INDEX [] fileINDEX Abartsumov, Evgenii, 456 Academy of Sciences, Ukrainian, 120 Academy of Sciences, of the Ukrainian SSR, 48n., 58, 82, 97, 107, 175, 179, 265

INDEX

Abartsumov, Evgenii, 456 Academy of Sciences, Ukrainian, 120 Academy of Sciences, of the Ukrainian SSR,

48n., 58, 82, 97, 107, 175, 179, 265 Academy of Sciences, USSR, 196 Action Group for the Release of Political

Prisoners, 92 administrative-command system, 51, 116, 182,

191, 196, 357 Afanasev, Yuri i , 99,195,196, 253, 305, 370 Afghanistan, 44-5, 73, 195, 196, 228, 282 Agrarian bloc, 270, 483, 487 agriculture, 47, 50, 173, 209n„ 272, 451,

450, 493 Aitmatov, Chingiz: 40n, 66; and The Day

Lasts More than a Hundred Years, 66 Aleksii I I , Patriarch, 317, 336 Alma-Ata (Amaty), 68, 120, 429 Altai, 81 Alymov, Aleksandr, 58 Amosov, Mykola, 184 Anarchists, 9 Andreeva, Nina, 126, 138, 280 Andropov, Yuri i , 45-6, 47 Andrusovo, Treaty of, 4 Annexation or Reunification?, 31 anti-Semitism, 7, 9, 410 Antonov, Viktor, 371 Arafat, Yasser, 543 Argentina, 497 Argumenty ifakty, 166, 229 Armenia and Armenians, 103,108,109,123,

126, 132, 136, 145, 146, 160, 195, 217, 218, 248, 325, 332, 338, 346, 355

army, see national army; military Arsenal Factory, Kyiv, 314 Ashgabat, 436, 480, 542 Association of Democratic Councils of Uk

raine, 311 Atlanta Olympics, 527-8 Atmoda, 203 Austria: 6, 17; development of Ukrainian

national movement under Austrian rule, 7-8;

Austria-Hungary, collapse of, 8

Azerbaijan, Azerbaijanis, 108,109,136,146, 215, 248, 355, 446, 449, 542, 543

Baburin, Sergei, 349, 444 Babyi Yar, 410 Badzo, Yuri i : 41,92,204, 256, 269; and The

Right to Live, 41 Bagrov, Mykola, 232-3, 346, 361, 390, 466 Bakatin, Vadim, 333 Baker, James, 421,429 Baklanov, Grigorii, 138 Baku, 543 Baltakis, Algimantis, 157 Baltic republics/states, Baits, 74, 84, 135,

147, 152, 153, 156, 170, 189, 192, 196, 200, 210-11, 212, 236, 250, 263, 275, 325, 332, 333, 334, 338, 346, 348, 349, 394, 398, 421; protests on anniversary of Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 84, 212; in forefront of campaign for broadening republics' rights, 103, 108, 136; popular fronts in, 128-9, 132, 141, 152-3, 156, 157, 171, 184-5, 186, 190, 212, 215; assistance to other national-democratic movements, 203, 215; Baltic Communist Parties contrasted with CPU, 206; Baltic proposals for economic autonomy approved by USSR Congress of Peoples' Deputies, 209-10,228, 210; human chain, 212, 247; 'Interfronts' and 'Intermove-ments' in, 215; Ukrainians in, 217, 248; Gorbachev and use of military force in, 338-41; and attempted coup in Moscow, 373, 379; and NATO, 530

Baltic Sea coast, 4 Bandera, Stepan, 14, 23, 338, 467 banking system, 295 Baruzdin, Sergei, 57n., Batalov, Valerii, 388 Batih, Mykhailo, 190 Batumi, 543 Bavaria, 358 Bazilevsky, Volodymyr, 111 BBC World Service, 123 Bed, Viktor, 289

563

564 Index

Belarus (formerly Belorussia), Belarusians: xi i , 1,2, 17, 41, 59, 60, 65, 74, 80, 103, 110, 122, 212, 217, 307, 324, 330, 341, 346, 351, 354, 355, 366, 395, 416, 420, 424, 425, 428, 442, 443, 453, 459, 496, 511, 536, 545; declares independence, 393; forms union with Russia, 507, 508, 530, 536-37, 538, 548

Belarusian Popular Front, 203, 343 Belgium, 37, 481,549 Belgorod Oblast, 539 Belovezhkaya Pushcha, 424-5 Belovezhsky Agreement, 425-6, 428, 506, 538 Berdnyk, Oles, 40, 249-50, 285 Beregovo District, 408,419 Berezovsky, Maksym, 119 Beria, Lavrentii, 19 Berkhin, Viktor, 68-9 Berlin, 517 Berlin Wall, 243 Bessarabia: ethnically Ukrainian areas in seized

by Romania, 9,408; occupation by USSR after Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 14; Romania forced to cede southern Bessarabia to Soviet Ukraine; Romanian claims to, 408-9

Bilokin, Serhii, 99, 145, 150 Bizhan, Ivan, 534 Black Hundreds, 7 Black Sea, 5, 6, 446, 497, 542-3 Black Sea coast, 4, 5 Black Sea Fleet, 220, 257, 293, 453-4, 470,

484, 538n.; Ukrainian-Russian dispute over ownership of, 429,435,440-1,443, 445, 460, 470, 476, 477, 485, 487, 506, 507-8, 531, 532-5, 551; Kravchuk and Yeltsin agree on division of, 452, 460; and Massandra meeting, 454,461; Kuchma and Yeltsin agreement in Sochi, 490; and status of Sevastopol, 429, 452, 460, 470,508,521,532,533-5,538,539; new Ukrainian constitution and basing rights issue, 521; Duma calls for halt to division of, 532-4, 539

Black Sea Region Cooperation Treaty, 447 blank pages and spots, 93, 94, 95, 98-100,

110, 111, 112, 117, 118, 144, 145, 179, 247, 497

blue and yellow national flag: 155, 271,277, 313,338; displayed by Ukrainian activists in Moscow, 185, 382; displayed in Lviv, 189; campaign to lift ban on national synibols, 189; appears in Kyiv, 194; issue of discussed by parliamentary commis

sion, June, 1989,201; Kravchuk opposes restoration of, 201; Rukh and, 205, 221; at Chervona Ruta festival, 225; and the 'Ukrainian Wave', 247; raised by Stryi town council, 259; other Western Uk rainian towns and cities raise national colours, 266; prominent in Kyiv during 1990 May Day protest, 268; in the Don-bas, 296; Kyiv City Council votes to raise national colours, 20 July 1990, 299; attempt to bring national flag into parliament, 311; national flag brought into parliament, 392; national symbols adopted as state symbols in Ukraine's new constitution, 522, 523

Bodnarchuk, Bishop loann, 240, 284 Bogolyubsky, Andrei Boichyshyn, Mykhailo, 468 Bolsheviks: Bolshevik Russia invades and

eventually subdues Ukraine, 9-10; weakness of in Ukraine, 10; unsuccessful attempt to create independent Ukrainian Bolshevik party, 10. See also Communist Party of Ukraine

Bondarev, Yuri i , 138 Bonn, 312, 358, 446 Bonner, Yelena, 370 Boomerang, Operation, 149 borders: between Union republics, 23; in

violability of, 305,306; Ukrainian-Russian, 305, 329, 331, 394, 414, 445; demarcation of Ukrainian-Russian borders, 505, 508, 531

border troops, 401 Borovik, Genrikh, 119 Borovykovsky, Volodymyr, 119 Bortnyansky, Dmytro, 119 Bosnia, 447 Braichevsky, Mykhailo, 31 Bratun, Rostyslav, 145, 160, 176, 187, 190,

191, 195, 199,210,234,394-5 Brazauskas, Algirdas, 197, 206, 256 Brazil, 8, 497 Brest, 376; Union of, 3, 492 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of, 9 Brezhnev, Leonid: 26, 32n., 43, 135, 212,

262; contemptuous attitude to Ukrainian language, 28; and Shcherbytsky, 36, 44, 46, 226; on nationalities policy and idea of 'the Soviet people', 36; death of, 45; Brezhnev era, 116, 150

Brussels, 446, 461,481,496 Bryukhovetsky, Vyacheslav, 71, 74,161,178,

181,203

Index 565 Bucharest, 14, 445, 446 Budapest, 306, 446 Budapest memorandum on Ukrainian security,

481 Bulgaria, Bulgarians, 119, 243 Bukovyna: annexed by Austria, 6; northern,

ethnically Ukrainian, areas seized by Romania, 9,408; occupied by the USSR after Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 14; regained by Romania; 14-15; Romania forced to cede Northern Bukovyna to Soviet Ukraine 17; Romanian claims to, 408-9

Burakovsky, Oleksandr, 260 Burbuiis, Gennadii, 380n., 413, 424, 425,

428, 538 Bush, President George, 368-9, 370, 380,

401, 418, 430; Bush Administration, 441-2,

Bykivnya, 180, 200 Byzantium, 1

Cabinet of Ministers: in the Ukrainian SSR, 356-7, 363, 375; in independent Ukraine, 455, 487, 512, 524, 529, 551

Camdessus, Michel, 474 Canada, 8, 306, 401, 418, 420, 478, 480 Carpathian Eilroregion, 45-59 Carpatho-Ukraine: receives autonomy, 14;

proclaims independence, 14; crushed by Hungarian forces, 14, Rukh commorates short-lived independence of, 259; see also Transcarpathia

Carpatho-Ukrainians, 9 Caspian Sea, 543 Catherine II (the Great), 5 Catholicism, 2, 411, see also Ukrainian Catholic

Church Cemiloglu (Dzhemilev), Mustafa, 455 censorship, 57, 62, 66, 529 Central Asia, 7,202,293,299,351,426,449,

455, 543 Central Europe, xii i, 214, 217, 243, 370,

458,459,507,516,517,540 Central European Initiative, 446, 461, 517 Central European Trade Agreement, 520 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 469 Central Rada, 9, 232, 246-8, 391 Ceyhan, 542, 543 Charles X I I of Sweden, 5 Chebrikov, Viktor, 68-9, 150, 225 Chechevatov, General, 374, 375 Chechnya, 485, 486, 518, 532 Chelyshev, Vitalii, 220n.

Cherkasy, 521 Cherkasy region, 282 Chernenko, Konstantin, 46, 47 Chernihiv, 81, 202, 207 Chernihiv region, 184, 237, 246, Chernivtsi, 159, 184, 205, 224, 261, 409 Chernivtsi region, 246, 257, 408, 419n. Chernomyrdin, Viktor, 449, 452, 508, 518,

531, 532, 539 Chernyak, Volodymyr, 168, 187, 194, 195,

212,221,283,287 Chervona Ruta music festival, 224, 230 Chervonenko, Stepan, 21 Chervonohrad, 176,189; miners' strikes and

demands in, 208 Chervonopysky, Serhii, 196" Chihirin, nuclear power station, 78, 96 Chile, 497 China, 404, 446,481,543 Chisinau (formerly Kishinev), 401 Chornobyl (Chernobyl) nuclear power plant:

48, 97, 205, 270; concern voiced about siting of, and conditions at, 57-8, 97; the world's worst nuclear accident at, 59-60; impact of disaster on Ukrainian society, 60-1, 77; and glasnost, 77; and Ninth W U U Congress, 61-62; results of Moscow's investigations into causes of accident, 64-5; Chornobyl theme in l iterature, 77; opposit ion to 'new Chornobyls', 78; apocalyptic associations, 85; Chornobyl forum proposed by writers but blocked, 96-7; third reactor started up, 97; protest in Kyiv on 2nd anniversary of disaster, 127; Rukh's draft programme calls for closure of station, 173; protest in Lviv on third anniversary of disaster, 188-9; Oliinyk renews call for closure of nuclear plant, 197; help for victims of accident, 241-2; continuing calls for closure of station, 251; fourth anniversary commemorations and protests, 267; and Declaration of State Sovereignty, 297-8; Ukrainian parliament addresses consequences of, imposes moratorium on construction of nuclearpower station, 303; Ukrainian parliament's decision to close down the plant and ensuing problems, 412-13; and Russian-Ukrainian treaty, 476; EU and, 481; appeals for Western assistance to finance closure, 496, 502, 510; memorandum signed with G7 about financial assistance for closure, 502; crumbling sarcophagus, 502, 510; tenth an-

566 Index

~~w

nivemry of disaster, 510-11; and Moscow G7 summit, 510-11; assessment of consequences and costs of disaster, 511

Chornovil, Vyacheslav. 27, 29, 30, 93, 106, 122, 125, 130, 132, 133, 134, 147, 152, 200,273,293,296,299n., 303,311,324, 364, 365, 468, 552; open letter to Gorbachev as an early manifesto of the national democratic movement, 89-92; and Rukh, 204, 206, 218-19, 317; elected parliamentary deputy, 255; elected head of Lviv regional council, 266; and transformation of the U H U into the URP, 268; candidate for speaker of Ukrainian parliament, 273-5; candidate for Ukrainian presidency, 274, 407; and Galician Assembly, 344; and attempted coup in Moscow, 377,383,392; and 1991 presidential election, 407, 419; opposition to Krav-chuk, 433, 450; becomes dominant figure in Rukh, 450; backs Kravchuk in 1994 presidential election, 472

Chortkiv, 95 Chuprynka, Taras, 54, 318 Christian Voice, (Khrystiyanskyiholos), 124 Christianization of Kyivan Rus, 1 Christopher, Warren, 463, 507 Chronicle of the Catholic Church in Ukraine, 46 cinema, Ukrainian, 62, 82, 109, 151 citizenship: Ukrainian Helsinki Union calls

for establishment of Ukrainian citizenship, 142; Lviv regional organization of Rukh calls for institution of republican, 190; Ivashko acknowledges need to review issue of a republican citizenship, 232; CPU concedes need for a republican citizenship, 264; and Declaration of State Sovereignty, 295, 297, 299; and revised new Union treaty, 351, 335; People's Council calls for adoption of law on republican, 357; preparation of law on republican citizenship, 371-2, 402; adoption of Ukrainian citizenship law, 402, 410; issue of dual citizenship, 434, 469, 485, 486; and Crimean Tatars and, 499

Civic Congress, 434, 526n., 544 Clinton, President Bil l, 464, 474, 497, 501;

Clinton Administration, 459-60, 480-501

Club of Creative Youth, 23-4, 67 coal, and coal industry, 30, 47, 48, 293, 502,

525-7 Committee in Defence of the Ukrainian

Catholic Church, 87, 88

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS): xi, xii, 396,434,436,440,441,447,448, 501, 538, 541, 542; idea of, 305, 336, 343, 421; creation of, 423n„ 424-5; different initial Ukrainian and Russian approaches to, 427-28, 517, 518-19; Ukrainian-Russian tensions within CIS, 429, 446, 495-6,505; Alma-Ata summits, 429,485; Minsk summit, 429,430; Tashkent summit, 442; Moscow summits, 446, 449, 452, 455, 479, 518; Bishkek summit, 449; Surgut meeting, 449; and Charter of, 429,446,449,466; economic integration, 452-3, 455, 461; economic union, 455, 461, 462, 466; collective security system, 446, 459, 461; Inter-Parliamentary Assembly, 466; and attitudes towards in eastern Ukraine, 466; as an election issue in 1994, 471; president Kuchma and, 471, 485; Niyazov and, 485; CIS Council of the Heads of Government meeting in Moscow, 485; Russia's 'Strategic Course' towards, 495-6; issue of borders, 505; Russian Duma denounces the Belovezhsky Agreement, 506; Russian promotion of'reintegration', 518-19

Communist Party of Canada, 1967 Report about Situation in Ukraine, 35

Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU): 19, 20,23; adopts new Party Programme at Twenty-second Congress, 23; Central Committee dissatisfied with ideological situation in Western Ukraine, 37; Khrushchev removed from power; 26; Brezhnev becomes Party leader, 26; Brezhnev's health and hold on power decline, 44; Andropov succeeds Brezhnev, 45; Andropov boosts Russification, 45; Cher-nenko succeeds Andropov , 46; Gorbachev's rise, 44, 46-7, 51; Gorbachev emerges as Party leader, 52; conflict between reformists and conservatives, 100-1,104,109,126,128; 'Yeltsin affair', 101; Politburo criticizes Kyiv City Party organization; 103-4; February 1988 Central Committee plenum on education, 107; Central Committee sends commissions in 1988 to investigate situation in Ukraine, 122; Nineteenth Party Conference, 104, 125, 131-2, 133, 134, 136-9; calls for end to Party's monopoly on power, 129, 142, 214, 219; Gorbachev ousts Brezhnevite veterans from leadership, 150;

Index 567 and results of elections to USSR Congress of People's Deput ies, 184; nationalities policy 'Platform', 211-12; Central Committee attacks Baltic popular fronts, 215; Central Committee plenum on nationalities question, 225; Shcher-bytsky and Chebriko v retired from Politburo, 225; motion to debate leading role of Party in USSR Supreme Soviet narrowly defeated, 243; formation of the 'Democratic Platform', 250; Gorbachev yields on monopoly of power and Union treaty issues at Central Committee plenum of 5 February 1990; 251; Twenty-eighth Congress of, 280, 288, 290-1, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296; issue of property of, 293, 296; Central Committee plenum, late July 1991, 367; and attempted coup in Moscow, 374,383, offices sealed in Moscow and Leningrad, 385; Communist Party of Kazakhstan breaks away from 385; Gorbachev resigns as general secretary, announces nationalization ofParry property and ban on Party activity in government structures and security forces, 393; Belarusian parliament suspends Party's activities, 393; Ukrainian parliament bans activities of CPU, 398

Communist Party of Ukraine (CPU): unsuccessful attempt to create independent Ukrainian Bolshevik party, 10; establishment of, 9; national composition in early years, 9; 'national Communist' current, 10; 'internationalist' current, 9; Ukrainiza-tion policies of national Communists during 1920s, 11-12; 'national deviationism', 12; purged by Stalin, 13; Khrushchev sent to head it, 13; combats Ukrainian 'bourgeois nationalism', 18; Kaganovich temporarily replaces Khrushchev as its chief, 18; during Khrushchev era, 20, 25-6; Shelest becomes its leader, 26; autonomous tendency under Shelest, 26-8, 30, 32-3; growth of, and Ukrainization of its leadership, under Shelest, 31; tensions within, 31, 33-8; Central Committee plenum of 29 March 1968, 36; Shelest's position comes under pressure, 37-8; Shelest's remova l , 38; purge of 'nat ional communists', 38-9; Shcherbytsky becomes Party leader, 38; Central Committee resolution on national question, 95-6; January 1988 Central Committee plenum at which Shcherbytsky is criticized,

104-7; hardline position of at Nineteenth Party Conference, 136; Central Committee plenum of 10 October 1988,150-3; attempts to improve ideological work, 153-4; supports Russian Orthodox Church in order to weaken Ukrainian Catholics, 154-5; Central Committee plenum of 12 December 1988, 164; Ivashko elected second secretary, 164; concessions in language sphere, 165-6; tactics and strategy used against Rukh, 178,179,181-2,202; preparation for elections to USSR Congress of People's Deputies and obstruction of democratic candidates, 183; results of elections to USSR Congress ofPeople's Deputies breach its monopoly on power, 184; CPU plenum of 6 April 1989 takes stock of political situation after initial elections to USSR Congress ofPeople's Deputies, 186; Central Committee plenum of 16 May 1989, 191-2; leaders express alarm to Moscow over situation in Ukraine, 210-11; forced to make more concessions to Ukrainian national movement, 215; tactics as regards Rukh's inaugural congress, 215-16; Communist supporters ofRukh, 218; CPU's reaction to Rukh's inaugural congress, 223-4; Gorbachev attends Central Committee plenum at which Shcherbytsky is replaced, 226; praise for Shcherbytsky, 226; Ivashko elected Shcherbytsky's successor, 228; Central Committee plenum, October 1989, 231-3; splits in CPU leadership emerge, 231; Hurenko elected second secretary, 233, Kravchuk becomes ideological secretary, 233; Central Committee plenum, 29 November 1989, 244-5; CPU's election platform, 245; Central Committee plenums begin to be conducted in Ukrainian, 245; social protests result in replacement of eight regional Party bosses, 246; pre-parliamentary election campaign and tactics against democratic opposition, 248-50; Central Committee resolution acknowledging famine of 1933 was a Stalinist crime, 249; growing femient within, 251-2; hardliners urge firmness from Gorbachev, 251,253- 4; Democratic Platform group formed in Kyiv, 252; leadership implicitly criticized by Ukrainian Komsomol for conservatism, 252; Central Committee plenum of 22 February 1990 sees widening split between hardliners and

568 Index

^ r

reformers, 252-4; and question of autonomy of, 253, 264-5; criticism of Gorbachev by hardliners, 253-4; defeats in 1990 parliamentary election, 255-8; challenged by Democratic Platform conference in Kharkiv, 260; denounces Rukh's support for Lithuania's independence, 260; Central Committee plenum of 31 March 1990 and adoption of Resolution on the Political and Economic Sovereignty of Ukraine, 261-3; adopts draft programmatic principles recognising need for assertion of national statehood, for instituting a republican citizenship, and for CPU's autonomy, 264-5; effectively co-opts Rukh's initial programme, 263-5; Twenty-eighth Congress of, 279-83, 334-5; and new Union Treaty, 288-9, 348; and Twenty-eighth Congress of the CPSU, 294-5, 296; Central Committee plenum of 28 September 1990, 309; issue of nationalizing its property, 314; Politburo meeting, October 1990, 315; CPU's November 1990 counter-offensive against democrats, 319-21, 324; splits between 'sovereignty' and 'imperial Communists', 341, 346, 347, 348, 349-50; condemns crimes of Stalin era, 335; adopts new statutes, 335; and preparation of new Ukrainian Constitution, 341-2, 347-8, 359-60; and referendum on future of USSR, 345, 347, 348; Central Committee plenum of 15 February 1991, 347-8; and attempted coup in Moscow, 374, 378, 383, 388-9, 393, 398; departiciza-tion of republican procuracy, KGB and M V D , 392; the Presidium of the Ukrainian parliament confiscates CPU's buildings, freezes its assets, and suspends its activities, 393; CPU offices in Kyiv sealed off, 393; last Central Committee plenum of, 394; parliamentary Presidium bans CPU and nationalizes its property; 393-8, 434; activities of former Communists, 434, 438, 450, Presidium of parliament lifts ban on CPU, 452; size of membership: in 1959, 31; in 1971, 31; in 1986, 55; in early 1989, 193, in June 1990, 280; in late 1990,335

Communist Party of Ukraine (restored in 1993): 467, 472, 552, 553;restoration of CPU, 452, 455; size of in 1993, 455

Communist Party of Western Ukraine, 176 Communists: in independent Ukraine, 434,

438, 450, 452, 468, 483, 489, 504, 506, 520; in Russia, 439, 504, 506, 510

Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE, later becomes Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe-OSCE), 325, 327, 438, 447, 464, 477

Congress of Democratic Forces, 343 Congress of Russian Communities, 518 Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists (KUN),

467 Conquest, Robert and 77K.' Harvest of Sorrow,

76 Constantinescu, President Emil, 537 Constitution of the USSR, 160, 169, 356 Constitution of the Ukrainian SSR: 158,

169, 213, 300, 515; revisions to, 233-5, 244, 315-16, calls for repeal of Article 6 on leading role of the Party, 243, 245, 271, 312; Article 6 repealed, 315-16; preparation of new constitution, 301, 303,304,319,341-2,347-8,352-3,357, 358, 359-60, 362-3; and Union treaty, 314,363

Constitution of independent Ukraine: 432, 524, 527, 528, 529; work on draft, 436-7, 503; delay in adoption of, 451, 489, 503; Kuchma and, 478,489, 503-4, 509, 513, 514, 515; 'small constitution', 478; 'constitutional agreement', 489, 490, 493, 503, 513, 515; working draft of submitted to parliament, 503-4; and Crimea, 504-5, 509-10, 514-15; struggle over adoption of new constitution, 509, 510, 512, 513-15, 520-1; adoption of new constitution, 522-3

Constitutional Court, 438, 483, 529 consulates, 264 Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) treaty,

442-3, 533 conversion, military-industrial, 344-5, 502-

3, 548 cooperative movement: under tsarist rule, 7;

in Western Ukraine under Polish rule, 13

Coordinating Committee of the Peoples of the Soviet Union, 132

corruption, 47, 51, 57, 103, 116, 448, 450, 453, 462, 473, 493, 529, 545

Cossacks (Ukrainian): 67; emergence of, 2-3; as champions of Ukrainian Orthodoxy, 3; revolts against Polish policies, 3; Khmelnytsky's uprising and establishment of a Ukrainian Cossack state, 3; the Cos-

