Index

Symbols(*, G), 614(S, G), 612–614

Numerics6-to-4 tunnels, migration to IPv6, 693–694802.3 MAC address format, 599

AABRs (area border routers), 165–166, 227

summarization, configuring, 242–244access layer (hierarchical network model), 11ACK packets, suppressing, 107active IGMP version, displaying, 607Active Process Enhancement feature

(EIGRP), 120active routes (EIGRP), 73active state (BGP), troubleshooting, 540AD (advertised distance), 71, 83–84address bindings, 433–434address format, IPv6, 657–658address space (IPv6), 651–652

need for increase in, 652–653adjacencies (OSPF), 166

displaying, 203–205in broadcast networks, 190–191in NBMA networks, 192in point-to-point networks, 189–190

adjacency database, 163adjusting

EIGRP hello interval, 75EIGRP link utilization, 103

administrative distance, 42–43, 383–384best path selection, influencing, 420–422modifying, 423–424redistribution, example of, 425–430

advanced distance vector protocols, 484EIGRP. See EIGRP

advantages of multicast, 596AfriNIC (African Network Information

Centre), 471ALGs (application-layer gateways), 694allocating IP addresses in multiple routing

protocol environments, 374–377ANSI (American National Standards

Institute), 319anycast addresses (IPv6), 663–664anycast IPv6 addresses, 658APNIC (Asia Pacific Network Information

Centre), 471application layer, Cisco SONA, 9architectural frameworks for integrated

networks, Cisco SONA, 7–9area addresses, 326area authentication command, 268area virtual-link command, 263areas, 164, 248–249

NSSAs, configuring, 257–259standard areas

default routes, injecting, 260routing table, interpreting, 255

stub areasconfiguring, 250–252routing table, interpreting, 255–256

totally stubby areasconfiguring, 252–254routing table, interpreting, 256–257

verifying configuration, 260virtual links, configuring, 261–266

ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers), 471

AS (autonomous systems), 470–471BGP, interdomain routing, 471IBGP route propagation, 488–489

AS numbers, prepending, 501–502ASBRs (autonomous system border routers),

227summarization, configuring, 243–245

AS-path attribute (BGP), 501–502asymmetric routing, 332attribute inheritance (DHCP), 434attributes (BGP), 498

AS-path, 501–502community, 507local preference, 506

configuring, 545–549MED, 507–508

changing with route maps, 549–553IETF conformity, configuring, 510

next-hop, 502, 505changing, 521–522

optional, 499origin, 505role in best path selection, 509–511type codes, 501weight, 508–509weight attribute, 500

configuring, 553well-known, 499

authenticationBGP neighbor authentication, configuring,

524–525EIGRP MD5 authentication

configuring, 109–114troubleshooting, 115–116verifying configuration, 114

EIGRP neighbor authentication, configuring, 107–108

OSPF MD5 authenticationconfiguring, 272–275troubleshooting, 276–278verifying, 276

simple password authenticationconfiguring on OSPF, 267–270troubleshooting, 270–272verifying configuration, 270

auto-cost reference-bandwidth command, 240automatic bindings, 433–434autonomous systems, 74, 380

boundary routers, 380autosummarization, 36–37autosummarization across the network

boundary, 33avoiding routing feedback with route maps,

419–420

Bbackbone areas, 248backbone routers, 165, 227

configuration exercises, 786–787bandwidth command, 103bandwidth metric (EIGRP), calculating, 81basic BGP example configuration, 529–530BDRs (Backup Designated Routers), 166–167,

338election process, 190–191

best path selectionadministrative distance, 42–43BGP

path manipulation, 541–543with multihomed connections,

543–545

800

during redistribution, 383for BGP, 509–511influencing with administrative distance,

