Index [assets.cambridge.org]assets.cambridge.org/97811070/38929/index/9781107038929_index.pdf · Ardennes offensive (1944) 112–13, 130–1, 211, 409–13, 418, 517–18, 624, 630–1

Index

Aachen 408–9, 494–5ABC-1 strategic plan 194–5ABDA (American, British, Dutch and

Australian) Command 429, 431Abyssinia see EthiopiaAdenauer, Konrad 688Admiralty Islands 447Aegean islands 376–7Afrikakorps 471 see also North Africa

campaignA-GO, Operation 448Ain-el-Gazala 154air power, importance of 262air power and intelligence 650–1aircraft cost 632–4aircraft and logistics 630–5Aitape airfield 447Aizawa Saburo, Lieutenant Colonel 173AK (Polish Home Army) 352, 708–9AL, Operation 434Alam Halfa 155–6Albania 149, 552–3Aleutian Islands 181, 434Alexander, Field Marshal Harold 375–9Alexandria 143–4, 150, 154Algeria 85–6, 251–2, 390–1Allied convoys 45–6, 471–5, 480CHOP (Change of Operational Control)

line 459–66, 481CU–UC 478HG 76 467HX 79 459–61HX 84 456–7HX 217 475–6HX 228 480

HX 229 480JW 54 479JW 55A 483ON 202 482ONS 5 481ONS 18 482ONS 154 475–6ONS 166 478PQ 12 471–2PQ 13 472–3PQ 15 472–3PQ 16 472–3PQ 17 472–3PQ 18 473QP 8 471–2QP 14 473Royal Canadian Navy 45, 462, 465–8, 471,

475–6, 480Royal Navy 45–6, 480SC 7 459–61SC 42 466SC 44 466SC 52 466, 469–70SC 118 478SC 121 480SC 122 480TM 1 477WS 5A 456–7

Allied strategic bombing campaign 44–5,83–4, 125–6, 210–11, 236, 248, 416,504–7

area bombing 515–16Big Week (1944) 508–9bomber crew conditions 499–500bomber offensive data 509

775

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Allied strategic bombing campaign (cont.)brutality of 486Casablanca Directive 500–1contribution of 485controversy over 487downed airmen as terrorists 668in Far East 521–6French railway targets 618–19German air defence see Germanyincendiary bombs 502, 506–7intelligence and air power 650–1Italy policy 511–13long-range bombing expectations 488–91long-range fighter escort 507–9morality of 583POINTBLANK Directive 500–1pre-war development 488–91precision bombing 506–7, 514Thunderclap 514to avoid ground war attrition 486Transportation Plan 399–400United States enters war 498see also Royal Air Force, Bomber

Command; US Army Air ForcesAmbrosio, General Vittorio 132–3,

156–7Amè, General Cesare 373America see United StatesAnami Korechika, General 273–4Anders, General Władysław 667Angell, Norman 367Anglo-American alliance 199–206Anglo-French staff talks/strategy 89–93Anti-Comintern Pact (1936) 52–4Antonescu, Marshal Ion 353Antonov, General Aleksei 240–1, 342–3ANVIL, Operation 210–11, 405–6appeasementBritain 29, 56China 52France 56

Arawe 444ARCADIA conference 38–9, 202, 204, 390,

551–2Ardennes offensive (1940) see France, battle

for (1940)Ardennes offensive (1944) 112–13, 130–1, 211,

409–13, 418, 517–18, 624, 630–1Ardennes soldiers in American uniforms

411–12Argentia Conference 459–66ARGUMENT, Operation 508–9Arkhangelsk 467

armed forcescivilian control 575–80dynamics of change 556–7, 564–9energy and mass 556–64First World War 564functional elite in 558innovation 567–9interwar period 565–7manpower for 593–7manpower management 597–602oil/electronics dominance 556–64organization, control and interaction 556–7,

575–80services’ status 578–9structure and values 554–5total war/means and ends 556–7, 580–4war aims 556–7, 569–75see also individual countries, units

by nameArmée de l’Air see French air forceArmellino, General Quirino 158Arnhem see MARKET GARDEN,

OperationArnim, General Hans-Jurgen von 381–5Arnold, General Henry (Hap) 504–9, 514,

521, 523–4, 632–4ARP (Air Raid Precautions) 571ASDIC 184 see also sonarAtlantic, Battle of the see Atlantic warATLANTIC, Operation 405Atlantic Charter 200–1Atlantic Wall 395–7Atlantic war 45–6, 128, 210, 248, 455–84Battle of the Atlantic Directive 461Canadian Northwest Atlantic 479Consular Shipping Agents (British) 465defence gaps 462German strategy 463hunter-killer groups 482intelligence 652–3Key West–Hampton Road convoys 470and Operation TORCH 474in Phoney War 456and Soviet Union 464surface raiders 117, 128, 456–8, 462–3, 471–3, 479trade defence policy 458United States in 464–5, 468–9United States Neutrality Zone 461VLR (very long-range) Liberator aircraft

474–5, 478, 481West Africa convoys 467Western Approaches Command (WAC) 461see also Allied convoys

Index

776






atomic bombs 49, 74, 77, 186, 212, 254–5,453–4, 524–5, 584

Attu 441Auchinleck, Field Marshal Claude 380Australiaconscript standards reduction 593–4Cowra POW camp 685Darwin attack 430–1defence of 48, 430and grand strategy 22–3home leave 604–5lines of communication with USA 434prisoners of war 683–5

AUTUMN FOG, Operation 411, 413AVALANCHE, Operation 210, 392–3Aykab 446–7Azores air gap 462, 482

Backhouse, Admiral Roger 368Badoglio, Marshal Pietro 132–3, 137–58, 392BAGRATION, Operation 130, 241, 352,

477, 551Bai Chongxi, General 282–3Balbia highway 364–5Balbo, Marshal Italo 138, 364–5Baldwin, Stanley 83–4Balikpapan 429BalkansAllied intervention in 99–100, 376–7German invasion of (1941) 35–6, 118–19guerrilla warfare 708see also Yugoslavia

BARBAROSSA, Operation 62–3, 232–5,318–20, 568, 582, 611–16, 624–5, 648,656, 678–9

Barbey, Admiral Dan 441–2Barckmann, Ernst 559Bardia 146, 364–5Barthou, Louis 79–81Bastico, General Ettore 149, 155Bastogne 412Bataan Peninsula 427–9BATTLEAXE, Operation 150Bay of Biscay, U-boats in 482BCATP (British Commonwealth Air

Training Plan) 606–7Beck, General Ludwig 108–9, 293, 541Becker, General Karl 290Beda Fomma 149–50cost of 93at Dunkirk 34–5, 100–1, 103–4, 116, 308–12,

315–16energy dependence 561–2

in French First Army Group 95–7strategy/manpower reassessments after

590Belgiumcapitulation by 100–1and grand strategy 22–3military policy 94–5, 101, 115prisoners of war 670–1

Belgrade 708Belorussia 232, 241–2, 352, 660, 700, 707Benghazi 364–5Beria, Lavrentii 666Berlin, Battle of 355, 389, 416–18, 504Berlin bombing 503–4, 519–20Bessarabia 220, 224Béthouart, General Antoine 100Betio 444–6Biak 447Billotte, General Gaston 95–6Bismarck Archipelago 430–1Bismarck Sea 389, 441–2Bismarckian strategy 268Bizerte 85–6, 126, 150Blackett, P. M. S. 477Blamey, General Thomas 441–2Bletchley Park 11, 463–4, 646, 662–3see also code-breaking; intelligence

Blitzkrieg concept 314Blitzkrieg economy 290–1Bloch, Marc 105BLUE, Operation 124–5, 154, 238, 344Blum, John Morton 207Blum, Léon 86Bobriusk 352Bock, Field Marshal Fedor von 297,

336, 344Boehme, General Franz 694BOLERO, Operation 204–6, 478Bomber Command see Royal Air ForceBonn 413–15Bonnet, Georges 98–9Borneo oilfields 180–1Bougainville 443–4Boxer Protocol (1901) 258–9Bradley, General Omar 403, 406, 408–10,

412, 513Brandenberger, General Erich 410Brauchitsch, General Walter von 131, 294,

308–11, 339Braun, Eva 417–18Bréhain 81–2Brereton, General Lewis 426–7BREVITY, Operation 150

Index

777






BritainABC-1 strategic plan 194–5Allied strategy (1942–44) 38–43Anglo-French staff talks/strategy 89–93appeasement policy 29, 56armament production levels 32–3armed forces’ motivation 574bombing of 122, 196British way in warfare 28–9casualties 50Channel defences 395–7Chiefs of Staff Committee 547civilian control 577–8Commando raids 125–6, 601–2, 668conscript standards reduction 593–4conscription 585, 592, 605–7dependency on allies 252–3Dominions troops 36energy-dependent armed forces 561–2female labour 592fifth column fears 667fifty-five division policy 590German invasion of 34–6grand strategy 22, 24, 26–7Home Guard 571, 587, 596home leave 604–5Imperial Defence College 535innovation 567inter-service rivalry 579interwar planning 565–6joint operations 537, 542–5London Blitz 196, 494lower-quality troops 600–1manpower 211, 589–93, 597–602martial races policy 605merchant shipping losses 456–7military readiness (1942) 40–1military strategy 28–50mistrust of Soviet Union 32munitions workers 586, 590National Defence Corps 593National Service 592NCS (Naval Control of Shipping) 458, 465North Africa campaign 35–7, 41–2, 118,

125–6Northwest Europe invasion plans (1942)

40–1OVERLORD manpower commitment 47overseas prisoner detention 667prisoners of war 667–74, 683–5regimental system 601scientific research 4–5, 11, 45–6Singapore attack 37–8

Soviet Union as ally 37staff colleges 535strategic air defence 320–3strategic bombing, resources expended on 27strategic planning see strategic planningtrucks 623Ulster conscription 605United States aid 196–8United States as ally 59and United States RED-ORANGE War

Plan 191–2UXB crews 494war aims 570–3war crimes 583see also armed forces; Britain, Battle of;

British Army; Churchill;intelligence; Royal Air Force;Royal Navy

Britain, Battle of 34–6, 315–16, 320–7, 492–3,736–8 see also Luftwaffe; Royal AirForce

British ArmyBEF (British Expeditionary Force,

1939–40) 315lower establishment divisions 600–1military formations1st Airborne Division 407–86th Airborne Division 40252nd Lowland Infantry Division 601–2Chindits 601–2, 712Commando units 125–6, 601–2, 668Eighth Army 41–2, 155, 364–5Fourteenth Army 48–9, 69–70, 712–13Second Army 406–8, 413–15Special Air Service 601–2Territorial Army 32Twenty-First Army Group 403, 412xxx Corps 407–8

Pioneer Corps 600vehiclesComet tank 567Matilda tank 293

Brooke, Field Marshal Alan 363–4, 371–2,375–9, 384, 548, 577–8

Broz, Josip see Tito, Josip BrozBrussels 47Buckner, General Simon Jr 452–3Budapest 353battle/siege (1944–45) 353

Budenny, General Semyon 338–9Bukovina 220, 224Bulge, Battle of the see Ardennes offensive

(1944)

Index

778






Buna 438–40Burma 37–8, 180–1, 248, 251–2Burma campaignBritish/Commonwealth involvement 48–9,

58Chinese involvement 65–7, 267–8Fourteenth Army involvement 48–9, 69–70guerrilla warfare 712–13Imphal-Kohima 48–9, 69–70, 252Japan in 37–8, 48–9, 180–1Kachin guerrillas 712–13Karen guerrillas 712–13