Index 569 sack state splits along the Dnipro into rival pro-Russian and pro-Polish parts, 4; the period of the 'Ruin', 4; role in Russia's wars against the Turks and Crimean Tatar Khanate, 4-5; destruction of Zaporoz-hyan Sich by Catherine the Great, 5; assimilation of Ukrainian Cossack gentry, 5; Shelest's pride in Cossack period, 30; Honchar's depiction of in Sobor, disapproved of, 36; Yavornytsky's works on published, 118; Rukh organizes celebrations in Zaporizhzhya of 500th anniversary of Ukrainian Cossackdom, 283, 304

Cossacks (Russian), 444 Council of Europe, 438,497, 516, 517, 526,

536 Council of the Federation (upper house of

the Russian parliament), 539, 540 Council of the Federation (USSR) 278,306,

332, 340 Council of Ministers (of the Ukrainian SSR),

22, 25, 50, 59, 70, 154, 260, 267, 271, 287, 300, 302, 356-7

Council of Religious Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR, 241

Council of the Regions, 475, 478 coupons, introduction of, 319, 412 Creative Association of Critics of the W U U

Kyiv Writers' Section, 71, 78, 115 creative, or cultural, intelligentsia; Ukrainian,

13, 21, 23-4, 30, 43, 46, 64, 67, 71-2, 83, 93, 94, 159, 171, 181, 211, 230; Russian, 57

crime, 462, 473, 526, 545, 547 Crimea, 371, 373, 374, 388, 390, 453, 455,

460, 475, 538.; Crimean Tatar Khanate, 3, 5, 4, 84, 211, 212, 314, 326; annexed by Russia, 5; transferred from the RSFSR to the Ukrainian SSR and official explanation given, 20; U H U calls for restoration of autonomy of, 142; Bagrov on peculiarities of, 232-33; Bagrov on fear of Ukrainization generating centrifugal tendencies, 233; opposition to Ukrainian being designated sole republican state language, 237; Ukrainian minority in, 278; pro-Russian forces in, 278-9, 434, 486, 527; movementfbr autonomous statehood, 279, 282, 290, 322; regional soviet votes to establish Crimean ASSR, 322-3; and Union treaty, 330, 332,343,361; Yeltsin and, 326, 330, 445, 470, 487, 507; Russian deputies and, 331; referendum of 20 January 1991 in support of re-establishment

of Crimean ASSR, 342-3; Ukrainian parliament recognises reestablishment of Crimean ASSR, 345-6; and referendum on future of USSR, 351-2; Crimean parliament adopts referendum law, 408; results of referendum on Ukrainian independence, 419; and Black Sea Fleet dispute, 429, 452, 490; Russia and, 429, 460, 470, 476, 485, 486, 505, 507, 535, 539,544; Sevastopol, 429,452,460,470, 476, 485, 508, 518, 533, 534, 539, 544; Meshkov and the Republican Movement of Crimea, 434; Russian politicians support secessionist forces in, 443, 444; Russian parliament declares transfer of Crimea to Ukraine invahd, 444; tug of war relations between Simferopol and Kyiv, 443-4, 476-7; crime, killings and attacks in, 462, 491; presidential election in, 462, 466; Meshkov elected president, 466; local referendum on independence 462, 466, 469; Meshkov appoints Russian citizen Saburov prime minister, 466; Meshkov calls for boycott of Ukrainian parliamentary elections, 469; success of Meshkov's 'Russia' bloc in local election, 469; renewed confrontation over Crimea's constitution, 470, 486, 490; Kuchma and, 472, 473, 477; and CSCE mission to Ukraine, 477; constitutional struggle between Meshkov and Crimean parliament, 477, 478; Russian Duma and, 477, 487, 532,534; Kuchma imposes direct presidential rule on, 486; accomodation reached with Kyiv, 490; inter-ethnic riots, 491; tensions in regional parliament between Crimean Tatar and Russian deputies, 499; and new Ukrainian constitution, 504-5, 509-10, 514-15, 520, 523, 527; Demy-denko replaces Franchuk as prime minister, 505; attack on Suprunyuk, 527

Crimean Tatars: 4, 143, 279, 322, 342-3; Stalin's deportation of, 20; as percentage of Crimea's population at time of deportation, 20; campaign to return to Crimea, 84; demonstrations in Moscow, 84; Gromyko Commission rejects demands for recreation of autonomous republic in Crimea, 142; U H U supports return of to Crimea, 142; Rukh and, 174; Shcher-bytsky voices concern about their return to Crimea, 211; Rukh's support for, 219; problems of reintegrating returnees, 232, 455, 491; difficulties encountered by retur-

570 Index

nees; 443, 455; Mejlis, 455, 499; protests by returnees, 443, 462; clashes with local police, 455,491; president Kravchuk and, 462; attitude towards Ukrainian state, 462; riots, 491; appeal for external financial assistance for reintegration of, 491; protest by Crimean Tatar deputies, 499; and working draft of new Ukrainian constitution, 509-10; third Kurultai exposes growing radicalism among, 527

Croatia, 359, 422 Cuba, 55 Cultural Fund, Ukrainian, 72,114 cultural monuments, preservation of, 93,

114, 125 cultural, or creative, unions, 105, 112, 115,

117, 129, 157, 159, 162 culture 123, 137, 237-8, 240, 285, 547; in

Kyivan Rus, 1; cultural revival in seventeenth century, 3; 4; Ukrainian cultural contribution to Europeanization of Russia, 5; Ukrainian cultural revival in nineteenth century, 6, 7; Russian attitudes towards Ukrainian culture, 8; problem of cultural identity personified by Hohol/Gogol, 8; Bolshevik concessions and Uktainization, 11-12; European orientation of Soviet Ukrainian cultural elite in 1920s, 12; Ukrainian cultural life under Polish rule, 13; Ukrainian cultural life under Romanian rule, 13-14; post-Stalin emergence of a Ukrainian cultural self-defence movement, 21,23,26; Ukrainian cultural ferment and the Sixtiers, 23-4; concern about lack of cultural facilities for Ukrainian in other parts of the USSR, 25; Dzyuba protests against provincializa-tion and downgrading of Ukrainian culture, 29; Shelest defends Ukrainian cultural values, 30, 32-3, 35; Ukrainian cultural values defended by Honchar in Sobor, 36; cultural and political purge of 1972-3, 37-9; Malanchuk's restrictions, 39, 42; Malanchuk's dismissal, 42; Shcherbytsky inaugurates modest cultural thaw and woos cultural intelligentsia, 43-4; Drozd on 1,000 years Ukrainian cultural development, 81; calls for rehabilitation of proscribed cultural figures, 24, 57, 64, 71, 76, 79, 90, 91, 93-4, 98-9, 114 116, 144,180; Bilokin's article on Skrypnyk's cultural policies, 99; extent of damage to Ukrainian culture assessed, 109-12, 165; Dzyuba on need for holistic approach to,

112; signs of national revival, 113-14; call for creation of Council of Ukrainian Cultural Unions, 129; CPU's belated concessions, 165-6; Gorbachev on Uk rainian culture, 177; CPU attempts to placate pro-Rukh cultural intelligentsia with prospect of more concessions, 181; calls for restitution of cultural treasures, 190; Ivashko acknowledges need to ensure flourishing of Ukrainian culture, 229; promotion ofUkrainian 'spiritual republic', 249-50

Culture, Ukrainian Ministry of, 75, 303 customs (border), 372, 445 Cyrillic script, 1 Czechoslovakia: xi i , 35, 48, 446; Carpatho-

Ukrainians, 9; liberal inter-war conditions for Ukrainian movement, 14; dismemberment of, 14; Carpatho-Ukraine/ Transcarpathia, receives autonomy and proclaims independence, 14; Carpatho-Ukraine suppressed by Hungarian forces, 14; forced by USSR to cede Transcarpathia to Soviet Ukraine, 17; Ukrainian minority in, 24; resonance in Ukraine of Prague Spring, 31-32; Shelest's role, during the Prague Spring, 31-2,35; end of Communist rule in, 243, 244, 250, 252

Czech Republic, 459 Czechs, 119

Dadenkov, Yuri i , 27 Dagomys, 445, 446, 456 Daniel, Yul i i , 28 Danko, 125 Danube (Ukrainian form -Dunai), 447 Darnytsya, 186 Datsyuk, Vladyslav, 493, 498 Davies, Norman, xii Debrecen, 458 debt (Ukraine's to Russia): 454, 535, 480,

481, 485, 502; restructured, 486 decentralization, 21, 52,132,134,139, 141,

210,275,448 Declaration of the Rights of the Nationalities

of Ukraine, 410 Declaration of (Ukraine's) State Sovereignty,

318, 322, 326, 334, 349, 351, 363, 365, 366,379,391,402,522

decree on power, 293, 300, 301, 304, 308 Defence Ministry, Ukrainian: 405, 461, 475;

calls for reestablishment of, 344-5; parliament votes to reesetablish, 392; establishment of, 398, 400,

Index 571 defence sector, 47, 344-5, 371, 447, 502 de Gaulle, President Charles, 478, 483 Demichev, Pyotr, 150 Democratic Association Ukraine, 466-7 Democratic Bloc, 243-4,246,248-9,254-5,

256-7,261,269-71,275 Democratic Front to Support Restructuring

(Lviv), 134, 139-40, 147 Democratic Party of Ukraine (DPU), 260,

269,318,335,345,467,521 Democratic Platform, 250, 260, 262, 270,

274,276,281,296,318 Democratic Russia Bloc, 258,275,305,309,

332, 343 Democratic Union, 129 democratization, 32, 68, 78, 84, 89, 104,

105, 123, 138, 139, 147, 155, 159, 212, 227

Demydenko, Arkadii, 505, 527 denationalization, 25,28-9, 41,62,109, 111-

12, 141 deportations, mass, Soviet policy, 14, 15, 20 deported peoples, 476 Derkach, Ihor, 134, 269 departization, 383, 389, 392 de-Russification, as crucial component of

Ukrainization, 11, 74-5 Derzhavnist (Statehood) faction, 483 Derzhplan, see Ukrainian State Planning Com

mittee de-Stalinization: under Khrushchev, 20-1;;

Gorbachev and, 55 diaspora, Ukrainian: xv, 9-19, 24, 30, 110,

271; Eastern diaspora, 9-10, 24, 126; concern about, and isolation from, Ukrainians in other parts of the USSR, 11, 25, 28, 62, 81, 112, 119, 142, 305; Western diaspora: 17, 23, 142; Soviet policy towards Western diaspora, 23; Shelest's attititude towards exiles, 32; arrest of Ukrainian student from Belgium, 37; concern about lack of attention to Ukrainians in Eastern Europe, 62, 119, 142; continuing Soviet media attacks against emigres, 65, 76, 88; Slavutych Society in Moscow, 126; Ukrainians in Leningrad, 126; representatives of attend inaugural conference of Ukrainian Language Society, 170; Rukh and, 174; and Chervona Ruta festival, 224; and the 'Ukrainian Wave', 248; First Congress of International Association of Ukrainianists, 304; Ukraine's foreign policy and, 305-6

diplomacy (Ukrainian), see under foreign policy

diplomatic representation abroad; calls for 190, 263-4; Ukrainian SSR Supreme Counci l assumes responsibility for republic's external diplomatic, consular and trade activity, 235; revised version of new Union treaty recognizes right of republics to, 35; Ukraine and Russia agree to exchange representatives, 397

Directory, The, 9 disarmament, Ukraine and: 402,403,441-3,

447, 503, 548; and nuclear disarmament, 395, 402, 414, 420, 423, 430-1, 441-2, 447, 448,454,457-8,459,461-2,463-4, 474

dissent (Ukrainian): 12, 20, 21, 22-4, 25-6, 28, 47, 151; 1965 crackdown on, 28-9; public protest, 28-9; development of a human and national rights movement, 29-30; protest of'the 139', 31; Fedorchuk's tougher line towards, 37; 1972-3 crackdown on, 37-9; radicalization of, 40; Ukrainian Helsinki Monitoring Group, 40, 92, 123, 125; increasing calls by dissidents for independence, 41; Fedorchuk continues to oversee repression, 45; anxiety in Kyiv over developments in Poland, 45; greater pressure on prisoners to recant, 46; deaths of Ukrainian political prisoners, 46; continuing harsh policy towards under Gorbachev, 54; freed political prisoners seek to activate unofficial public life, 84, 89,92,93; appearance of unofficial groups and organisations, 84, 89,92,93; response of Shcherbytsky regime to activity of unofficial groups, 92-3, 94; Chornovil and Horyn seek to revive Ukrainian Helsinki Monitoring Group activity, 122-3; attempts by non-Russian dissidents to form united front, 123; appeal to British foreign minister, 123; politicization and radicalization of unofficial groups, 125, 127; formation of Ukrainian Helsinki Union, 125; demonstration on 2nd anniversary of Chornobyl in Kyiv, 127; appearance of openly political opposition groups, 130-1; first attempts in Kyiv and Lviv to form democratic popular fronts, 131-5; pioneering national democratic programme issued by the Ukrainian Helsinki Union, 140-3; attempts by the authorities to stifle embryonic Ukrainian popular fronts, 147-9; authorities losing control of situation, 151; ban on Human Rights Day meetings on 10 December

572 Index

1998,163; Rukh's rapid growth, 203-7; protests against Russian celebrations of Poltava victory, 206-7; CPU leaders ask Moscow to redeploy M V D troops in troublesome regions ofUkraine, 210-11; campaign for democratization of draft election law, 213-14; growing strength of national democratic movement wins concessions, 215

dissidents (Ukrainian), 30,41,46,54,89,94, 116, 123, 130, 140, 164

division (or separation) of powers, 438,438-9, 451, 478, 482, 503; see also Law on Powers

Djilas, Milovan, xii Dnipro (Dnieper) River: 3, 78, 257; Dniester (Dnister) River, 321, 409 'Dniester republic', see wnrferTransdniester Dniprodzerzhynsk, 195, 248 Dnipropetrovsk, 195, 207, 253, 407, 419,

447, 475, 494, 499 Dnipropetrovsk group, 36, 69, 187, 499 Dnipropetrovsk region: 183, 196, 212, 304,

494, 498; Party Organization, 36, 69 'Dnipropetrovtsi', 494,'498, 499, 551 Dobroshtan, Ihor, 180 Dolgikh, Vladimir, 150 Donbas, 45, 146, 177, 213, 268, 272, 338,

391, 424, 412, 450, 452, 455, 494-5; miners' strikes ofjuly 1989, 207-10, 227; weakness of Ukrainian national democratic movement in, 208; strike committees and independent miners' organizations, 208,212-13,214,279; strike committees and Rukh, 220, 283; opposition in to Ukrainian being made republican state language, 232,236,434; concern of local Communists about activities of Rukh supporters, 232; strikes ofjuly 1990,292, centrifugal tendencies in, 321, 434, 453; miners''strikes in 1991, 350, 354, 359; and attempted coup in Moscow, 379; miners' strike of June 1993 and their political demands, 453; Kravchuk attempts to placate, 465; local referenda in, 466, 468, 469; 1996 miners's protests, 525-6; chronic state of coal industry, 526; organized crime in, 526

Donchyk, Vitalii, 74, 161, 206, 256, 260 Donetsk: 121, 244, 248,296, 419, 450, 525;

Gorbachev's visit, February 1989, 177, 192; public meeting opposes 'undemocratic' draft election law, 214; all-Union congress of miners, June 1990, 279

Donetsk region, 210, 212, 257, 453, 455, 526; Party organization, 232, 246; local referendum in, 466, 468-9

Donii, Oles, 313, 338, 340 Dorohuntsov, Serhii, 265, 288 Doroshenko, Petro, 4 Dovzhenko, Oleksandr, 109 Dovzhenko Film Studio, 151 Drach, Ivan: 23,43,64,67,81,98,112,144,

158, 163, 179, 253, 261, 271, 273, 283, 284, 302, 305, 325, 339, 368, 407, 419; outspokenness at Ninth Congress of the W U U , 62-3; defends Ukrainian language, 74; elected head of Kyiv branch of W U U , 97; on nuclear energy and ecology, 96-7; calls for Shcherbytsky's team to resign, 143; and creation of Rukh, 156-8, 169, 170, 171, 178, 181; elected head of Initiative Group to create popular movement, 161; writers' meeting w i t h Gorbachev, 178; on Oliinyk's break with Rukh's founders, 181; fails to get elected in Kyiv to USSR Congress of People's Deputies, 184; campaign to get him elected in Lviv, 187, 189, 190-f; at inaugural conference ofKyiv regional organization of Rukh, 204-6; on Poland, Solidarity and Ukraine, 209n.; re-elected leader at Rukh's inaugural congress, 221; new CPU leader Ivashko meets with him, 230; addresses letter to Ivashko complaining of official harassment of Rukh activists, 242; elected parliamentary deputy, 255; supports idea of transforming Rukh into political party, 255-6, 260; leaves Communist Party, 260; co-founder of Democratic Party ofUkraine, 269; speech as candidate for speaker of Ukrainian parliament, 274; propose non-nuclear principles, 297; at Second Rukh Congress, 316; and attempted coup in Moscow, 377; political backing for president Kravchuk, 433; decides not to run for parliament, 468

Drahomanov, Mykhailo, 7,34, 71, 118,150 Drohobych, 184 Drozd, Volodymyr, 67, 80-1 Druzhba naroAov, 57, 119 Dubcek, Alexander, 250 Duma, Russian State (lower house of Rus

sian parliament), 532-3, 539 Dumas, Roland, 325 Durdvnets, Vasyl, 468, 507, 525, 526, 551 Dyachenko, Valerii, 112

Index 573 Dzerzhinsky, Feliks, 383 Dzvin (The Bell), 152 Dzyuba, Ivan: 23, 33, 34, 67, 76, 90, 236;

Internationalism or Russification?, 28-9; reemerges as leading figure in national movement, 71; writes on issues of culture, language and identity, 111, 112, 145, 166, 247; and creation of Rukh, 161, 167, 171

Easter, recognised as a holiday, 266 Eastern Europe, xi i i , 1, 14, 24, 48, 62, 170,

185, 214, 217, 243, 250, 262, 263, 441, 458, 459, 516, 517, 537, 540,

Eastern Galicia (Halychyna): Ukrainian national development under Austrian rule, 7-S; Ukrainian-Polish hostility; Eastern Galicia becomes the Ukrainian Piedmont, 7-8; mass emigration ofUkrainians from; occupation by Russia and suppression of Ukrainian institutions, 8; proclamation of the Z U N R , 8; Ukrainian-Polish war over it, 8; Poland imposes its rule over it, 8; Poland renames it 'Litde Eastern Poland', 13; as part of Polish-ruled Western Ukraine, 13;

Eastern Ukraine, xii, 138, 218, 257, 266, 308, 344, 434, 465, 466, 471, 472, 473, 493, 499, 526, 532

East Germany (GDR), 243, 252 ecological/environmental issues; 36, 48, 60,

62, 84, 93, 96, 97, 107, 116, 122, 130-1, 132, 142, 145, 159-60, 165, 173, 191, 197, 205, 228, 251, 270, 271, 354; impact of Chornobyl nuclear accident, 60, 62, 302; see aho Greens

economic issues: 103, 169, 172, 221, 252, 265; Soviet economy, 53,314; economy of Ukrainian SSR, 20-1,30,47-50, 209, 270-3, 293; economic exploitation (of Ukraine), 12, 26, 47, 50, 219, 272; economic centralization, 24,28; economic decentralization, 20, 134, 185; Shelest and, 32-3; Shcherbytsky and, 44-5, 50; economic difficulties, 47, 50, 191, 194, 237, 271-2,309-10, 319, 338, 357, 412-13, 414-15, 430-1, 438, 447, 452, 461, 465; U H U calls for transition to market economy, 142; Rukh's draft programme on, 173; miners' strikes of July 1989, 208-10; at USSR Congress of People's Deputies, 209-10, and CPSU's 'Platform' on nationalities policy, 211; republican cost-accounting, 210, 211; draft law on

republic's economic independence published, 215; economic sovereignty, 218-19, 228, 252, 265-6, 271-2; calls for introduction of national financial institutions, 219, 265, 287, 357; transition to a mixed economy, 244, 264; Soviet government's transition to 'regulated market economy', 272-3; Chernyak proposes radical programme, 287; and debate on Declaration of State Sovereignty, 295, 296; Law on the Economic Independence of the Ukrainian SSR, 302-3; introduction of non-transferable coupons, 319, 412; transition to market economy, 366; economic pact proposed by Gorbachev, 403-4, 406, 414-15; Ukrainian-Russian economic relations, 414-15, 435, 436, 439, 448-50; karbovanets-coupon, 435; inflation, 439,451, 511; food prices freed, 439; trade deficit, 439; economic stabilisation, 490, 509; economic growth, 47, 495; economic assistance, 464, 472, 478, 479, 489, 490, 494, 501, 502, 510, 511, 516, 517, 521, 527, 528; economic reform (in independent Ukraine), 435, 439, 465, 468, 482, 493, 494, 509, 512-13

Economist, The, 469, 527, 536n. Edelstein, Father Georgii, 88 Edinstvo movements, 215 education: 3, 7, 13, 137, 504, 511; restric

tions on schooling in Ukrainian, 8; calls for Ukrainization of, 9,23; Ukrainization of, 10, 11-12; Khrushchev's Education Law promotes Russification, 21-2, 27, 73-4,90; percentage ofUkrainians among students in institutes of higher learning, 24; attempt to Ukrainize higher education under Shelest, 27; Dzyuba protests lack of national education in schools, 29; competition between Ukrainians and Russians for places in higher education, 24, 33; 1972-3 purges of educational institutions, 39, 99; closure of Ukrainian schools under Shcherbytsky, 40; teachers ofRus-sian given pay rise under Andropov, 46; writers begin protesting Russification of, 63,73-5; writers demand changes in educational legislation to make study of Ukrainian obligatory, 74-5, 80-2; Minister of Education concedes need to improve status of Ukrainian language in education, 76-7; data on language and education revealed, 75-6, 81; May 1987

574 Index

teachers's congress, 76-7; Yelchenko announces modest concessions on language issue, 79, 95-6; Kyiv University rector complains about official 'indifference', 107; February 1988 CPSU Central Committee plenum on education ignores demands of non-Russians, 107-8; absence of courses on Ukrainian history, 111

Eighth Soviet Writers' Congress, 63 Egypt, 501 election laws: 193, 213-14, 220, 233-4, 238,

455, 467, 549, 551-2 elections: multi-candidate, 138, 157; Rukh

calls for free elections, 173; campaign before elections to USSR Congress of People's Deputies, 183; results of elections to the USSR Congress of Peoples Deputies, 184-5; Shcherbytsky calls on CPU to prepare for elections to Ukrainian SSR Supreme Soviet, 193; Konev urges Rukh to prepare for parliamentary and local elections 205, 220-1; obstruction of democratic candidates during parliamentary election campaign, 242, 249, 254-5; Republican Deputies' Club platform, 243; political polarization and protest before parliamentary elections, 254-5; results of 1990 parliamentary elections, 255-8; 1991 presidential election, 406-8; 419-50; protests force new parliamentary elections, 453; conservative new electoral law adopted, 455; 1994 parliamentary election, 467-8; 1994 presidential election, 469-72; parliamentary and presidential elections scheduled for 1998 and 1999 respectively, 524; 1998 parliamentary election results, 552-3

electoral commissions, 213, 220, 234, 242, 246, 248-9

electricity, 501 exiles (Ukrainian): post-First World War

communities in Prague, Paris and Vienna, 9; Soviet assassinations of, 23; Shelest's attitude towards, 32; Operation Boomerang, 149

energy, 47, 48, 302, 435, 439, 481 Estonia, Estonians: 132, 134, 136, 210, 211,

355,383; Estonian Popular Front, 128-9, 152-3, 168; Estonian Communist Party, 129, 260, 263; Council of Estonian Cultural Unions, 129; Declaration of Sovereignty by Estonian Supreme Soviet, 160, 263; Intermovement in, 163, 215;

further assertion of republican sovereignty, 186; institutes residency requirements for voters, 210; reasserts independence, 269; votes for independence, 350; external recognition of independence, 393

Eurasia, 538 European process, Ukraine and, 306, 423,

438 European Bank for Reconstruction and

Development (EBRD), 501, 542 European Economic Community (EEC), 404,

416, 446 European Human Rights Convention, 438 European Union, 465,472,480-1,494,516-

17, 520, 537 exports, 435, 481,511,531

famine of 1932-3: engineered by Stalin, 13; Drach's public condemnation of, 62; work in West on, 76; Shcherbytsky denies existence of, 76; first attempts to reveal truth about, 76; Chornovil on, 91; calls for truth about, 94, 100, 116; Shcherbytsky denounces political speculation on, 102; Oliinyk on at Nineteenth Party Conference, 137, 150; material on published, 180, 201; calls for erection of monument to victims of, 180; CPU Central Committee resolution acknowledges famine was a Stalinist crime, 249

Fascism, 133 Fedchenko, Pavlo, 18n., 34 Federation of Independent Trade Union of

Ukraine, 359 Fedorchuk, Vitalii, 37, 44, 45, 55, 68, 90 Fedoriv, Roman, 176, 184, 198, 199 Feodosiya, 491 Filaret, Metropolitan, later Patriarch: 130,

