorial, 367Consejo Nacional de Educación (CNE,

Argentina), 234, 235, 241, 245Conservatism, 327Conservative Republic (Colombia), 392Conservatives

Brazil, 35, 81Chile, 27Mexico, 43, 44

Constant, Benjamin, 33, 273Constitution

Argentina (1853), 31, 174, 234Brazil

1824, 331891, 104

Chile 1823, 1851828, 1851833, 27, 185, 188, 191, 195

education and, 27informal, 406

Colombia 1821, 531826–28, 481853, 3801858, 3801863, 51, 380, 3811886, 52, 392

Mexico

1857, 116, 1321917, 116, 132

Nicaragua 1858, 1451893, 148

Spain 1812 (Constitution of Cádiz), 4, 22, 172,

272, 2751876, 3271978, 328

United States of America (1787), 69consumer markets

domestic Brazil, 408Chile, 408Mexico, 408

Coolidge, Calvin, 153COPARMEX (Mexico, 1929), 136Correia de Oliveira, João Alfredo, 96Cortes de Cádiz (Spanish National Assembly),

71, 72, 120, 308Cortés, Hernán, 312, 316Cosme, Francisco, 121Cossi (clientelistic network, Spain), 167Costa Rica, 6, 16, 21, 26, 203, 205, 207, 210,

401, 407, 412, 413Cotegipe, Baron de, 95, 96Council for National Education (Argentina),

401Council of Education (Argentina), 402, 405Council of State (Brazil), 34Council of the Indies, 358Courtet, Saint-Simonian Victor, 377Cousine Bette, La (Balzac), 12Craib, Raymond, 393crime

Mexico, 407Venezuela, 407

Cristero War (Mexico, 1926–29), 124Cruz, Artemio, 134Cuadra Pasos, Carlos, 153Cuba, 26, 350Cundinamarca, 51Cundinamarca (Colombia), 51currency, 228

Brazil, 111Cuzco (Peru), 255, 261, 263, 266

Dantas, Manoel Pinto de Sousa, 95Darién, Isthmus of, 150Davies, Joseph S., 131, 132, 135Dawson Agreements (Nicaragua, 1911), 151de Gobineau, Arthur, 344de Riquer, Borja, 315, 326






Index 459

De Tomaso, Antonio, 243Dean, Warren, 115decentralization

Brazil, 34–35, 103Mexico, 51Peru, 258, 264, 266

Declaration of Independence (United States, 1776), 69

Decree for the Development of Agriculture (Honduras, 1877), 209

Dehesa, Teodoro A., 133Democracy in America (Tocqueville), 4democratization, 6, 63

Spain, 400Deodoro da Fonseca, Manuel, 102desamortización (disentailment of church

land), 178, 311Deustua, Alejandro, 259Díaz, Adolfo, 150, 152Díaz, Arlene, 373Díaz, Porfirio, 45, 108, 116, 118, 121, 125,

127, 128, 132Díaz-González-Díaz, 118Dirección General de Instrucción Pública

(Peru), 265diversity, 7

Colombia, 390racial (Brazil), 409

Dodds Law (Nicaragua, 1923), 153Dominican Republic, 350draft, military, 313dualism, social, 17Dugan, Laurence, 154Dutch Republic, 3Dye, Alan, 193

Economic Development in Brazil, 1822–1913 (Leff), 110

Ecuador, 407Educación Nacional, La (journal), 262education, 291

Argentina, 32, 233–43, 401, 402drop-outs, 237patriotic, 234practical, 234

Brazil, 34, 41, 108, 112–14Chile, 27–28, 188–91, 405Civilista (Peru), 247–67Colombia, 28, 53–54Costa Rica, 406Lancasterian, 32Mexico, 44, 46Peru, 247–67, 402

conditions for, 267

Spain, 311, 313, 401Egaña, Juan, 184, 185, 194Egaña, Mariano, 183, 185, 190, 194, 196El Salvador, 203, 205, 208, 210elections

Argentina, 30Brazil, 106Chile, 27Mexico, 45

Emmanuele, Vittorio, 312empleomanía (Argentina), 20, 229, 232,

239–43, 244Engerman, Stanley, 8, 260, 261Episodios Nacionales (Pérez Galdós), 310equality, civil (Chile), 198Ertman, Thomas, 58Español, Juan, 308Espartero, Baldomero, 312Essay on the Inequality of the Races (de