Burma Road 446–7Burma–Thailand railway 684Bywater, Hector 361–2

C3I (command, control, communications,intelligence) 320–6, 650–1

Caen 402–3, 405, 517Cairo Conference (SEXTANT) 67, 69,

210–11, 384–5CanadaABC-1 strategic plan 194–5and CHOP line 459–66conscription for home defence 605and grand strategy 22–3home leave 604–5Veteran Home Guard 587war crimes 583see also Royal Canadian Navy (RCN)

Canadian Armymilitary formationsFirst Army 405–6, 413–15

Canaris, Admiral Wilhelm 373Cape Bon 153Cape Gloucester 443–4Cape Matapan 652Caroline Islands 177–8, 430–1, 444–6, 449Casablanca Conference 42–3, 71, 209, 371–2,

391–2, 441–2, 477–8Casablanca Directive 500–1

Caserta 378–9Castelrizzo 369Castex, Admiral Raoul 85–6Caucasus oilfields 125, 127, 238, 344, 471Cavagnari, Admiral Domenico 132–3, 145Cavallero, General Ugo 132–3, 147–51, 153–8Cavite Naval Base 424, 426–7CBI (China-Burma-India) theatre 431–2,

446–7CBO (Combined Bomber Offensive) see

Allied strategic bombingcampaign

CCP (Chinese Communist Party) 52–5, 57,74–5, 279, 709–11

CCS see Combined Chiefs of Staff(British-American)

Chamberlain, Neville 29–30, 33–5, 112, 489–90Changsha 66, 69–70, 265, 272–4Chapman, Guy 79Charitè-sur-Saône 139Chaumié, Albert 86–7Chemnitz 494–5Chen Cheng, General 60, 273–5Chennault, General Claire 66–7, 71Cherbourg 396–7, 402–3Cherwell, Lord 496Chetniks 694–6, 700–1, 705–6Chiang Kai-shek 10, 51–60, 177aggressive defence strategy 57–9allies 252, 284appeasement policy 52and Europe first policy 64–5and his generals 60–2, 70and Japan 421and Mao 74–5and Operation BARBAROSSA 62–3post-war issues 74–5Potsdam Conference 73–4, 285and Stilwell 68–70, 284, 431–2as Supreme Commander, China theatre 66,

68, 71and Wang Jingwei 270–1and Yalta Conference 73

Chinaaggressive-defence strategy 57–9air supply to 65, 67, 446–7, 521–3, 630–1and allies 267–8, 284in Big Four 66bombing Japan from 632–4in Burma campaign 65–7civil war 710domestic economy 67–8Flying Tigers (AVG) 62, 65–6GMD (Guomindang) 52–3, 55grand strategy 21–2, 70–3, 733–5guerrilla warfare 709–11Henan Province famine 67India–China oil pipeline 633industrial capacity 59industrial development 256Japanese atrocities against 420, 682–5Long March (1934–35) 257military reforms 259National Defence Council 55–6New 4th Army Incident 279–80

Index

779






China (cont.)party membership 277people’s war 257–8Political Consultative Conference 279population 58post-war economic rise 5, 13, 75–6post-war issues 74–5post-war sovereignty 76–7railways 621–2Rectification campaign 279relations with United States 53, 59–62, 64,

69, 74, 76–7role in Second World War 4–5, 13, 206Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and

Alliance 73Soviet aid to 267and Soviet Union 53–7, 61, 63, 267United States aid to 61–3, 65–6, 69, 71, 75–6war preparations 54and warlords 52–3wartime corruption 75see also Chiang Kai-shek

China, war in (1937–45) 51–77, 163–7, 173, 183,188, 206, 247, 251–2, 256–86, 448

aerial bombing 269air power, importance of 262Communist gains after Ichi-Go 284–5Communist guerrilla war 275–80Communist/Nationalist conflict 257,

279–80, 285–6conventional warfare limitations 258–64Hundred Regiments offensive 275, 280, 710Ichi-Go offensive 58, 61, 69–72, 74, 76, 183,

252, 280–6Japan’s strategy 268–71Japanese regional governments 269–71Japanese terror bombing 264as marginal to Second World War 258,

267–8, 286Nationalist bandit gangs 266Nationalist forces 264–8Nationalist guerrilla warfare 266Nationalist losses after Ichi-Go 284Nationalist tactics 263Nationalist terror campaigns 265people’s war (Communist) 257–8, 275–80railroads, importance of 260–2Sino-American air units (Flying Tigers)

66–7War of Resistance 256–7, 276winter offensive 266, 273see also Chiang Kai-shek

China Incident see China, war in (1937–45)

Chinese air forceaircraftCurtiss Hawk 262Northrop 262

Chinese army 52military formations1st Army 271–23rd Army 262–319th Army 271–230th Army 271–231st Army 273–432nd Army 271–2115th Division 277129th Division 277167th Division 262–38th Route Army 280Fifth War Zone 260, 262–3, 272–3Fourth War Zone 283–4New 4th Army 58, 62, 279–80Ninth War Zone 272–5, 282–4Seventh War Zone 282–3Third War Zone 273

Chinese Communist Party see CCPChongqing 269, 280–2Chuikov, General Vasily 239, 345Churchill, WinstonARCADIA conference/summit 38–9, 390,

551–2on Atlantic war 461becomes Prime Minister 34–5bombing policy 518–19Casablanca Conference 42–3, 71, 209, 371–2,

391–2, 441–2, 477–8and Dill 368Far East strategy 48French fleet sinking at Mers-el Kébir 35–6and intelligence 646–8Italy strategy 375–6joins War Cabinet 33on Mediterranean 361–2, 365–6, 376–7,

379–82and Mussolini 132, 368–70, 379North Africa strategy 371and Operation TORCH 41and Pearl Harbor 425QUADRANT conference 46Quebec Conference 71and Roosevelt 199–201, 205–6, 548–9, 551–2and Sedan breakthrough 307speeches/broadcasts by 315, 323–7, 368–70and Stalin 238, 241–2on strategic air power 492strategies against Hitler 328–30

Index

780






Tehran Conference 393–4The Second World War 9as war leader 547–8, 577–8Yalta Conference 73, 417

Ciamuria 140Ciano, Count Galeazzo 134, 139–40, 142–58,

320, 373, 376Ciepielów 665CINCPOA (Pacific theatre) 432–3CITADEL, Operation 127, 210, 348, 392COBRA, Operation 405, 513code-breaking 4–5, 11, 45–6, 411, 413, 443–4,

463–4, 468, 476, 478–80, 483, 644–6,657 see also intelligence

Cold War 5, 9–10Colmar Pocket 413Cologne 408–9, 413–15, 497–8, 504Combined Bomber Offensive see Allied

strategic bombing campaignCombined Chiefs of Staff (British-

American)formation of 39, 202, 548–9Japan policy 71–2, 76Munitions Assignment Board 64–5worldwide war strategy 64–5

COMPASS, Operation 146conscription 585–607auxiliary forces 595–6and casualty predictions 586–7from colonial empires 595of collaborators 597conscript standards reduction 593–4female civilian labour 592–3in First World War 586high-quality personnel 606–7home defence 605home leave 604–5home production requirements 588–9literacy levels 588manpower for armed forces 593–7manpower pool 591–3morale/fanaticism 594–5in peacetime 586–8political pressures 602–7racial/ethnic bias 563, 595, 601, 605–6reserves 587–8technical specialists 588unreliable units 596volunteers allocation 597

conventional warfare limitations 258–64convoys see Allied convoysCoral Sea, Battle of the 206, 434–7, 661Corbett, Julian 161–3, 188

CORONET, Operation 212Corsica 142–3COSSAC (Chief of Staff to the Supreme

Allied Commander) 549Cot, Pierre 82–3, 97Cotentin Peninsula 366, 402–3counter-insurgency 690–2, 713–15China (1937–45) 709–11Europe 692–709Southeast Asia (1941–45) 711–13see also guerrilla warfare

Cozzens, James Gould 550Crete, German invasion of 119Crimea, the 338, 343CROSSBOW, Operation 513CRUSADER, Operation 153Cruwell, General Ludwig 381–5cryptanalysis see code-breakingCunningham, Admiral Andrew 363–5, 380Currie, Laughlin 63Cyrenaica 138, 149–50, 152, 364–5, 471Czechoslovakia, German war plans against

109

D-Day (Normandy) see OVERLORD,Operation

Daladier, Edouard 86–7, 90, 97–9Darlan, Admiral François 90Dautry, Raoul 98–9de Gaulle, General Charles 102, 106, 406de Jouvenal, Bertrand 81Delbrück, Hans 214Denmark, occupation of 113, 222Derna (triangle) 364–5Devers, General Jacob 413Dieppe raid 40, 251–2, 395Dietrich, General Sepp 410Dill, Field Marshal John 39, 368, 548–9Dnepr River 338, 350–1Dnestr River 351Don River 344Donbass 350–1Donets River 343, 346Dönitz, Admiral Karl 128, 130–1, 363–4,

417–18, 459–65, 473, 476–7, 482Doolittle, General James 182, 433–4, 508–9,

521Doolittle raid 182, 433–4, 521Douhet, General Guilio 488Dowding, Air Chief Marshal Hugh 320–1DRAGON, Operation 405–6Drawbell, James 92–3Dresden 519–20

Index

781






drôle de guerre see Phoney WarDünaburg 612–14Dunkirk evacuation 34–5, 100–1, 103–4, 116,

308–12, 315–16Dyle-Breda manoeuvre 95–6

EAGLE ATTACK directive 323Eaker, General Ira 498, 508–9East, Gordon 367, 386–7East Prussia 354Eastern Front see German-Soviet warEder dam 501–2Edison, Charles 196Egypt 368, 390–1Eichelberger, General Robert 440–2, 447Einsatzgruppe 697Eisenhower, General Dwight D.and Berlin 389, 416–17Italy, invasion of 374–6liberation of Paris 47, 406and Mediterranean 378–9in Northern Europe theatre 211–12, 408–11as OVERLORD commander 47, 377–8,

399–400, 511–14, 618–19as TORCH commander 208, 372–3, 376–8as US chief planner 204–5

El Alamein, Battle of 41–2, 47, 126, 251–2,364–5, 650

Elbe River 416–18Emmons-Strong Mission (1940) 196Engel, Major Gerhard 311Enigma cipher machine 45–6, 463–4, 468,

476, 478–9, 644–6 see also ULTRAEniwetok Atoll 444–6Epirus 144–5, 149Estonia 352–3Ethiopia 489, 671Europe first policy see Germany first policy

Fabry, Jean 87Facon, Patrick 104Falaise gap 405, 517Falkenhausen, General Alexander 54, 56Favagrosso, General Carlo 145Fighter Command see Royal Air ForceFinlandarmistice with Soviets 130, 351as German ally 120, 242–3, 553and grand strategy 22–3home leave 604–5Winter War 99, 114, 221–2

Finschafen 443fire-control radar 493

Flandin, Pierre-Etienne 99Flavigny, General Jean 303–4Fletcher, Admiral Frank 427, 434–7, 439Formosa see TaiwanFORTITUDE, Operation 395, 399–400Four Freedoms speech 197Franceair defence weaknesses 97–8appeasement 56armaments production capacity 96–8armistice with Germany (1940) 116–17, 313Commissariat for Information 98failings of allies (1940) 100–1and Finland/Soviet Union Winter War 99First World War casualties/legacy 78–9fixed defences 81–2Force noir 85Free French conscription from colonial

empires 595French prisoners of war 668–9, 672German treatment of North African troops