171,199-200, 202,240,250, 411,491 -2 Filenko, Volodymyr, 276, 318, 433 film industry (Ukrainian), 26 Financial Times, 363, 427, 511 Finland, 438 Fokin, Vitold, 265, 273, 287, 302, 319, 323,

335, 355, 357, 358, 365, 371, 374, 404, 412,414-15,416-17,424,433,436,439, 447, 448

Fomenko, Mykhailo, 75 Fomenko, Mykola, 300 'For a Soviet Socialist Ukraine' faction, 297 foreign debt (Ukraine's), 416-17 foreign investment, 527 Foreign Ministry, Ukrainian, 264, 305-6,

416, 496, 532, 535

Index 575 Foreign M in i s t r y , U S S R , 325 foreign pol icy, Ukrainian: 305-6, 324-5, 359,

366, 423, 444, 445, 447, 459, 495-7, 515-20, 5 3 0 - 1 , 536-44, 548; and the CIS , 427, 446; p ro-Western or ientat ion, 446-7, 450, 515, 533; 'Basic Di rect ions ' of, adopted by parl iament, 463; Kuchma and, 473-4,479, 516; and Trilateral Agreement , 464; jo ins N A T O Partnership for Peace Programme, 464-5; initials partnership agreement w i t h E U , 465

foreign relations, Uk ra in ian , 5, 9 , 1 2 , 1 7 , 3 0 , 123, 142, 263-4 , 277, 305-6, 324, 334, 359, 366-7 , 369-70, 418, 4 2 0 - 1 , 441-2, 444, 445, 464-5 , 446-7 , 459-60, 464-5, 496-7 , 515-18, 530, 536-8, 540-4

France, x i i , 2 ,325,401,404,405,478,481, 516 Franchuk, Ana to l i i , 477, 505 Franko, Ivan, 133 Friends of Uk ra in ian A r t and Cul ture , 145 fuel , 412-13, 415, 453, 4 6 1 , 476, 479, 532,

542, 543 Fumianyuk , S., 221 fusion of nations, concept of, 23, 45

G7 Group , 362, 416-17, 472 ,478 , 480, 494, 502, 510-1

Gaidar, Yegor , 413, 424, 439, 539 Gagauz, 321 Galicia, 229, 335; pr incipal i ty of, 2; annexed

by Austria, 6; idea of a 'Galician au tonomy ' , 266; Galician Assembly, 344, 349, 365, 407; see at™ Western Ukra ine

Gazprom, 465, 486 Gaztransit, 487 Geneva, 507n. Georgia, Georgians, 1 1 , 123, 132, 136, 160,

185, 196, 197, 212, 293, 332, 334, 338, 346, 530, 353, 355, 379, 542, 543

Germany, Germans: 1,9,17; Nazi -Soviet (or M o l o t o v - R i b b e n t r o p ) Non-Aggression Pact, 14; Naz i German invasion o f U S S R and in i t ia l Ukra in ian responses, 14; Naz i policies in Ukra ine , 14; Ukra in ian resistance against the Nazis, 15; defeat of Naz i Germany, 15; Germans in the A l ta i , 8 1 ; Ukra in ian -German relations, 312, 367, 4 8 1 ;

G K C h P (State Commit tee for the State Emer gency in the U S S R ) , 373, 375, 376, 377, 378 ,379 ,380n . , 381 ,382 ,383 ,386 , 387, 389

glasnost: x i i i , 29, 54, 55, 57, 60, 65, 66, 68, 73 , 90, 139, 148, 162, 178, 2 3 1 ; and the

C h o r n o b y l nuclear disaster, 59-60; and Afghanistan, 73

Glemp, Cardinal Josef, 87 Goebbels, Joseph, 224 Golden, Ambassador John, 517 Goncz, Arpad, 306 Gorbachev, M i k h a i l , 44, 46, 5 1 , 53, 54, 55,

57, 59, 60, 6 1 , 63, 68, 6 9 , 1 1 5 , 1 2 2 , 1 2 6 , 192, 269, 277, 2 9 1 , 319, 323, 326, 345, 348, 349, 353, 354, 388, 390, 426, 428; emerges as Party leader, 52; visits U k raine in June 1985, 53-4 ; refers to Soviet U n i o n as Russia, 53; relations wi th Shcherbytsky, 46-7 ,52, 53-4, 150-1; emphasizes need for glasnost, 55; eases censorship and loosens controls in cultural sphere, 57; and Cho rnoby l nuclear disaster, 59-60; and nationalities po l icy , 4 9 , 5 1 - 2 , 53, 56, 65, 68, 79n. , 107-8, 109, 122, 136, 139, 160, 176-7, 178-9, 211-12, 225, 226-7, 2 5 1 ; frees Sakharov and begins releasing other pol i t ical prisoners, 68; shifts e m phasis to need for 'democrat izat ion' , 68; conservative opposi t ion to , 100 -1 ; dismisses Yeltsin, 101; cautious line in speech on 70th anniversary o f Bolskevik revo lu t i on , 100,104; gives reassurances of c o m mi tmen t to glasnost and democrat izat ion, 104; embodies hopes of reformists and democrats, 131; at Nineteenth Party C o n ference, 136, 138-9; criticizes 'pressure' f r o m n o n - R u s s i a n s , 146 ; dismisses Brezhnevite veterans f r o m C P S U leadership, 150; elected Chai rman of U S S R Supreme Soviet, 150, 196; attempts to reassert cont ro l over U n i o n republics, 160 -1 ; visits Ukra ine in February 1989, 176-9; meets w i t h W U U and R u k h leaders, 178-9; g row ing disi l lusionment o f non-Russian democrats w i t h , 186, 267; secures removal of more conservatives f r o m C P S U Centra l Commi t tee but turns d o w n Shcherbytsky's offer to ret ire, 188; warns of ' t remendous danger' threatening 'un i ty ' o f U S S R , 202; con trasts relative importance of Baltic republics and Ukra ine , 212; Ukra in ian deputies appeal to h i m to remove Shcherbytsky, 220; declares Russian language should have status of c o m m o n state language of USSR, 225; visits K y i v to oversee replacement of Shcherbytsky, 226-8; praises Shcherbytsky's record, 226; acknowledges had kept Shcherbytsky on t i l l the last,

576 Index

226; reiterates importance of keeping order in Ukraine, 226-7; concedes old methods of maintaining control obsolete, 227; proposes Ivashko to succeed Shcher-bytsky, 228; ambivalence towards Rukh, 227; meets Ukrainian miners, 227; visits Rome andmeets Pope, 229,240-1; defends Party's 'leading' role, 243; yields on monopoly of power and Union treaty issues at CPSU Central Committee plenum of 5 February 1990; 251 ;proposespresjden-tial form of government, 251; elected president by USSR Congress of Peoples' Deputies, 258; criticized at Kyiv demonstration for opposing Lithuania's independence, 261; imposes economic blockade of Lithuania, 266; jeered during 1990 May Day parade, 268; and preparation of new Union treaty, 278, 288, 325-7, 328, 330; criticized at Twenty-eighth Congress of the CPU, 280-2; and creation of Russian Communist Party, 286-7; on unifying role of Russia, 286-7, 333; and Twenty-Eighth Congress of the CPSU, 296; and Solzhenitsyn, 307; unveils proposed new Union Treaty, 332; successfully appeals for extension of powers, 335, 337; and armed forces, 333-4; and referendum on future of USSR, 335, 336-7,343,350-2,354; and use ofmilitary force in Lithuania and Latvia, 338-41; revises Union Treaty, 350-1; and Yeltsin, 338, 340, 350, 356, 367; and Novo Ogarevo process, 354-6, 358, 360, 362, 367, 370, 372, 416-18; and G7 Group, 362; meets with Chancellor Kohl in Kyiv, 365-6; backed by President Bush, 368, 369; meets Kravchuk in Crimea, 371; and the attempted coup in Moscow, 373, 380, 381, 382; humiliated by Yeltsin, 384-5; resigns as general secretary of CPSU, 393; threatens to resign as president if new Union treaty not signed, 394; reaction to Ukraine's declaration of independence, 397-8, 403, 404, 405-6, 408, 422; promotes economic pact, 403-4, 414; appeals with Yeltsin to Ukrainian parliament to jo in new Union treaty, 404; opposition to building of national armed forces, 405, 406; response to Ukraine's referendum on independence, 420, 423-4; continues trying to preserve Union, 416-8, 420, 423-4; resigns as president of USSR, 430; runs for presi

dent in 1996, 509; continues to call for establishment of a union, 538; Gorbachev era, 505

Gorbachev, Raisa, 72, 178 Gorbunovs, Anatolijs, 197 Gore, A l , 464, 474 Grachev, General Pavel, 508 grain, 30, 493 Greece, 535 Greens: 130-1, 159, 163, 173, 188; Green

World ecological association, 97, 157, 242, 244, 249, 256; Green Party of Ukraine, 242, 269, 318, 552

Grishin, Viktor, 47, 52, 55 Gromov, Boris, 223, 282, 320, 334, 367 Gromyko, Andrei, 44, 52, 142, 150 Group of 239, 289, 301, 313, 333, 347, 347 Gulag, 19, 22, 31, 41, 46, 54, 123

Hadyach, Treaty of, 4 Hague, The, 497 haidamaky, 5 Hallik, Klara, 198 Halychyna, see Eastern Galicia Hawrylyshyn, Bohdan, 363 health care, 228, 547 Hel, Ivan, 87, 88, 89, 124, 148, 224 Helsinki Final Act, 40, 123, 438 Helsinki process, 264, 325, see also European

and CSCE process hetman, meaning of term, 3 history: Ukraine's rewritten by its foreign

rulers, 1; Russian imperial historiography equates Rus with Russia, depicts Ukrainians as 'Little Russians', 8; Hohol's/ Gogol's wish to write a history of Ukraine, 8; Hrushevsky school and its fate, 12, 17-18, 21; Soviet line on Ukrainian history prescribed in connection with tercentenary of the Treaty of Pereyaslav, 19-20; Dzyuba protests erasure of national memory, 29; revival of historical studies under Shelest, 30; Kremlin's disapproval of Honchar's Sobor, 36; restrictions on historical research and writing under Malanchuk, 39, 41; writers seek to restore historical writing and access to historical sources, 43, 66; Shcherbytsky and Tikhvinsky remind intelligensia of enduring ideological constraints, 46; classics of Russian imperial historiography rehabilitated, 65, 98; problem of loss of national memory, xii, 66, 94, 98, 422; Shcherbytsky's enduring hard-line posi-

Index 577 tion on treatment of the past, 75, 100-3; growing interest in, especially 'blank spots', 76,80-1,100,101; Yelchenko emphasizes need for 'Party-mindedness', 80; calls for removal of blank pages, 91, 93, 94, 98; Institutes of Party History and History instructed to clarify certain questions, 102; Gorbachev on treatment of, 100, 104; damage done to national memory, 110-11; calls for rehabilitation of Hrushevsky, 91,118,144,145; opposition to rehabilitation of Hrushevsky, 99, 150; Rukh's 'Ukrainian Wave' action and, 246-7; Krav-chuk acknowledges need for more objective approach to, 247; more information about Ukrainian history available, 285

Hitler, Adolf, 13, 14 hhsnist (Ukrainian for glasnost), sccglasnost Hohol, Mykola (Nikolai Gogol), 8 Holos, 213 Holos Ukrainy, 340 Holovaty, Serhii, 168, 256, 260, 270, 284,

288, 289, 292, 294, 301, 387, 498, 522, 551

Holovinsky, Sava, 57 Holushko, Mykola, 70 Honchar, Oles: 107, 116, 237; the Sobor

affair, 36, 57,199; opposes Russification, 40, 62, 74, 80, 96; and Chornobyl disaster, 61-2, 78, 96; appeals to Russian writers for support, 80; appeals to Gorbachev, 82-3; Kremlin's response to his appeal to Gorbachev, 122; October 1987 speech in Leningrad, 96; opens inaugural conference of Ukrainian Language Society, 170; becomes deputy to USSR Congress of People's Deputies, 184,196; resigns from Communist Party, 313

Horbal, Mykola Horbuiin, Volodymyr, 475,502n., 526,529,

532, 533, 534, 539 Horlivka, 213 Horska, Alia, 23 Horyn, Bohdan, 134, 147, 170, 255, 325,

433 Horyn, Mykailo, 89, 92, 93, 122, 125, 132,

133, 134, 147, 180, 190, 204, 221, 255, 256, 261, 274, 316, 336, 407, 419, 433, 468

Howe, Sir Geoffrey, 123, 124 Hrabovsky, Leonid, 23 Hrebenyuk, Hryhorii, 268 Hrechukha, Mykhailo, 22 Hrintsov, Ivan, 282

Hromada (Community) Society, 125, 152 Hromada (political party), 552 Hromyak, Roman, 184 Hrushevsky, Mykhailo, 9,12,17-18,21,91,

99,118, 144,145, 180,418 Hrushetsky, Ivan, 39 Hrushiv, miracle of, 85 Hryhorenko (Grigorenko), Major-General

Petro, 40 Hryhoryev, Colonel, 320 Hryniv, Yevhen, 312 Hrynov, Volodymyr, 274, 275, 318, 334,

344,371,378,380n„ 387,392,406,407, 410, 433, 453, 466, 468, 483

Hryshchuk, Valerii, 194, 195, 224 hryvnya, 436, 490, 494, 528 human rights, 141, 420, 425 Hungary, Hungarians: 25,48,205,243; supres-

sion of Carpatho-Ukraine, 14; Hungarian Revolution, 21; Hungarians in Transcar-pathian region, 306, 408, 421n.; Ukrainian-Hungarian relations, 306, 366, 367, 420, 418, 458, 459

Hurenko, Stanislav, 70, 227-8, 245, 255, 273,280,281-2,287,289,290,291,293, 294,300,309,315,330,334-5,337,340, 346,348-9,353,357,364,371,374,375, 378, 383, 387, 388, 390, 452, 552

Husar, Bishop Liibomyr, 493

ideological sphere, 21, 32, 33, 34, 35-6, 37, 38,39,41,42-4,45,51,54,55-6,69-70, 80, 101-3, 105-7, 122, 146-7, 149-50, 151-2, 153,-4,156,165,168-70,178-9, 181, 182, 191-2, 193, 202, 210-12, 216, 223-4, 232-3,251, 268, 281,348-9, 361

It Messagero, 124 Hyushin, Viktor, 424 immigration, 190, 295 'imperial Communists', 341, 345, 346, 350,

353, 356 independence (of Ukraine); idea of catches

on, 256,263,269; Kravchuk begins speaking of attaining, 349, 350, 352; People's Council calls for proclamation of, 357; Tudjman in Kyiv speaks of, 359; Verkhov-na Rada makes 16 July — 'Ukraine's Independence Day' -a holiday, 363; Pavlychko on Ukraine's goal of, 365-6, 387; parliament declares independence of Ukraine on 24 August 1991, 387-91; promoted during 1991 presidential election, 407-8; referendum on Ukraine's independence, 419; recognition of, 420-

578 Index

1, 430, 447; celebration of fifth anniversary, 525, 528

Independence faction, 270 Independent, The, 420 Independent Democratic Ukraine bloc, 378,

384 India, 446 indigenization, Soviet policy of, 11, 65 industry, 47, 48, 173, 209, 272, 447, 450,

451,471,486, 493,495, 514,531n„ 545 inflation, 412, 439, 451, 465, 484, 490, 495,

511,545 informal groups, see unofficial groups Institute of Archaeology of the Ukrainian

SSR Academy of Sciences, 118 Institute of History of the Ukrainian SSR

Academy of Sciences, 100, 150 Institute of Linguistics of the Ukrainian SSR

Academy of Science, 111, 121 Institute of Literature of the Ukrainian SSR

Academy of Sciences, 66, 70, 74, 114, 163, 168

Institute of Party History of the CPU Central Committee, 99, 100

Institute of Philosophy of the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences, 235-6

intelligentsia (Ukrainian) 24, 26, 218, 221 Interfronts and Intermovements, 163, 215,

219; in Ukraine, 224, 245, 321, 434, 526n., 544

International Court of Justice, 497 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 436,

476, 478, 479, 480, 481, 484, 486, 501, 510,516,551,553

Internationalism orRussifkation?, 28-9, 34, 67, 112

Inter-National Committee in Defence of Political Prisoners, 123

Inter-Party Assembly, 318 Inter-regional Bloc for Reforms (IBR), 466-7 Inter-regional Deputies Group, 483 Interregional Group, 196, 337 investment, 514 Iran, 436, 446, 449, 542 Iraq, 338, 542 iron ore, 30 Isichenko, Yuri i , 110 Israel, 501, 543 Italy, 157,481,516 Ivanchenko, Raisa, 307n. Ivano-Frankivsk, 164, 219, 247, 250 Ivano-Frankivsk region, 154,166, 202, 229,

246,250,257,261,344,349 Ivanychuk, Roman, 63n., 110-1, 133

Ivashko, Volodymyr: 55-6, 69, 274, 287, 291, 300, 337; Gorbachev's choice for successor to Shcherbytsky, 164; as Shcherbytsky's deputy, 202; elected Shcherbytsky's successor, 228; background of, 228; inaugural speech as new CPU leader, 228-9; stresses importance of republican economic sovereignty, 228; acknowledges need to ensure flourishing of Ukrainian culture, 229; cultivates progressive image, 230-1; meets Rukh's leader, 230; accepts some criticism of draft electionlaw, 230; on miners' demands, 231; on Shcherbytsky, 228, 231; constructive role in Supreme Soviet, 234, 237; supports making Ukrainian republican state language, 237-8; complaint about harassment ofRukh activists, 242; reverts to Shcherbytsky's style, 244-5, 252; attacks Rukh, 245; and 'Ukrainian spiritual republic', 249-50; warns of danger of 'Romanian variant', 252; says CPU has to uphold interests of Ukraine, 253; forced into run-off in parliamentary election, 255, 256; defends Party's vaguard role and calls on CPU to hold firm, 262, interview in Pravda of 3 May 1990, 268; criticizes Soviet government's approach to economic reform, 273; and election as chairman of the presidium of the Verkhov-na Rada, 273, 275; as chairman of the Verkhovna Rada, 276; and preparation of new Union treaty, 278; agrees with Yeltsin to discuss preparation of a Ukrainian-Russian treaty, 278; and Twenty-eighth Congress of the CPU, 279-82; opens deabate on declaration of state sovereignty, 287,288; and Twenty-eighth Congress of the CPSU, 290-1, 294; relinquishes chairmanship of Ukrainian parliament, becomes deputy general secretary of the CPSU, 294-5; and attempted coup in Moscow, 383

Ivasyuk, Volodymyr, 224 Izvestiya, 87, 97, 118, 128, 348

Japan, 354 Jews: 3, 14, 18, 93,119, 135,140, 145, 410,

411; Nazi extermination of, 14; Rukh and, 217,219,249,260; Kravchuk's speech at Babyi Rar, 410

Kachura, Borys, 136, 138, 184, 253-4, 255, 280

Index 579 Kaganovich, Lazar, 12, 18, 33, 249 Kalynets, Iryna, 133, 284 Kandyba, Ivan, 22, 40, 268-9 Kapto, Oleksandr, 54, 55, 226, 227, 228 Karaganov, Sergei, 519 Karamzin, Nikolai, 98 karbovanets-coupon, 435, 448, 490, 494,

511,528 Karpenko, Vitalii, 145,187, 252, 271n„ 273 Katyn, 200 Kazakhstan (Kazakstan) and Kazakhs, 7, 28,

68, 120, 122, 307, 31, 346, 351, 355, 370,383,388,394,395,396-7,442,449, 496, 507, 545; Ukrainian-Kazakhstani relations, 278

Kazanets, Ivan, 27 Kebich, Vyacheslav, 424 KGB: 134, 150, 197, 370, 373, 383, 386,

388, 390, 391, 401; 1965 crackdown in Ukraine, 28; calls for dissolution of, 142

KGB (Ukrainian): 70, 99, 207, 392; under Nikitchenko, 33; under Fedorchuk, 37, 45; Berkin affair, 68-9; Operation Boomerang, 149; Rukh's appeal to personnel of, 221; parliament abolishes republican KGB, creates national security service, 401

Kharchenko, Hryhorii, 337, 341-2, 367 Kharkiv: 6, 110, 114, 122, 151, 164, 164,

191, 207, 234, 260, 274, 276, 339, 343, 401, 419; Bolsheviks make it Ukrainian capital, 9; Kharkiv University, 138; and Rukh, 206

Kharkiv region, 55,228, 237,246,248,257, 547n.

Khartzysk pipe-making plant, 465 Khasbulatov, Ruslan, 332, 440, 441, 452,

455 Kherson 419 Kherson region, 257, 321, 322, Khmara, Stepan, 86, 94, 132, 176,187, 255,

268, 276, 301, 313, 320, 323, 324, 331, 338, 354, 364, 390, 392, 407, 443, 467, 468

Khmelko, Valerii, 281,318 Khmelnytsky, Bohdan, 3, 367 Khmelnytsky region, 246 Khrushchev, Nikita: 12; 18; use of Ukraine

as power base, 19-20; and transfer of Crimea to Ukraine, 20; and de-Staliniza-tion, 20-1; and nationalities policy, 19-22, 23, 25; removal from power, 26; criticized by Musiyenko, 116

Khust, 259

Khvylovy, Mykola, 12, 13, 21, 71, 80, 81, 91,99, 118, 180

Kirovohrad, 122 Kirovohrad region, 111 Kiryan, Valerii, 186 Kishinev (Chisinau), 212 Kisilev, Vasilii, 544 Kissinger, Henry, 548 Klebanov, Vladimir, 45 Klymenko, Oieksandr, 73 Klyuchevsky, Vasilii, 98 Kohl, Helmut, 365-6 Kolbin, Gennadii, 68 Kolesnyk, M., 154 Kolomiya, 285 Kolomiyets, Yuri i , 132 ■ Kommunut, 156, 166 Kommunist Ukrainy, 38, 70 Komsomol (All-Union), 95, 140, 206 Komsomol (Ukrainian), 33, 72, 73, 93, 152,

178, 190, 196; ferment within, 152-3, 214, 225, 282; and Rukh, 218, 223; and Chervona Ruta festival, 225, 230; September 1989 Central Committee plenum, 229-30; crisis in, 230; asserts independence from CPU and moves towards Rukh's position, 230, 252; supports democratization of draft election law, 230; criticizes CPU's conservatism, backs broadest sovereignty on basis of new Union Treaty, 252; tolerance expressed for national symbols, 252

Komsotrtolskaya pravda, 95, 140 Kondratev, 358 Kondufor, Yuri i , 100 Konev, Sergei (Serhii): 195,248,256; speech

at USSR Congress of People's Deputies, 196; at inaugural conference of Kyiv regional organization of Rukh, 204-5; at Rukh's inaugural congress, 220-1; heads Association of Democratic Councils of Ukraine, 311

Korneyev, Albert, 391 Korniyenko, Anatolii, 227, 245, 251 Korolev, Serhii, 120 Korotych, Vitalii, 73n., 110, 147, 150-1,

191,336 Kostenko, Lina, 23, 67, 70, Kostenko, Yuri i , 60n Kosygin, Aleksei, 44, Kotsyuba, Oleksandr, 352, 452 Kotsyubinsky, Yurii, 118 Kotyk, Bohdan, 183, 188, 195, 256 Koval, Roman, 318

580 Index

Koval, Vitalii, 64 Kovalev, Sergei, 305 Kovalevska, Lyubov, 57-8 Kozhin, Eduard, 337 Kozyrev, Andrei, 413, 458, 480, 500 Kravchenko, Viktor, 535 Kravchuk, Leonid: 79, 105, 122, 205, 271,