Gobineau), 344Estado Novo (Brazil, 1937–45), 101, 109estanco (fiscal monopoly, Colombia), 49, 210Estatuto Maura (Spain, 1918), 15, 404Estrada Cabrera, Manuel, 211, 220Estrada, Juan José, 149, 150Estrada União e Indústria, 91estupro (sexual assault), 371, 374ethnodemographics, 344Euraque, Darío, 209europeización (Europeanizing Spain), 323Eusébio de Queirós, Matoso de Coutinho, 88exceptionalism, Iberian, 8

dependentista critique of, 8factor endowments perspective, 8

exclusion, racial, 345–49expectancy, life, 229

Brazil, 113exports, 5, 203, 205–9, 223, 228, 257

Argentina, 28, 29, 31, 130Brazil, 36, 87, 91Chile, 26, 130Colombia, 48, 49–51, 53Cuba, 130Mexico, 42, 45

Fabra, Victorino, 167, 169faculdades (Brazilian professional schools), 114federalism

Brazil, 101–15Chile, 185Colombia, 391–92Mexico, 45

federalization creeping, 381






Index460

Federation of Central America (1821–1838), 207

Ferdinand VII, King, 71, 275, 319Fernández, Carmelo, 384, 387, 388Fernández, José Antonio, 368Ferraro, Agustin, 20, 401Ferrer de Couto, José, 321Fiesta de la Raza, 321, 323, 325Figuerola, Laureano, 173Financial Markets and Industrial Development

(Haber), 109Fish, Hamilton, 147Flores da Cunha, José Antônio, 114Flores Galindo, Alberto, 266Florescano, Enrique, 286Fomento (Ministry of Development,

Guatemala), 219fractionalization, social and political, 18,

412, 415France, 62, 63Franco, Francisco, 312, 327, 403Free Womb Law (Brazil, 1871)., 94Frías, Uladislao, 166Fuentes, Carlos, 134fuero eclesiástico (clerical privileges,

Mexico), 44Fukuyama, Francis, 303

Gaitan, José Eliecer, 392Gallardo, Angel, 242Garces, Isidro, 361García Cubas, Antonio, 393García Granados, Miguel, 216García Laguardia, Jorge Mario, 216García Lorca, Federico, 324García Peña, Ana Lidia, 372García Reyes, Antonio, 183García Téllez, Ignacio, 124Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 312Gattopardo, Il (Lampedusa), 106Gay, Claude, 394Gellner, Ernest, 330General Direction of Public Education (Peru,

1909), 402General Inspection of Public Offices (Chile,

1852), 187geography

economic, 18, 25Argentina, 28–29Chile, 26–27Colombia, 47–48Mexico, 41–42

political, 18, 25Argentina, 28–30

Brazil, 32–36Chile, 27

Germany, 61, 63, 295Giménez Caballero, Ernesto, 325gobierno elector (manipulated electoral

results), 162Godoy, Manuel, 279Goldsmith, Raymond, 108Gómez Farías, Valentín, 46Gómez, Josefa, 367Gómez, María del Rosario, 367González, Manuel, 117Gootenberg, Paul, 257, 258Gorski, Philip S., 59governors, Chilean, 27Goycolea, Carmen, 363Graham, Richard, 35, 36Gramsci, Antonio, 410Gran Oriente Lusitano, 320Granadino types (Samper), 392Grandón, Isidora, 361Great Britain, 3, 60, 63, 298Greece, 61Greene, Jack P., 67Gregg, Josiah, 42Groce, Leonard, 150guajiro, 415Guardia, Tomás, 215, 218Guatemala, 203, 205, 208, 210, 350Guerra, Francois Xavier, 7, 72–73, 161Guevara-Escudero, José Francisco, 217Guibernau, Montserrat, 414

Haber, Stephen, 109Haddad, Cláudio, 107Hale, Charles, 17Hanley, Anne, 110Haring, Clarence, 33Hazen, Dan C., 265health, public, 108, 227, 244

Argentina, 229Brazil, 112–14

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 291hegemony (Gramsci), 410Helguera, Elvira, 162Henríquez, Camilo, 274, 275Henríquez, Gregorio, 367Herrera, Claudia, 20, 401heterogeneity, 412

regional, 377Hill, Christopher, 284Himno de Riego, 312Hingson, Jesse, 373Hispanidad, 321