673–4grand strategy 21–2, 26–7, 78–106

air defence requirements 83–4Anglo-French staff talks/strategy 89–93defence of metropolitan France 81–3imperial defence obligations 13imperial defence preparations/

infrastructure 86–7national means 80–1North Africa as defence resource 6northeastern frontier campaign plans 93–6Phoney War (1939–40) 96–105policy (late 1930s) 80–1security policy (1919–1920s) 78–80

guerrilla warfare 706–8interwar military cuts 82–3manpower management 597–602maquis groups 706 see also guerrilla

warfareMers-el Kébir attack 35–6military collapse (1940) 34–5, 100–5military cutbacks 94North Africa theatre 85–93operational war planning (1936–40) 93–6overseas territories 85–6political problems 96, 99prisoners of 667–74prisoners of war 672public opinion on war 98–9railways 617–21rearmament 80size of army 288

Index

782






southern France, invasion of 213–21, 377–9,382, 405–6

United States aid 197–8Vichy in Syria 119see also ANVIL, Operation; France,

battle for (1940); French army;French navy; OVERLORD,Operation

France, battle for (1940)advance to Channel coast 303–7campaign in west (1940) 313–14Case Red (Fall Rot) 103–4, 312–13Case Yellow (Fall Gelb) 101, 312Dunkirk evacuation 34–5, 100–1, 103–4, 116,

308–12, 315–16in Nazi propaganda 287panic of Bulson 304Sedan breakthrough 297–303Sickle Cut Plan 293–307, 314strategy legend 290–3Stonne 303–4

Frank, Robert 106Fraser, Colonel William 87, 97French, Field Marshal John 535French air force 91, 97air defence weaknesses 97–8DAT (Défense Anti-Aérienne du Territoire) 83–4

French armyarmour effectiveness 100–2army service duration 94conscription 585French Foreign Legion 96Germans in 597infantry effectiveness (1940) 102–4military formations1st Colonial Division 103–42nd Armoured Division 4063rd North African Division 103–44th DCR (Division Cuirassée de Reserve)

1025th (motorized) Infantry Division 30510th Infantry Division 103–413th Infantry Division 103–414th Infantry Division 103–423rd Infantry Division 103–429th Alpine Division 103–444th Infantry Division 103–4ii Army Corps 306First Army 405–6, 413First Army Group 95–6Group Flavigny (France) 303–4Seventh Army 95–6

Tirailleurs, Senegalese 92

vehiclesChar B tank 293, 303–4Hotchkiss H.39 tank 102Somua S.35 tank 102

French navy 35–6Frost, Lieutenant Colonel John 408Frunze, Mikhail 214Führer principle 311Fuller, General J. F. C. 21, 161–2, 302Fushimi Hiroyasu, Prince 171, 173–4, 187

Galland, General Adolf 381–2, 505–6, 559Gamelin, General Maurice 21–2, 78, 87, 90,

92–7, 102, 105, 115, 307Gariboldi, General Italo 149Gauché, General Maurice 95–6Gehlen, General Reinhard 658, 678–9,

698–9Geloso, General Carlo 140, 157General Staffs 485–526Geneva Convention (1864) 674–5Geneva Convention (1906) 674–5Geneva Convention (1929) 664, 666, 671–3,

688–9Geneva disarmament conference (1932) 80Geneva Protocol (1925) 80Genoa 403George VI, King of the United Kingdom 365Georges, General Alphonse 95–6Géraud, André 98–9German air force see LuftwaffeGerman armyarmoured warfare 293, 388, 540–2tank development 100–1, 111, 122–3tank quality (1940) 293tank strategy on Eastern Front 333–5

structure/organization 292–3destruction on Eastern Front 356see also German-Soviet wardivision size 289, 598dominance 578–9equipmentMG 42 567–8Panzerfaust 567–8Panzerschreck 567–8

horses 293, 335, 623military formations1st Panzer Division 3041st SS Panzer Division 397, 4122nd Panzer Division 304, 3972nd SS Panzer Division 3977th Panzer Division 305–7, 3139th SS Panzer Division 407–8

Index

783






German army (cont.)10th Panzer Division 304–510th SS Panzer Division 407–821st Panzer Division 397116th Panzer Division 397352nd Division 402xv Panzer Corps 102xix Panzer Corps 102Afrikakorps 471Army Group A 239, 294–9, 308–10, 342–4,

346Army Group B 294–7, 308, 344–6, 396Army Group Centre 232, 235, 239, 241,

333–40, 347, 351–4, 551, 554, 612–15Army Group Don 346Army Group North 232, 235, 333–5, 337–8,

352–3, 612–15Army Group South 232, 235, 333–5, 337–8,

344, 612–15Cossack Division 679–80Das Reich SS Division 707–8Fourth Army 352Fourth Panzer Army 348Fifteenth Army 408Fifth Panzer Army 410–12Galician Division 679–80Luftwaffe Field Divisions 605Ninth Army 348, 352Panzer Group (formerly Panzerkorps)

Guderian 298–9, 301–4, 307, 313Panzer Group Kleist 298, 313Panzer Group West 404Panzer Lehr Division 397Second Army 346Seventh Army 313, 410Sixth Army 344–6, 353, 631–2Sixth SS Panzer Army 410–11Turkistan Division (Germany) 679–80

mission command 105OKH (Oberkommando des Heeres – army

high command) 546Osttruppen battalions 679–80quality as fighting force 356, 390size 288structure/organization 292–3tanks on railways 610truck logistics 623–6truck production 625–6vehiclesPz Kpfw ii tank 610Pz Kpfw iii tank 610Pz Kpfw iv tank 100–1, 111Pz Kpfw v Panther tank 342, 610

Pz Kpfw vi Tiger tank 610StuG iii assault gun 567–8

weapons88 mm gun 356

German navyB-Dienst naval radio intelligence 464, 478,

480, 646, 652–3battleship development 111, 113–14, 122–3equipmentMetox radar detector 475

happy time (U-boats) 459–61, 468, 653Hitler and surface fleet 476–7losses 113, 117manpower problems 599in Mediterranean 380merchant shipping attacks 456–7in Norway 456–7opposition to Operation SEALION 317–18rearmament 111, 116as secondary to army 578–9shipsAltmark 456Atlantis 457–8Bismarck 457–8, 462–3, 571, 638, 652Gneisenau 117, 457–8, 462–3Graf Spee 456Hipper 456–7, 462–3, 472–3, 479Kormoran 457–8Lützow 472–3, 479, 483Pinguin 457–8Prinz Eugen 462–3Scharnhorst 117, 457–8, 462–3, 479, 483, 652Scheer 456–7, 472–3Tirpitz 462–3, 471–3, 479, 483, 571Type ix U-boat 470Type viic U-boat 459, 470Type xxi U-boat 483–4Type xxiii U-boat 483–4U 110 capture 463–4

surface raiders 117, 128, 456–8, 462–3,471–3, 479

U-boats 42, 45–6, 128, 251–2, 292, 459–61,463, 467–9, 473, 475–84, 562, 653

weaponsacoustic homing torpedo 482snorkel 483, 567–8

see also Atlantic warGerman-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (1939)

32–3, 55, 59, 61, 99, 150, 220–1, 332German-Soviet war 37, 43–4, 62–3, 117,

119–25, 127, 150–4, 222–6, 232–44,247, 251–2, 318–19

German allies in 335

Index

784






German encircle-and-destroy operations700

German shortages 341, 343and guerrilla warfare 698–707intelligence 640–1, 654–60operations 331–57Army Group Centre (Germany) 232, 235,

239, 241, 351–4final offensives 354–7first Soviet counter-offensive 339–44initial German victories 336–9Kursk 127, 210, 240, 342, 348–51, 356, 389,

393–4, 656, 659, 703–4preparations for 331–6Stalingrad 125–7, 238–9, 251–2, 344–8, 356,

388, 390–1, 393–4, 631–2, 650,658–9, 698

prisoners of war 681self-contained 253significance of 331tank strengths 335–6winter conditions 339, 615–16see also Germany; guerrilla warfare; Italy;

BARBAROSSA, Operation; SovietUnion

Germanyaid to allies 589air defence 129, 493, 503–5, 507air supply 630–2Allied air offensive against see Allied

strategic bombing campaignallies defecting from 346–7allies on Eastern Front 335, 345–6Ardennes offensive (1944) 112–13, 130–1, 211,

409–13, 418, 517–18, 624armed forces’ motivation 574armistice with France 116–17, 313artillery (1940) 293in Atlantic war see Atlantic warBalkans offensive 35–6, 118, 230, 376–7Balkans retreat 130Battle of Britain see Britain, Battle ofBlitzkrieg see BlitzkriegBosnian Muslim units 705–6Britain, invasion of see SEALION,

Operationcaptured Soviet locomotives 614casualties 331, 341, 415and China 77civilian control 576, 578coalition warfare 552–3command structure 546conscription 585, 588

from subject states 595morale/fanaticism 594–5standards reduction 593–4of undesirables 597

counter-insurgency 690–715 see alsoguerrilla warfare; war crimes

Crete, invasion of 119Czechoslovakia, war plans against 109defence of the West as priority 129Dunkirk evacuation 34–5, 100–1, 103–4, 116,

308–12dysfunctional high command 25–6Eastern Front campaign see German-

Soviet war; BARBAROSSA,Operation

economic strength (1940) 35extended defensive range 491female labour 592–3Field Courts-Martial 572–3foreign labour 591–2functional elite in armed forces 558grand strategy 21–2, 24Greece, invasion of 118–19guerrilla warfare 698–707home defence requirements 125–6home front mobilization 230innovation 567–8intelligence 640–1, 654–60inter-service rivalry 579interwar planning 565–6Italyconcern over 127, 129, 142–58, 253surrender in 130

and Japan 63, 122–4, 254Kin Liability Laws 572–3Kriegsmarine see German navylabour-intensive war 253leaves League of Nations 80lower-quality troops 600–1maltreatment of prisoners 665–6manpower management 597–602manpower problems 599multi-front war 125–6, 252North Africa campaign 41–2, 118–19, 126–7,

149, 348North Africa surrender 41–2oil shortage 341, 343, 514, 516–17Pacific possessions 177–8Poland campaign 248, 287–90post-war repatriation of POWs 685–8prisoners of war 657, 667–74, 677, 685–8

SEP (surrendered enemy personnel) 686Stalag 359B 677

Index

785






Germany (cont.)Stalag Luft iii (Sagan) 668Stalag XA (Schleswig) 669

Propaganda Ministry 678–9railways 610–22rearmament 25, 30, 79, 108–11, 288reunification 12–13Ruhr defence 416–17Sicily campaign 129Sickle Cut Plan 293–307, 314slave labour 336–7, 591–2Soviet POWs collaborating with

679–80Soviet Union, invasion of see German-

Soviet war; BARBAROSSA,Operation

steel allocation 292steel production 210strategic planning see strategic planningstrategy (1939–45) 107–31Eastern Front see German-Soviet warFrance 111–17Mediterranean campaign see

Mediterranean campaignnaval 42, 45–6, 128Norway 111–17plans and preparations 107–11Poland 111–17war with United States 119–25

surrender 355, 417–18treatment of black prisoners 673–4unconditional surrender proposals 42–3,

209undesirable prisoners of war 677V-weapons 128–9, 407, 503Waffen-SS see Waffen-SSwar aims 570, 572–3war of annihilation 233–4war crimes 4–5, 12–13, 120–2, 126, 233–4,