274, 275, 294, 295-6, 303, 304, 308, 316, 321, 340, 529, 552; appointed head of revamped CPU Ideological Department, 153; and creation of Rukh, 157, 158,161,163,168-69,182; role in making Ukrainian the republican state language, 158, 222, 237; background, reputation and style of, 164-5; and CPU's strategy to stifle Rukh, 178, 181-2, 202; participates in televised debates about Rukh, 181; opposes restoration of national symbols, 201; recommends supporting Russian Orthodox Church to stem growth of Ukrainian Catholic Church, 202; attends inaugural conference ofKyiv regional organization of Rukh, 203-4; agrees to oppose Russian celebrations of Poltava victory, 206-7; helps prepare report on 'alarming' situation in Ukraine, 210-11; outline's CPU's tactics as regards Rukh's inaugural conference, 215-16,222; speech at Rukh's inaugural congress, 220, 222; increasingly ambiguous role of, 222-4; comments about his political adaptability, 222; stresses need for economic reform, 223; reports to CPU leadership on Rukh's inaugural congress, 213; and the 'Ukrainian Wave', 247; acknowledges need for more objective approach to history, 247; supports broadest sovereignty for Ukraine on basis of new Union treaty, 252, 253; criticized by CPU hardliners, 253; rejects 'nostalgia for the stern hand', 253; elected parliamentary deputy, 256; at Twenty-eighth Congress of the CPU, 281, 335; elected second secretary of the CPU, 282; and debate on declaration of state sovereignty, 297; elected Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada, 301; and preparation of new Ukrainian constitution, 301, 341-2, 352-3, 359-60, 362-3; and new Union treaty, 306-7, 334, 345, 347-8, 360-1,362-3; relinquishes post of deputy CPU leader, 309; and protests of September-October 1990, 308, 310, 311, 314n., 315, 315; and Crimea, 322, 345-6; and Yeltsin, 325-6, 352; and signing

of Ukrainian-Russian treaty, 327-9; and Soviet use of military force in Lithuania, 339-40; and 'sovereignty Communists', 341, 344, 347, 348, 350, 352-3; visit to Switzerland, 342, 344; statement to the UN Commission on Human Rights, 342; and referendum on future ofUSSR, 347, 349, 352-3; disagrees with CPU line, 347-8,353; begins speaking of achieving Ukrainian independence, 349, 350, 352; emergence as a national leader, 350; and candidacy for Ukrainian presidency, 353, 362, 407; and Donbas miners, 354; visits Germany, 355, 358; and Novo Ogarevo process, 355, 356, 360-1, 362-3, 364, 371, 416-18; outraged by Soviet central Television's hostile reporting, 358; and visit to Kyiv by Croatia's Tudjman, 360; Lc Monde interview, 362; and 6rst anniversary of declaration of sovereignty, 366-7; and Khmara affair, 323,367; meets with Gorbachev in Crimea, 370-1; and visit of President Bush, 368-70; and attempted coup in Moscow, 374-82; relationship with CPU during August 1991,383-4; defends his behaviour during attempted coup, 385-8, 389; and declaration of Ukraine's independence, 388, 391; response to Russian questioning of existing borders, 394; attitude towards continuing attempts to promote signing of new Union treaty, 386, 394, 400; and nuclear weapons deployed on Ukrainian territory, 395-6, 402, 414, 429-30, 457-8; and sudden visit by RSFSR delegation to Kyiv, 396-7; and security issues, 398, 402, 440; attends USSR Congress of People's Deputies, 400; visit to North America, 401-02; address UN General Assembly, 401; and economic pact proposed by Gorbachev, 404, 414, 416; and referendum on Ukraine's independence, 409, 410, 411, 415; speech at Babyi Yar, 410; and Ukrainian-Russian relations during independence referendum and presidential election campaigns, 413, 414; criticizes Russia's unilateral liberalization of prices, 416, 435; identifies with Hrushevsky, 418; wins 1991 presidential election, 419-20; inauguration of, 421 -3; opposes Ukraine's j oi ning any new Union, 416-18, 420, 423; and the creation of the CIS, 423-7; takes pride in Ukraine's role in the dissolution

Index 581 of the USSR, 427, 4 3 0 - 1 ; and creation o f national armed fo rces , 428-9, 4 4 0 - 1 ; assesses the achievement and challenges o f independence in N e w Year address, 4 3 0 - 1 ; calls for mul t i -par ty parl iamentary elections and publ icat ion o f draft o f new const i tu t ion, 432; retains Fok in as pr ime minister, 433,447; and national democrats, 433, 450; creates advisory State D u m a , 434-5 ; establishes system of presidential prefects, 435; and economic re form, 433, 435 ,438 -9 ,465 ; and relations w i t h R u s sia du r ing his presidency, 435, 4 4 1 , 470; suspends transfer of tactical nuclear weapons to Russia, 4 4 1 ; visit to Wash ington, 4 4 1 -2; att i tude towards the CIS , 446; and foreign pol icy, 446-7; and relations w i t h p r ime minister Kuchman , 447, 451 ,453, 454-5; and political struggle over d iv is ion o f powers, 451-2, 4 7 0 - 1 ; agrees w i t h Yel ts in on divis ion of Black Sea Fleet, 452, 460; Massandra summit , 454, 4 6 1 -2; gambles on early presidential elections, 453; assumes responsibil ity for government , 453, 455; appoints Zvyahi lsky as act ing p r ime minister, 455; agrees to Ukra ine 's associate membership of CIS

* economic un ion , 455 ,462 ; visit to H u n gary, 458, 464; proposes creation o f ' r o n e of stability and security' in East-Central Europe, 459; and Cr imean Tatars, 462; meet ing w i t h A l Gore, 464; and 1994 presidential election, 467, 469-71 ; ' t r icks' Plyushch, 467 ,468 ; nominates Masol for p r ime minister, 468; and renewed c o n frontat ion w i t h Crimean pariiament, 470; loses presidential elect ion, 472; elected to parliament in Ternopi l region, 482; legacy of, 522

Kremenchuk ; 195, 246; o i l refinery, 465 K r e m l i n , 20, 2 1 , 26, 250, 385, 430 K ry l ov , Sergei, 532 K r y u c h k o v , H e o r h i i , 232, 234, 255, 3 2 0 - 1 ,

323, 340, 372, 553 K r y u c h k o v , V lad imi r , 150, 370, 373, 386 Krymsky , Ahatanhel, 120 K r y v y i R i h , 232 Kuban area, 7 Kuchma, Leonid, 253,254n., 447-8, 551, 552;

as p r ime minister, 447-50, 4 5 1 ; relations w i d i Russia while prime minister, 448-50, 452; and nuclear disarmament whi le prime minister, 448, 457; proposes leasing Sevastopo l naval base to Russia, 452; initials

economic integration agreement w i th R u s sia and Belarus, 453; resignation as p r ime minister accepted, 454; elected head of Ukrainian Association of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, 470; heads Inter-regional Bloc for Reforms, 466; and 1994 president ial elect ion, 4 6 9 - 7 0 , 4 7 1 ; campaign platform, 471-2; supported by Eastern Ukra ine and Cr imea, 472; behaviour and actions on becoming president, 473-74 ; and U k rainian language, 473, 547n.; appoints new team, 475-6; in i t ia l programmatic speech, 479; and economic re form, 473, 478, 478, 479, 480, 493, 494, 509, 522; and fuel crisis, 477-8; popularity grows in Western Ukra ine , declines in south and east, 482; attacked by Communists , 487, 488; and Cr imea, 476-7, 486, 489-90, 505, 509; and Black Sea Fleet, 476, 477,

484, 485, 490, 507-8, 5 3 1 , 533-5, 539-40; and nuclear disarmament whi le president, 4 7 2 , 4 7 4 , 478 ; on U k r a i n e ' s security concerns, 478, 4 8 1 , 537; visi t to U S A , 480,482; and relations w i t h Russia wh i le president, 473-4,476,477-8,481-2, 485, 487, 490, 495-6, 509, 517, 519-20, 530-1, 532-5, 543; and me problematic U k rainian-Russian pol i t ical treaty, 474,476, 477 ,484 ,485 ,487 ,495 ,506 -7 ,534 ,539 , 543-44; and CIS , 485; and div is ion o f powers, 483-4 , 487-8 , 489; Law on Powers, 483, 484, 487, 489; and use of referendum threat, 484, 488-9 , 5 2 1 ; and 'constitutional agreement', 489, 493; frict i o n w i t h parl iament, 493, 504; and 'Dn ipropet rovs t i ' , 494, 498-9 ; and M a r -chuk, 498, 512-14; appoints Holvaty M i n ister of just ice, 498; anxieties in Ukra ine about strength o f r ed -b rown forces in Russia, 499-500; visit to Br i ta in , 5 0 1 ; visit to Washington, 5 0 1 ; and armed fo r ces, 503, 524; and N A T O , 507, 515-16, 520, 530; and struggle over adopt ion new const i tut ion, 503-4, 509, 509, 513, 514, 521-3; reaction to Duma's denun ciat ion of the Belovezhsky Agreement, 506; and international economic assistance, 5 0 1 , 502, 5 1 0 - 1 1 , 517, 525; appoints Lazarenko pr ime minister, 514; speech to Counc i l o f Europe, 516; p r o -Western or ientat ion of, 516-17, 522-3, 537; and Western European U n i o n , 516; and Centra l European In i t ia t ive, 517; and 1996 Russian presidential elect ion,

582 Index

508-9, 517-18, 519; and relations with Poland, 517, 519-20, 536; and issue of foreign military bases, 520-1; calls for emergency economic measures, 525; on fifth anniversary of independence, 528; announces candidacy for 1999 presidential election, 529; and control of media, 529; visit to Moscow, 532; and Russian legislature'sactionsconcemingBlackSea Fleet, 477, 532-3, 539-540; seeks meeting with Yeltsin before latter's heart surgery, 533-4; visit to Greece, 535; and relations with Belarus, 536-7; meets Romania's President Constantinescu, 537; visits to Israel, Turkey, and South Korea, 543; and search for alternative sources of fuel, 542-3; andDonbas, 544-5; andLazarenko, 546, 551, 552, 553; legacy of, 522

Kulish, Mykola, 67 Kultura i zhyttya, 112, 129 Kulyk, Zinovii, 529 Kulynyak, Dmytro, 145 Kunaev, Dinmukhamed, 47, 68 Kuras, Ivan, 34n., 39, 51, 100, 475, 547n„

551 Kurbas, Les, 67 Kurashvili, Boris, 128 Kurultai, (Crimean Tatar National Congress),

527 Kutsenko, Mykola, 195, 234 Kutsevol, Vasyl Kuwait, 338, 436 Kuzbass, 208 Kuzmuk, Oleksandr, 524 Kuznetsov, Volodymyr, 498 Kuzyakina, Nataliya, 115 Kwasniewski, Aleksander, 520, 538, 551 Kyiv: 34, 48, 55, 57, 58, 61, 66, 67, 70, 73,

76, 78, 83, 93-4, 104, 107, 118, 123, 126-7, 130-1, 140, 147, 148, 149, 151, 152, 155, 159, 163, 164, 167, 201, 207, 269, 324, 339, 344, 355, 365, 386, 388, 410, 435. 450, 475, 491, 504, 505; rise and fall of as center of Kyivan Rus, 1-2; re-emergence as centre of culture and learning in the seventeeth century, 3; residual Polish influence in, 6; depicted by Russian imperial historiography as 'mother of Russian' (rather than 'Rus') cities, 8; Bolsheviks make Kharkiv Ukrainian capital, 9, becomes capital of U k raine again, 13; and post-Stalin national dissent, 23-4; celebration of 1500th anniversary, 41; Gorbachev's visit in June

1985,53; 'ecological'meeting in Kyiv on 13 November 1988,159-60; Gorbachev's visit in February 1989 and demonstration, 177-8; political protests in and detention of democratic activisist, 179, 183; shock for CPU in first round of elections to USSR Congress of People's Deputies, 184; campaigning in second round of elections to USSR Congress of People's Deputies, 187, 194; appearance of blue and yellow flags in, 194; Rukh rally on 2 July 1989, 206; and campaign for democratic election law, 213,214; Party-organised meeting of 16 September 1989 to denounce Rukh's inaugural congress, 223-4; reburial ofStus, Lytvynand Tykhy, 242; and the 'Ukrainian Wave', 246-8; pre-election rallies, 248; Democratic Platform supporters organize, 252; democrats sweep to victory in parliamentary and local elections, 255, 257; as centre of national revival, 257; demonstration in support of Lithuania, 261; mass Chor-nobyl anniversary ecological meeting of 22 April 1990,267; 1990 May Day protest, 268; City Council votes on 20 July 1990 to raise national flag, 299; protests during September and October 1990, 308-14; protest against visit by Patriarch Aleksii I I , 317; student protest against military parade on 6-7 November 1990, 319-20; results of referendum and republican survey on future of USSR, 352; and protests during attempted coup in Moscow, 377, 378-9,382,384; City Council seals CPU offices and votes to dismantle statue of Lenin, 393-4; results of referendum on Ukraine's independence, 419

Kyiv, 76, 99 Kyiv City Party Committee, 55, 104, 105,

186, 245 Kyiv Deputies' Club, 195, 213 Kyiv Military District, 223, 282 Kyiv Polytechnical Institute, 176, 217, 253 Kyiv region, 55, 251 Kyiv regional Rukh organization, 204-7, 217 Kyivan Rus: 65,85,124; rise and decline of,

1-2; connection with, asserted by Ukrainian Orthodoxy in seventeeth century, 3; depicted as forerunner of USSR, 41; affirmation of Ukrainians' links with, 80-1; use of the tryzub in, 189

Kyiv State University, 39, 107, 125, 152, 160,252,313

Index 583 K y i v Y o u t h Theatre, 67, 72, 126 Kyrgyzstan ( formerly Kyrgyzia) , 50 ,355,507 Ky rychenko , Oleksandr, 19

Labour Party o f Ukra ine ( L P U ) , 450, 455 Lancut, 517, 519 land ownership, 173, 436, 479 Landsbergis, Vytautas, 2 7 1 , 275 Landyk , Va lentyn, 455 language (Ukrainian) issues: x i i , 122,123,131,

^134, 137, 159, 165, 176, 197, 205, 422; tsarist restrictions on , 5-8, 67, 116-17; pressure fo r U k r a i n i z a t i o n and d e -Russification, 7, 9, 10-12; Soviet concessions in 1920s, 10, 11-12; use of equated w i th nationalism, 20; emergence of amorphous m o v e m e n t in defence of, 2 1 ; Shumylo 's article against Russif icat ion, 2 1 ; Khrushchev and Russif icat ion, 22, 23; defended by Ukra in ian cultural in te l l igentsia, 23 ; Brezhnev's describes it as 'pidgin Russian', 28; unsuccessful attempt under Shelest to Ukra in ize higher educat i o n , 27; Dzyuba protests off icial po l icy towards, 29; Shelest defends and encourages use of, 30 ,35 ; Shelest's attitude at variance w i t h Kreml in 's l ine, 33, 36-7 ; Shcherbytsky intensifies Russif icat ion, 39-40, 42, 43; Honchar on closure of Ukra in ian-language schools under Shcherbytsky, 40; and results of 1979 census, 42; bleak situat ion of, 42; Ukra in ian writers begin speaking ou t in defence of, 61-3 , 73-5 ; D rozd calls for state-sponsored Ukrain izat ion , 67; demands urg ing recogni t ion o f Uk ra in ian as a state language, 75 ,79 ,142 ; data on language and education emerges, 75, 8 1 ; Shcheibytsky's approach, 77; Y e l -chenko announces modest concessions, 79; writers demand amendment of educat ional legislation, 8 1 ; W U U p lenum calls for Ukra in iza t ion , 81 - 2 ; writers cont inue campaign on language issue, 95; C P U Centra l Commi t t ee resolut ion on nat ional question and, 95-6; survey on use o f i n K i rovoh rad reg ion, 111 ; fo rmat ion of language societies, 121; organization of language festivals, 121; O l i i n y k raises language issue at N ine teenth Party C o n ference, 137; Ukra in ian writers disappointed by Nineteenth Party Conference, 144; Dzyuba's articles in Vcchimyi Kyiv, 145; C P U ' s concessions to Russian O r thodox Church as weapon against U k

rainian Catholics, 154-5; Shcherbytsky acknowledges mistakes and need for remedial measures, 151 ; commissions of Ukra in ian Supreme Soviet recommend making Ukrainian the republic's state l an guage, 158; fur ther belated concessions announced by C P U leadership, 165-6; a t inaugural conference o f Ukra in ian L a n guage Society , 1 7 0 - 1 ; R u k h ' s draf t programme and, 174; draft law on languages publ ished designating Ukra in ian as republican state language, 215; oppos i t ion to Ukrainian becoming sole republican state language, 232, 237, 238; debate over and adopt ion of law on languages designating Ukra in ian as state language, 233-8; USSR Supreme Soviet makes R u s sian official language of the U S S R , 267; K u c h m a and, 466, 4 7 1 , 473, 547n.; and new Ukra in ian const i tut ion, 520, 523

Lanovy, V o lodymy r , 433, 339, 440, 469, 471 ,512

Laptev, Ivan, 396 Latvia, Latvians: 122, 132, 136, 160, 197,

2 1 1 , 340, 355; protests against Stalinist deportations, 84; Latvian Popular Front, 129 ,159 ,168 ,203 ,205 ; Latvian Wr i te rs ' U n i o n , 159; declares sovereignty, 210; Interfront in , 215; reasserts independence, 269; Soviet use of mi l i tary force i n , 340 -1; votes for independence, 350; external recogni t ion o f independence, 393

Law on Powers, 483, 484, 487, 488, 489 Lazarenko, Pavlo, 494, 498, 525, 5 3 1 , 542,

5 4 5 , 5 4 6 , 5 5 1 , 5 5 2 Lebed, Aleksandr, 518, 5 3 1 , 532, 533 Lef t -Bank Ukra ine , 4 legal issues, 142, 234-6, 263, 478, 483-4,

488-9 Len in , V lad im i r I ly ich: 10 -11 ,115 ,270 ,286 ;

his nationalities policy 'principles' invoked by Ukra in ian patriots, 2 1 , 28, 63, 76, 116, 137, 174; works burn t by radical you th , 267; dismanding of statues of, 303, 308, 394

Leningrad, 57, 96, 126, 258, 384, 385, 394 Lcninska molod, 190, 214 Levytsky, D m y t r o , 119 L'Humanitc, 55 L iberal -Democrat ic Party (Russian), 500 Ligachev, Yegor, 56, 100 -1 , 126, 150, 286 Likhachev, Academician D m i t r i i , 72 L ion Society (Tovarystvo Leva), 93, 133,

140, 152, 1S8

584 Index

Lipetsk, 485 Lisbon Protocol, 442, 463 Lisbon OSCE Summit, 537, 539 literature (Ukrainian), 110, 114, 144 Litcratumaya gazcta, 57, 64, 66, 96, 103,

111-12, 118, 144 Litcratuma Ukraina, 58, 63, 64, 66, 70, 80,

83, 96, 97, 99, 115, 118, 126, 144, 145, 147, 150, 153, 159, 160, 167, 169, 171, 174, 178,214,256,260,269

Lithuania, Lithuanians: 132, 136, 160, 195, 197, 210, 2 t f , 212, 244, 265, 267, 268, 277, 353, 355, 413; and Galicia-Volhynia, 2; union with Poland, 2; Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 2; Lithuanian Supreme Soviet asserts republican sovereignty, 160, 186; Lithuanian Komsomol, 205; Lithuanian Communist Party, 203, 244, 250, 256, 260; parliament declares Molotov-Rib-bentrop Pact illegal and invalid, 212; Gorbachev on events in, 212; Edinstvo movement in, 215; Lithuanian Supreme Soviet declare's republic's independence, 256; support in Ukraine for Lithuania's independence, 259-61, 260; economic blockade of, 266; representative addresses Ukrainian parliament, 271; Soviet use of use of military force in, 338-40; votes for independence, 346; relations with Ukraine, 536, 537

Lithuanian Popular Movement 'Sajudis', 129, 168, 171,205,254,343

Little Russia (Malorossiya), 5 Litde Russians (Malorosy): 8, 20, 111-12,

118; within the CPU, 33,76; Ryabchuk on the 'Litde Russian image' of Ukrainians in Russia, 119

local councils, government, 190, 205, 213, 214, 435, 471, 475, 483-4

'loose nukes', issue of 395 Lopata, Anatolii, 503 Loyalty to the Homeland group, 293 Lubkivsky, Roman: 43, 119, 133, 176 Luhansk, 419 Luhansk region, 453, 468-9 Lukashenko (Lukashenka), Aleksandr, 496,

507, 536 Lukin, Vladimir, 305, 441 Lukyanenko, Levko, 22-3, 40, 92, 125, 218,

255, 256, 268, 274, 284, 285, 305, 316, 365, 407, 419, 466

Lukyanov, Anatolii, 362,373,380,381,387-8 Lupii, Oles, 143-4

Luxemburg, Rosa, xix Luzhkov, Yuri i , 532, 534, 539 Lviv (Lvov, Lwow, Lemberg): 132, 140,

145, 147, 151, 152, 207, 256, 269, 335, 339, 374, 394, 467, 508; capital of Eastern Galicia claimed by both Ukrainians and Poles, 8; proclamation of the restoration of Ukrainian statehood by the Bandera faction of the O U N , 14; revival of independent public life, 89,92, 93,125; mass meetings in summer of 1988 and attempt to form democratic popular front, 132-5, 139-40,164; 'Bloody Thursday' (4 August 1988), 147-8; patriotic meeting of 1 November 1988,155; continuing manifestations of unsanctioned dissent and opposition, 163, 166-7, 179; Gorbachev's visit to in February 1989, 176-7; brutal dispersal of pre-election meeting on 12 March 1989, 183; Pohrebnyak loses in election to USSR Congress of People's Deputies, 184; campaign to get Drach elected, 187, 189; May Day protest in, 189; and call for restoration of national symbols, 189; andRukh, 189, 206; and campaign for democratic election law, 214; mass procession by Ukrainian Catholics on 17 September 1989, 224; riot police disperse meeting on 1 October 1989 and ensuing protests, 229, 230; mass procession by Ukrainian Catholics on 26 November 1989, 240; take over of Russian Orthodox churches by Catholics and Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox, 240-1; and the 'Ukrainian Wave', 247-8; demonstration in support of Azerbaijanis, 248; City Council votes to return St Georges Cathedral to Ukrainian Catholics, 261; demonstration in support of Lithuania, 261; protests against removal of Pohrebnyak, 266; 1990 May Day demonstration, 268-9; cordial reception given to Kravchuk, 350

Lviv Jewish Cultural Society, 140 Lviv Komsomol organization, 214 Lviv Political Discussion Group, 140 Lviv region: 34-7, 124, 218, 244, 344, 349;

inaugural conference of the regional Rukh organization, 189; Shcherbytsky asks Moscow to deploy M V D troops in, 211; results of 1990 elections in, 257, Chor-novii elected head of regional council, 266; during attempted coup in Moscow, 377, 383

Index 585 Lviv Region Party Organization, 37, 69, 70,

105, 153,210,232,245 Lviv Sobor, 15 Lviv Trust Group, 93, 140 Lyashko, Oleksandr, 27, 59, 70 Lyashok, O., 177n. Lytvyn, Yuri i , 46, 180, 242 Lyubachivsky, Cardinal Myroslav, 87, 493

Madrid, 478, 537n. Makar, Ivan, 133, 134, 140, 147, 148, 160,

192 Makarov, Anatolii, 70, 144 Makashov, Albert, 532 Malanchuk, Valentyn: 51, 64, 82; background,

34; advocate of hard-line towards Ukrainian 'nationalism', 34; thorn in the side of Shelest, 30, 37; Shelest's attempts to dispose of, 30; writes to Shcherbytsky, 39; appointed ideological secretary, 39; harsh policy of, 39; Shcherbytsky's removal of, 42-3; posthumous denunciation of, 66

Malyk, Stanislav, 132 Malyshko, Andrii, 21 Mankurts and mankusrtvo, 66 Marchenko, Valerii, 46, 180 Marchuk, Yevhen, 375, 376, 475, 477, 484,

489, 493, 494, 495, 497, 501, 512, 513, 522, 529, 552

Martyrosyan, Vilen, 195, 219 Masherov, Petr, 47 Masol, Vitalii, 50, 70, 188n., 212, 227, 237,

255,271-3,282,287,292,293,300,307, 310, 311, 314, 319, 323, 337, 468, 471, 474-5, 484, 487, 522

Massandra summit, 454, 461-2, 463, 464 Madock.Jack F., Jnr., 421, 428 Masyk, Kostyantyn, 69, 105, 106, 131, 157,

184, 186, 227, 374, 375, 376, 386, 387, 396

Matviyenko, Anatolii, 229-30,231,255,297 May Day, demonstrations in Ukraine: 1990,

267-8 Mazepa, Ivan: Herman of Left-Bank Uk

raine, 4; patron of Ukrainian cultural and religious institutions, 4; supports Charles X I I of Sweden against Peter 1,5; defeated with Charles X I I at Poltava, 5; depicted as national hero, 152, 180, 207;

media: Ukrainian, 245, 407,408, 529; Soviet central, 408

Medvedev, Vadim, 150, 156, 163 Mejlis, Crimean Tatar, 455, 499

Melnikov, Leonid, 19 Melnyk, Ihor, 133 Melnyk, Yaroslav, 144 Memorial, Moscow branch, 157-8 Memorial, Society (Ukrainian), 207, 242,

244,249; inaugural conference of, 180-1, 183; inaugural conference of Lviv regional section, 200

Merkulov, Anatolii, 263-4 Meshkheds-Serakhs railway, 542 Meshkov, Yuri i , 434, 462, 466, 469, 477,