Index 461

Historia General de España (Mariana), 310Hobsbawm, Eric J., 75, 301, 308, 325homogenization

racial, 377Honduras, 203, 205, 209, 210Huancavelica (Peru), 261Huánuco (Peru), 255, 261Huerta, Victoriano, 122, 296Human Development Index, components of,

229Humboldt, Alexander von, 381, 394Huracán, El (Spanish newspaper), 319

Iberia, La (pamphlet), 319Iberia Militar, La (Spanish journal), 320Iberian Union, 318, 319identities

collective, 412national, 375, 411

defined, 375regional, 394

Iglesias, Francisco, 105illegitimacy, 359–69immigration, 228, 292

Brazil, 37Paraguay, 292Peru, 292

imperialism, 315–18income, real, 229indígena, 351indigenous

defined, 346industrialization, 5, 257infrastructure, economic, 5, 108Inspección General de Instrucción (Chile,

1882), 405Institución Libre de Enseñanza, 324Instituto de Cultura Hispánica, 321Instituto Nacional (Chile), 188, 189, 191intendancies (Chile), 184International Statistical Congress

(ISC), 331Interoceanic Canal Commission, 147interpelación (Chile), 186Irarrázaval, Ramón Luis, 196Italy, 61, 63, 296Iturbide, Agustín de, 276, 301

Jaksic, Iván, 20, 404João, Dom, 33João, Pedro (Pedro I), 33, 80João, Pedro (Pedro II), 33, 35–36, 41, 87João, Pedro (Pedro IV), 79, 85, 319Jones, Charles, 414

Jover, José María, 317, 318, 325Juárez, Benito, 45, 46Juárez Celman, Miguel Ángel, 169, 170judiciary, 227, 356–74

Argentina, 228Chile, 357, 358–69hegemony and, 357Peru, 357, 370–74political stability and, 358

Junco, José Alvarez, 22, 401Junín (Peru), 261Justo, Juan B., 230, 232, 240, 241

Kinloch, Frances, 146Knight, Alan, 20Knöbl, Wolfgang, 400, 415Knoebl, Wolfgang, 19

La Luz and Los Angeles Mining Company, 150

La Pampa (Argentina), 237ladino, 352Lafuente, Modesto, 310Lainez Law (Argentina, 1905), 234, 241Lampedusa, Giuseppi Tomasi de, 106Landa y Ecandón, Guillermo de, 133Lastarria, José Victorino, 183, 192Laswell, Harold Dwight, 120Latin American Public Opinion Project

(Vanderbilt University), 411Law of Jurisdictions (Spain, 1906), 326law, rule of, 157League of the Patriots, 325Ledesma Ramos, Ramiro, 325Leff, Nathaniel, 110legacies

colonial, 8, 415endowment, 8historical, 7, 416

legend, black, 7legitimacy, 412

child, 361–63constitutional, 19defined (Linz), 413political, 283, 329Weber and, 12

León insurgency (Nicaragua, 1896), 217Leopold, King of Belgium, 294Lepanto, battle of (Gulf of Corinth, 1571),

312, 316Lesseps, Fernando de, 147Lettieri, Alberto, 30leyes periódicas (Chile), 186Liberal Republic (Argentina, 1861–1930), 158






Index462

Liberal Revolution (Nicaragua, 1893), 148liberalism

democracy and, 63–64ethnic minorities and, 64fictitious, 17inconsistencies of, 5, 16nation-building and, 288Peru, 247–67Spain, 9, 21state project and, 6–9

Liberals Brazil, 82Chile, 27Mexico, 44, 50

Liga Nacional de Empleados Civiles (Argentina), 243

Liga Progressista (Brazil), 94Lima, Luis Alves de, 36Linz, Juan, 316, 317, 412literacy, 229

Argentina, 226, 234, 236, 242, 244, 402Brazil, 37, 41, 100, 104, 106, 113, 114Chile, 188, 192Colombia, 53Mexico, 134Peru, 253Spain, 402

López, Dolores, 368López-Alves, Fernando, 22, 410Loreto (Peru), 261Love, Joseph E., 19Loveman, Brian, 185Loveman, Mara, 23, 409loyalty (Strayer), 13Lynch, John, 16, 30

Machado, Pinheiro, 114Madero, Francisco, 121, 295Maeztu, Ramiro de, 321Magdalena River (Colombia), 51Mahoney, James, 21, 260, 404, 405, 414Malvinas/Falklands, 416mandamientos (colonial labor drafts), 208Mann, Horace, 32, 406Mann, Michael, 10, 11, 12, 69, 250Manual de Patología Política (Alvarez), 230Mapa corográfico de la provincia de