336–7, 412, 581–3, 657, 665, 668,672–4, 696–7, 700, 705–9

war games (1941) 225war production 35weapon development 578weapons procurement priority scheme 292weather restrictions 112–13, 117–18WehrmachtOKW (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht –

armed forces high command) 108,546, 675

OKW Directive No. 16 (1940) 317OKW Directive No. 51 (1943) 129

Winter War 114

and Yugoslavia 149, 693–6see also Germany army; German navy;

LuftwaffeGermany first policy 64–5, 195–7, 199–201,

205–6, 212Germany and the Second World War (official

history) 4–5Ghormley, Admiral Robert 196, 439–40GHQ Civil Information and Education

Section 164–6Gibraltar 370–1Gibraltar convoys 467Gilbert Islands 430–1, 444–6Giraudoux, Jean 98–9GMD (Guomindang) 52–3, 55Go-Go campaign 181, 183Golikov, General Filipp 648Gona 440GOODWOOD, Operation 405Gorbachev, Mikhail 12Göring, Reichsmarschall Hermann 115, 131,

287–8, 323, 417–18, 513, 543grand strategies 7, 21–7, 70–3 see also

individual countriesGrandi, Dino 134Gray, Colin S. 161Graziani, Marshal Rodolfo 138, 140–6, 149Grazzi, Ambassador Emanuele 139Great Circle route 468, 471–2, 481Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere

178Greater East Asian War, use of name 164–6GreeceGerman invasion of 118–19, 541, 552–3Gianina, fortified line of 146–7and grand strategy 22–3retreat from Albania 149

Guadalcanal 27, 181–2, 188, 206, 251–2, 275,389, 437–40, 545, 661

Guam 180–1, 427Guangzhou 262Guderian, General Heinz 102, 235, 291,

298–9, 301–5, 307, 313, 541, 548, 553–4guerrilla warfare 690–2, 713–15Balkans 708Burma 712–13China, 1937-45 709–11effectiveness 699–700Europe 692–709France 706–8German-Soviet war 698–707Germany 698–707guerrillas as POWs 704

Index

786






Italy 704–7Poland 708–9Southeast Asia 711–13Soviet Union 698–707war crimes 699–700Yugoslavia 692–6, 700–1, 706, 708see also counter-insurgency

Guomindang see GMDGustav Line 707Guzzoni, General Alfredo 147–50GYMNAST, Operation 202–4, 206

Hackenberg 81–2Hague Convention (1899) 664, 674–5, 682Hague Convention (1906) 674–5, 682Hague Convention (1907) 664, 682, 692Hainan 177–8Halder, General Franz 116, 232–3, 235, 289,

294, 296–7, 306, 308–11, 336, 608–9,615, 624

Halfaya–Sollum Line 138, 140–1Halifax, E. F. L. Wood, Lord 328, 379Halsey, AdmiralWilliam 433–7, 439–44, 449–51Hamburg 502Hang Fuju, General 262–3Hankow 521–3Hansell, General Haywood 523Hardegen, Reinhard 468Harris, Air Chief Marshal Arthur 44, 496–8,

502–4, 511–13, 516–19, 544, 618–19Hart, Admiral Thomas 426–7, 429Hartmann, Eric 559Hata Shunroku, Field Marshal 171Hayashi Fusao 165He Long, General 277HEAVEN ONE, Operation 185Hebei-Chahar Political Council 269–70hedgehog (all-round defence) 103–4Helfrich, Admiral C. E. L. 430Henan 69–70, 282Hengyang 70, 283HF/DF (high-frequency direction finders)

474–6Hillgruber, Andreas 291Himmler, Reichsführer Heinrich 417–18Hinsley, F. H. 662–3Hirohito, Emperor 186–7, 453–4Hiroshima see atomic bombsHistorikerstreit 13historiographydrum and trumpet approach 8–9good general–bad general approach 8–9Menning, Bruce 26–7

military history, as discipline 14–15myth, and history 16–17Nationalist historiography 248–9new military history 11–12official histories 8, 10–11official records, access to 10–11transnational history 6

historybiased accounts of 248–9interpretation of 16and myth 16–17

Hitler, Adolfanxiety over risks 306–7Ardennes offensive (1944) 112–13, 130–1, 211,

409–13bribery of senior military officers 108–9, 131British alliance policy 311, 316and British declaration of war 287–8and Churchill 328–30Commando Order 668Commissar Order 674, 678, 680death of 355, 417–18declares war with United States 119–25, 202,

252, 468Dunkirk decision 308–12Eastern Front strategy see German-Soviet

warFührer principle 311generals’ opposition to 293–4, 311global domination 107–8and intelligence use 648–9, 654–60logistics weaknesses 608–9Mediterranean policy 369–71, 383North Africa policy 369–71and Pacific War 254power struggle with army high command

293–4, 311public promotions by 108purge by (1934) 108rise to power 80and Stalingrad relief 345–6strategic role of 131as supreme commander 25–6, 339, 342–3,

547–8, 658and surface fleet 476–7see also Germany

Hitler–Mussolini Brenner meeting 150–1Hochwald 81–2Hodges, General Courtney 409, 411Hohenzollern Bridge (Remagen) 415Hokkaido 182–3Hollandia 447Holocaust 12–13, 120–2, 126, 696–7

Index

787






Home Guard (British) 571, 587, 596Homma Masaharu, General 427–9Hong Kong 66, 180–1, 429–30Hopkins, Harry 59, 71, 498–9, 626–8Horne, Alistair 297Horthy, Admiral Miklós 353Horton, Admiral Max 474–5Hosagaya, Admiral 441Hoth, General Hermann 102, 235Howard, Michael 21–2, 160, 366Hu Shi, Dr 59Huangpu River 259–60‘Hump’ (India–China air route) 65, 67,

446–7, 521–3Hunan 69–70Hungaryon Eastern Front 346as German ally 346–7, 353, 553and grand strategy 22–3military units, Second Army 346occupation of 130

Huntington, Samuel 167–8Huon Peninsula 443–4Hürtgen Forest 409HUSKY, Operation 209, 392

I-Go offensive 442Ichi-Go offensive 58, 61, 69–72, 74, 76, 183,

252, 280–6, 448, 451–2Ickes, Harold 385ICRC (International Committee of the Red

Cross) 595–6, 674–5, 681IGHQ (Imperial General Headquarters)

168, 175–6, 181Iida Shojiro, General 431–2Ilu River 439–40Imperial Defence College 535Imphal-Kohima campaign 48–9, 69–70, 252,

446–7India 248, 251–2, 588, 683–5India–China oil pipeline 633Indochina 122, 179, 197–8, 712Ingersoll, Ralph 384Inoue Shigeyoshi, Admiral 173–4, 179–80,

434–7intelligence 637–63and air power 650–1B-Dienst see Germany navyC3I systems 650–1code-breaking see code-breakingcommunications 651cooperation between allies 646–7in the German-Soviet war 654–60

Enigma see Enigma cipher machinein First World War 639–40German agents 649and Italian policy 640Klatt bureau 649and national leaders 647–9in the Pacific 660–2pre-war 639–41quality of 643–6, 649–50radar 643signals 643–6signals security 643–4sources 642–3, 658target acquisition 650–1turning point 644–6ULTRA see ULTRAand war 637–9, 642–4in the West 644–6, 652–4

Ionian Islands 144–5IRA (Irish Republican Army) 35Iraq War (2003–10) 5Ironside, General Edmund 307, 361Ishikawa Shingo, Captain 173–4, 179Ishiwara Kanji, Colonel 177Isserson, G. S. 225Itagaki Seishiro, General 171Italian air force 90–1, 135Italian armydemobilization 144military formationsCSIR (Italian Expeditionary Corps in

Russia) 152–4Eighth Armata (ARMIR) 153–4Eleventh Army 157First Army 157

Italian navy 153, 155, 366, 652Italybombing policy 511–13changes sides 392, 672–3, 704–6coalition warfare 552–3declares war on Britain/Western Powers

35–6, 116dysfunctional high command 25–6East Africa loss 149in Eastern Front campaign 120–1, 150–4,

346Ethiopian campaign 81, 88–9Fascist Council of Ministers 157France campaign 137–8as German ally 346–7German concern over 127, 129, 142–58, 253,

388German surrender in 130

Index

788






grand strategy 22 see also Mussolini,Benito

Greece campaign 118–19, 139, 142–4, 146–9,376–7, 552–3

guerrilla warfare 704–7intelligence 652Italian Social Republic (RSI) 704, 707leaves League of Nations 80loss of empire 127military capability 88–91, 127, 129, 92–3military command structure 132–3militias conscription 595–6North Africa campaign 35–6, 81, 88–9, 118,

126–7, 138–9, 142, 145–6, 149–57oil supply 384parallel war (1940–41) 136–48prisoners of war 671–3Regime Fascista 146in Spanish Civil War 88status after armistice 672–3strategy (1939–43) see Mussolini, Benitosubaltern war (1941–43) 148–57unconditional surrender proposals 42–3,

209and Yugoslavia 139–40, 142–4see also Mussolini, Benito

Italy campaign (1943–45) 251–2, 389, 392–3air supply 632invasion plans 374–6special forces parachute attack 369

Iwo Jima 183, 452–3, 523Izium offensive 343

Jacomoni, Francesco 140Japanaircraftair losses 182air planning 539–40aircraft cost 632aircraft losses 634–5aircraft maintenance 635aircraft numbers 269pilot training/quality 540, 634terror bombing 264

armed forces’ motivation 574ASW (anti-submarine warfare) 184–5atomic bombs see atomic bombsbarrier and javelin strategy 558–9bombing by 269bombing of 71–2, 212, 632–4atomic bombs see atomic bombs

Burma campaign 37–8, 48–9, 180–1bushido 557

China campaign 51–77, 163–7, 173, 183, 188,256–86, 420

China Incident 256China peace proposals 268civil/military relationships/command

structure 25–6, 162, 167–75, 576civilian control 576, 578coalition warfare 552–3Code of Battlefield Conduct 594command group 173–4conscription 585conscription from colonial empires 595conscription morale/fanaticism 594–5Constitution (1889) 167counter-insurgency 709–11development in 1930s 51–2Doolittle raid on 182, 433female labour 592final decisive battle plans 182–3, 185–6, 188and Germany 63, 122–4, 254grand strategy 22, 159–88army/navy differences 159–62, 174–6, 187in China 268–71civil-military relationships/command

structure 162, 167–8, 430definition 160early strategies 176failures of 163, 181–6and geography 162–3government structure 162–3makers of 163, 167–75military leadership 162–3military limitations in 187military takeover factors 187–8names of 163–7northern/southern advance policies

176–86visions of 163, 176–81

Greater East Asian War, use of name 164–6high command, as dysfunctional 25–6, 430high command structure 167–71Hokkaido engagement plans 182–3home islands engagement plans 182–3,

185–6, 188IGHQ (Imperial General Headquarters)

168, 175–6, 181imperial conferences 175–6Imperial Liaison Conference (1941) 180industrial capacity 51–2intelligence 660–2inter-service rivalry 159–62, 174–6, 187, 579internal vulnerabilities 186–7inter-service cooperation 544–5

Index

789






Japan (cont.)interwar planning 566–7invasion proposals 76invasions/occupations (1941–42) 180–1Kempeitai military police 572–3, 712–13Korean hegemony 72and League of Nations 420line of interest 176line of sovereignty 176logistics weaknesses 263–4loss of merchant fleet 447national spirit mobilization campaign 594oil dependence 179–80, 185Pacific theatre see Pacific campaignparallel warfare 544–5Pearl Harbor see Pearl Harbor raidPhilippine Islands engagement plans