486, Michnik, Adam, 217 migration: from Russian ruled-Ukraine

eastward and southward, 7; fromAustrian-ruled Ukraine to the United States, Canada and Brazil, 8; of Russians into Western Ukraine, 15; migration of Russians and Ukrainians to Crimea, 20; continuing movement of Russians into Ukraine, xi i , 24; Dzyuba protests mass resettlement of Ukrainians and 'organized' inflow of Russians, 28; Lviv regional organization of Rukh calls for regulation of migration into Ukraine, 190; and the Belovezhsky Agreement, 425

military-industrial complex, 47, 345, 447, 502-3, 548

military issues: Ukrainian Helsinki Union on, 142; Lviv regional organization of Rukh on, 190; calls for creation of national army, 219,263,289,344-9; military service, issue of: 142, 190, 220, 263; at the First Rukh Congress, 219-20, language issue and armed forces, 220, 237; Verkhovna Rada calls for suspension of construction of Transcarpathian radar station, 251; opposition to the draft and serving outside Ukraine, 263, 311, 318; and Declaration of State Sovereignty, 293, 295-6,297; adoption of non-nuclear principles, 297; Ukrainian parliament recalls Ukrainian conscripts serving in USSR's conflict zones, 302; Ukrainian parliament imposes moratorium on building of Soviet miltary radar station, 302; Ukrainian parliament opposes Ukrainian citizens serving in other republics, 314, 330; Organisation of the Mothers of Soldiers of Ukraine, 318; student protest in Kyiv against traditional military parade, 6-7 November 1990, 319-20; Gorbachev and the Soviet military, 333-4,338,340,341; Soviet use of military force in the Baltic

586 Index

republics and the reaction, 338-41; Yeltsin and the creation of Russian armed forces, 341; national democrats organise conference on security issues and creation of national army, 344-5; national democrats appeal to non-Russian military personnel based in Ukraine, 344-5; People's Councils calls for de-participation of, 357; and impact of attempted coup in Moscow, 375, 382, 385-7, 388-9, 392; Ukrainian parliament votes to reestablish a national Ministry of Defence and create national armed forces, 392, 395, 398, 399, 405; Ukrainian parliament adopts a 'Concept of Defence and the Building of the Armed Forces of Ukraine', 403; nuclear weapons issue, 395, 401,402, 404, 405,406,429-30; Soviet military's opposition to creation ofUkrainian armed forces, 405,430; Ukrainian-Russian agreement on military issues, 414; and the Belovezhsky agreement, 425, 427; dispute over the Black Sea Fleet, sec Black Sea Fleet; development of national armed forces, 428-9, 440-1, 442-3; agreements at the CIS summits in Alma-Ata, Minsk and Tashkent, 429-30, 442-3; and CFE treaty, 442-3; agreement on liquidation of nuclear weapons deployed on Ukraine's territory, 429-30,441; Kravchuk suspends transfer of tactical nuclear weapons to Russia, 441-2; Ukraine seeks security guarantees, 442; Lisbon protocol, 442; Ukraine sends battalion of'blue-helmets' to Bosnia, 447; problems of military conversion, 502-4; reduction and reorganisation of armed forces, 503; new Ukrainian constitution and issue of foreign military bases, 520-1,523-4

Military Doctrine (Ukraine's), 463 Militia, 218, 321 Millennium, of Christianization of Kyivan

Rus: 85, 117, 124; Soviet official treatment of, 65, 111; stimulates interest in the past, 76, 101; unofficial celebrations of, 130, 145-6

Milyavsky, Leonid, 93, 167 miners; strikes in summer of 1989 and their

consequences, 207-10; Rukh and miners' movement, 207-9, 220, 221; ail-Union Congress in Donetsk, June 1990, 279; warning strike in July 1990, 290; strikes in 1991,350,354,355,358-9; strikes and political demands in summer of 1993,

453; strikes in Donbas in October 1995, 495; strikes in 1996, 501, 525, 526-7, 544; protests in 1998, 552

Ministry of Atomic Energy (USSR), 58, 97, 98

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ukrainian SSR, 264

Minsk, 420, 423, 425, 429, 430, 536 Mitterand, President Franccois, 402 Mityukov, Ihor, 475 Mohyla Academy, Kyivan, 125 Moiseev, Mikhail, 333, 336 Mokin, Boris, 301 Moldova (formerly Moldavia), 103,122, 197,

211, 212, 236, 332, 338, 346, 355, 373, 379, 535n.; Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, 14; Moldovan made republican state language, 215; Edinstvo movement in, 215, 219; Moldovan Popular Front, 254,409; declares state sovereignty, 286; separatist movements in , 321, 409; Transdniester Republic', 409, 444-5, 518; Fourteenth Army, 419, 444, 518; Uk -rainian-Moldovan relations, 401, 444-5, 537n.; policy on national minorities, 409; Ukrainian national minority in, 401, 409; Ukraine's policy on conflict in, 444-5

Molod Ukrainy: 73, 145, 152-3, 285n. Molotov, Vyacheslav, 249 Molotov-RibbentropPact, 14,84,197,200,

201,210,212,247 Monde, he, 362 Mongols, 2 Monroe Doctrine, 456 Morhun, Fedir, 44, 96, 107 Moroz, Oleksandr, 357, 388-9, 434, 468,

469, 479, 480, 487, 503, 504, 518, 529, 533, 540, 552

Moroz, Valentyn, 30, 31-2, 37, 514 Morozov, Kostyantyn, 400, 405, 410, 414,

448, 452, 454, 468, 475, 503 Morozov, Viktor, 93n. Moscow: first mentioned in historical

chronicles, 2; human rights campaigners in, 30; Ukrainians in, 160, 185, 248; pro-democracy rallies in, 251, 254; democrats win control in, 258; protests against attempted coup in, 373, 379, 381, 378, 382-3, 384; Party offices sealed in, 385

Moscow Group, 195 Moskovskie novosti, sec Moscow News MoscoufNcws, 85, 167, 199-200, 405, 406 Moscow Patriarachate, of the Russian Or

thodox Church: 5, 88, 261, 491

Index 587 Movchan, Pavlo, 157, 159, 161, 168, 181 Movement for Democratic Reforms, 428 Moynihan, Senator Daniel, 87 Mstyslav (Skrypnyk), Metropolitan, later

Patriarch, 284, 317, 492 Mukha, Stepan, 70 multi-party system, 245, 256, 362, 366, 432 Munich, 168 Muscovy: emergence of principality of, 2;

Pereyaslav Agreement establishingprotec-torate of over Ukrainian Cossack state, 3; reduction by of Ukrainian self-rule, 3-4; partitioning of Ukraine with Poland and the Ottoman Empire, 3-4; partitioning ofUkraine with Poland and the Ottoman Empire, 3-4; Muscovite Patriarchate establishes control over Ukrainian Orthodoxy, 5; emergence of as major European power after Peter I's victory at Poltava, 5; name changed by Peter I to Russia, 5

Mushkeryk, Yuri i , 158, 161, 162, 233, 236, 237

Musiyenko, Oleksa, 115 Muslims, in Ukraine, 411 M V D (Ministry of Internal Affairs): Soviet,

55, 103, 131, 147, 211, 386; Ukrainian, 310,391,392,401

Mykhailechko, Fr, Bohdan, 171 Mykhailyuk, G., 224 Mykolaiv, 244, 257, 419 Mykolaiv region, 321, 322

Naboka, Serhii, 93, 204, 206n. Nahorna, Larysa, 103 Nagornyi-Karabakh, 109, 146, 177 Naples, 472 national anthem (Ukrainian), 189, 304 national army, 344-5, 389, 400-1, 404, 414,

440, 503, 524, sec aho military National Bank ofUkraine, 451, 475 National Communism and Communists (Uk

rainian), 10-13,117,118,174,238,367, 440; Lenin's impatience with, 11; Stalin's admonition of, 11, 12; branded as 'national deviationists', 12; Stalin's purges and destruction of, 13; not rehabilitated during de-Stalinization, 21; Shelest as a latter-day version of, 32-3; 1972-3 offensive against, 38-40; Kravchuk and, 325, 326, 348

national currency: 219, 265, 357, 372, 436, 490, 528, 531

National Guard, 382, 386, 400-1, 524

national identity, 6, 8, 10, 20, 109, 111-112, 247, 304

National Infonnation Agency of Ukraine (DINAU), 529

nationalities policy: xiii; Lenin's approach, 11; liberal policy of 'indigenization'in 1920s, 11-12; Stalin and, 11-13, 17-18; Beria's machinations and, 19; Khrushchev's initial more liberal course, 20; Khrushchev's hardening of, 23,25; melting pot scheme reflected in new Party programme adopted at the Twenty-second Party Congress, 23; hard-line attitude of Suslov and Brezhnev, 27-8; Dzyuba's critique of, 28-9; 1965 crackdown on Ukrainian national dissent, 28; Shelest's attitude towards, 27, 30-3,35; Brezhnev prescribes idea of a 'Soviet people', 36-7, 41; Shelest denounced for mistakes in, 38; under Shcherbytsky and Malanchuk, 39-40; Andropov revives concept of 'fusion of nations', steps up Russification, 45-6; no immediate changes foreseen under Gorbachev, 51-2, 53, 54; and 1985 draft of new Party programme, 54; and the Twenty-seventh Party Congress, 56; glasnost and penstroika slow to affect, 65; Chor-novil calls for special plenum of CPSU on, 90; calls for greater glasnost about nationalities question, 90, 95; need for changes made apparent at Nineteenth Party Conference, 136-9; Gorbachev leadership's procrastination over; 107-8, 109, 139, 185; Kravchuk's approach towards, 165; Rukh's draft programme on, 174; Moscow's draft programme for republican autonomy considered disappointing by non-Russians, 185; outgoing USSR Supreme Soviet rejects idea of new union treaty, 185; bloody suppression of peaceful protest in Tbilisi, 185; at opening session of USSR Congress of People's Deputies, 197; CPSU 'Platform' on, 211-12; CPSU Central Committee plenum on, 225; law on secession from USSR, 254; declaration of state of emergency made prerogative ofUSSR Supreme Soviet, 254; and the RSFSR's declaration of sovereignty, 277-8; new Union treaty unveiled, 232-3; referendum on future of USSR, 335,336-7,351-2; Soviet military action in Baltic republics, 338-1; revised version of new Union treaty published, 350-1

588 Index

national minorities in Ukraine: 135, 165, 197, 211, 229, 232, 244, 247, 249, 366, 541; 1920s liberal Soviet policy of 'indigenization', 12,119; Ukrainian writers on need to protect rights of, 119, 143; the Ukrainian Helsinki Union and, 141, 142, 143; Rukh and, 174, 175, 217-19; and law on languages, 236-8; policy towards during independence referendum campaign, 409-10; Romanians, 409; Moldovans, 409;Jews, 410-11; Russians, 410,411-12; parliament passes law guaranteeing rights of, 438; Primakov and, 505

National News Agency of Ukraine (Ukrin-form), 529

national nihilism, 40 nationalists, Ukrainian, 9; the OUN's in

tegral nationalist ideology and activities, 13-14; Nazi policies towards, 14; resistance by against Nazis and Soviet forces, 15; role in the Gulag, 22; post-Stalin underground groups, 22; Soviet assassinations of emigre leaders, 23

national renewal, xi i i , 126, 156, 285, 523 National Security Council, 476, 526 National Space Agency of Ukraine, 476 national symbol's: 155, 245, 247, 270;

Lithuanian Supreme Soviet restores national symbols, 160; calls for restoration of Ukrainian national symbols, 189,190; parliamentary commission headed by Krav-chuk opposes restoration of, 201; Rukh and, 205, 217, 221; Ivashko against restoration of, 232; parliamentary incident involving deputy Kutsenko, 234; Uk rainian Komsomol expresses tolerance for, 252; and new Ukrainian constitution, 520, 521, 522; see ako blue and yellow flag

nation-state building, 11,70 Native Language Society, see Ukrainian Lan

guage Society natural gas, 30,435, 449,452,465,478,480,

497, 508, 543 navy, 429, 533 Nazarbaev, Nursultan, 278, 367, 368, 370,

371, 374, 380, 382, 383, 387, 388, 424, 425

Nazarenko, Arnold, 213 Nazis, 14, 15,224 Nedryhailo, Valentyn, 310, 313 'near abroad', 456, 536n. New Russia (Novorossiya), 5, 321-2 Newsftom Ukraine, 100, 127n., 132

New Ukraine, 433, 447, 450 New York Times, 69 Nezalezhnist (Independence) faction, 483 Nczavisimaya gazeta, 519 Ne zhurys (Don't Worry), 93 Nikitchenko, Vitalii, 33, 37 Nikonov, Viktor, 225 'Nine plus one' (Novo Ogarevo) agreement,

355-6, 369 Nineteenth Conference of the CPSU, 104,

128, 129, 130, 131-2, 133, 135, 136-9, 141, 143, 144, 146, 150, 159, 160, 195;

Niyazov, Saparmurat, 485 Non-Aligned Movement, 530n. Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), 402, 463,

478, 480, 481 Novychenko, Leonid, 74 North Atlantic Assembly, 442 North Atlantic Cooperation Council, 442,

496 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO),

xi, 442, 458, 459, 461, 464, 481-2, 496, 507, 515-16, 517, 537, 540, 551, 552

North Caucasus, 7 Northern Rivers Diversion Scheme, 56, 57 Norway, 2 Novo Ogarevo process, 355-6, 358, 360-1,

362,364,365,370,416-18 nuclear disarmament, 298, 395, 402, 406,

414, 420, 423, 429-30, 442, 448, 457, 461, 463, 464, 472, 474, 478

nuclear energy, 48, 58-60, 63, 97, 159; opposition to expansion of, 77, 95-8, 137-8; protest in Kyiv on 2nd anniversary of Chornobyl, 127

nuclear fuel, 454, 457, 464, 508 nuclear weapons, 297-8, 371,395,401,402,

404, 405, 406, 413, 414, 418, 422, 429-30, 440, 441, 445, 448, 454, 457, 459, 462, 463, 464, 472, 478, 480, 481, 508, 517, 530, 541

Odesa (Odessa), 15,103,130,132,154,164, 248, 411, 465, 542, 543

Odesa region, 232, 236, 237, 321, 322, 408, 444, 499

Ogonek, 110, 198,229 Ogorodnikov, Alexander, 88 oil, 48, 289, 412, 415, 435-6, 448-9, 460,

461, 465, 497, 542-3, 45-53 Old Church Slavonic, 1 Oliinyk, Borys, 56, 64, 122, 131, 158, 224,

285, 337; speech at Eighth Soviet Writers' Congress, 63; character and reputation

Index 589 of 56,64; heads Ukrainian Cultural Fund, 72; appeals to 'Russian brothers' for help, 76; opposes further development of nuclear energy, 78 ; warns colleagues against gett ing carried away w i t h democrat izat ion, 78-9 ; cr i t ic ized by dissidents, 92; con demns legacy o fRuss i f i ca t ion , 118; ou t spoken speech at N i n e t e e n t h Par ty Conference, 136-8, 144, 150; and creat i on o f R u k h , 157; and wri ters ' meet ing w i t h Gorbachev, 178; opens Memor ia l 's inaugural conference, 180; distances h i m self f rom Rukh's founders, 181; nominated deputy to U S S R Congress of People's Deputies, 184; speech at opening session o f U S S R Congress o f People's Deputies, 197; appeals to Russians' sense of statehood, 197; introduces draft law on languages designating Ukra in ian as the republ ican state language, 235-7 ; and Solzhenitsyn, 307; in leadership o f restored C P U , 452, 552

Olympics: calls for establishment of Ukra in ian O l y m p i c Commi t tee , 190, 263; U k rainian successes at 1996 Atlanta Games, 527-8

Omsk, 130 . Organizat ion for Security and Cooperat ion

in Europe (OSCE, previously CSCE) , 4 8 1 , 5 3 6 , 5 3 7

Organizat ion o f the Mothers o f Soldiers o f Ukra ine , 318

Organization ofUkramian Nationalists ( O U N ) : 13-14, 22 , 133, 467; Bandera faction p r o c l a i m s res to ra t i on o f U k r a i n i a n statehood, 14; Naz i repression against, 14; resistance w i t h U P A against German and Soviet forces, 15; O U N political prisoners, 22; opposition to ' rehabi l i tat ion' of, 140 ,201 , 232; Operat ion Boomerang and Bandera fact ion of, 149;

Orlyk, Pylyp, 5 O t t o m a n Emp i re , 4 O r w e l l , George and 1984, 126 Ostrozhynsky, Valentyn, 282, 337 O.Uarbvitcr (Ukra in ian) , deported by Nazis to

Germany, 14, 17 Ovcharenko, Fedir, 33, 35-6

Palestinians, 543 Pamyat, 206-7 Panasyuk, Fedir, 398n. Panchyshyn, A n d r i i , 93n. , 177n. Paris, 325, 446, 517, 538

parl iament, of the Ukra in ian SSR (Supreme Soviet; in Ukra in ian: Verkhovna Rada -Supreme Counc i l ) : 6 1 , 172, 178, 182, 213, 263, 267; establishes Commiss ion for Patriot ic and Internationalist Educat ion and for In ter -Ethn ic Relat ions, 122; and issue of national symbols, 2 0 1 ; and new elect ion law, 213-14, 233-4 , 238; 1990 elections to 234 ,242 ,243-6 ,248-9 ; and draft law on languages designating Ukra in ian as republican state language, 215, 233-8; and draft law on principles o f republican economic independence, 215; proceedings broadcast l ive, 233; c o n sti tut ional re fo rm of, and broadening of its powers, 233-5 ; role of elected chairman of, 235; session devoted to env i ron mental issues, 251 ; results of 1990 elections to , 255-8 ; ethnic composi t ion o f parl iament elected in 1990, 257; opening of new Ukrain ian parliament, 15 May 1990, 2 6 9 - 7 1 ; elect ion of its officials, 273-76, 3 0 0 - 1 ; adopts D e c l a r a t i o n o f State Sovere ign ty , 2 9 8 - 9 ; adopts laws on Economic Independence o f Ukra in ian SSR, 302-3; and mi l i tary issues, 302, 312, 316; removes Art ic le 6 f r o m C o n st i tu t ion, 315-16; presidium of, 308,339, 346, 346-7, 349-50, 352, 385, 393-4, 398; preparation o f new const i tut ion, 319, 37-48, 352-3, addressed by Yelts in, 328-9; and new U n i o n Treaty; 314, 322, 334, 336, 352-3 ; ratifies U k r a i n i a n -Russian treaty, 330; and Cr imea, 322, 342-3, 345-6 ; and referendum on future of USSR, 346-7; 349-50; adopts progressive laws , 3 3 7 , 3 5 3 - 4 ; rest ructures republican government, 356-7; continues asserting republican sovereignty, 363; approves revised concept of new const i tut ion, 363; and attempted coup i n M o s c o w , 374, 376, 377, 379, 3 8 1 , 382; extraordi nary session of, 382, 385-92; addresses message of Russian counterpart, 392-3; recognises independence of Balt ic states, 393;'moves against C P U , 392, 393, 398; frees pol i t ical prisoners, 393; creates national defence institutions, 392, 398, 400-1, 403, 405; and issue of nuclear weapons, 406 ,441 , 445 ,457 -8 ,459 ,461 ,463 ,464 ; passes citizenship law, 402; defends independence of Ukra ine , 406; adopts D e c laration of the Rights of the National i t ies o f Ukra ine, 4 1 0 - 1 ; votes to close d o w n

590 Index

Chornobyl nuclear plant, 412; recounces Union treaty of 1921, 421; ratines Belo-vezhsky Agreement with provisos, 427

parliament, Ukrainian (Verkhovna Rada, Supreme Council): ignores Kravchuk's call for new elections, 432; and division of powers, 437-8, 451-2, 470-1; establishes Constitutional Court, 438; adopts laws in economic sphere, 436; and Crimea, 443-4,470; dismisses Fokin government, 447; grants prime minister Kuchma temporary extraordinary powers, 448; rejects Kuchma's resignation, 451; political in fluence of speaker, 451-2; agrees under pressure to early elections, 453; adopts conservative new electionlaw, 455; adopts 'Basic Directions' of Ukraine's foreign policy and Military Doctrine, 463; 1994 parliamentary re-election and results, 467-8; election of new officials, 468; agrees to accession of NPT, 480; balance of forces in at end of 1994, 482-3; and division of powers, 483-4,488,489; Law on Powers, 484, 487, 488-9; annuls Crimea's constitution and seeks prosecution of Meshkov, 486; passes vote of no confidence in Masol government, 487; 'constitutional agreement', 489; struggle over, and adoption of new constitution, see Constitution of independent Ukraine; and issue of Crimea's rights in new constitution, 404-5

Partnership for Peace Programme (NATO's), 464, 496

'partocracy', 316-17, 320, 407, 433 Party for the Democratic Revival of Ukraine

(PDRU), 318, 335, 343, 467 Pawn, Borys, 48n., 58, 97, 107, 337 Pavlohrad, miners' strikes and demands, 208 Pavlov, Valentin, 356, 370 Pavlychko, Dmytro, 43,62,63n„ 64,66,75,

81, 144, 159, 236, 237, 244, 249, 253, 300, 301, 338, 340, 365, 391; defends Ukrainian language, 74; and creation of Rukh, 157, 160, "161, 170, 178; elected head of Ukrainian Language Society, 171; and writers' meeting with Gorbachev, 178-9; seeks election to USSR Congress of People's Deputies, 187; on appearance of blue and yellow flags in Kyiv, 194; at inaugural conference of Kyiv regional organization of Rukh, 204; at Rukh's inaugural congress, 219; elected parliamentary deputy, 256; supports transformation

of Rukh into political party, 256; co-founder of Democratic Party of Ukraine, 269; speech as candidate for speaker of Ukrainian parliament, 273-4; elected chairman of parliamentary foreign relations commission, 276; and Thatcher visit, 277; and foreign relations, 305-6, 312, 325; during attempted coup in Moscow, 378, 382; and Ukraine's declaration of independence, 387, 388, 390; political backing for president Kravchuk, 433; loses parliamentary seat, 468

Pavlychko, Solomea, 271n. peacekeeping, 445, 447 peasants and peasantry, (Ukrainian): driven

into serfdom in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 2; Cossacks identify with plight of 3; tsarist regime reduces Uk rainians to a peasant nation, 5; under Austrian rule, 8; size of Ukrainian rural population according to Soviet census of 1926, 10; Lenin's concessions to, 10-11; and Stalin's collectivization drive, 12-13, and Stalin's man-made famine of 1933, 13; Rukh and farmers, 221

Peasant Party of Ukraine, (PPU), 434, 467 People's Council (Narodna Rada), 275-6,

287, 290, 292, 293, 301, 304, 308, 318, 324, 330, 344, 345, 357, 359-60, 387, 389, 390, 433

People's Democratic Party, 552 percstroika (Ukrainian: percbudova), 62, 65, 66,

82, 101, 139, 186, 220, 226, 227, 246 Pereyaslav, Treaty of, 3, 427; tercentenary

celebrations of, 19; CPSU Central Committee 'Theses' on, 19; official line on challenged by Braichevsky, 31; Shcher-bytsky on 325th anniversary, 41; Oliinyk on opening museum at Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky, 56; Yeltsin on, 329

Persian Gulf, 542 Peter I (the Great); 4-5, 171; victory over

Charles X I I and Mazepa at Poltava, 5, 206-7; reduces Ukraine's political and cultural rights, 5; use of Ukrainians in the 'Europeanization' of Russia, 5

Peters, Janis, 157, 197 Petlyura, Symon, 9, 117 Petrov, Viktor, 289 Pidhirny, Mykola (Nikolai Podgorny), 26 Pilsudski, Jozef, 9 Pidsukha, Oleksandr, 76, 81 'Pivdenmash' Rocket Building Factory, 253,

475

Index 591 Plachynda, Serhii, 74 Plyushch, Ivan, 251,270,271,290,293,294,

297, 298, 300, 304, 314, 315, 316, 323, 349, 370, 385, 385, 387, 404, 422, 447, 451-2, 459, 467, 468, 469, 471, 552

Poberezhny, Petro, 220 pogroms, 9 Pohrebnyak, Yakiv, 70, 105, 106, 133, 153,

184, 232, 255, 266, 268 Poland: 48, 446; and Galicia and Volhynia;

union with Lithuania, 2; absorption and rule over Ukrainian lands, 2-4; inconsistent policy towards Ukrainian Cossacks, 3; Cossack revolts, 3; partitioning of Ukraine with Muscovy, 3-4; decline and partitioning of, 6; war with the Z U N R ; captures Eastern Galicia, 8-9; Soviet-Polish War, 9; secures control over Eastern Galicia and Volhynia, 9; authoritarian rule over Western Ukraine, 13,224; renames Eastern Galicia 'Eastern Little Poland', 13; Ukrainian resistance to Polish rule, 13; Ukrainian-Polish hostility during Second World War, 15; forced to cede Eastern Galicia and Volhynia to Soviet Ukraine, 17; and Operation 'Wisla', 17; and de-Stalinization, 21; Ukrainian minority in, 24; fear of spillover effect from during rise of Solidarity, 45; influence of'Polish' Pope, AS, 87; reconciliation between Polish and Ukrainian Catholic Churches, 87; Polish security services and Operation Boomerang, 149; Polish-Ukrainian celebrations at Czestochowa of millennium of Christianization of Kyivan Rus, 149; political developments in during 1988 and their influence on Western Ukraine, 153; Polish Communists reach compromise with Solidarity, 185; Solidarity wins elections, 202; influence of events of 1989 in Ukraine, 203, 205, 214; Workers' Defence Committee (KOR), 209; Ukrainian-Polish declaration of friendship and good-neighbourly relations of October 1990,324; CEI meeting in Lancut, 517, 520; Ukrainian-Polish relations, 366, 401, 420, 517, 520, 530, 536, 537, 538, 551