Casanare, 383Marcha de Cadiz, 312María Cristina, Regent Queen, 319Mariana, Juan de, 310Marín, María, 362Mariscal, Elisa, 260, 261Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua, 147

markets, financial, Spanish, 400Martí, Salvador, 20Martial Law of Public Security (Nicaragua,

1894), 213Martin, Teodoro, 319Martínez Campos, Arsenio, 166Martínez Fritscher, André, 111, 114Mas, Sinibaldo de, 319massification, Mexican, 120Matienzo, José Nicolás, 243Mato Grosso (Brazil), 38Mauá, Baron de, 88, 89, 91Maximilian of Austria, 45Mayer, Arno J., 63mayorazgos (Chilean colonial entails), 198Mazzini, Giuseppe, 312Medina, José María, 214Meléndez-Quiñonez dynasty, 213, 220Mena, Luis, 150Mena War (Nicaragua, 1912), 150Menéndez Pidal, Ramón, 324Meneses, Juan Francisco, 190Mercurio, El (Chilean newspaper), 197mestizaje, 350, 352, 353mestizo (defined), 352Mexico, 20, 23, 27, 294, 295, 297, 301, 350,

372, 3931820–90, 41–47City, importance of, 41French invasion (1862), 43, 45United States invasion (1846–48), 41, 43, 45

Mier, Servando Teresa de, 273, 275Milanich, Nara, 364militarization

coffee elites and, 216–18Costa Rica, 213–15El Salvador, 211–13Guatemala, 211–13Honduras, 213–15incremental, 213–15local political power and, 216–18Nicaragua, 211–13perpetual, 14without bureaucratization, 21, 203–24

military, 19Argentina, 30Brazil, 34, 38–39Chile, 27civil control of, 26Colombia, 49Mexico, 42–43

militia Argentina, 30Chile, 27






Index 463

Guatemala, 211Honduras, 214Mexico (provincial), 44Nicaragua, 213

Miller, Nicola, 414Ministry for Public Instruction (Spain, 1900),

401career civil service for, 403

miracle, Spanish, 6, 400Miranda, Francisco de, 276Mirow, M. C., 358Mitre, Bartolomé, 31, 159, 165, 175, 178, 179modernization

Chile, 404Costa Rica, 404emulation and adaptation and, 331Peru, 265Spain, 403subversive, 265

Moltke, Helmut von, 291Moncada, José María, 152, 153Monitor de la Educación Común (Argentina),

234Monteagudo, Bernardo, 275, 276montepío (pension), 365Montoya, Sáenz & Cía, 50Montt, Manuel, 183, 186, 187, 191, 192, 196,

197, 198Bello and, 188

Moore, Barrington, 282Moquegua (Peru), 252Mora, José María Luis, 44Moraga, José, 362Moroccan War (1859–60), 327Mosquera, Tomás Cipriano de, 50Mosse, George, 323Movement, Progressive (United States of

America), 15Müller, Laura, 103Múgica, Francisco, 124, 134Munro, Dana C., 153Murilo de Carvalho, José, 98Musacchio, Aldo, 111, 114

Nabuco de Araújo, José Tomás, 88nación, Spanish American concept of, 73Nacional, El (Spanish newspaper), 319Napoleonic Code, 197, 360Nariño, Antonio, 275nation

as community based on solidarity and, 284as community of sentiment (Weber), 287defined, 283as imagined community (Anderson), 287, 299

as privileged entity of natural endowments, 112, 290

representating identity, 284Nation State and Economic Policy, The

(M. Weber), 63National Anti-Buccaneering War (Nicaragua,

1855–57), 143National Assembly (Spain), 4National Guards

Brazil, 34, 39, 98El Salvador, 212, 217

nationalism, 283, 410anticlericalism and, 314banal (Michael Billig), 328Chile, 27defined (Anderson), 307elites and, 16engendering nations (Gellner), 330European, 300historic (nacionalismo histórico), 279Mexico, 45

property and, 132modular, 288nationalized populations and, 62Nicaragua, 146political goals of, 307psychological, 411regional, 411sentiment (Weber) and, 287Spain (1900–36), 323–25state patriotism and, 412strong, 287, 304symbolic power and, 13unification and, 318

nationalization, weak, of the masses, 17nation-making

censuses and, 330–55centralization and, 59colonialism and, 293common Iberian challenges, 399community and, 299–300democracy and, 62–63economics and, 64fiscal-military theory of, 57–61international involvement in, 294Latin American goals for, 23military and, 64–65obstacles to, in Spain, 311–13religion and, 59revolution and, 66–74state-building and, 282taxation and, 65