182–3population 58prisoners of war 682–5proposals to withdraw from China 63–4railways 621–2Ryukyu Islands engagement plans 182–3services’ status 578–9in Shandong Province 51–2shipping losses 185and Soviet Union 259strategic options 430strategic planning see strategic planningsurrender 42–3, 73–4, 186, 209, 254–5, 453–4,

524–5, 684–5Taiwan engagement plans 182–3treaty/administrative group 173–4and United States 421United States Joint Plan RED-ORANGE

191–2United States War Plan ORANGE 190–2war aims 570, 572–3war crimes 13, 558–9, 580, 682–5weapons development 566–7see also intelligence; Japanese air force;

Japanese army; Japanese navyJapanese air force see Japan; aircraftJapanese armycontrol faction 172–3Ichiki Detachment 439–40imperial faction 172–3insubordination 169in Manchuria 420military formations11th Army 271–5, 28315th Army 431–223rd Army 283–4

25th Army 429–303rd Division 272, 274–54th Division 274–56th Division 272–513th Division 272–416th Division 272, 682–323rd Division 219–2030th Division 27239th Division 273–440th Division 274–562nd Division 185–6101st Division 271–2106th Division 271–3Central China Army 260China Expeditionary Army 280–2Kwantung Army 259–60North China Area Army 282North China Garrison Army 258–9Shanghai Expeditionary Force 682–3

modernization process 172–3mutiny (1936) 173, 187purges 173reforms 259

Japanese navy3rd Fleet 259–60air capability 184–5aircraftA6M Zero 51–2, 269Mitsubishi A5M4 269Mitsubishi G3M2 262, 269

battleship development 111Centre Force 451doctrine/strategy 159, 173–4, 179–80, 184–5First Mobile Strike Force 421–3, 430–1Grand Escort Command Headquarters

184–5internal disputes 173–4in Manchuria 420Northern Force 451purges 173–4, 187rearmament 172recruitment 587reforms 259shipsAkagi 436Akigumo 159Hiryu 436–7Junyo 434–7Kaga 436Musashi 451Ryujo 434–7Shoho 434–7Shokaku 434–7

Index

790






Soryu 436Yamato 185Zuikaku 434–7

Sho (victory) plan 451technology 184treaty limitations 420

Japanese Society for Historical Studies 165jerricans 629–30Jeschonnek, General Hans 538–9Jews, killings of by Germany see Germany;

war crimesJinan Incident 51JN-25 code 435Jodl, General Alfred 317–18, 401–2

Kalinin 347kamikaze attacks 452–3Kammhuber, General Josef 493, 504Kammhuber Line 493Kan’in Kotohito, Prince 169, 187Karlsruhe 494–5Kefalonia 672–3Keitel, Field Marshal Wilhelm 150, 153, 312,

339Kennedy, John F. 371Kennedy, Paul 84, 578Kenney, General George 441–2Kerch Peninsula 343Kesselring, Field Marshal Albert 370–1,

373–4, 381–2, 388, 704KETSU-GO, Operation 185–6Khalkin-Gol Incident (1939) 219–20Kharkov 125, 237, 240, 343–4, 346–7, 350, 659Kido Butai see Japanese navy; First Mobile

Strike ForceKiev 235, 338, 350–1Kimmel, Admiral Husband 423, 543King, Admiral Ernest 205–6, 432–3, 437–9,

449, 479King, General Edward 427–9Kinkaid, Admiral Thomas 449–51Kiska 441Kitchener, Field Marshal Horatio 106Klein, Burton S. 290Kleist, Field Marshal Ewald von 298, 305,

346Klenov, General P. S. 225Klessheim meeting (April 1942) 155Kluge, Field Marshal Gunther von 347Knox, Frank 194, 196Koblenz 413–15Kohima see Imphal-Kohima campaignKokoda (Trail) 438–40

Kolombangara 442–4Komandorskii Islands 441Kondo Nobutake, Admiral 177–8Konev, Marshal Ivan 354–5Konoe Fumimaro, Prince 161Kopets, General Ivan 336Korsun 351Kota Bharu 424Krämer, Heinz 649Kretschmer, 461, 559Kreuger, General Walter 441–2, 449–52Kriegsmarine see German navyKuomintang see GMDKuribayashi Tadamichi, General 452–3Kuril Islands 243Kurita Takeo, Admiral 451Kursk, Battle of 127, 210, 240, 342, 348–51,

356, 389, 393–4, 656, 659, 703–4KUTUZOV, Operation 240Kwajalein 444–6Kyushu 662

La Chambre, Guy 97Lae 440, 443Lake Khasan Incident (1938) 219–20Landis, James 386Latvia 352–3Laval, Pierre 81, 99Le Havre 397League of Nations 80Leahy, Admiral William 547, 552Leclerc, General Jacques Philippe 406Ledo Road 73, 446–7Leeb, General Wilhelm von 337–8Leipzig 519–20Le Mans 620–1LeMay, General Curtis 212, 521–3Lend-Leaseand conscription 588–9to Britain 197–8, 421, 464, 623to China 65–6, 76, 198to Soviet Union 204, 236–7, 356, 421, 563,

616–17, 623, 626–8Leningrad, siege/battle (1941–44) 127,

233–5, 337–8, 340–1, 347–8, 351, 553,615

Leopold III, King of Belgium 94–5Leyte Gulf, Battle of 449–52Centre Force 451Northern Force 451Southern Force 451southern offensive (Japan) 274–5

Leyte Island 662

Index

791






Li Zongren, General 270, 272–4Liang Hongzhi 269–71Liberty ships 208Libya 365, 369–71Liddell Hart, Basil 28, 296, 361List, Field Marshal Wilhelm 342–4Lithuania 198LITTLE SATURN, Operation 346Liu Bocheng, General 277Ljubljana Gap 378Locarno accords (1925) 80Lockwood, Admiral Charles 447logistics 608–36aircraft 630–5Hitler’s ignorance of 608–9and mobility 609railways 610–22trucks 622–30

London Naval Conference (1930) 80, 172Long March (1934–35) 257, 279Long Yun, General 270Longmore, Air Chief Marshal Arthur 368Lovett, Robert 507–8Low, David 571Ludlow-Hewitt, Air Chief Marshal Edgar

489–90Luftwaffeair defence of Germany 129, 493air superiority 117–18, 129air supply 630–2aircraftDornier Do 217 493Focke-Wulf FW 190 505Focke-Wulf FW 200 457–8, 461Heinkel 111 475–6jet fighters 567–8Junkers Ju 87 109Junkers Ju 88 109, 292, 538–9Messerschmitt Bf 109 287–90, 493Messerschmitt Bf 110 287–90, 493Messerschmitt Me 264 111

aircraft cost 632aircraft distribution 280–2aircraft losses 323–7, 634–5aircraft maintenance 635Battle of Britain 34–6, 315–16, 320–7, 492–3

see also Britain, Battle ofbomber inadequacy 322and Britain’s strategic air defence 320–3command changes for Sicily 381–2on D-day 513early development 538–9Field Divisions 605

France (1940) 97–8, 102–4Freya radar 493inter-service politics 543jet fighters 567–8London Blitz 196, 494manpower problems 599in Mediterranean 381–2, 388pilot training inadequacy 509planning 539–40recruitment 587as secondary to army 578–9weaponsSchrage Musik aircraft cannon 503

Wilde Sau (Wild Boar) tactic 504–5Luzon 427–9, 451–2

MAAF (Mediterranean Allied Air Forces)508–9

MacArthur, General Douglas 191, 206,426–9, 432–3, 437–44, 447, 449,451–4

McAuliffe, General Anthony 412Macmillan, Harold 373, 376–9McMorris, Admiral Charles 441McNair, General Leslie 598Madang Barrier 262–3MAGIC code 423Maginot, André 81–2Maginot Line 81–2, 86, 93–5, 100–1, 136, 293,

296, 298, 305–6, 312–13Maitland-Wilson, General Henry 376–7Malaya 37–8, 180–1, 429–30, 712Malayan Communist Party (MCP) 712Malaysia 424Malmedy massacre 412Malta 90–1, 150, 154–6, 365Manchukuo 553Manchuria 51–2, 74, 166, 176–81, 186, 219–20,

243, 248, 259, 453–4Mangin, General Charles 85Manhattan Project see atomic bombsManila 180–1, 451–2Mannerheim Line 221Mannheim 494Manstein, Field Marshal Erich von 101,

239, 294–8, 301–3, 310, 314, 346–7,553–4, 659

Manteuffel, General Hasso von 410, 412Manus 447Mao Zedong 51–3, 55–6, 257, 276, 279, 711Marcks, General Erich 401Marco Polo Bridge Incident 177, 258–60, 265,

682

Index

792






Mariana Islands 72, 177–8, 284, 430–1, 447–8,634

MARKET GARDEN, Operation 47–8, 211,407–8, 517–18

Marras, Colonel Efisio 149, 151MARS, Operation 239, 347Marseille 405–6Marshall, General George C. 40, 70, 72, 194,

198, 204–6, 208, 363–4, 375–9, 391,428, 545–6, 548, 577–8, 626–8

Marshall Islands 177–8, 427, 444–6, 662Matsuoka Yosuke 123–4MATTERHORN, Operation 448, 632–4Maurin, General Louis 94May, Ernest R. 105Mazowiecka 665Mediterranean campaign 247, 251–2, 358–88bottling-up policy 367–8, 370–1, 373–4convoys 361–3, 365–6dominators 358, 383–6escapers 358, 366–79fighters 358, 379–83food shortages 383–6intelligence 652–3HATS convoy 361–2myths about 361–2and Northwest Europe 253oil supply 381–4quick fix strategy 368–70, 372–3, 375–6strategic dispositions 358–9strategy 43–4, 361–4, 366–79, 384–7

arterial 363–6voyagers 358–66see also North Africa campaign

memoirs, as source 8–9Meretskov, Marshal K. A. 222–5Mers-el Kébir attack (1940) 35–6Mersa Matruh 138, 140–1, 143–6MESC (Middle East Supply Council) 385–6Messe, General Giovanni 137–8, 156, 158Meuse River 412MI, Operation 434Michael offensive (1918) 541Midway, Battle of 181, 206, 434–7, 661Midway Island 423Mihailović, Draža 694, 705–6Mikhalev, S. M. 227Mikolajczyk, Stanislaw 242Milch, General Erhard 290Milne Bay 438–9Milward, Alan S. 290Mindanao 449Minsk 333, 612–14, 676

Mitchell, General William 488, 490, 538Mito 524Mius River 346MO, Operation 434Model, Field Marshal Walter 410, 416–17Moehne dam 501–2Molodechno 612–14Molotov Line 220–1Molotov, Vyacheslav 99Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact see German-

Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (1939)Moltke, Helmuth von 302Monroe Doctrine 192Monschau 411Montgomery, Field Marshal Bernardin North Africa 41–2, 364–5in Northern Europe 47–8, 211–12, 410, 412,

416and Operation MARKET GARDEN 47–8,

211, 407–8and Operation OVERLORD 47, 211, 397–9,

403Montigny, Jean 99Morgan, General Frederick 397Morocco 85–6, 251–2, 390–1, 673–4Morotai 447Moscow, Battle of 339–41, 347, 356Moselle River 413–15Mountbatten, Admiral Louis 70Mozhaisk Line 338–9Mulheim 504Munda 442–3Munich crisis (1938) 84, 112, 489–91Murmansk 121, 464, 467, 471–2Murrow, Edward R. 196Mussolini, Benito 43–4, 83–4fall of 129, 157, 392imperial ambitions 134intelligence on 640and Mediterranean 366, 379mental capacity 158military/strategic competence 132–5, 148non-belligerence policy (1939–40) 135–7opinions on 157–8strategy (1939–43) 132–58, 358–9, 727–8syphilis 158as war leader 547–8