Poles: 1, rivalry with Ukrainians over Eastern Galicia, 7-8, 9; Polish-Ukrainian rivalry and atrocities during Second World War, 15; resolution of conflict with Ukrainians as a result of Soviet military might, 17; post-war cross-border resettlement of Poles

and Ukrainians, 17; Polish cultural society in Lviv, 145; and Rukh, 217; Michnik calls for Polish-Ukrainian cooperation, 217

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 2-4 political parties: 316, emergence of first Uk

rainian political parties, 6-7; appearance of Ukrainian political parties during the Gorbachev era, 166-7, 318, 335

political prisoners (Ukrainian), 19, 22, 29, 31, 54, 94,116,123,132,134,135,145, 151, 164, 268, 274, 492; role of in post-Stalin Gulag; disproportionately large proportion of in Gulag, 22; post-Stalin treatment of, 22; imprisonment of dissenters in 1966, 29-30; imprisonment of Moroz, 37; victims of the 1972-3 offensive against Ukrainian 'nationalism', 38; former prisoners jo in Ukrainian Helsinki Monitoring Group, 40; persecution of Helsinki monitors, 40; imprisonment of Badzo, 41-2; harsher treatment in Gulag results in deaths of Ukrainian dissidents, 46,54; Gorbachev begins freeing, 68,84; released prisoners assume dissident activity, 89, 93; freed prisoners remain personal: non gratac, 92; cooperation among different nationalities, 123, 132; calls for release of political prisoners, 91-2, 94, 117, 123, 142, 144, 147, 180; Makar arrested and regarded as 'first political prisoner of the era of restructuring', 148; participation of former prisoners in i n augural conferences of the Ukrainian Language Society, 170, Memorial, 180, and Ky iv regional organization of Rukh, 204; Rukh's inaugural congress, 218; law on rehabilitation of victims of political repression, 354; Ukrainian parliament frees political prisoners, 393

political reform, 94,104,123,125,128,129, 136, 138-9, 140-1, 168-9, 172-3, 190, 304, 482

Politkheskii dnevnik, 26 Polozkov, Ivan, 286 Poltava: 115,121,195,228; Rukh andUHU

oppose Russian celebrations of Peter I's victory at, 206-7

Poltava region, 285,498; Party organization, 96

Pope John X X I I I , 22n. Pope John Paul I I , 45, 85, 86, 130; letter to

Ukrainian Catholics in connection with

592 Index

millennium of Christianization of Kyivan Rus, 124; convenes Extraordinary Synod of Ukrainian Catholic Church, 285

Pope Paul V I , 45, 229 Popov, Gavriil, 258, 428 Popovych, Myroslav, 181, 203, 318 popular fronts, 128-9, 131-2, 134-5, 149,

150, 156-7, 163 Popular Movement of Ukraine for Restruc

turing, see Rukh Popular Union in Support of Restructuring

(Odesa), 132 Popular Union to Support Restructuring

(Kyiv), 131,148-9, 156 population: numbers of Ukrainians under

Polish, Romanian and Czechoslovak rule, 9; of Soviet Ukraine in 1926,10; number of Ukrainians living in 1926 in other parts of the USSR, 12; Ukrainian losses during Second World War, 14-16; postwar Polish-Ukrainian population exchanges, 17; post-war Ukrainian refugees and newpolitical exiles, 17; rates of urbanization and population growth of Ukrainians and Russians in Ukraine between 1959 and 1971, 24; continuing inflow of Russians and the consequences, 24; Dzyuba protests organized resettlement of Ukrainians and Russians, and decline of Ukrainian's share of republic's population, 30, 42; results of 1979 census, 42; decline in republic's natural population growth, 42

Poresh, Vladimir, 88 Porovsky, Mykola, 292, 407 Postyshev, Pavel, 94 Potebnya, Oleksandr, 119 Poti, 542, 543 Prague, 446 Pravda, 18, 34, 54,55, 65, 69, 104, 105, 126,

142, 149, 186, 211, 223, 227, 260 Pravda Ukrainy, 158, 193-4 Pravdenko, Serhii, 289 presidency: 360, 362, 365; 1991 presidential

election 402, 406-7, 419; powers of, 451 -2,470-1; 1994 presidential election, 453, 467, 468, 469-71; Kuchma and presidential powers, 473, 478, 483-4, 521, 524; new Ukrainian constitution and, 524

press: 48., 167,169,174,175,547; newsprint, shortage of, 289-90,

Primakov, Evgenii, 505, 531 privatization, 436, 474, 479, 486, 487, 514

Procuracy (of Ukrainian SSR, Ukraine), 207, 316,323,391,392,493

Pronyuk, Yevhen, 180 Prosvita (Enlightenment) societies, 121 Protestants, in Ukraine, 411 Pugo, Bods, 334, 370, 373 Pustovoitenko, Valerii, 498, 551, 552 Putko, Yaroslav, 133, 147 Pylypchuk, Volodymyr, 319, 378 Pynzenyk, Viktor, 440, 448, 451, 454, 475,

493, 494, 531

Radetsky, Vitalii, 475 radical-right groups, 269, 450-1 Radio Kyiv, 114, 267, 300, 312, 336, 340,

403 Radio Liberty, xi, xv, 76, 140, 168, 248,

285n„ 358 Radio Moscow, 96, 185, 246, 312 Radio Rossiya, 339 Radio Ukraine, 518 Radyanska osviu, 74 Radyanska Ukraina, 66, 97, 103, 125, 150,

175, 181, 202, 223, 231, 231, 245, 247, 249, 255, 265, 280, 320, 321, 340, 372

railway workers, 453 Rasputin, Valentin, 56 Reagan, President Ronald, 130 Rebet, Lev, 23 Red Army: 11,195,196,219,333; 'liberates'

Western Ukraine, 14; numbers and fate of Ukrainians in during Second World War, 14-15

red-brown forces in Russia, 439, 444, 452, 455,461,499-500,506

red directors, 450 red partisans, 15 referendums: on future of USSR, 343, 345,

346, 348, 349-50, 350-2, 353, 403; on Ukrainian independence, 389, 391, 400, 402-3,403-4,407-8,409,411,413,415, 416,418,419,433

reform process, 438,498,501,516,527, 528 Reformy (Reforms) faction, 483, 51 Regional Union ofStrike Committees of the

Donbas, 213, 218 rehabilitation of victims of repression, 21,71,

94, 98-100, 114 refugees: Ukrainian, 17; from Moldova, 444 religion: Khrushchev's anti-religious cam

paign, 22; CPSU's concern about Western Ukraine, 37; number of Russian Orthodox parishes in Ukraine, 88; religious tensions in Western Ukraine, 260-1, 283-

Index 593 4; appeal by national democrats for end to religious antagonisms, 284; religious holidays introduced by the Verkhovna Rada, 337; Verkhovna Rada adopts laws on freedom of conscience and religious organizations, 353-4; conference of religious denominations, 411; splits and rivalry among Ukrainian Orthodox, 491-2

religious freedom, 142, 172, 198, 230, 244, 353-4,411

Remnick, David, 231 Republican Deputies' Club, 213-14, 220,

234, 243 Republican Movement of Crimea (RDK),

434 Republican National Party (Russia), 269 restitution of cultural treasures, 114, 190 Reva, Vitalii, 314 revisionism, 21, 32, 54 Revolutionary Ukrainian Party (RUP), 6 Rifkind, Malcolm, 496 Riga, 203, 212, 248 Right-Bank Ukraine: 4; Polish-rule over 5-

6; popular rebellions against Polish oppression, crushed with Russian help, 5-6; aborption after disintegration of Poland by Austria and Russia, 6; residual Polish influence in, 6

Rivne, 195, 247 Rivne region, 218 Robitnycha hazata, 106, 187 Rodionov, M., 253 Romania, Romanians: 48; seizure of ethni

cally Ukrainian areas in Bukovyna and Bessarabia by, 9, 408; restrictions on Ukrainian minority during inter-war period, 13-14; O U N activity in Bukovyna, 14; territorial losses stemming from Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 14, 408; creation of Moldovan SSR, 14; ally of Nazi Germany, 15; occupation of south-western Ukraine, establishment of 'Transnistria' and suppression of Ukrainian national movement, 15; forced by USSR to give up Northern Bukovyna and Southern Bessarabia, 17; Ukrainian minority in, 24; collapse of Ceausescu regime, 246, 252; Romanian national minority in Ukraine, 409, 419n.; territorial claims on Ukraine, 408-9, 497, 537; Ukrainian-Romanian relations, 408-09,444-5,497, 537, 551; and N A T O , 497, 537; and Serpent Island, 497

Romanticism, 6 Romanov, Grigorii, 47, 52 Romanyuk, Patriarch Volodymyr, 492 Rome, 516 Rossiya bloc (Crimea), 527 Rossiya Molodaya (Young Russia), 206-7 Rostov region, miners' strike committee,

212-13 rouble, rouble zone, 435, 448, 449 Rozenko, Petro, 45 RSFSR (Russian Socialist Federated Soviet

Republic): 57; millennium of Christianiza-tion of Kyivan Rus officially depicted as marking 1,000 years of Russian statehood, 65; and issue of attributes of statehood and sovereignty, 211, 254, 274, 275; 1990 election results in, 258; organisation of a Russian Communist Parry, 269,279, 280,286; Ukraine's dependence on Russian fuel, 266, 289-90, 412-13; Declaration of State Sovereignty, 277; abolishes leading role of Communist Party, 279; and Black Sea Fleet, 278, 293, 306; main source of newsprint for Ukraine, 289-90; Declaration on the Principles of Inter-State Relations with Ukraine, 305; and Crimea, 322; relations with Ukrainian SSR, 325-31, 421, 422, 423; bilateral treaty with Ukrainian SSR, 325; and Union Treaty, 325, 326-27, 328, 329, 330-1,346,355; and Soviet federal budget, 338; creation of republican armed forces, 341; and referendum on future of the USSR, 351; institutes office of popularly elected executive president, 350, 354; parliament approves draft Union treaty, 370; pre-1917 Russian flag raised over Kremlin, 385; takes over Union institutions, 388,392,430; reactions to Ukraine's declaration of independence, 395-6; and issue of loose nukes, 395; sends delegation sent to Kyiv, 396-7; Ukrainian-Russian communique, 396-97, 421; recognizes independence of Ukraine, 421; economic difficulties, 412; emergence of anti-imperial 'Young Turks', 413; liberalizes prices, 416; and demise of USSR, 423-6, 427-9, 430, see also Russia

RSFSR Congress of People's Deputies, 258 RSFSR Congress of Writers, 56-7 RSFSR Supreme Soviet, 254,275,277, 305,

350, 354 RSFSR Writers Union, 138 Ruban, Petro, 54

594 Index

R u d e n k o , M y k o l a , 40, 125 Rudenko-Desnyak , Oleksandr, 57 R u k h (Popular M o v e m e n t o f Uk ra ine , i n i

t ial ly ' for Restructur ing ' ) : 270 ,272 ,274 , 305,308,318,334,339,348,553; creation of In i t iat ive Group by writers, 156-8; Initiative Group prepares draft programme, 168; mestruggleoverthedraftprogramme, 168-75, 181; contents of draft programme, 172-4; C P U leadership's strategy towards, 178,179,181-2 ,202,215-16; Gorbachev meets leaders of, 178-9; O l i i n y k distances himself from, 181; organizational development of, 181 ; creation o f coordinat ing counc i l , 181 ; takes ho ld in Western U k raine, 188 -90 ,192 ,194 ; creation o f Lv i v regional organization of, 189-90; Shcher-bytsky and, 192,193,194; anddemocratic victories in elections to U S S R Congress of People's Deputies, 194-5; and Balt ic popular fronts, 203, 205; inaugural c o n ference of K y i v regional organization, July 1989, 203-6; g row th o f in 1989, 206, 217; Yavor ivsky elected head of organizing committee to prepare inaugural congress, 207; weakness o f in sou th eastern Ukraine, 208-9; and miners strikes and workers ' movement , 208-9; admirat i on of leaders for Poland's Solidarity but failure to emulate its approach, 209; secures permission to ho ld inaugural conference in K y i v , 215-16; inaugural congress of, 217-23; adopts revised programme, 218-19; attacked by H e o r h i i K r y u c h k o v , 232; C P U takes over some of its aims and arguments, 238, 245; official harassment and obstruct ion o f R u k h dur ing election campaign, 242, 248-9, 254-5; and the Democrat ic B loc, 243-4; organises the 'Ukrainian Wave ' human chain f rom K y i v to Lv iv , 247-8; and national minori t ies, 249, 4 1 1 ; and 1990 parl iamentary elect ions, 254-8; ini t iat ive of '22 ' to transf o r m R u k h i n t o p r o - i n d e p e n d e n c e democrat ic pol i t ical party, 255-6, 259; def iant support for Li thuania's independence, 2 5 9 - 6 1 , 339; Grand Counc i l meet ing in Khust , March 1990; leaders leave, or expelled from, Communist Party, 259-60; attacked by C P U leadership over its stand on L i thuanian independence, 260; Grand Counc i l m e e t i n g j u n e 1990, 283, 286; problems w i t h i n , 283; embraces idea of independence, 283; and new U n i o n

treaty, 283; and inter-confessional r i va l ries, 283-4; Second Congress of, 316-17; and Congress of Democrat ic Forces, 343; and referendum on future o f U S S R , 343, 345; and mi l tary and security issues, 190, 219-20, 297, 344-5, 3 7 1 ; and the attempted coup in Moscow, 377; and 1991 presidential election, 407; President K rav -chuk and, 432-3; T h i r d Congress of, 433; splits w i t h i n , 433-4 ,450; C h o r n o v i l emerges as dominant f igure i n , 450; u n successfully campaigns for new parl iamentary elections, 450; threatens to call general strike, 453; and 1994 parl iamentary elect i on , 466-7, 483; and adopt ion o f new Ukra in ian const i tu t ion, 522; and 1998 parl iamentary elect ion, 552

rule of law, 172, 218, 295, 366, 438 Rusanivsky, V i ta l i i , 121 Russia, Russian Empire: 56-7; expansion

towards Black Sea, 4-6 ; obtains cont ro l over most Ukrainian lands, 5-6; colonization of Ukraine, x i i , 5-6; tsarist restrictions on Ukrainian language and national m o v e ment , 6 ; reluctance to recognize U k rainians as a distinct nat ion, 8; occupat ion of Eastern Galicia, 8; fall of Romanovs , 8; Bolshevik Russia invades Ukra ine , recognizes independence o f U N R , establishes cont ro l over most of Uk ra ine , 9 ; large Ukra in ian m ino r i t y i n , 9 ; U k raine perceived as regional extension of, 20; Solzhenitsyn's v is ion of greater R u s sia, 307;:wcaho Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Repub l ic (RSFSR)

Russia (post-Soviet): and former Soviet assets, 428; and Black Sea Fleet, sec Black Sea Fleet; and Cr imea, 429, 452, 486, 487; and Sevastopol, 429, 452, 485 ,490 , 508; frees prices, 435; Russian C o m munists: 439, 504, 506, 510; raises o i l prices, 4 5 1 ; and preparation of bilateral 'pol i t ica l ' treaty w i t h Ukra ine , 445, 456, 458, 484, 485, 487, 495, 506-7, 518, 530; and nuclear weapons, 457, 465, 508; fuel deliveries to Ukra ine , 448-9, 452, 465, 5 0 1 , 508; pol i t ical conf rontat ion between Yel ts in and the D u m a , 452, 461 , 478; problematic preparation o f U k rainian-Russian 'political' treaty, 445, 456, 458,476, 477 ,484 ,485 ,487 ,495 ,506-7 , 508, 518, 530, 551; Abartsumov proposes Russian M o n r o e doctr ine, 456; debt accrued by Ukra ine, 480, 4 8 1 , 485, 486,

Index 595 502; and NATO, 482, 496, 530, 537; President Kuchma and, 482, 485, 487; forces for restoration of the USSR, 485, 486,499-500; repeated postponement of Yeltsin's visit to Kyiv, 485, 495, 505-6, 507, 508, 509, 551; promotes dual citizenship, 485; Yeltsin and Kuchma meeting in Sochi, 490; 'Strategic Course' towards CIS countries, 495-6; gains by Communists in 1995 parliamentary elections, 495, 499-500; demarcation of border with Ukraine, 505, 508, 531; Duma denounces Belovezhsky Agreement, 506; and union with Belarus, 507,536-7; creates customs union, 507; 1996 presidential elections, 508-9, 515, 530; Council on Foreign and Defence Policy advocates steps to restoring a Union, 518-9; imposes VAT on Ukrainian imports', 531-2; and Eurasia, 538; see also Ukrainian-Russian relations •

Russian Far East, Ukrainian communities and 'national districts' in, during 1920s and, 30s, 9-10

Russian language: and Khrushchev's Education Law, 21; role prescribed to in 1961 new CPSU Programme, 23; Andropov's bonuses to teachers of Russian language, 45-6; Shcherbytsky and, 77; Gorbachev and, 225; USSR Supreme Soviet makes it official language of the USSR, 267; attempts in southeast Ukraine to have Russian recognised as a state language in independent Ukraine, 453,466,469; and 1994 parliamentary and presidential elections, 471,473

Russian Orthodox Church: 117, 130, 229; parishes in Ukraine targeted by Khrushchev's anti-religious campaign, 22; given monopoly over celebration of mi llennium of Christianization of Kyivan Rus, 65; reasons for opposition to legalization of Ukrainian Catholic Church, 88; CPU's use of to stem Ukrainian Catholic revival, 154,202; andSt George's Cathedral in Lviv, 167; critized by Fr Mykhailech-ko at inaugural conference of the Ukrainian Language Society, 171; registration of parishes and transfer of churches and monasteries to, 202; alarmed by growth of Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church and continuing Ukrainian Catholic resurgence, 240-1; condemns defection of Bishop Ioann Bodnarchuk, 240; leader

ship in Ukraine makes concessions to Ukrainian national feeling, 240; loss of churches, priest and parishes to 'competitor' churches, 240-1, 266; protests against 'illegal' Catholic 'seizure' of church property, 241,250; suspends talks with Vatican, 214; Synod renames Ukrainian and Belarusian Exarchates die Ukrainian and Belarusian Orthodox Churches, 250; and quadripartite talks with Vatican, 261; Aleksii II's controversial visit to Kyiv, 317; rejects autocephaly for Ukrainian Orthodox Church, 491; defrocks Metropolitan Filaret, 491; and split in Ukrainian Orthodox Church, 491

Russians, 1, 8, 9, 135; Kremlin's line on the Russo-Ukrainian relationship, 19-20; inflow into Ukraine, xii, 15,24,33; growth in share of Ukraine's population between 1959 and 1971, 24; advantages afforded them as USSR's 'leading people', 24-5; opposition to Ukrainization, 27, 33-4; Brezhnev on leading role of the 'Great Russian people', 37; writers defend national values, 56-7; accused by Ryabchuk of insensitivity towards national feelings of non-Russians, 120; Russian cultural society in Lviv, 145; non-Russians appeal to their sense of statehood, 198-9; perceived lack of interest among Russian deputies in problems of non-Russians, 198;protests by in Estonia, 210; protests by in Mo l dova, 212; Russian nation declared by CPSU to be 'consolidating basis' of USSR, 211; andRukh, 174, 217, 219-20; Russians in Ukraine and law on languages, 236-8; rights of in Ukraine, 305; Lebed and Congress of Russian Communities, 518

Riissification: xii, 6, 10, 13, 17, 19, 20, 21, 24, 109, 111, 117-19, 133, 152; and Krushchev's Education Law, 21-2,73-4; protests against, 24, 25; and inflow of Russians, 24; Dzyuba's protest against, 28-9; intensification under Shcherbytsky, 39-40,42,43; boosted by Andropov, 45-6; Ukrainian writers begin speaking out against, 62-3, 73-5, 90, 96; protests in other Union republics, 74, 103

Ruthenians: derivation of name, 2; name used to denote Ukrainians and Belarusians, 2; Society of Carpathian Ruthenians (Rusyns), 322; Ruthenian (Rusyn) movement in Transcarpathia, 322, 408

596 Index

Rutskoi, Aleksandr, 395,422,443,452,455,460 Ruzhy tsky , Oleksandr, 282 Ryabchenko , Serhi i , 243 Ryabchuk , M y k o l a , 7 1 , 99, 1 19 R y u r i k o v , D n i i t r i i , 535 R y z h k o v , N i ko la i , 272

Sabodan, Met ropo l i t an Vo lodymyr , 491 Saburov, Evgen i i , 466, 477 Saddam Hussein, 398 Sahaidachny, Petro Konashevych, 3 Sajudis, see L i thuanian Popular Front Sakharov, Andre i : 55 ,68 ,130 ,185 ,196 ; calls

for replacement of Soviet imperial structures w i t h voluntary confederat ion, 198; supports legalization of Ukrainian Cathol ic C h u r c h , 199; death of, 258

Salii, Ivan, 175 ,179 ,186 ,187 ,192 ,220 ,252 , 256, 262, 270, 274, 275, 282

samizdat, x v , 24 , 26 samvydav, 24, 25, 28, 30, 92, 95, 115, 140 Salzburg, 530 Samsun, 542, 543 Santiago, 497 Sarbei, V i ta l i i , 150 Saunin, Anato l i i , 210 Savchenko, Oleksandr, 2 3 1 , 265 Savchenko, Yevgen i i , 539 scientists: 63, 107, 2 1 1 ; oppose complet ion

o f n e w reactors a t Cho rnoby l , 77-8 ; o p posi t ion to expansion of nuclear energy, 97-8; cooperat ion w i t h writers on env i ronmenta l issues, 97-8

science, 547 Second W o r l d War , 14-17, 133, 145 security issues: 297-8, 329, 344-5, 357, 3 7 1 ,

386-7, 389, 3 9 1 , 395, 397, 398, 399, 4 0 0 - 1 , 403, 404-5 , 414, 429-30, 440-3, 445, 446, 452, 454, 456-5, 476, 481-2, 517, 537, 540, 548; Budapest memorand u m , 481

Sekretaryuk, Svyastoslav, 266, 282-3, 348 Semenov, V i k to r , 539 Serbia, 422 Serpent Island, 497 Sevastopol, 257, 429, 435, 452, 460, 4 6 1 ,

470, 475, 476-7, 485, 490, 504, 508, 5 1 8 , 5 2 1 , 532 ,533 ,534 ,535 ,538n . , 539, 540, 544

Shakhrai, Sergei, 413, 305, 538 Shalikashvil i , General John , 458 Shapoval, Y u r i i , 100 S h a t r o v , M i k h a i l and ' D i c t a t o r s h i p o f

Conscience', 67

Shcherbak, Y u r i i , 96, 97, 111-12, 160, 161 -62, 184, 210, 234, 249, 269, 433

Shcherban, Vo lodymyr , 526, 545 Shcherban, Yevhen , 545 Shcherbytsky, Vo lodymyr (Vladimir Shcher-

bitsky): 110, 133, 135, 145, 214; Party chief in Dnipropetrovsk region, 36; chairman o f Ukra in ian Counc i l o f Ministers, 25, 27, 36; pol i t ical r ival of Shelest, 27; backed in Moscow by Suslov and Brezhnev, 26, 36; association w i th Dnipropet rovsk group, 36, 499; replaces Shelest, 38 ; launches purges and imposes tough l ine, 3 9 - 4 1 , 99 ,117 ; and Malanchuk, 39; and Russif icat ion, 39 , 40, 4 1 , 42 , 43 ; on meaning o f ' international ism', 39; c o n demns national C o m m u n i s m , 39-40; on 'indissoluble' union w i th Russia, 4 1 ; sacks Malanchuk, 42-3; announces ideological situation in republic normalised, 43, seeks accomodation w i th cultural intelligentsia, 43-4; private attitude towards M o s c o w , 44, 46, 50; reportedly rejects inv i ta t ion to move to M o s c o w to replace Kosygin , 44 ; n o t part o f Kreml in 's inner circle, 44 ; pr ivate misgivings about Afghanistan 'adventure', 44-5; dismayed by power struggles in K rem l i n , 46; relations w i t h other members o f the C P S U Po l i tburo , 44, 46 -7 , 52; as defender of republic's economic interests, 45, 5 0 - 1 ; assessed by his colleagues, 5 0 - 1 ; and Gorbachev's accession, 52; expectations that Gorbachev w o u l d replace h i m misplaced, 55, 68-9 , 103-4; and Cho rnoby l nuclear disaster, 59-60; pays lip-service to glasnost and perestmika, 65, 69, 101, 105; seeks to maintain f i r m ideological cont ro l , 75 , 101-3,105-6; Chomov i l calls for removal of Shcherbytsky 'team', 90; warns, denounces unoff ic ial associations, 101-2, 106; denies 1933 famine man-made, 102; cr i t ic ized at January 1988 C P U p lenum; criticizes ideological w o r k o f Ye lchenko and Kravchuk, 105; Drach calls for resignat ion of, 143; writers call for t ru th about repression and purges under, andrehabil i ta-t i on of v ict ims, 144; demands tougher l ine towards national movements and democrats, 146; criticizes attempts to rehabilitate Hrushevsky, 150; survives CPSU Politburo changes, 150; Koro tych 's views on w h y Gorbachev kept Shcherbytsky on , 150 -1 ; castigates writers for