Nations and Nationalism (Guibernau et al.), 414






Index464

Nations and Nationalism since 1780 (Hobsbawm), 308

nation-state, 282–306Needell, Jeffrey, 19, 407negreiros (Brazil), 92Neo-Granadino, El (Colombian journal), 387Neves, João, 114New Granada, 375–95Nicaragua, 20, 203, 205, 210North, Douglass C., 8Norway, 61Nougués, Miguel, 162Nuevo León (Mexico), 133Numantia, seige of (134–33 BC), 312Núñez, José A., 405Núñez, María, 371Núñez, Rafael, 52Núñez Seixas, Xosé M., 326

O Estado de S. Paulo (Inglesias), 105Obando, Antonio, 49Obregón, Álvaro, 117, 119, 130Obregón-Calles-Obregón, 118O’Donnell, Guillermo, 6O’Donnell, Leopoldo, 167, 169, 316, 317Oficina de Estadistica (Chile), 333O’Higgins, Bernardo, 185, 274, 276, 360,

365, 366Old Republic (Brazil), 19oligarquía, 20Olinda, Marquis de, 87, 89Oliveira Viana,, 97one state-one nation formula, 22Orlove, Benjamin, 394Ortega, Domingo, 324Ortega y Gasset, José, 4, 5, 323, 324Osornio Saturnino), 122Osterhammel, Jürgen, 61Otumba, battle of (1520), 312

Pact of Tipitapa (Pacto del Espino Negro, Nicaragua), 153, 154, 407

Paita (Piura, Peru), 252Palacios, Juan Manuel, 362Palmerston, Lord, 38Palti, Elías José, 73Panama, 380Pancho Villa, Francisco, 296Pan-Hispanism, 321–22Pan-Iberianism, 318–21Paraguay River (Brazil), 33Paraná, Marquis de, 87, 89, 90Pardo, Manuel, 258, 262Patagonia (Argentina), 237

paternity, 359–69patriotism (defined), 300Patrocínio, José Carlos do, 96patronage, 16Paulista plan (Brazil), 104Pavía, battle of (1525), 312Payne, Stanley, 9Paz, Manuel María, 385Pedagogic Congress (Argentina, 1882), 226,

233Pendleton Act (U. S. A., 1883), 15, 404Peninsula, A (Portuguese journal), 320pensiones alimenticias (alimony), 360, 365,

366pensiones de gracia (ex gratia pensions), 366Peralta, José María, 371Peregrinación de Alpha (Ancíza), 387Pereira, José Clemente, 88

and Antonia, 366Pérez, Felipe, 378Pérez Galdós, Benito, 310Pérez, Santiago, 378, 387perspective, ideal (Humboldt), 381Peru, 21, 23, 295, 302, 350, 394, 401, 407

Chile’s victory over (1837–39), 27Penal Code (1862), 374Upper, 28

Peru-Bolivian Confederation, 186Pessoa, Epitácio, 104, 112Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich, 234pie de fuerza (standing peacetime army,

Colombia), 49Piérola, Nicolas, 21, 247Pinto, Francisco Antonio, 185Piura (Peru), 255Pizarro, Francisco, 312pluralism

anti-democratic, 17factional, 122

política criolla, 403defined, 230

política criolla (Argentina), 231–33defined, 227

política dos governadores (Brazil), 105Polloni, María Rita, 368Pope Pius IX, 44Porfiriato (Mexico, 1876–1911), 20, 46Portales, Diego, 184, 186, 193, 195, 196, 198Portales, Manuel, 362porteño (Argentina), 29Portes Gil, Emilio, 122power

despotic (Mann), 10economic, 11






Index 465

Argentina, 407Brazil, 407Chile, 407Mexico, 407Peru, 408

infrastructural (Mann), 11–12, 250, 406professional state bureaucracy and, 15

state categories of, 399

symbolic manifestations of, 410

symbolic (Bourdieu), 12–13, 21defined, 410

precocity (Whitehead and Guerra), 7Prensa, La (Argentine newspaper), 291president