Mutaguchi Renya, General 446–7

Nagano Osami, Admiral 179–80, 434–7Nagaoka 524Nagasaki see atomic bombsNagata Tetsuzan, General 173

Index

793






Nagoya 523Nagumo Chuichi, Admiral 425Nakahara Yoshimasa, Captain 177–9Nakajima Kesago, General 682–3Namur 444–6Nanchang 57, 271–2Nanjing 56, 262Nanjing, Rape of (1937) 420, 682–3Narvik, Battle of 317, 670Nassau Bay 442–3National Revolutionary Army see Chinese

armynaval warfarebattleship development 111

Nazi-Soviet Pact see German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (1939)

Nelson, Donald 207Netherlandsand grand strategy 22–3military policy 115prisoners of war 670

New Britain 441–2, 444New Georgia Island 442–3New Guinea 248, 432–3, 437–42, 447, 661–2New ZealandFeatherston POW camp 685and grand strategy 22–3home leave 604–5Maori recruitment 605

Nie Rongzhen, General 277Nile Delta 154Nimitz, Admiral Chester 206, 432–3, 441–7, 449Nine-Power Pact (1922) 420Nisko 665Normandy invasion see OVERLORD,

OperationNorth Africa campaign 27, 35–7, 41–2, 81,

85–93, 118–19, 125–7, 138–9, 142,145–6, 149–57, 204–5, 348, 358–89,471, 477, 631–2, 653–4

opposition to Allied landings 204–5 see alsoMediterranean campaign;individual countries involved

North Cape, Battle of 483North, John 359, 387Northwest Europe campaign (1944–45)

47–8, 211–12, 247Allied fuel shortages 629–30Champagne campaign 405–6Germany campaign 413–19intelligence 653–4invasion plans (1942) 40–1and Mediterranean campaign 253

railway logistics 617–21supply problems 408–9truck logistics 628–30 see also Ardennes

offensive (1944); D-Day(Normandy); MARKETGARDEN, Operation;OVERLORD, Operation

Norway 248military units, 6th Division (Norway) 670occupation of 113, 456–7prisoners of war 670

Norway, campaign in (1940)Anglo-French campaign 33–4grand strategy 22–3

Nye, Gerald P. 201

Oder River 355Odessa 338Oikawa Koshiro, Admiral 171–2oil dependence 179–80, 185, 341, 343, 514,

516–17, 557–64Okamura Yasuji, General 268, 273Okinawa 183, 185–6, 452–3OLYMPIC, Operation 212Onishi Takijiro, Admiral 179–80Oradour 707–8OSS (Office of Strategic Services) 702–3,

707–8, 712Osumi Mineo 173–4OVERLORD, Operationagreement on 43, 46, 210–11, 392air superiority 400airborne divisions 397–9Allied deception 395, 399–400Allied planning 395, 397–9beaches 397–9, 401–2bomber contribution to 511–13breakout phase 405Eastern Naval Task Force 401Eisenhower as overall commander 47, 211,

377–8, 393–4, 399–400, 511–14, 618–19French railway destruction 620German planning 395–7, 400–2GOLD beach 397–9, 401–2invasion windows 395JUNO beach 397–9, 401–2landing craft problems 395, 400landings 46–8, 393, 402–4Luftwaffe at 513manpower commitments to 47Montgomery as ground forces commander

47, 211, 397–9, 403naval transport to 401

Index

794






OMAHA beach 397–9, 401–2planning strengths 554pre-landing air attacks 403–4SWORD beach 397–9, 401–2Tehran Conference planning 394–5UTAH beach 397–9, 401–2weather 395, 401, 403see also Northwest Europe campaign

(1944–45); MARKET GARDEN,Operation

Owen-Stanley Range 438–40

Pacific campaign 49, 163–7, 182–3, 190–2, 206,247, 251–2, 420–54

CCS command structure 432–3defensive offensive phase 432–7end of 452–4island hopping 441–52, 662islands policy 71, 190–2, 212, 441–52, 662offensive-defensive phase 437–41planning strengths 554prisoners of war 682–5road to war 420–4SWPA (Southwest Pacific Area) 432–3see also United States

Pacific War, use of name 164–6Pact of Steel (1939) 135Palau Islands 449Papua New Guinea 181, 206parallel war in Axis strategy 136–48, 544–5paratroopers 601–2Paret, Peter 11–12Pariani, General Alberto 134Paris, liberation of (1944) 47, 406, 620–1Partisans see Yugoslaviapartisans see guerrilla warfarePatch, General Alexander 405–6, 413Patton, General George S. 407, 412, 415Paulus, General Friedrich 344–6Pavlov, General Dmitrii 336Pearl Harbor raid 37–8, 64, 159, 179–81, 201–6,

421–5, 553–4Peenemünde 503Peleliu 449people’s war 257–8, 275–80percentages agreement (1944) 241–2Percival, General Arthur 429–30, 544personnel policies 585–607Petacci, Clara 137Pétain, Marshal Philippe 83–4, 116–17, 126,

313, 668Philippine Sea, Battle of 448Marianas Turkey Shoot 448

Philippines 122, 182–3, 191, 198Philippines, campaign in (1941–42) 426–9Clark Field 424

Philippines, campaign in (1944–45) 447, 449,451, 662

Phoney War (1939–40) 96–105, 136, 289, 456Pielli, Alberto 151Pintor, General Pietro 137–8Placentia Bay meeting (1941) 199–200Plan Dog memorandum 178, 193–4, 199Ploesti 484POINTBLANK, Operation 209POINTBLANK Directive 500–1Polandaid to 32and grand strategy 22–3guerrilla warfare 708–9invasion of 32–3, 242military units, ii Corps 667Soviet advance 352

Poland, campaign in (1939) 248, 287–90,313–14

Poland, campaign in (1944–45) 242, 352POLAR STAR, Operation 347–8Polish Home Army (AK) 352, 708–9Port Moresby 181, 434, 438–9Portal, Air Chief Marshal Charles 487,

492–8, 511–14, 516–19Potsdam Conference 73–4, 285, 452–3, 550–1Pound, Admiral Dudley 361, 368, 472–3Pownall, General Henry 379Pricolo, General Francesco 132–3, 145Prien, Günther 461Prioux, General Jules 102Pripiat Marshes 335–6, 338, 351prisoners of war 664–89British overseas prisoner detention 667DEF (disarmed enemy forces) 686former prisoners as soldiers 667German-Soviet war 681Hitler’s Commando Order 668Hitler’s Commissar Order 674, 678as labour resource 665–6, 668, 671–2, 677–9,

682–8maltreatment of 665, 676–8murder of 412, 583, 665–6, 668, 682–5number of 664Pacific/Far East campaigns 682–5Polish campaign 664–7post-war repatriation/rehabilitation 685–8shackling crisis 668sick/wounded exchange 668Western Front 667–74

Index

795






Prokhorovka 350Pujol, Juan 649

Quebec Conference (QUADRANT) 46, 71,210, 550

Rabat Anglo-French talks (1939) 91–2Rabaul 180–1, 430–1, 437–8, 441–6radar 45–6, 467, 643Raeder, Admiral Erich 113–14, 131, 154–6,

317–18, 455, 476–7railwayscomponents of 611early use 610–11importance of 260–2logistics 610–22

Rambaud, Jean 87Rangoon, fall of 73Rankin, Jeanette 201Rawa 665rearmament (1931–41) 25, 30Red Army see Soviet armyRed Ball Express 628–30Red Cross see ICRCRegensberg Messerschmitt factory 505–6Reggio 392–3Regia Aeronautica see Italian air forceregimental system 601Reinecke, General Hermann 666Remagen 415Resistance see guerrilla warfareReynaud, Paul 81–4, 99–100, 289Rhine crossing (1945) 416Rhine Meadow POW camps 686–7Rhodes 376–7Ribbentrop, Joachim von 142–3, 150, 287–8Richardson, Admiral James O. 197Richthofen, Field Marshal Wolfram von

381–2Rintelen, Enno von 147–8River Plate, Battle of 456Roatta, General Mario 134, 137–8, 140, 142–5,

147, 149–50Rochat, Giorgio 157Rochefort, Commander Joseph 432–3Roer River 415Roi 444–6Rokossovsky, Marshal Konstantin 348–50,

355Romaniachanges sides 130, 353as German ally 118, 120–1, 242–3, 335, 338,

345–7, 553

and grand strategy 22–3military formationsFourth Army 239, 345–6Third Army 239, 345–6

oilfields 369–72Soviet invasion of 353

Rome 393Rommel, Field Marshal Erwin 36, 41–2,

118–19, 126, 149–50, 153–6, 305–7, 313,381–5, 396–7, 471, 553–4, 619–20,631–2, 644, 649

Roosevelt, Franklin D. 26ARCADIA conference 38–9, 390Casablanca Conference 42–3, 71, 209, 371–2,

391–2, 441–2, 477–8and China 53, 59–60and Churchill 199–201, 205–6, 548–9, 551–2Four Freedoms speech 197Germany first policy 195–7, 199–201, 205–6,

212Japanese negotiations 123and MacArthur 428, 449and Munich crisis 491and neutrality 464–5and Operation TORCH 41and Plan Dog 194quarantine speech (1937) 59Quebec Conference 71and Soviet truck supply 626–8Tehran Conference 393–4on US war effort 572–3as war leader 547–8, 577–8Yalta Conference 73, 417

Rosie the Riveter 592Rostov 125, 338, 346ROUNDUP, Operation 204–5, 209Royal Air Force (RAF)aircraftBlenheim 501De Havilland Comet/Mosquito 489Halifax 501, 504Hampden 501Lancaster 499–501, 504, 512Manchester 501Spitfire 321, 567Stirling 501Whitley 501

aircraft cost 632aircraft effectiveness (1940) 102–3aircraft losses 323–7, 634–5Bomber Commandair offensive against Germany 44–5, 83–4,

125–6, 210–11

Index

796






aircraft losses 494–5, 497–8, 505–6, 562area bombing raids 493–4, 496Blue Books 502–3bomber crew conditions 499–500bomber offensive data 509bomber types 501bombing of Germany 44–5, 83–4, 125–6,

210–11, 494–6, 501–4, 514–20, 571bombing range to Germany 491city key point rating 502–3dam bombing 501–2early capability of 489–95German civilian morale 495–6Harris’s bombing policy 496–8, 511–13incendiary bombs 502, 516instrument problems 499–500mass/energy balance 562moral aspects 583navigation problems 492, 499–500Newhaven method 501–2oil targets 516–19and Operation OVERLORD 511–13Pathfinder aircraft 501–2technological development 494–5, 501–2thousand bomber raids 497V-weapons bombing 503

command structure 489Commonwealth Air Training Plan 539downed airmen as terrorists 668at Dunkirk 104early development 539energy dependence 561–2Fighter Command, defence of Britain 34–6,