420–422OSPF, 236

best-effort delivery, UDP, 596BGP

advertised networks, defining, 522–524AS, 470–471attributes, 498

AS-path, 501–502community, 507local preference, 506MED, 507–508next-hop, 502, 505optional, 499origin, 505type codes, 501weight, 500, 508–509well-known, 499

basic configuration example, 529–530best path selection with multihomed

connections, 543, 545characteristics, 484–485CIDR support, 473comparing with other scalable routing

protocols, 474configuration exercises, 555–565configuration mode, entering, 514configuring, 512EBGP, example configuration, 532–533EBGP multihop, 519–521full-mesh, example, 490–491IBGP, example configuration, 532–533implementing in enterprise networks, 554in enterprise networks, 475–476interdomain routing, 471keepalive messages, 497–498local preference, configuring, 545–548MED attribute, changing with route maps,

549–553multihoming, 476–477

with default routes and partial table from all providers, 478–479

with default routes from all providers, 477–478

with full routes from all providers, 480multiprotocol extensions, 470

neighbor authentication, configuring, 524–525

neighbor relationships, 485–486disabling, 516external neighbors, 486internal neighbors, 487

neighbor states, 498troubleshooting, 539–541

notification messages, 497open messages, 496partial-mesh, example, 490–491path manipulation, 541–543

configuration exercises, 574–575, 577–585

path vector characteristics, 481–483peer groups

configuring, 512–514example configuration, 530–532

related RFCs, 472route selection process, 509–511

maximum-paths command, 511sessions

configuring, 514–516resetting, 526–529

source IP address, configuring, 516–518speakers, 486sychronization, 492–494, 572

configuring, 526TCP as transport layer in full-mesh BGP,

491transport layer, 484–485troubleshooting, 534

show ip bgp command, 534–538update messages, 497

path attribute, 499versus standard distance vector protocols,

484–485weight attribute, configuring, 553when to use, 483–484

bgp always-compare-med command, 508BGP tables, 495–496BGP4+, 470bindings, DHCP, 433–434black holes, 493boundary routers, 380branch architecture (Cisco Enterprise

Architecture), 10broadcast mode (OSPF), configuring, 195

best path selection

801

broadcast networks, 189IS-IS, implementing, 337–338

DIS selection, 338–339OSPF adjacency behavior, 190–191

broadcast storms, 658

Ccabling for Configuration Exercise

equipment, 785–786calculating

cost on high-bandwidth interfaces, 240EIGRP metric, 80–83metrics, OSPF, 167–169

best path, 236cost, 240external router cost, 237

CAM (content-addressable memory) table, 609

campus architecture (Cisco Enterprise Architecture), 10

CDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol), ODR, 29–31CGMP, 608–609changing

BGP local preference attribute, 545–547IS-IS interface level, 350IS-IS metric, 350routing protocols, 373–374, 378–379

characteristicsof BGP, 484–485of RIPv1, 39of RIPv2, 39of routing protocols, 46

CIDR (classless interdomain routing), BGP support, 473

CIDR report website, 485Cisco AON (Application-Oriented

Networking), 7Cisco Catalyst switches

multicast switching, 608CGMP, 608–609IGMP snooping, 609

Cisco Enteprise Composite Network Model, 13

Cisco Enterprise Architecture, 9, 11Cisco Hierarchical Network model, 11, 13

Cisco IIN, 6features of, 6phases of expansion, 7

Cisco IOS SoftwareActive Process Enhancement feature, 120equal-cost path support, 28

Cisco SONA, 7–9Cisco Unified Communications, 7classful routing protocols, 32–33

ip classless command, 34–35classless routing protocols, 32, 36–37clear counters tunnel command, 692clear ip bgp command, 527clear ip bgp peer-group command, 514clear ipv6 ospf command, 680CLNP (Connectionless Network Protocol),

311CLNS (Connectionless Network Service), 311

NSAP addresses, 324clns router isis command, 348“coloned hex format”, 657–658commands

area authentication, 268area virtual-link, 263auto-cost reference-bandwidth, 240bandwidth, 103bgp always-compare-med, 508clear counters tunnel, 692clear ip bgp, 527clear ip bgp peer-group, 514clear ipv6 ospf, 680clns router isis, 348debug, verifying EIGRP operation, 133,