Argentina, 31Chile, 27Colombia, 51

prestige, policy of (Spain), 316Price, Henry, 388Price, Ricardo Evans (father and son), 362Prieto, Joaquín, 186, 188, 193, 195Prim, Juan, 316Primero de Decembro, 320Primo de Rivera, Miguel, 324, 327progress, 231, 301, 306, 318

Argentina, 244Brazil, 97

statistics and, 335censuses and, 331defined (Argentina), 228economic, 9ethnoracial, 343Mexico, 126Mexico, under Lerdo de Tejada, 46Nicaragua, 142, 144Peru, 247, 257, 265social convergence and, 18, 415

Progressive Movement (U. S. A.), 404Província, A (Travares Bastos), 102provincialism

Argentina, 29Brazil, 34Colombia, 390New Granada (Colombia), 390

Provisional Intraoceanic Canal Society, 147Prussia, 60, 61pueblo (Spanish lower class), 309, 314Puga, Juan de Dios, 366Puno (Peru), 255, 261, 266

Quetelet, Adolph, 331, 332Quinteros, Justo, 367

Quinteros, Lídoro, 169

racism, 344, 411Colombia, 390Radical Civil Union (Argentina), 171,

179Radical Party

Argentina, 403Railroad of the North (Argentina), 179railways, 87, 89, 96, 130, 133, 150, 167, 177,

221, 228, 257, 258, 320Argentina, 31, 178Brazil, 37, 91, 92Chile, 26Colombia, 51, 52, 53Mexico, 45, 54Nicaragua, 149, 151Spain, 14United States, 14, 47

Ramírez, Filiberto, 251Ramírez, Sergio, 146Ramos Mejía, José María, 230, 231Ramos, Rui, 102–3, 320rationalization processes (Weber), 60raza blanca, 351raza cósmica (Mexico), 18, 132, 415raza indígena, 351raza mestiza, 352, 378raza mezclada, 351Reconquista (Chile), 185reform

fiscal, 171–77taxation

Argentina, 173, 400reform, civil service, 404Regeneracionismo (Spain), 15, 326, 404Regeneration (Colombia), 52, 392regime, persistence of the old (Mayer), 63regionalism, 412

Colombia, 377, 391–92New Granada, 391–92

Regresso (return, Brazil), 35religion, 59Renan, Ernest, 284, 286, 300Rengifo, Manuel, 183Republic, Aristocratic (Peru, 1895–1919),

247–67Republican Party

Brazil (1870), 95, 101São Paulo (1873), 101

resources, natural, Chilean, 26Restauradores, 320Restoration Monarchy (Spain, 1874–1931),

158






Index466

revenues, 54, 103, 115, 186Argentina, 52Brazil, 84, 91, 101, 104, 107, 112Chile, 52Colombia, 52Costa Rica, 52customs

Argentina, 29, 175Brazil, 37Chile, 26Colombia, 48Mexico, 42, 50Spain, 5

land tax, 173, 175Mexico, 52, 129Nicaragua, 141Venezuela, 52

Revista del Mediodía (Spanish weekly), 320Revolution

Ayutla, Mexico (1854–55), 45Chile (1891), 188Costa Rica (1870), 218France (1789), 3, 62, 278Great Britain, 68Haiti (1791–1804), 278Mexico (1910), 5, 20, 117, 121, 296Peru (1915–24), 402political, 68Second Industrial, 15Spain (1808–14), 308–9United States of America (1776–83), 3,

278Revolutionary Settlement (1688–1715), 68Reyes, Rafael, 53, 133Rio Branco law (Brazil, 1871), 36Rio de la Plata (Argentina), importance of,

28, 38Rivadavia, Bernardino, 372Roca, Julio A., 179Rock, David, 243Rodrigues Alves, Francisco de Paula, 112Rodrigues Torres, Joaquim José, 87, 88, 89Rodríguez de Francia, Gaspar, 276Roldán, Salvador Camacho, 52Romero, Manuel, 368Ropp, Steve C., 214Rosa e Silva, Francisco de Assis, 103Rosa, Ramón, 209, 221Rosales, Manuel, 363Rosanvallon, Pierre, 74Rosas, Juan Manuel de, 29–31, 38, 173, 372,