315–16, 320–7, 492–3interwar planning 565–6in North Africa 364–5Pathfinder Force 44pilot training 539planning 539–40, 565–6quality of 251strategic air defence 320–3see also Allied strategic bombing

campaign; Britain, Battle ofRoyal Australian NavyshipsPerth 430

Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), Atlanticconvoys 45, 462, 465–8, 471, 475–6,480

shipsItchen 482St Croix 482

ROYAL MARINE, Operation 100

Royal NavyaircraftGrumman Martlet 467

Atlantic convoys see Allied convoyselectronic technology 562energy dependence 561–2Force H 369, 384French fleet sinking at Mers-el Kébir 35–6HA/LA anti-aircraft guns 184intelligence results 652–3interwar planning 565–6in Mediterranean 362–3, 380Mediterranean convoys 361–3Mediterranean losses 362naval technology 184as senior service 578–9shipsAudacity 467Duke of York 483Furious 456–7Hood 638Jervis Bay 456–7Lagan 482Polyanthus 482Prince of Wales 37–8, 40, 199–200, 429–30Repulse 37–8, 40, 429–30Victorious 471–3

Special Boat Service 601–2weaponshedgehog mortar 45–6see also Atlantic war; Mediterranean

campaignRuhr region 416, 501–2RUMIANTSEV, Operation 240Rundstedt, Field Marshal Gerd von 115,

298–9, 308–10, 337–8, 396–7, 400, 410,412

Russia see Soviet UnionRussian Front see German-Soviet warRussian Liberation Army (ROA) 340–1,

679–80Ryukyu Islands 182–3, 449–50Rzhev 347

Saar 409Sadao Chigusa, Lieutenant Commander 159Saidor 444St Vith 412Saionji Kinmochi 187Saipan 284, 448Sakamoto Ryoma 162–3, 176Sakhalin 243Salamaua 440, 443

Index

797






Salerno 375, 392–3 see also AVALANCHE,Operation

Salonika (1915) 99–100Salonika (1940) 144–5, 147, 369–71Sambre–Oise Line 635San Bernardino Strait 451Sanananda 440Sasaki Touichi, General 682–3Schepke, Joachim 461Schlieffen Plan (1914) 293–4, 296–7, 313, 536,

566Schmidt, Paul 287–8Schmundt, Colonel Rudolf 310Schweinfurt 505–6Schweisguth, General Victor 94–5SEALION, Operation 34–6, 117–18, 140–58,

316–20Senegal, German treatment of troops 673–4Serbia see YugoslaviaSevastopol 338, 343Sfax 85–6Shanghai 52, 56, 180–1, 259–65Shaposhnikov, Marshal Boris 215, 219–20,

222–3, 237, 548Shimada Shigetaro, Admiral 174, 177–8Shimizo Setsuro 258–9Short, General Walter 543Shtern, General G. M. 219–20Siam see ThailandSicily campaign 43–4, 127, 129, 363–4, 379, 389,

392, 654Sidi-el-Barani 140–2Sigaba cipher machine 645signals intelligence see intelligenceSikorski, Władisław 667Sikorski–Maisky agreements 667Silesia 355Simpson, General William 416–17Sinclair, Archibald 496Singapore, battle/fall of 37–8, 122, 180–1,

424, 429–30Singora 424Siniavino 347–8Sino-American alliance 76–7Sino-Japanese War see China, war in

(1937–45)Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and

Alliance 73SLEDGEHAMMER invasion plan 204–5Slim, General William 48–9, 432, 446–7, 559,

562, 601Smolensk 233, 337–8, 614–15Smuts, Field Marshal Jan Christian 382

Soddu, General Ubaldo 132–4, 140, 144–7Sodenstern, General Georg von 297–8SOE (Special Operations Executive) 35,

691–3, 707–8, 712–13Sollum 364–5Solomon Islands, campaign 181, 188, 275,

430–3, 437–9, 441–4, 544, 661Somaliland 671Somerville, Admiral James 369, 384sonar 45–6 see also ASDICSoong Mei-ling 53, 60Soong, T. V. 53, 71Sorge, Richard 59, 61–3Sousse harbour facilities 85–6South Manchuria Railway Company 177Southeast Asia 251–2, 267–8, 711–13Soviet air force, see Soviet army, army air

forceSoviet army (RKKA)army air force (VVS) 578–9dominance 578–9Guards units 601Headquarters of the Supreme Command

(Stavka) 233intelligence 560Main Commands or Directions

(napravlenii) 233Military Academy of the General Staff of

the Soviet Union 535military formationsFar Eastern Red Banner Army 219–20Kiev Special Military District 224, 231Stalingrad Front 345Voronezh Front 346, 350–1Western Special Military District 229, 232

military reforms 216, 341–2, 559–61peacetime strength 217size 230, 335–6truck logistics 623, 626–8vehiclesKV-1 tank 222, 230, 335–6Studebaker truck 622–3, 626–8T-34 tank 222, 230, 335–6, 342tanks 222, 230, 559–61

Soviet UnionAllied strategy (1942–44) 38–43armed forces’ motivation 574armistice with Finland 130and Atlantic convoys 464BAGRATION, Operation 130Berlin offensive 416–17Bessarabia, invasion of 220biased accounts of war 248–9

Index

798






Bukovina, invasion of 220casualties 50, 331, 336–7, 659and China 53–7, 61, 63, 267civilian control 576–8collective farms 698command structure 547conscript standards reduction 593–4conscripted political prisoners 597conscription from subject states 595conscription morale/fanaticism 594–5deception by 660deep operations policy 217energy dependence 559–61female labour 592German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (1939)

32–3, 55, 59, 61, 99, 150, 220–1GP war plans 218–19, 225grand strategy 22, 26–7, 213–44guerrilla warfare 698–707GUPVI (Soviet Administration for the

Affairs of Prisoners of War andInternees) 666

industrial capacity 59, 341–2industrial evacuation 233–4, 341–2innovation 568intelligence 640–2, 654–60interwar planning 565in League of Nations 216long-range bomber force 578–9maltreatment of prisoners 666in Manchuria 219–20, 243, 453–4manpower management 597–602manpower pool 591–3mass mobilization 214Military Academy of the General Staff 535military planning (1920s–1930s) 213–21military preparedness 220–1military formations1st Belorussian Front 354–51st Ukrainian Front 354–52nd Belorussian Front 3552nd Shock Army 340–1

MP-41 mobilization plan 227murder of prisoners by 666NKVD 596, 681, 696non-Slavic manpower 605–6Order 227 (not one step back) 238, 344,

594Order 270 (deserters) 674–5people’s war address 233–4planning strengths 554Poland, invasion of 220, 242post-war expansion 394

PR war plans 215–16pre-emption race with Germany 226–31pre-war planning/deployment 222–31prisoners of war 657railways 616–17relations with western allies 236–7RKKA see Soviet armySino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and

Alliance 73Soviet POWs collaborating with Germany

679–80staff colleges 535Stalin’s military purges 99, 120–1, 218, 243,

332, 541strategic planning see strategic planningtechnological development 559–61treatment of POWs 687–8United States aid 204, 236–7, 356, 421, 563,

616–17, 623United States as ally 59unpreparedness for German attack 331–3Vistula-Oder campaign 243war aims 569, 572–3war crimes 582, 666war games (1940) 224–5war plans (1936–39) 218–19weapons production 222, 342Winter War 99, 114, 221–2lessons from 221–2

see also German-Soviet war, intelligence;Soviet army; Stalin, Joseph

Soviet-Finnish War (1939–40) see WinterWar, Soviet-Finnish (1940)

Spaatz, General Carl 508–9, 511–13, 518–19,618–19

Spain, and Gibraltar 370–1Spanish Civil War 88, 489Special Intelligence 11. see also ULTRASpecial Relationship, Britain and USA

577–8Speer, Albert 502, 548, 591–2Sprague, Admiral Clifton 451Spratly Islands 177–8Spruance, Admiral Raymond 434–7, 444–8,

452–3SSBosnian Muslim units 705–6counter-insurgency 697Einsatzgruppe 697war crimes see Germany; Waffen-SS

staff colleges 535Stagg, Group Captain Martin 401STALEMATE, Operation 449

Index

799






Stalin, Josephanti-Fascist call to arms 693attitude to Soviet POWs 687–8and Casablanca Conference 209, 371–2,

391–2and China 53and Churchill 238, 241–2Eastern Front strategy see German-Soviet

warFive-Year Plans 216–17homeland defence broadcast 233–4and intelligence 648–9, 654–60leadership failure 331–3, 340–1military purges by 99, 120–1, 218, 243, 332,

541Order 227 (not one step back) 238, 344, 594Order 270 (deserters) 674–5partisan directive 699public image of 120–1relationship with Churchill/Roosevelt

550–1Second Front call 390–4self-promotion to Marshal 240–1socialism in one country doctrine 214as sole Soviet strategist 218and spies 656Stalinism 4–5as Supreme Commander 26–7, 218, 331–3,

340–3, 354–5, 547–8, 576–7at Tehran Conference 393–4unpreparedness for German attack 331–3at Yalta Conference 417see also Soviet Union

Stalin Line 220–1Stalingrad, Battle of 125–7, 238–9, 251–2,

344–8, 356, 388, 390–1, 393–4, 631–2,650, 658–9, 698

Stark, Admiral Harold 178, 193–4, 197 see alsoPlan Dog memorandum

Staubwasser, Major Anton 401Stavka (Soviet Union) 547Stilwell, General Joseph 53, 68–72, 76, 284,

431–2, 446–8Stimson, Henry 196, 198, 210, 562strategic cultures 7, 23–5strategic history 16strategic planning 533–55air planning development 537–40Allied Powers 554armour operations 537, 540–2Axis Powers 553–5before Second World War 533–7General Staffs 485–526

independent air forces 538inter-service differences 544joint operations 537, 542–5supreme command problems 537, 545–53totalitarian leaders 547–8unified command 543

Stuttgart 494–5Sudeten crisis (1938) 593Suetsugu Nobumasa, Admiral 173–4Suez Canal 155, 361Suez crisis (1956) 5Sugiyama Hajime, Field Marshal 171, 173,

180Sultan, General Daniel 448Sun Yat-Sen 52Sunda Strait 430supply see logisticsSupreme War Council (SWC), Anglo-

French (1939–40) 104Surigao Strait 451Suzuki Kantaro 186Svechin, A. A. 213–15, 237, 239Sweden, iron ore production 33–4, 100,

113–14Switzerland war plans 533Syria 119Szabo, Colonel 137

Taihang Mountains 274–5Taiwan 51–2, 182–3, 449–50Takagi Sokichi, Admiral 186Tang Enbo, General 273–4, 282Taranto 392–3, 652Tarawa atoll 430–1, 444–6Tassigny, General Jean de Lattre de 405–6,

413Taylor, A. J. P. 157Tedder, Air Chief Marshal Arthur 511–13Tehran Conference (EUREKA) 46, 210–11,

393–5, 550–1Thach, Lieutenant Commander John 436Thailand 180–1, 712Thailand–Burma railway 429–30thermonuclear weapons 9–10 see also

atomic bombsThoma, General Wilhelm von 367Thomas, Colonel Edouard 99Tibbets, Colonel Paul 453–4Tikhvin 340–1Timoshenko, Marshal Semen 222, 224,

229–30, 237, 337–8Tito, Josip Broz 695–6, 700–1Tobruk 41–2, 146, 149–50, 154–5, 364–5

Index

800






Todt, Fritz 591–2Todt Organization 596Togo Shigenori 186Tojo Hideki, General 13, 161, 171, 280Tokyo bombing 521Topp, Erich 559TORCH, Operation 41, 126–7, 206, 208,