Index 597 'demagogic verbiage', 151; acknowledges need to bolster posi t ion of Ukra in ian language, 151; Hromada calls for replacemen t of, 152; and creat ion o f R u k h , 178, 182,193; and Gorbachev's meet ing w i t h wri ters in his off ice, 178-9; pol i t ical ly embarrassed by elections to U S S R C o n gress o f Peop le 's Depu t i es , 183 -4 ; psychological and physical deter iorat ion of, 188; offers to ret ire, bu t Gorbachev keeps h i m on , 188; on the U H U , 192-3, 194; in te rv iew fo r Associated Press, 193-4; under attack f r o m R u k h , 204, 220; criticized for inaction during miners' strikes o f j u l y 1989,208-9 ; sends report to M o s c o w on 'a larming' situation in Ukra ine, 210-11 ; Ukra in ian deputies appeal to Gor bachev to remove h i m , 220; retires f r o m C P S U Pol i tburo, 225; seen ofFinto ret i rement w i t h praise by Gorbachev, 226; Gorbachev acknowledges that he had kept Shcherbytsky on deliberately, 226; impl ic idy criticized by Sytnyk, 226; Ivash-ko elected to replace h i m , 228; death announced, 251

Sheika, Orest, 133, 152 Sheik in , Aieksandr, 131 Shelest, Petro*: x i v , 66, 110, 145, 229, 237;

appointed Ukrainian Party chief, 25-6; pub l ic ly cr i t ic ized by Khrushchev, 25 ; backs plotters against Khrushchev, 26; elevated to C P S U Presidium, 26; d i f ferences w i t h M o s c o w , 26 -7 , 33, 35 , 36-7; character and background, 26-7 , 30 ; approach to nationalities pol icy, 27 , 30, 32 -3 , 35 , 36 , 38; identifies w i t h U k rainian cultural values, 30, 33, 35; establ ishes m o d u s v i v e n d i w i t h creat ive intell igentsia, 30; promotes use of U k rainian language and historical studies, 30; Ukrainization of C P U leadership under, 3 1 ; hard- l ine side to, 31-2 ; renewed nat ional assertiveness associated w i t h , 26 , 27, 3 0 - 1 , 33; 35, 36, 38; and national dissenters, 33; concern about Shelest in M o s c o w , 33, 36, opposi t ion to Shelest w i t h i n C P U , 33-8 ; removed and accused o f ideological errors, 38 ; denunciat ion o f his Ukmino nasha Radyanska 38; becomes 'non-person', 38; re-emerges f rom po l i t i cal obscuri ty, 135, 166

Shevardnadze, Eduard, 336 Shevchenko, Oles, 93, 94, 127, 256, 2 6 1 ,

284

Shevchenko State Prize fo r Li terature, 70 Shevchenko, Taras, 6, 122, 126, 179, 194,

271 Shevchenko, Valentyna, 60n. , 182,214,233,

234 ,237 Shevchenko, V i ta l i i , 86 Shmarov, Valer i i , 454, 475, 498, 503, 524 shock therapy, 439-40, 448 Shokh in , Aieksandr, 4 6 1 , 465 show trials, 13 Shpek, R o m a n , 475, 478 Shukhevych, Y u r i i , 54, 318, 344 Shulha, M y k o l a , 292, 295, 297, 298, 345,

352, 380 Shumylo, M y k y t a , 21 Shvaika, Mykha i l o , 190, 219 Shushkevich, Stanislau, 416, 423, 424, 425,

459 Shumsky, Oleksandr, 12, 118, 238 Shvets, Vasyl, 21 Shybyk, M y k o l a , 106-7, 187 Shynkaruk, V o l o d y m y r , 235-6 Siberia, 7, 28, 33, 48, 56, 436 Sich, Zaporozhyan, 5, 118 Sichko, Petro, 166 Sichko, Petro, 166 Sichko, Vasyl, 166, 192 Sikora, Venyamin , 168 Simferopol , 214, 322, 443, 467, 470, 477,

486, 489, 490, 499, 509 Sinyavsky, Andre i , 28 'sixtiers' (sliestydesyatnyky), 23-4, 28; 64, 67,

145 Skaba, A n d r i i , 33, 35-6 Skochok, Pavlo, 92 Skopenko, V i k to r , 107 Skoropadsky, Pavlo, 9 Skoryk, Larysa, 301 ;

Skrypnyk, M y k o l a , 11-13, 2 1 , 9 1 , 99, 116, 117,238

Skubiszewski, Krzysztof, 324 Slavonic Congress in Prague, 7 Slavutych Ukra in ian Cu l tu ra l Society, 126 Sleyednov, Vo lodymyr , 319 Slipy, Metropol i tan (later Cardinal, Patriarch)

Yosyf , 22 , 493 Slovakia, 459 S M E R S H , 3 7 Smolyakov, Leon id , 422 Sobchak, Anato l i i , 258, 337, 394, 396, 397,

4 2 2 , 4 2 8 , 4 4 1 , 4 4 3 Sobcscdnik, 95 Sobor (The Cathedral), 36, 57, 63-4, 67, 82,

99; see also Honchar

598 Index

Sobolev, Serhii, 514 Sochi, 490 Social-Democratic Party of Ukraine, 269 Social Market Economy Faction, 529 Social-Nationalist Party of Ukraine, 467 Socialist Party of Ukraine (SPU), 434, 467,

468,514 social justice, 142 Society of Saints Cyril and Methodius, 6 Sociologists' Association of Ukraine, 403 Sokolov, Ivan, 44 Solana, Javier, 515 Solchanyk, Roman, 61 Solidarity, 45, 153, 202, 209, 214 Solomentsev, Mikhail, 150 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksander, 307 Sorochyk, Yuri i , 195, 199 Soros, George, 363, 481n. Soskovets, Oleg, 487 Sosyura, Volodymyr: 18, 152; Trctya Rota

(The Third Company), 117-18, South Korea, 543 South Ossetia, 350 Sovereign Democratic Ukraine' Coalition,

343 sovereignty: attempts by Ukrainian national

Communist's to maximise Soviet Ukraine's sovereignty, 10-12; Khrushchev eases economic centralization, 20; early sam-vydav document protests Ukraine's 'fictional sovereignty', 25-6; Ukraine's officials become more assertive in defending republican interests, 26; Dzyuba calls for restoration of republican sovereignty, 28-9; Chornovil on 'fictitious' character of sovereignty of Union republics, 90-1; Baltic republics take lead in raising issue of republican rights, 103; issue ofprominent at Nineteenth Party Conference, 136; Ukrainian Helsinki Union calls for restoration of genuine sovereign statehood, 141; issue of during creation of Rukh, 160, 166, 172; Ukrainian legal experts urge respect for republican sovereignty, 160-1; calls for genuine republican sovereignty in Lviv, 188; issue of at USSR Congress of People's Deputies, 197, 209-10; and CPSU 'Platform' on nationalities policy, 211-2; and Rukh's evolving programme, 218-19; Ukrainian Komsomol backs genuine republican sovereignty, 230, 252; Ivashko supports strengthening republican sovereignty within revamped federation, 228, 232; republican

sovereignty enhanced by constitutional revisions, 233-8; and the Democratic Bloc's election manifesto, 244; issue moves to top of political agenda, 251,252, 253-4; Kravchuk' support for broadest republican sovereignty, 252, 253; declaration of state of emergency made prerogative of USSR Supreme Soviet, 254; and 1990 elections, 257-8; CPU Central Committee plenum on 31 March 1990 adopts Resolution on Political and Economic Sovereignty of Ukraine, 263; and foreign affairs, 263-4; issue of economic sovereignty, 265-6,271-2; declaration of state sovereignty placed on parliamentary agenda, 271, 288; Masol on need for sovereignty, 272; declaration of state sovereignty debated in Ukrainian parliament, 288-98; adoption of Ukraine's Declaration of State Sovereignty, 16 July 1990, 298; USSR Congress of People's Deputies fails to support republican declarations of, 337,349; see also Declaration of (Ukraine's) State Sovereignty

'sovereignty Communists', 341, 344, 346, 347, 349, 350

Sovetskaya Rossiya, 126, 367 Soviet Cultural Fund, 72 Soviet People: concept of, 36-7,41,54,212;

denounced by Ukrainian writers, 144 Soyuz (Union) faction, 357-8 Spadshchyna (Heritage), 125 Spain, 516 sport, calls for separate national sports teams,

263 Stalin, Joseph: 28, 33, 126, 141, 171, 219;

'autonomizatdon' scheme for Soviet Union, 11; irritated by centrifugal tendencies of Ukrainian national Communists, 11-12; reverses Lenin's policy towards peasantry and nationalities, 12-13; launches industrialization and collectivization drives, 12-13; terminates Ukrainization and purges Ukrainian political and cultural elite, 13; engineers man-made famine in Ukraine, 13, 249; concessions to Ukrainian patriotism during Second World War, 15; demands seat for Ukraine and Belarus in United Nations, 17; renews purges and Russification, 17-18; death of, 19; posthumous denigration of by Khrushchev, 20, 21; Musiyenko's denunciation of, 115

Stalin era, and Stalinism, 37,99-100,115-17,

Index 599 133, 137, 157-8, 172, 176, 180, 183, 200-1,264,335

Stankevich, Sergei, 396, 443 State Duma (Russian), 506, 532-3, 539 State Duma (Ukrainian), 435, 448 Starovoitova, Galina, 332 START-1, 369, 442, 449, 457, 458, 459,

463, 464 START-2, 457, 536 n. State Independence for Ukraine, 268-9 Stavropol area, 7, 44

. steel, 30 Stelmakh, Yaroslav, 71-2, 78 St George's Cathedral, Lviv, 167, 179, 199,

200, 240 St Petersburg, 5 St Sophia's Cathedral, Kyiv, 284, 317, 492 Stepovyk, Dmytro, 284 Sternyuk, Volodymyr Archbishop, 124, 261 Strasbourg, 497, 516 Stryi, 259 Stroitelnaya gazcta, 135 Student Brotherhood, 269 students, 24, 125, 151, 191, 210, 262, 263,

269; hunger strike and protests in September-October 1990, 309, 311-18, 321, 324, 394; protest in Kyiv against military parade, 6-7 November 1990, 319-20

Stus, Vasyl, 54, 152, 144-5, 163, 180, 242 sugar, 30, 532 Sumy region, 337 Supreme Council, see parliament Supreme Court, 483 Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR, sec

parliament of the Ukrainian SSR Suprunyuk, Yevhen, 490, 505, 527 Surgut, 449 Surylov, Oleksii, 321 surzhik, 42 Suslov, Mikhail: 27,135, 212, 219; hard-line

approach to nationalities policy, 27-8; attitude towards Ukraine, 27; friction with Shelest, 28; and Malanchuk, 34,39, 43; and Gorbachev, 44; death, 45

Sverdlovsk, 130,258,351 Sverstyuk, Yevhen, 23, 204, 284 Svitlychny, Ivan, 23 Swedes, 4-5, 59 Switzerland, 367, 507 n. Symonenko, Petro, 452, 495, 553 Symonenko, Valentyn, 439, 447 Symonenko, Vasyl, 23-4 Syrota, Mykhailo, 513, 514, 521 Sytnyk, Kostyantyn, 226

Syvokin, Hryhorii, 70-1, 161 Szporluk, Roman, 60-1, 98

Tabachnyk, Dmytro, 475, 498, 529, 546 Taburyansky, Leopold, 407 Tajikistan, 355 Talanchuk, Petro, 176, 184, 213 Talbott, Strobe, 460, 480 Tallinn, 212 Tanyuk, Les, 23, 67, 72,126,179,180,187,

256,276,311,378,553 Taras Shevchenko Society, Leningrad, 126 Tarasyuk,Borys, 553 Tashkent, 442, 542 TASS, 208, 215, 223 taxation, 448, 511, 513, 545 -Tbilisi, suppression of peaceful protest on 9

April 1989, 185, 196,200 television, 82, 109, 358 Telnyuk, Stanislav, 144, 161 Terelya, Yosyf, 54, 66, 87 Terekhov, Vladimir, 290 Teren, Viktor, 157, 158-9, 161 Ternopil, 184, 206, 247, 261 Ternopil region, 86, 88, 95, 257, 282, 344,

349, 482 Territorial integrity (of Ukraine), 28,396-7,

403 Thatcher, Margaret, 276-7, 368 theatre, Ukrainian, 62, 67, 72,82,109; 1987

Congress of Theatre Workers, 71-2, 78 Tikhonov, Academician Vladimir, 99 Tikhvinsky, Sergei, 46 Times, The, 406* 419 Tiraspol, 444 Tkachenko, Oleksandr, 406, 468, 487, 493,

552 Tolochko, Petro, 118,284 trade: 485, 531; trade deficit, 439, 445 trade unions, 142, 178 Tmnscarpathia, and Transcarpathian region:

8, 184, 229, 245, 246, 251, 259, 289, 306, 322, 408, 419 n., 459; Ruthenian movement in, 322, 408

Transcaucasus, Transcaucasia, 108,126,136, 146, 149,248,293,299

Transdniester (Transdniestria) and 'Trans-dniester Republic', 321, 322, 401, 409, 444, 445, 518

Transnistria, 17 Travkin, Nikolai, 428 trident, sec tryzub Trilateral Agreement, 464, 465, 472, 474 tryzub, 189,201

600 Index

Tsekhov, Sergei, 477, 486, 487, 490 Tsentr (Centre) faction, 483 Tsybukh, Valerii, 152 Tudjman, Frano, 359 Tuleev, Aman, 531 Turkey, 447, 542, 543 Turkmenistan, 355,435, 436,446,447,448,

465, 477, 480, 485, 490, 502 Turks: 1; Doroshenko's attempts to establish

a Ukrainian Cossack state under the protection of, 4; Russia's wars with, 4-5

Twentieth Congress of the CPSU, 20, 23, 35 Twenty-second Congress of the CPSU, 23 Twenty-fourth Congress of the CPSU, 36-7 Twenty-seventh Congress of the CPSU, 54,

55, 56 Twenty-seventh Congress of the CPU, 55 Tykhy, Oleksii, 46, 180, 242 Tymchenko, Ivan, 236, 292, 360, 529 Tytarenko, Oleksii, 164 Tyumen region, Russian Federation, 436

Udovenko, Hennadii, 395, 475, 496, 516, 517, 531, 536, 540, 542, 551, 552, 553

Ukraina Society, 285n. Ukraine: origins and meaning of the name,

4n.; Kyivan Rus period, 1-2; principalities of Galicia and Volhynia, 2-3; the Ukrainian Cossack State, 3-5; partitioned between various powers, 3-6; elimination of Ukrainian institutions and colonization by Russia, 5-6; most Ukrainian lands end up under Russian rule, 6; nineteenth-century Ukrainian cultural revival, 6; the development of the Ukrainian national movement, 6-7; 'national revolution' of 1917-20,10; proclamations of autonomy and independence, 9; invasion by Bolshevik Russia, 9; independence of recognized by Central Powers and Russia in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 9; struggle for independence, 9; proclamation of unification of the U N R and Z U N R , 9; Pedyura's alliance with Pilsudski, 9; Russian Bolshevik forces win control over most of, 9; other ethnically Ukrainian lands end up under Polish, Romanian and Czechoslovak rule, 9; Bolsheviks establish Soviet Ukrainian state (Ukrainian SSR), 9; resistance to Soviet rule, 10; the views and influence of Ukrainian national communists, 10-12; Ukrainiza-tion and the Ukrainian cultural revival in the 1920s, 11-12; claims on adjacent

territories by Skrypnyk, 12; Stalin's abandonment of Ukrainization and purges of the political and cultural elite, 12-13; Stalin's man-made famine, 13; resembles a pacified Soviet province, 13; Ukrainian lands under inter-war Polish rule, 13; under Romanian rule 13, under Czechoslovak rule, 14; and the consequences of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 14; and the Second World War, 14-15; nationalist resistance during and after Second World War, 15, 17; unification achieved as result of Soviet military might, 17; receives seat in die United Nations, 17; Stalin's renewed terror and Russification in , 17-18; and Beria's schemes, 19; Khrushchev's policy towards, 19-23, 25-6; Moscow's attitude towards, 20; economic recovery and reassertion of under Khrushchev, 20-1; economic importance of in late 1950s, 21; repurcussions of Hungarian Revolution in, 21; impact ofKhrushchev's anti-religious campaign, 22; emergence of cultural self-defence-movement, 21; growing national ferment, 22-4; social and economic tensions, 24; urbanization, 24,30; in-migration of Russians, xii, 24,28, 33; national revival and asserbveness during Shelest period, 26-38; economic importance of in 1967, 30; political and cultural purge of 1972-3, 37-9; 'normalization' achieved, 43-4; and economic stagnation in late 1970s and 1980s, 47-8; 50; the Chornobyl nuclear disaster as a 'national tragedy', 59-61; dependence on fuel from Russia, 266, 412-13, 435, 439, 448-9, 452; CPU leadership's alarm over situation in, 210-1; Declaration of State Sovereignty, 298-9, 16 July 1990; Declaration on the Principles of Inter-State Relations with the RSFSR, 305; and the proposed new Union Treaty, .see Union treaty; results of referendum and republican survey on future of the USSR in, 351-2; sovereignty direatened by attempted coup in Moscow, 373-82; declares independence on 24 August 1991, 390-1; CPU is banned, 398; and national minorities, 409-11; referendum on 1 December 1991 massively endorses independence, 419; role in dissolution of USSR, 418, 423-7, 430; adopts new constitution on 28 June 1996, 522-4; assessment after five years of in dependence, 547-9

Index 601 Ukrainian Association of Independent Crea

tive Intelligentsia (UANTI) , 92, 144 Ukrainian Association of Industrialists and

Entrepreneurs, 470 Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church:

111, 130, 244, 267, 270; creation and growth of, 12; Soviet pressure on, 12; Stalin's suppression of, 13; remains banned, 22; first appeals for legalization of, 86,91, 123; Fr Mykhailechko raises issue of at inaugural conference of Ukrainian Language Society, 171; creation of'Initiative Committee for the Restoration' of, 171; calls for legalisation of, 190; legalization opposed by Metropolitan Filaretas manifestation of'separatism', 199; legalization of supported by Lviv regional section of Memorial, 200; revival of centered in Western Ukraine, 240-1; headed byBishop Ioann Bodnarchuk, 240; competition for influence and parishes with Catholics and Russian Orthodox, 240-1, 250, 260-1, 283-4; First Sobor of, 284; protests against visit to Kyiv by Patriarch Aleksii I I , 317; relations wi th Ukrainian Orthodox Church, 441, 491, 492; split in and creation of Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate, 491; election of Dymytrii Yarema as Patriarch, 491

Ukrainian Catholic Church, Ukrainian Catholics: 3, 22, 65-6, 95,106, 111, 123, 135, 171, 179, 244, 270, 411; role in Eastern Galicia, 7, 10; 'liquidation' of at the Liviv Sobor, 15; becomes catacomb church, 15; calls for legalization met by repression, 22; Church leader Metropolitan Slipy given new sentence, 22; formation of 'Initiative Group' to campaign for legalization, 45; appearance of the sarn-vydav Chronicle of the Catholic Church in Ukraine, 46; arrests of Initiative Group members, 46; attacks against in connection with millennium of Christianization of Kyivan Rus, 65; significance of 1987 for, 85; 'Miracle of Hrushiv', 85; leaders emerge from underground, 85-6,89; appeals to Gorbachev leadership for legalization, 85-6; appeal to Pope John Paul I I , 86; dissidents call for legalization, 86, 91; gathering in Zavamytsya, 86; Pope John Paul II promotes reconciliation between Polish and Ukrainian Catholic Churches, 87; no change in Soviet policy towards, 87-8; open campaign for legalization, 88,

124; establishment of contacts with Russian Orthodox dissenters, 88; growing strength of in early 1988, 124; publication of Christian Voice, 124; and millennium of Christianization of Kyivan Rus, 124, 145-6; John Paul II addresses letter to, 124; President Reagan and Sakharov speak out in defence of, 130; talks between Vatican and Russian Orthodox Church about, 130; leaders support attempts in Lviv to form democratic popular front, 135, 140; authorities step up pressure against, 148; CPU's concessions to Russian Orthodox Church in attempt to block Catholic resurgence, 154-5; represented at Memorial's inaugural conference, 180; Lviv regional organisation of Rukh calls for legalization of, 190; hunger strike by activists on Moscow's Arbat, 198-9; transferral by authorities of former Uniate churches to Russian Orthodox Church, 199; Metropolitan Filaret reiterates opposition of Russian Orthodox Church to legalization of, 199; support for from Ukrainian deputies, Sakharov and liberal Russian Orthodox activists, 199; Mos-kovskie novosti provides sympathetic coverage, 200; supported by Lviv regional section of Memorial, 200; mass procession of Ukrainian Catholics in Lviv, 17 September 1989, 224; rally for legalization in Ivano-Frankivsk, 1 October 1989, 229; hopes for legalization raised by news of Gorbachev visit to Rome, 229, 240; Ivashko evasive about legalization of, 230; Pohrebnyak calls for resolution of question of legalization, 232; mass religious procession in Lviv, 26 November 1989, 240; suspicion of reasons for growth of Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church in Western Ukraine, 240; take over of the Transfiguration church in Lviv, 240; reclaim former Catholic churches, 240-1; accused of forcible seizure of property by Russian Orthodox Church, 240-1; continue pressing for full legalization and restitution, 240-1; suspension of talks between Moscow Patriarchate and Vatican, 241; friction and rivalry with 'competitor' churches, 241, 260-1, 283-4; retrieve Cathedral of the Resurrection in Ivano-Frankivsk, 250; representatives walk out of quadripartite talks involving the Vatican, Moscow Patriarchate, Ukrainian Orthodox

602 Index

and Ukrainian Catholic Churches, 261; Lviv City Council votes to return St George's Cathedral, 261; retrieve former Catholic churches, 266; Extraordinary Synod convened by Pope John Paul II in Rome, 285; and observance of 400th anniversary of Union of Brest, 492; extends structures to central and eastern Ukraine, 492-3

Ukrainian Christian Democratic Front, 166, 256

Ukrainian Conservative Republican Party (UCRP), 467

Ukrainian Culturological Club, 93-5, 101, 123, 124, 125, 127, 130, 144, 147, 167, 168

Ukrainian Democratic Union, 167 Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, see Uk

rainian Catholic Church Ukrainian Helsinki Monitoring Group, 40,

92, 123, 125 Ukrainian Helsinki Union: 125, 134, 140,

158, 167, 168, 170, 187, 190, 212, 219, 244,269,274; 'Declaration of Principles' as would-be programme for emerging national democratic movement, 140-2, 171, 172, 192; appeals to national minorities, 143; villified and depicted as extremist, 142, 148, 165; protests police brutality, 147-8; supports Estonia's Declaration of Sovereignty, 160, Coordinating Council supports writers' effort to launch a democratic popular front, 163-4; and 189 May Day protests in Western Ukraine, 189; and national symbols, 189; denounced by Shcherbytsky, 192, 193; internal rifts within, 192; leaders participate in inaugural conference of Kyiv regional organization of Rukh, 204; opposes Russian celebrations of Poltava victory, 206-7; weakness of in south-eastern Ukraine, 208; support of some leaders for transformation of Rukh into political party, 256; decides to become a political party, 256; reconstitutes itself as the Ukrainian Republican Party (URP), 268

Ukrainian Herald, The (Ukrainskyi visnyk), 30, 89, 92, 122, 123, 124,

Ukrainian Historical Journal, 66 Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), 15, 17,

22,34,54,91,133,140,145,180,201,232 Ukrainian Language Society: 132, 133, 157,

162, 163, "l66, 168, 170-1, 180, 238, 242, 244, 249, 267

Ukrainian Legal Foundation, 498 Ukrainian National Assembly (UNA), 451,

467 Ukrainian Orthodox Church and Orthodoxy:

3, split within it and Union of Brest, 3; revival in early 17th century, 3; brought under control of the Muscovite Patriarchate, 5; revival in form of Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, 12; Stalin's destruction of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, 13; in Western Ukraine under Polish rule, 13; Ukrainian Exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church renamed Ukrainian Orthodox Church, 250; Ukrainian Orthodox Church participates in quadripartite talks with Vatican, 261; Metropolitan Filaret opts for supporting Ukrainian independence, 411; relations with Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, 411, 491; Metropolitan Filaret unsuccessfully seeks autocephaly from Moscow Patriarchate and splits the Ukrainian Orthodox Church; creation of Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate (UOC-KP), and Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate (UOC-MP), 491-2; rivalry between three Orthodox Churches in Ukraine, 492; violent incident around burial of Patriarch Volodymyr of the UOC-KP, 492; Metropolitan Filaret elected Patriarch of UOC-KP, 492