140–144debug eigrp packets, 140–142debug ip bgp, 538debug ip ospf adj, 204–205debug ip ospf packet, 178default-information originate, 246–248distance, 429distance eigrp, 423eigrp stub, 128frame-relay map clns, 337ip address secondary, 377ip classless, 34–35ip default-network, 95–96ip multicast-routing, 620ip ospf network, 194–195ip pim send-rp-discovery scope, 621

commands

802

ip-helper address, 442–444ipv6 unicast-routing, 677is-is circuit-type, 350isis metric, 350is-type, 349maximum-paths, 511max-lsa, 239neighbor, 523neighbor peer-group, 513neighbor remote-as, 515neighbor update-source, 518network, 28, 181, 522–524passive-interface, 399–400router bgp, 514router isis, 347router odr, 30router-id, 187service password-encryption, 268show, verifying EIGRP operation, 132–140show clns, 355show clns interface, 359show clns neighbors, 358show clns protocol, troubleshooting IS-IS,

358show clns route, 356show igmp statistics, 630show ip bgp, 534–538show ip bgp neighbors, 529show ip bgp rib-failure, 536show ip bgp summary, 536–538show ip bgp, 534show ip eigrp interfaces, 138show ip eigrp neighbors, 76show ip eigrp topology, 139–140show ip eigrp traffic, 140show ip igmp group, 604show ip igmp interface, 628show ip mroute, 622–623show ip ospf, 188–189, 265show ip ospf database, 234–235, 266show ip ospf events, 185–186show ip ospf interface, 183–184show ip ospf neighor, 184–185show ip ospf virtual-links, 264show ip pim neighbor, 624show ip pim rp, 625show ip protocols, 137–138, 354show ip route, 26, 237show ip route eigrp, 135–136

show ip route isis, 355show ip route ospf, 183show ip rpf, 626show ipv6 interface, 681–683show ipv6 ospf, 683–684show ipv6 ospf database, 686–687show ipv6 ospf interface, 683show ipv6 ospf neighbor, 684, 686show ipv6 route, 681show isis database, 356show isis route, 355show isis topology, 356–357show multicast router igmp, 630summary-address, 353timers throttle spf, 176update-source loopback, 517variance, 101–103

community attribute (BGP), 507comparing

BGP with other scalable routing protocols, 474

multicast and unicast, 594–595network and neighbor command, 523OSPF modes of operation, 203OSPFv3 and OSPFv2, 672–675routing protocols, 45–46

configuration execisesbackbone routers, configuring, 786–787BBR1, configuring, 787–788, 790BBR2, configuring, 791–793BGP, 555–565BGP path manipulation, 574–585configuring and examining OSPF in single

area, 206–219configuring and tuning EIGRP, 145–155configuring OSPF for multiple areas and

Frame Relay nonbroadcast, 279–305equipment wiring, 785–786Frame-Switch, configuring, 794–797full-mesh IBGP, 565–573IPv6, configuring, 696–710migration to classless routing protocol,

47–49, 51–62redistribution, 449–465required equipment, 781–783setup diagram, 784–785TFTP server setup, 783

commands

803

configuringbackbone routers for configuration

exercises, 786–787BGP, 512

EBGP multihop, 519, 521local preference, 545–548neighbor authentication, 524–525peer groups, 512–514sessions, 514–516source IP address, 516–518synchronization, 526verifying configuration, 534–538weight attribute, 553

DHCP, 431, 433attribute inheritance, 434clients, 447verifying operation, 447

DHCP relay agents, 442–446DHCP servers, 434–439

example configuration, 439–440import options example, 441–442

distribute lists, 409–411dynamic routing, 28–29EIGRP, 92–93

default networks, 95–96example configuration, 93–94load balancing, 100–103manual summarization, 98–100MD5 authentiation, 109–114neighbor authentiation, 107–108on WANs, 106–107summarization, 97with wildcard masks, example

configuration, 94–95Integrated IS-IS, 346–348IPv6, 677

configuration exercises, 696–710stateless autoconfiguration, 666–668

IS-ISroute rummarization, 352–353verifying configuration, 354–355

multicast group membership, 621ODR, 30–31OSPF, 179–180

default routes, 245–248interface priority, 192loopback interface router ID, 186LSDB overload protection, 238–239MD5 authentication, 272–275

multiarea, 181NSSAs, 257–259over Frame Relay, 193router ID, 187simple password authentication,