251–2, 363–4, 390–1, 474, 650Toropets 614–15Toulon 405–6Toyama 524Trenchard, Marshal Hugh 488–9TRIDENT conference 43, 392Tripartite Pact (1941) 178, 197, 421Tripolitania 142–3, 155–6Trobriand Islands 442–3trucksadvantages 622fuel consumption 629–30and logistics 622–30manpower requirements 622pre-war development 622–3standardized designs 622–3

Truk 430–1, 444–6Truman, Harry 49, 385Tukhachevskii, General Mikhail 218, 541Tulagi 434, 437–40Tunis 126Tunisia 85–6, 365, 390–1Turing, Alan 646Turner, Admiral Richmond Kelly 193Twenty-one Demands (1915) 51–2Twilight War see Phoney War (1939–40)Typex cipher machine 645TYPHOON, Operation 235, 266

Uborevich, Ieronim 218Ueyama Shumpei 165Ugaki Kazunari, Colonel 172U-Go, Operation (1944) 183Ukraine 232, 242, 251–2, 341, 346–7, 350–1, 353Ulithi 449–50ULTRA 4–5, 11, 45–6, 411, 413, 468, 476,

478–80, 483, 646–50, 653–4, 660–3 seealso Enigma cipher machine,decrypting

United Kingdom see BritainUnited NationsGeneral Assembly proposals, post-war

200United States90 division gamble 563ABC-1 strategic plan 194–5

aid to Britain 196–8aid to China 61–3, 65–6, 69, 71, 76aid to Soviet Union 204, 236Allied strategy (1942–44) 38–43allocation of resources 249as ally 59armed forces’ motivation 574atomic bombs 49, 74, 77, 186, 212, 254–5,

453–4as atomic power 190, 212black servicemen 563, 595, 601capital-intensive war 253casualties 50, 190, 517–18civilian control 577–8command structure 545–7conscription 585Army Special Training Program 606–7conscript standards 593–4, 603, 606pre-Pearl Harbor fathers 602–3psychological standards 603–4

different military systems within 563Emergency Price Control Act (1942) 207Far East strategy 48female labour 592grand strategy 22, 26–7, 189–212economics of war 206–8and multinational coalition 199–201and Pearl Harbor 201–6peripheral to direct strategy 208–12and policy formulation 195–8pre-war planning 190–5

Hiroshima/Nagasaki atomic bombs seeatomic bombs

industrial capacity 189–90, 563industrial mobilization 207innovation 567internment 572–3inter-service rivalry 579interwar planning 565isolationist policy 201ISU (Italian Service Units) 672and Japan 421Japan invasion plans 584Joint Army-Navy Board 190, 192Joint Chiefs of Staff 547joint operations 537, 542–5Lend-Lease see Lend-Leasemanpower management 597–602manpower pool 591–3manpower shortages 211mass/energy balance 562–4Middle East oil 385mistreatment of German POWs 686

Index

801






United States (cont.)multi-theatre coalition war 189National War College 535Neutrality Acts (1935–37) 189Northwest Europe invasion plans (1942) 40–1ORANGE War Plan 190–2OVERLORD manpower commitment 47Pacific campaign 49, 71, 190–2, 203, 206, 212,

420–54command structure 432–3

Pearl Harbor see Pearl Harbor raidand Philippines 122Plan Dog 193–4, 199RAINBOW War Plans 192–5, 199RED-ORANGE War Plan 191–2relations with China 53, 59–62, 64, 69, 74,

76–7Selective Service System 575, 603–4services’ status 578–9shipbuilding production 45, 189–90, 207–8staff colleges 535strategic bombing, resources expended on

27strategic planning see strategic planningtank production 207–8trucks 622–3Truman Committee 385U-boat campaign against 468–70Victory Plan (1941) 600war aims 572–3war crimes 582–3War Production Board 207weapons production 189–90, 207–8see also armed forces; intelligence; US

Army; US Army Air Forces; USMarine Corps; US Navy

URANUS, Operation 239, 345–6US ArmyArdennes offensive (1944) 112–13, 130–1, 211,

409–13, 418, 517–18Army Industrial College 192, 535Army Special Training Program 606–7division size 598–9interwar planning 565Limited Service personnel 606lower-quality troops 600–1manpower combing out 599military formations1st Infantry Division 4022nd Division 411–124th Armoured Division 4127th Infantry Division 444–69th Armoured Division 415

28th Division 41129th Infantry Division 40232nd Division 44082nd Airborne Division 402, 407–8, 41092nd Division 60193rd Division 60199th Division 411–12101st Airborne Division 402, 407–8, 410,

412106th Division 411iii Corps 415xii Corps 415First Army 405–9, 412–17, 628–30Ninth Army 412–17Seventh Army 413–15Sixth Army 449–52Sixth Army Group 413Tenth Army 452–3Third Army 405, 407–9, 412–15, 628–30Twelfth Army Group 403

in North Africa 126–7size of 189–90vehiclesPershing tank 567Sherman (M4) tank 208

Victory Plan (1941) 600see also Northwest Europe campaign

(1944–45)US Army Air ForcesAir Corps Tactical School 490aircraftB-17 Flying Fortress 210, 436, 491, 499–500B-24 Liberator 467, 484, 633B-25 Mitchell 182, 433–4, 441–2, 521B-29 Superfortress 447–8, 451–4, 523, 632–4C-47 630–1

aircraft cost 632–4aircraft losses 323–7, 634–5aircraft maintenance 635aircraft production capacity 45, 65, 189–90,

207–8area bombing 515–16bomber crew conditions 499–500bomber offensive against Germany 210bomber offensive data 509bombing policy (Germany) 498–9, 504–7,

514–16daylight bombing 498–9downed airmen as terrorists 668early development 490–1incendiary bombs 506–7Industrial Fabric theory 490military formations

Index

802






Eighth Air Force 45, 500–1, 508–9, 513,515–16

Eighth Bomber Command 498Fifteenth Air Force 508–9, 513Fourteenth Air Force 65–7, 267–8, 448Ninth Air Force 509Twelfth Air Force 509Twentieth Air Force 212, 521Twentieth Bomber Command 521–3Twenty-first Bomber Command 523USSTAF (United States Strategic Air

Force) 508–9, 514planning 539–40precision bombing 506–7, 514quality of 251size of 189–90Tokyo bombing 521Doolittle raid 182, 433–4, 521see also Allied strategic bombing

campaignUS Marine Corpsamphibious warfare innovation 191Amtrac amphibious tractors 446in Pacific 439–40, 444–6military formationsFirst Marine Division 444Fourth Marine Division 444–6

size of 189–90US NavyaircraftF4F Wildcat 436PBY Catalina 436

Atlantic convoys 465–6, 469–70carrier aviation innovation 191carrier-centric strategy 432Fleet deployed to Hawaii 197hunter-killer groups 482HYPO cryptography unit 432–3intelligence in Pacific 661–2interwar planning 565islands policy 71, 190–2, 212, 441–52,

662military formationsEleventh (Navy) Air Fleet 439Fifth Fleet 444–8, 452–3

naval expansion 178naval shipbuilding programme (1938)

187, 189–90Neutrality Patrols 464–5ORANGE, War Plan 190–2, 206, 441–2Pacific campaign see Pacific campaignPacific Submarine Command 447pilot quality 540

shipsAugusta 199–200Enterprise 433–7Greer 201Hornet 433–7Houston 430Lexington 434–7Missouri 453–4Saratoga 423Yorktown 434–7

size of 189–90USSR see Soviet Union

V-weapons 128–9, 407, 503, 513, 517–18, 567–8Vandenberg, Arthur H. 201Vasilevsky, Marshal Aleksandr 237, 240–1,

342–3, 345–6, 352Vatutin, General Nikolai 227, 348–51Vella Lavella 442–3Vercors 707–8Versailles, Treaty of (1919) 288, 489, 566Vinson Act, Third (1940) 178Visconti Prasca, General Sebastiano 140,

142–58Vistula 352Vistula-Oder campaign 243Vitiaz Strait 444Vittorio Emanuele III, King of Italy 152, 392Vlasov, General Andrei 237, 340–1, 679–80Volkhov 347–8Voronezh 344Voroshilov, Marshal Kliment 222, 338–9Vosges Mountains 409Vuillemin, General Joseph 97Vyborg 351

Waffen-SS 109, 412, 581, 583, 587, 597Wainwright, General Jonathan 427–9Wake Island 180–1, 423, 427Wall Street Crash (1929) 80Wang Jingwei 54, 270–1Wang Kemin 269–71Wanping 258–9war crimes 4–5, 12–13, 120–1, 233–4, 336–7, 412,

558–9, 580–4, 657, 664–6, 668, 672–4,682–5, 696–7, 700, 705–9

see also individual countrieswar planning 533–55War of Resistance see China, war in

(1937–45)Warlimont, General Walter 546wars of national liberation 10 see also

guerrilla warfare

Index

803






Warsaw 352, 709Washington Convoy Conference (1943) 479Washington Naval Conference (1922) 80,

82–3, 172, 390, 420WATCHTOWER, Operation 27, 181–2, 188,

206, 251–2, 275, 389, 437–40, 545, 661Wau 442–3Wavell, Field Marshal Archibald 146, 364–5,

429–30, 671weapons of mass destruction 254–5 see also

atomic bombsweather, and German plans 112–13, 117–18Wedemeyer, General Albert 72–4, 76, 448Wehrmacht see German army; Germany

navy; Germany, Wehrmacht;Luftwaffe; Waffen-SS

West Wall 408–9Wever, General Walther 538–9Weygand, General Maxime 80, 87, 99–100,

104–6Wilkie, Wendell 196Wilson, Woodrow 576WINDOW radar counter-measure 502Wingate, General Orde 48–9, 712Winkelman, General Henri 670Winter War, Soviet-Finnish (1940) 99, 114,

221–2Wittman, Michael 559Wolf’s Lair 354Wolfe, General Kenneth 521–3Woodring, Harry Hines 196Wuhan 56, 257, 260–4, 273Wuxi 262

Xu Yongchang, General 282Xue Weiying, General 262–3Xue Yue, General 66, 70, 272–3, 282–3Xuzhou 260–4

Yalta Conference 73, 417, 518–19, 550–1Yamagata Aritomo, Field Marshal 162–3,

176–8Yamamoto Gonnohyoe, Admiral

(Japan-Russia war) 168–9Yamamoto Isoroku, Admiral 173–4,

179–80, 421–5, 430–1, 434–7, 442,553–4

Yamashita Tomoyuki, General 182–3,429–30, 451–2

Yap 449Yasukuni Shrine 13, 559Yellow River dikes 57–8, 265Yelnya 120Yichang 57Yonai Mitsumasa, Admiral 171, 173–4, 186Yoshida Zengo, Admiral 171, 173–4Young, Robert J. 79Yu Hanmou, General 282–3Yugoslaviademise of 5German invasion of 541and grand strategy 22–3guerrilla warfare 692–6, 700–1, 706, 708invasion of 149SS Bosnian Muslim units 705–6Ustaša party 693

Yukichi Fukuzawa 162–3

Zaoyang-Yichang 273–4Zhang, Denang, General 283Zhang Fakui, General 70, 283–4Zhou Enlai 53, 62Zhukov, Marshal Georgii 211–12, 219–20,

224–5, 227–30, 235, 237, 239–41, 332,337–9, 342–3, 347, 352, 355, 393–4,547–8

Zyklon B 677

Index

804






Documents

Index [assets.cambridge.org]assets.cambridge.org/97811070/38929/index/9781107038929_index.pdf · Ardennes offensive (1944) 112–13, 130–1, 211, 409–13, 418, 517–18, 624, 630–1