373Rumi Maqui rebellion (Peru, 1915–16), 266Russia, 63

Sacasa, Juan Batista, 153Safford, Frank, 18, 390Sagasta, Práxedes Mateo, 159Sagredo, Rafael, 394Saguntum, siege of (219–18 BC), 312Salinas de Gortari, Carlos, 126Sálivas (Colombia), 390Salvatore, Ricardo, 372, 401, 403Salvatore, Richard, 21, 30, 32Samper, José María, 377, 378, 391, 392, 395San José de Cucutá (Colombia), 390San José de Cucutá (Colombian town), 387San Martín, José de, 274, 276, 289Sánchez Albornoz, Claudio, 8, 324Sánchez de Losada, Gonzalo, 416Sánchez Mejías, Ignacio, 324Sandino, Augusto César, 154Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez, 394Santander, Francisco de Paula, 48Santos Zelaya, José, 140, 141, 148Saraiva, José Antônio de, 95, 106Saraiva Law (Brazil), 106Sardinia-Piedmont, 61Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino, 27, 32, 178,

192, 226, 233, 291, 405Scott, James, 12, 127, 304Secession, Bahia (Brazil), 35Segre, Erika, 393Sepúlveda, Isodoro, 321Serrano, Francisco, 312services, basic, 409

Costa Rica, 410Mexico, 410Venezuela, 410

shipping, Chilean, 26Siete Partidas (Chile), 197, 360Slater, Dan, 251slavery, 346, 350, 378, 384

Anglo-Brazilian ban (1831), 93Brazil, 19, 35, 37, 38, 40, 55, 82–84, 90,

92–96, 105, 338Haiti, 278Mexico, 50Nicaragua, 155

society, limited access (North, Wallis, Weingast), 9

Soifer, Hillel, 21, 401, 402, 409Sokoloff, Kenneth, 8, 260, 261Solis, Micaela, 368Solórzano, Carlos, 152Soto (Colombia), 384–85Soto, Macro Aurelio, 205, 209, 214, 221Sousa Franco, Bernardo de, 88, 89Sousa, Irineu, 36






Index 467

South West Africa, 295sovereignty, 74, 294

popular, 329Spain, 22, 414

French invasion of, 4invertebrate, 400invertebrate (Ortega y Gasset), 4nation-building advantages, 400–7weakness of state institutions in, 4, 5, 14

spoils system Argentina, 408Chile, 408Costa Rica, 408defined, 408Mexico, 408

Spruyt, Hendrik, 59St. James, 325stability, constitutional, 193state

basic roles of, 10capacity, 10civil society and, 284cognitive capacity of, 12cult of the (Strayer), 13Iberian, 13–18strength, dimensions of, 10–13

state-building Brazil, 100, 110Chile, 20, 199circumstances surrounding, 6–7components of, 13critical factors for, 248defined, 248economics and, 257elites and, 330, 349European, 60fiscal systems and, 158institutional possibility as core of

modern, 4Latin American, 3nation-building and, 330Nicaragua, 139paths of (Tilly), 57paths to, in the nineteenth century

(Osterhammel), 61Peru, 247

administration and, 261elites and institutional design in, 267local bureaucracy and, 267

standing national armies and, 330statistical bureaus and, 335, 355territorial non-competition and, 7

stateness, 11, 101states, federal, kinds of (Stepan), 100

steam, 207steamboats, 89, 92

Brazil, 33, 38, 91Chile, 26Colombia, 50

Stepan, Alfred, 100stereotypes, racial, 394Sterrett, Joseph E., 131, 132, 135Stimson, Henry, 153Strayer, Joseph, 13strength

economic and fiscal, 25Mexico, 42

military and political, 18Sucre, Antonio José de, 276Suez Canal, 147suffrage, universal, 5, 106Superintendancy of Currency and Credit

(SUMOC), 111Sweden, 61, 63systems

legal (Argentina), 31political

acceptance of, 25Argentina, 30

Tanganyika, 295Tarata (Tacna, Peru), 252Tavares Bastos, Aureliano Cândido,

86, 102taxation, 67, 68, 157, 260, 283

Argentina, 31federal, 129import-based, 176liberal, 171

Argentina, 173licensing fees (indústrias e profissões), 104low levels of Latin American, 409progressive income, 65Spain