267–270single-area, 181stub areas, 250–252summarization on ABRs, 242–244summarization on ASBRs, 243–245totally stubby areas, 252–254verifying configuration, 182–186virtual links, 261–266

OSPF mode for NBMA networksbroadcast mode, 195nonbroadcast mode, 196–198point-to-multipoint mode, 198–200point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast

mode, 200OSPFv3, 677–679

verifying configuration, 680–688PIM-SM, 620–621redistribution, 388–390

default-metric command, 399example, 401–404into EIGRP, 394–396into IS-IS, 397–398into OSPF, 392–394into RIP, 390–391passive-interface command, 399–400verifying operation, 430

RIP, 40–41route maps, 416–418static default routes, 26static routes, 25

controllingredistribution with distribute lists, 412–413routing updates, 405

with default routes, 407with distribute lists, 408–411with route maps, 413–418with static routes, 406–407

converged networks, 5–6architectural frameworks, Cisco SONA, 7, 9

convergence, 24EIGRP

graceful shutdown, 131–132query scoping, 121–124

forcing, 57

convergence

804

Core layer (hierarchical network model), 11cost, 71

changing, 350on high-bandwidth interfaces, calculating,

240OSPF, calculating, 168–169

external routes, 237criteria for populating IP routing table, 44–45CSNPs, 341current successors. See successors

Ddata architecture (Cisco Enterprise

Architecture), 10debug commands, verifying EIGRP

operation, 133, 140–144debug eigrp packets command, 140–142debug ip bgp updates command, 538debug ip eigrp command, 142–144debug ip ospf adj commad, 204–205debug ip ospf adj command, 205debug ip ospf events command, 185–186debug ip ospf packet command, 178default networks (EIGRP), configuring,

95–96default routes

OSPFconfiguring, 245–248generating, 260

routing updates, controlling, 407default-information originate command,

246–248default-metric command, 399defining

BGP advertised networks, 522–524BGP source address, 516–518

dense mode (PIM), 612design principles for Integrated IS-IS,

315–316designing OSPF networks, 228Destination address field (IPv6), 655DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration

Protocol)address bindings, 433–434attribute inheritance, 434clients, configuring, 447configuring, 431–433

IPv6, stateless autoconfiguration, 666–668verifying configuration, 447

DHCP relay agentsconfiguring, 442–446helper addresses, configuring, 442, 444

DHCP serversconfiguring, 434–439example configuration, 439–440import options example, 441–442

differences between OSPF and IS-IS, 321–323Dijkstra, Edsger, 167Dijkstra’s algorithm, 162disabling

autosummarization, 37BGP neighbors, 516

disadvantages of multicast, 596–597discontiguous subnets, route summarization,

34displaying

active IGMP version, 607EIGRP neighbor table, 76IP multicast routing table, 622–623IS-IS topology database, 356–357OSFP LSDB information, 235–236OSPF adjacencies, 203–205PIM interface information, 623–625

distance command, 429distance eigrp command, 423distance vector routing protocols, 31, 474

compared to BGP, 484–485RIP, configuring, 40–41routing by rumor, 163

distribute listsconfiguring, 409–411IP route filtering, 411–412redistribution, controlling, 412–413routing updates, controlling, 408

Distribution layer (hierarchical network model), 11

distribution trees, 611multicast notation, 614–615

DNS-ALG (DNS-application layer gateway), 694

DR (Designated Router), 166–167DROTHERs, 167DRs (Designated Routers), 338

election process, 190–192DSP (domain-specific part), 325

Core layer (hierarchical network model)