Ukrainian Peasant Democratic Party, 256 Ukrainian People's Self-Defence (UNSO),

450-51,467,492 Ukrainian People's Democratic League, 167,

185,190,203,208,209,212 Ukrainian People's Party (UNP), 269, 407 Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR), 9,13,

91, 167,318,440 Ukrainians: as Eastern Slavs, 1; development

of their modern national movement, 6-8; migration from Russian-ruled Ukraine to Siberia, Central Asia, Kazakhstan, the Kuban and Stavropol areas, 7; Galician Ukrainians, 7; 'Dnieper' Ukrainians, 9; migration from Austrian-ruled lands to the United States, Canada and Brazil 8; in Volhynia, 9, Bukovyna and Bessarabia, 9; under Czechoslovak rule, 9, 14; in North and South America, 9; in the Russian Far East, 9; in the Kuban, Kazakhstan and the Far East, 11; denied self-rule in inter-war Poland and Romania;

Index 603 13-14; during the Second World War, 14-15; and unification in one state due to Soviet might, 17; population exchanges between Poland and Soviet Ukraine, 17; Poland's deportation of Ukrainians from border region where UPA active (Operation Wisla), 17; fate of post-war Ukrainian refugees; the Western diaspora, 17; as junior partners of Russians, 19; Kremlin's attitude towards, 20; national dissent and opposition among, 21-24; disadvantaged social standing of, 24; concern about lack of cultural facilities for in other republics of the USSR, 25 28; decline in share of republic's population, 42; declining use of native language, 42, 111; complex of national inferiority, 111; Ukrainophobia among, 111, in Crimea, 278; North America, 306; in Russia, 436; in Latin Amelia 497

Ukrainian Republican Party (URP), 268, 364, 365, 467

Ukrainian-Russian relations, xi i i , 278, 306, 312, 325-31, 366, 396-7, 412-3, 414, 416, 421, 422, 423, 428-9, 433, 438, 440-1, 443, 444, 445, 448-50, 451-53, 453-4, 456, 458, 459, 460-61, 462, 474, 476,485:487,490,495-6,505,501,505, 508, 517, 519-20, 536 n., 539, 541, 543; Declaration on the Principles of Inter-State Relations with the RSFSR, August 1990; 305; Ukrainian-Russian treaty of November 1990, 329, 393, 395, 396, 421, 445; Ukrainian-Russian joint declaration of November 1990, 329; Ukrainian-Russian communique of August 1991, 396-7, 421; Ukrainian-Russian agreements of October-November 1991, 414, 460-1; Ukrainian-Russian summits in Dagomys and Yalta, summer 1992; 445-6,456; and 1994 Ukrainian presidential election, 469, 471-2; and proposed political framework treaty with Russia, 474, 476, 506, 507, 508, 551

Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR): establishment of, 9; Dzyuba questions sovereignty of, 28-9; debate over proposed change of name, 296; sec Ukraine

Ukrainian Spiritual Republic, 285 Ukrainian Student' Union, 269, 309, 364;

hunger strike of October 1990, 311-15 Ukrainian SSR State Planning Committee

(Derzhplan), 45, 50, 265 Ukrainian studies: revival of during 1920s,

12; revival of historical studies under Shelest, 30; criticism of'bourgeois' Ukrainian studies, 54; International Association of Ukrainianists, 304

'Ukrainian Wave', 246-8 Ukrainian Workers' and Peasants' Union,

22-3 Ukrainization: 133: calk for in early part of

twentieth century, 7, 9, 120-1; policy of during 1920s, 11-12, 28; Stalin's termination of and reversion to Russifica-tion, 13; revived calls for in post-Stalin period, 21, 23-4; ridiculed by Brezhnev, 28; unsuccessful attempt under Shelest to Ukrainize higher education, 27,28; Dzyuba calls for restoration of policy of, 28-9; opposition to during Shelest period, 27-8, 33-4, 35, Drozd renews calls for, 67; writers press for, 73-5, 76; Oliinyk calls for at USSR Congress ofPeople'sDeputies, 197; opposition to renewed Ukrainization in late 1980s, 236-8; post-Shcherbytsky CPU leadership inaugurates gradual Ukrainization with law on languages of 28 October 1989, 236; opposition to in Crimea, 278-9; Sobchak warns of forced Ukrainization, 422;

Ukraino nasha Radyanska (Ukraine, Our Soviet Land), 38; see Shelest

underground groups, 22-3, 95; Uniate Church, see Ukrainian Catholic Church. unification, of Ukraine: proclamation by U N R

and Z U N R , 9; achieved as a result of Soviet triumph m Second World War, 17

Union for the Liberation of Ukraine (SVU), 13, 207

Union of Cinematographers, 156 Union of Independent Ukrainian Youth

(SNUM), 267, 269 Union ofjournalists of Ukraine, 106 Union of Officers of Ukraine, 371 Union of Sovereign States, 417 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) :

creation of, 11; Belovezhsky agreement on the demise of, 425; Soviet flag lowered for last time, 430

Union of Toilers of Ukraine for [Socialist] Restructuring, 245, 255

Union treaty: 272, 275, 320-1; calls for new, 190,243,253; need for new treaty rejected in CPSU 'Platform' on nationalities policy, 211; Rukh and issue of, 218, 283; Gorbachev yields on issue of, 251; prepara-

604 Index

tion of, 278, 306, 325-7, 329-30; CPU and 288-9, 301; Ukrainian national democrats and, 283, 289, 301, 304; and debate on Ukraine's declaration of state sovereignty, 292, 295, 298-9; post-declaration of sovereignty parliamentary discussion of, 300, 301 -2,304,336; Krav-chuk and, 307, 334, 345, 347-8; student opposition to, 311; parliamentary discussion of in Ukraine postponed until adoption of new constitution, 314, 319, 320; Crimea and, 322-3, 326, 342-3, 361; Yeltsin and, 325-7,328-30,360; the new Union Treaty is unveiled and reactions, 332-3, 336, 346; and referendum on future of the USSR, 335, 336-7, 343, 343,345,346, 348,349-50,351-3; revised version of Union Treaty is published, 350-1; new working draft approved, 362-3, 364, 367; RSFSR, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan agree to sign it, 370; and attempted coup in Moscow, 373, 380, 386; Gorbachev persists in promoting new treaty, 384,394,403,420,423,424; and nuclear weapons, 395; Gorbachev, Yeltsin and others appeal to Ukrainian parliament to join new Union treaty, 404, 424; Ukrainian parliament opposes participation in any new supranational state entity, 402, 406; Gorbachev attempts to reactivate Novo Ogarevo process, 416-18; agreement on creation of 'Union of Sovereign States', 416; Kravchuk expresses Ukraine's disinterest in joining 'Union of Sovereign States', 416; Ukrainian parliament renounces 1921 Union treaty, 421; see also Novo Ogarevo process

United Arab Emirates, 543 United Kingdom, 404, 405, 478, 496, 517 United Nations; 17, 197, 395, 401-2, 447,

460-1, 480, 506, 551; Security Council, 460-1, 481, 539; United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 491n.

United Social Democratic Party of Ukraine, 552

United States: 8, 76, 87, 103, 130, 149, 306; US-Ukrainian relations, 368-70, 401-2, 418, 420, 430, 440, 457, 459-60, 461, 463, 464, 478, 480, 481, 490-1, 501

unofficial groups: appearance of, 84, 88-9, 92, 93-4, 117, 123, 124-5, 161, 193; attacked by Shcherbytsky regime, 92-3, 94,101-3,127,191; emergence of openly political opposition groups, 129

U N R , sec Ukrainian People's Republic UPA, sec Ukrainian Insurgent Army urbanization, 10, 24, 30 USSR Congress of People's Deputies: 138,

157, 169, 170, 213, 234, 235, 330, 334, 335, 336, 377, 379, 380, 404, 405; elections to, 175-6; opening session of, 195-8; impact of, 202; Baltic proposals for economic autonomy approved by, 209-10, 228; abolishes Communist Party's monopoly on power, 258; elects Gorbachev president, 258; extends Gorbachev's powers, 337; fails to endorse republican declarations of sovereignty, 337, 349

USSR Supreme Soviet, 138, 146, 147, 150, 178, 185-6, 195, 229, 233, 243, 254, 267, 272, 316, 327, 343, 380, 381, 394, 396, 398, 397, 404, 405

Ustinov, Dmitri i , 44 Uzbekistan, Uzbeks, 136, 197, 286, 355,

370,541-2,543

Vaino, Karl, 134 Vaharchuk, Ivan, 184, 190 value-added tax, 531-2 Valuev, Petr, 6 Varennikov, Valentin, 367, 375, 376, 377,

383, 384, 386 Vasylenko, Volodymyr, 160-1, 236, 336 Vasylyk, Bishop Pavlo, 86 Vatchenko, Oleksii, 36 Vatican, 65, 87, 130, 261, 285, 492, 493 Vahimii Kyiv, 94, 145, 175, 176, 187 Vedel, Artem, 119 Verkhovna Rada (Supreme Council), sec

parliament Vernadsky, Volodymyr (Vladimir): 120; essay

on 'The Ukrainian Question and Russian Public Opinion', 120-1

Veriovka Choir, 304 veterans, and veterans' organisations, 178 Vilnius, 203, 212, 248, 339, 340 Vinnyk, ?, 232 Vinnytsya: 206, 214; mass grave of Stalin-era

victims, 200; local popular front, 163, 164; and Rukh, 206;

Virgin Lands, 25 Visegrad Triangle or Group, 446, 458 Visit z Ukrainy, 285 n. Vitchyzna, 57,99, 150 Vladimir-Suzdal, principality of, 2 Vlokh, Orest, 190 Volhynia: 205, 284 n.; principality of, 2;

Index 605

under Polish rale, 9; 'liberated' with Eastern Galicia by Red Army, 14; scene of Polish-Ukrainian conflict and attempted ethnic cleansing, 15

Volkov, Aleksandr, 219-20 Volkogonov, Dmitri i , 331 Volkov, Viktor, 133, 134 Volodymyr the Great, 2, 130 Volobuev, Mykoia, 12 Voroshylovhrad, 68-9, 81, 221, 223 Voroshylovhrad region, 184, 210, 212, 237,

246, 253, 257 Vorsinov, Hennadii, 498 Voshanov, Pavel, 394 Vremya, 358 Vrublevsky, Vitalii, 27n., 38n., 40, 42, 44,

45,46,47,60, 188,233 Vscsvit, 126 Vyhovsky, Ivan, 4 Vynnychenko, Volodymyr, 71, 76, 80, 91,

99, 180, Vyshhorod, 493

wage arrears, 511, 525, 545 Walesa, Lech, 185,459 war of laws, 314, 316 Warsaw, 446, 517, 520 Warsaw Past, 459 Washington, 103, 442, 446, 460, 461, 463,

464, 480, 482, 480, 481, 502, 532, 546 Washington Post, 231 Western European Union (WEU) ,516,517,

520, 530, 538 Western Ukrainian People's Republic

(ZUNR) , 8, 91, 155,167 Western Ukraine; xii, 121,133,145,218,219,

229, 267, 268, 274, 303, 308, 309, 324, 338, 340, 344, 356, 419, 466, 499, 544; under Polish rule, 13; as inter-war bastion of Ukrainian nationalism, 13; 'liberated' by Red Army and initial Soviet policies in, 14, 145; during Second World War, 15; armed resistance in against Nazi Germans and Soviet forces, 15; USSR forces Poland to cede it to Soviet Ukraine; 17; post-war resistance to reimposition of Soviet rule, 15, 201; pacification and Sovietization of, 15, 17, 201; deportations from, 14, 15; inflow of Russians, 15; suppression of Ukrainian Catholic Church, 15; and Beria's machinations, 19; calls for legalization of Ukrainian Catholic Church, 22; continuing underground nationalist opposition, 22-3;

Malanchuk's warnings about nationalism in, 34, 37; CPSU Central Committee investigates situation, calls for tightening of ideological controls, 37; religious resurgence in, 84-8; rebirth of independent public activity, 89, 92-3; growing national assertiviness in, 95, 106; Pohreb-nyak warns of looming problems on 50th anniversary of'reunification' of with the Ukrainian SSR, 106, 201; influence of developments in Poland, 153; Pohreb-nyak on need for differentiated approach towards, 153; CPU's backing for the Russian Orthodox Church, 155; increasingly political manifestations of national assertiveness, 166-7,189,201; 1989 May Day protests in, 189; impact of campaign to elect national democrats to USSR Congress ofPeople's Deputies, 190; growth of support for Rukh in, 189-91; in augural conference of Lviv regional section of Memorial further attests to growing political assertiveness in, 200; distorted official history of rejected, 200-1; 50th anniversary of Soviet takeover, 224; mass procession in Lviv ofUkrainian Catholics, 224; commemoration of 50th anniversary of Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 224; Pohrebnyak calls for differentiated approach towards, 232; Ukrainian Wave in, 247-8; national democrats victorious in 1990 parliamentary elections, 255, 256-7, 259, 262, 263, 266; Pravda warns of rising nationalism in, 260, 268; religious tensions, 260,262; CPU's actions to restrict power of democratically elected local councils, 266; Sekretaryuk on policy towards, 282-3, 348; Hurenko attacks 'national radicalism' of, 335; local poll in support of Ukrainian independence, 349, 352; results of referendum and republican survey on future of USSR, 352; and attempted coup in Moscow, 374,375,377, 383, 386, 388; Bratun's statement to the USSR Supreme Soviet, 394-5; supports Kravchuk in 1994 presidential election, 471-2; Kuchma reaches out to, 473

Whites, 9 Winnipeg, 478, 480 Wisla, Operation, 17 workers: miners' strikes of summer of 1989

reveal level of disaffection with Communist Party, 209; and Rukh, 218, 221; strike committees, 308

606 Index

Working Donbas, 545 World Bank, 436, 484, 502 World Trade Organisation (WTO), 517 writers (Ukrainian): as defenders of cultural

values, 21; impact of Chornobyl on, 60-3; campaign to bolsterstatus ofUkrainian language, 62-3, 73-4, 80-3; and retrieval ofUkrainian history, 66; confrontation with Shcherbytsky regime, 74,80-3,96; criticism by Chornovil of restrained approach of, 92; oppose further development of nuclear energy, 77-8, 96; cooperation with scientists, 97-8; attacked at CPU plenum by Shybyk, 106-7; Korotych stirs up controversy over state ofUkrainian literature, 110; demand truthful history ofUkrainian literature, 114-7; demand rehabilitation of repressed and proscribed writers and cultural figures, 117, 144; reopen key issues debated in 1920s, 115; begin organising language societies and festivals, 121; demand monument for victims of Stalin famine, 144; call for rehabilitation of Hrushevsky, 144; support campaign for rehabilitation of Stus, 144; begin discussing creation of democratic popular front, 155; form Initiative Group to create popular movement, 157-161

Writers Union of Ukraine (WUU), 30, 43, 67, 114, 115, 127, 144, 165; Fifth Congress, 30; headed by Honchar, 36; members press for loosening of cultural controls, 43-4; Ninth Congress, 61-3, 83; size of membership in 1986, 62; sets up commission to monitor study of Ukrainian, 75, 81; June 1987 Board plenum adopts programmatic resolution on Ukrainiza-tion, 80-2; as patriotic pressure group and vehicle for promoting democratization, 83; tug of war on language issue with Shcherbytsky leadership, 96; creates ecological commission, 97; presses for rehabilitation of 1920s cultural figures, 114; and creation of Rukh, 157, 161-3; headquarters used as centre of resistance to attempted coup in Moscow, 377; Kyiv branch, 168; Kyiv branch Party organization, 64, 83, 157, 158, 161

Writers' Union of the USSR, 184

Yalta, 445, 452, 356 Yanaev, Gennadii, 337, 373 Yarema, Patriarch Dymytrii, 491

Yaroshynska, Alia, 176, 184, 220 n. Yaroslav the Wise, 2 Yastrzhembsky, Sergei, 534 Yavlinsky, Grogorii, 396 Yavorivsky, Volodymyr: 43,66-7,160,175,

179, 187, 195, 274; elected to USSR Congress of People's Deputies, 194; gives telephone interview to Radio Liberty, 196n.; at inaugural conference of Kyiv regional organization of Rukh, 204-5; heads organizing committee to prepare Rukh's inaugural congress, 206-7; and Republican Deputies Club, 213; at Rukh's inaugural conference, 220-1; visits United States as Rukh's representative; activity on behalf of Chornobyl victims, 241-2; elected parliamentary deputy, 255; supports transforming Rukh into political party, 256; leaves CommunistParty, 260; co-founder of Democratic Party of Ukraine, 269; elected chairman of parliamentary Chornobyl commission, 276; during attempted coup in Moscow, 378; and Ukraine's declaration of independence, 390; opposes Kuchma's call for referendum on issue of adoption of new constitution, 521

Yavornytsky, Dmytro, 76 Yazov, Dimitri i , 251, 333, 370, 373 Yednist (Unity) faction, 483 Yekhanurov, Yuri i , 475, 487 Yelchenko, Yuri i , 33, 37, 38n., 50, 64n.,

107, 133, 134, 154, 164, 337; becomes CPU ideological secretary, 69; spells out Party line to writers, 79-80, 96, 98; on the Shcherbytsky leadership's approach to the language issue, 79n.; ideological work of criticized by Shcherbytsky and others, 105, 106; and creation of Rukh, 157, 161; overshadowed in ideological sphere by Kravchuk, 165; booed at Uk rainian Language Society conference, 170; on Gorbachev's meeting with Ukrainian writers, 179; and CPU's strategy to stifle Rukh, 178,179,182,202; opposes legalization ofUkrainian Catholic Church, 202; helps prepare report on 'alarming' situation in Ukraine, 210-1; warns of'counterrevolution', 224; hard-line at CPSU Central Committee plenum on nationalities qu es-tion, 225; defends record of Shcherbytsky regime, 226; withdraws from election of Shcherbytsky's successor, 227; heads new CPU Central Committee Commission

Index 607

on Inter-Ethnic Relations, 233; continues cal l ing for restoration o f order in republ ic and C P U , 252-3; forced in to run-offs in parl iamentary e lect ion, 255; wi thdraws f r o m C P U leadership, 280

Yel ts in , Bor is : 253, 274, 277, 286, 332, 335, 338, 358, 416, 439; dismissed by Gor bachev f r om Po l i tburo , 101; wins huge v ic tory i n M o s c o w in elect ion to U S S R Congress of People's Deputies, 184; and Interregional Group, 196; accused of being disinterested in nationalities problem, 198; and sovereignty o f R S F S R , 254, 3 4 1 ; emerges as leader of Russian reformist movement , 258; elected chairman of the RSFSR Supreme Soviet, 275; and preparat i on o f new U n i o n treaty, 278, 3 2 5 - 3 1 , 3 4 1 , 3 5 1 ; and Russian-Ukrain ian treaty, 278, 3 2 9 - 3 1 ; resigns f r o m Commun is t Party, 296; and Cr imea, 326, 330; official visit to Ukra ine in November 1990,323, 327-30,340; and Ukrainian-Russian treaty, 327-30; and Ukra in ian-Russian declarat ion , 329; renounces imper ia l role for Russia, 328-29; condemns Soviet use of mi l i tary force in Baltic republics, 339-40; and support for Baltic republics, 3 4 0 - 1 ; and creation of Russian armed forces, 341; calls for Gorbachev's resignation, 350, 352; and Russian presidency, 350, 354, 362; and N o v o Ogarevo process, 355-6, 360, 367, 3 7 0 - 1 ; bans activi ty of pol i t ical parties in Russian government structures, 367-8; leads resistance to attempted coup in Moscow, 373, 374, 376 ,377 ,378 , 380, 382,383; suspends activities of Commun is t Party, 385; takes over Soviet institutions, 388, 389, 430; recognises independence of Estonia and Latvia, 393; and issue of Russia's borders w i t h Ukra ine , 394; and nuclear weapons, 395, 405, 414; reportedly discusses preemptive nuclear strike against Ukra ine , 405, 413; appeals w i t h Gorbachev to Ukra in ian parl iament to j o i n new U n i o n treaty, 104; relies on ant i - imper ia l ' Y o u n g Turks ' , 413, and Ukra in ian independence, 414, 418, 4 2 1 , 422, 423-4; signs communique wi th Krav-chuk on bilateral security relations, 414; on end of N o v o Ogarevo process, 417; reaffirms support for a new U n i o n , 418, 423-4; and the Belovezhsky Agreement, 424-5; att i tude towards the CIS, 428, 458, 538; dispute over the Black Sea

Fleet, 4 4 1 , 452, 460, 485, 490, 508, 535; and Cr imea, 443, 460, 470, 487; red -b r o w n opposi t ion to , 444, 452, 500; and 14th Soviet A r m y in Transdniestria, 444; Ukra in ian Russian summits in Dagomys and Yalta, 445-6 ; and economic relations w i t h other CIS states, 448-9; conf rontat ion w i t h Russian parl iament, 452, 4 6 1 ; agrees w i t h Kravchuk to d iv ide up Black Sea Fleet, 452, 460; Massandra summi t , 454,461-2; condemns Russian parliament's c laim to Sevastopol, 460; calls for greater integrat ion o f C IS , 458,507,518-19,538; and problematic preparation of Ukra in ian-Russian political treaty, 485,543; postponement o f visit to K y i v , 485, 495, 505-6, 507, 508, 534, 543-4; and dual c i t izenship, 485; meet ing w i t h Kuchma in Sochi, 490; and Russia's 'Strategic Course' towards CIS countries, 495-6; condemn's Duma's repudiat ion o f Belovezhsky Agreement, 5 0 6 ; and Russian-Belarusian U n i o n , 507-8 ; 1996 presidential elections, 508-9, 518, 523, 525, 530, 5 3 1 ; and Lebed, 518; proposes Russian-Ukrainian union, 520; heart condi t ion requir ing surgery, 530 -1 , 532, 534, 543; imposes V A T on Ukra in ian imports, 531-2; meeting w i t h Kuchma before operat ion, 533, 534; and Duma's vote on suspending divis ion o f Black Sea Fleet, 539; visits Ukra ine in May 1998 and signs bilateral treaty, 551

Yemelyanov, Oleksandr, 435 YemeG, Oleksandr, 131, 148, 156, 256, 276,

292, 293, 3 0 1 , 312, 318, 343, 359, 378, 3 8 1 , 4 3 3 , 4 3 5 , 5 2 2

Yerevan, 123, 126 Yev tukhov , Vasyl, 498, 524 Yevtushenko, Yevgeni i , 191 you th , 1 2 5 , 2 2 5 , 2 3 1 , 2 6 3 Yugoslavia, 126, 447 Yukhnovsky , Academician Ihor , 133, 189,

200 ,255 ,274 ,275 -6 ,301 ,315 ,352 ,376 , 377, 378, 3 8 1 , 389, 390, 396, 398, 407, 435, 448, 449, 4 5 1 , 457;

Yu rchuk , Vasyl, 99 Yushchenko, V i k to r , 475

Zabuzhko, Oksana, 111 Zadoya, M . , 254 Zahrebelny, Pavlo, 144 Zakharchenko, Vasyl, 76 Zalyvakha, Vasyl, 76 Zalyvakha, Panas, 23

608 Index

Zaporizhzhya: 152,248,257, 318, 419,478; nuclear power plant, 97

Zaporozhya, 3 Zaporozhyans and Zaporozhyan Cossacks,

5-6,76, 118,217 Zaslavskaya, Tatyana, 128,131, 337 Zavarnytsya, 86, 145-6 Zayets, Ivan, 301 Zbarazh, 95 Zhirinovsky, Vladimir, 439, 500 Zhovten, 118 Zhulynsky, Mykola, 66, 74, 99, 161, 163,

304, 66; 74, 99, 161, 435, 448, 475 Zhursky, Valentyn, 131, 184 Zhytomyr, 176, 184, 214, 247 Zionism, 39, 54 Zlenko, Anatolii, 305-6,325,358, 401,407,

414,448,456,475 Znatuya, 138 Zoryanov, Oleksandr, 131 ZUNR, see West Ukrainian Peoples' Republic Zvyahilsky, Yukhym, 455, 493, 511 Zyuganov, Gennadii, 439, 495, 506, 509,

518,530,531,535

Documents

INDEX [] fileINDEX Abartsumov, Evgenii, 456 Academy of Sciences, Ukrainian, 120 Academy of Sciences, of the Ukrainian SSR, 48n., 58, 82, 97, 107, 175, 179, 265