1808–45, 1721845, 172

transfer (Brazil), 104urban real estate tax (décima urbana,

Brazil), 104Tedesco, Juan C., 240Tejeda, Adalberto, 122, 124Tenenbaum, Barbara, 42, 43Teplitz, Benjamin I., 220Terán, Juan, 162territoriality

economic power and, 11enforcement institutions and, 407Weber and, 10






Index468

Thirty Conservative Years (Nicaragua), 139, 145, 209

Thurston, Walter, 154Tilly, Charles, 11, 12, 55, 57–59, 288Tilly thesis, 58Tinoco, Federico, 215, 218Tocornal, Manuel Antonio, 183Tocqueville, Alexis de, 4, 63Topik, Steven, 108Torreblanca, Venancia, 362Torres, Rodrigues, 84Tragic Week (Barcelona, Spain, 1909), 314Treaty of Managua (Nicaragua, 1860), 141Triana, José Jerónimo, 378Trienio Liberal (Spain, 1820–23), 272, 275Triner, Gail, 110trust, in government, 413

Argentina, 414Brazil, 414Chile, 414Dominican Republic, 414Mexico, 414Peru, 414

Tucumán (Argentina), 158Tunja (Colombia), 390Turner, Frederick J., 290, 300turno pacífico (Argentina, 1875–76), 159, 162Tuxtepec Revolt (Mexico, 1876), 118Tweedie, Mrs. Alex, 130

Ucayali (Peru), 251Ucelay, Enrique, 315, 326Unamuno, Miguel de, 8, 323Uniâo Iberica, A (Spanish proposal), 320Unión Cívica Radical (Argentina), 238Unión Ibero-Americana, 321United Fruit Company, 149University

Chile, 188, 190, 191–93, 405Coimbra (Portugal), 34, 81San Felipe (Chile), 184, 188, 189, 190

Urquiza, Justo José de, 30Uruguay, 26, 225, 295, 407, 413utopia

French socialist, 378political, 3

Valdés, Ignacio, 197Valencia (Spain), 158Valley of Mexico, importance of, 41Valparaiso, importance of, 26Vanegas, Julio Arias, 393Varas, Antonio, 190Vargas, Getúlio, 100, 101, 109, 111, 114

Vázquez, Calixto, 214Vélez (Colombia), 390Véliz, Claudio, 8, 105Véliz, Colombia, 379–83Venezuela, 350, 394Veracruz, state of (Mexico), 133Verba, Sidney, 137Vergara Quiroz, Sergio, 369Vial, Manuel Camilo, 191, 194Viarengo, Martina, 114Victoria, Queen, 294Vidaurre, Isabel, 366Vignon, Claude, 301Villa, Pancho (Francisco), 296Villafañe, Benjamin, 231–33, 242Villela, André, 102Viotti da Costa, Emilia, 106Viriato (ancient chieftain), 312Virreinatos, 69Vizcarra, Zacarías de, 321vulnerability

external, 26Brazil, 38

Wade, Peter, 395Wad-Ras, 316Walker, William, 143, 209Wallis, John Joseph, 9wars

Africa (1859–60), 316Chile (1829–30), 185Civil, 316

Colombia (1876), 53Spain (1936–39), 5United States of America (1861–65), 69

Cuba (1898), 7Morocco (1859–60), 316Paraguay-Brazilian (1865–70), 36, 38, 39,

90Argentina and, 31

Reform (Mexico, 1855–60), 44, 45Spain (1808), 271Spanish-American (1898), 322–23Thousand Days (Colombia, 1899–1902), 53Triple Alliance (Argentina, Uruguay and

Brazil, 1865–70), 38, 178, 291Weber, Eugen, 10, 12, 59, 62, 313Weber, Max, 63, 74, 284, 287, 300, 403, 406,

407Weberian state hypothesis, 406Weingast, Barry, 9Whitehead, Laurence, 7, 12Wilkie, James W., 131Wilson, Woodrow, 295






Index 469

yellow (census race category), 349Yrigoyen, Hipólito, 226, 230, 231, 243

Zabala-Frelinghuysen Treaty (Nicaragua/U.S.A., 1884), 148

Zahler, Reuben, 372

Zaldívar, Rafael, 205, 208, 212, 214, 216Zanzibar, 295Zelaya, José Santos, 150, 205, 209, 213, 217,

220, 221Zeledón, Benjamin, 150zones, ethnographic (Samper), 392






Documents

Index [assets.cambridge.org]assets.cambridge.org/97811070/29866/index/9781107029866_index.pdfIndex 457 Carranza, Venustiano, 134, 296 Carrillo Puerto, Felipe, 122, 134 Carrillo, Braulio,