805

DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm), 67, 70, 86–91

dual stack, migrating from IPv4 to IPv6, 689–690

dynamic inbound soft resets, performing on BGP sessions, 528–529

dynamic routing, 24–26configuring, 28RIP, configuring, 29

EEBGP (External Border Gateway Protocol)

example configuration, 532–533next hop, 502

EBGP multihop, 519, 521EGPs (Exterior Gateway Protocols), 469EIGRP

Active Process Enhancement feature, 120AD, 71, 83–84configuring, 92–95default networks, configuring, 95–96DUAL, 67, 70, 86–91external routes, 80FD, 71, 83–84features of, 67–69FS, 72, 84–85

requirements, 85–86in enterprise networks

graceful shutdown, 131–132queries, 119query range, limiting, 124–130query scoping, 121–124scalability, 117SIA connections, preventing, 120SIA state, 119–120

inital route discovery process, 78–79internal routes, 80IPv6 support, 672link utilization, 103–104load balancing, configuring, 100–103MD5 authentication

configuring, 109–114troubleshooting, 115–116verifying configuration, 114

metric, calculating, 80–83neighbor authentication

configuring, 107–108

neighbor discovery, 70neighbor table, 71–72, 75on WANs, example, 104–107packets, 74

hello, 74–75protocol-dependent modules, 70reliability, 77

RTP, 77–78route selection process, 80route summarization, 69routing table, 71successors, 71, 84–85summarization

configuring, 97in enterprise networks, 117manual summarization, configuring,

98–100summary routes, 80topology table, 71–73verifying operation, 132–135

with debug commands, 133, 140–144with show commands, 132–140

eigrp stub command, 128election process for DRs/BDRs, 190–191

enablingBGP synchronization, 493Integrated IS-IS on interfaces, 348

entering BGP configuration mode, 514Enterprise Campus functional area, 14Enterprise Composite Network Model, 13

functional areas, 13–15routing protocols, 16–17

Enterprise Edge functional area, 15enterprise networks

BGP, implementing, 554Cisco Enterprise Architecture, 9–11EIGRP

graceful shutdown, 131–132queries, 119query range, limiting, 124–130query scoping, 121–124scalability, 117SIA connections, preventing, 120SIA state, 119–120summarization, 117

running BGP in, 475–476equal-cost paths, support for on Cisco IOS

Software, 28

equal-cost paths

806

ESHs (End System Hellos), 317ES-IS (End System-to-Intermediate System),

316–317established state (BGP), troubleshooting, 541Ethernet interface IDs for IPv6, 660–661examples

of BGP, 529–532EBGP, 532–533full-mesh, 490–491IBGP, 532–533partial-mesh, 490–491

of DHCP server configuration, 439–440server import options, 441–442

of EIGRP configuration, 93–94with wildcard mask, 94–95

of IS-IS routing, 331–333of redistribution using administrative

distance, 425–430exchange process, OSPF neighbor states,

173–175exchange state, 174exercises. See configuration exercisesexpansion phases of Cisco IINs, 7exstart state, 174Extension headers field (IPv6), 655–656external BGP neighbors, 486external LSAs, 233external networks, 138external routes

cost, calculating, 237EIGRP, 80summarization, 241

FFD (feasible distance), 71, 83–84feasibility conditions for EIGRP load

balancing, 102feasible routes, 101features

of Cisco IIN, 6of EIGRP, 67–69of IPv6, 650–653

fields of BGP open messages, 497of IPv6 header, 653–655

floating static routes, 43–44flooding LSAs in multiaccess networks, 176

Flow label field (IPv6), 654forcing

convergence, 57EIGRP summarization, 99

frame-relay map clns broadcast command, 337

FS (feasible successors), 72, 84–86full-mesh BGP

example of, 490–491TCP as transport layer, 491

full-mesh iBGP, 489configuration exercises, 565–573

full-mesh topologies, 193functional areas of Enterprise Composite

Network Model, 13–15

G“G” bit, 660generating

default routes in OSPF domains, 245–248OSPF default routes, 260

global unicast addresses, 661globally scoped IP addresses addresses, 598going active on a route, 119goodbye messages, 132graceful shutdown, EIGRP, 131–132group membership (IGMP), 604

configuring, 621joining a group, 606leaving a group, 605

group-specific queries (IGMPv2), 603

HH (handle), 76hard resets, performing on BGP sessions, 527header fields (IPv6), 653–655

extension headers, 655–656header fields of OSPF packets, 170–171hello interval adjusting, 75hello packets

EIGRP, 74–75hello interval, adjusting, 75hold time, 75

OSPF, 171–175

ESHs (End System Hellos)

807

helper addresses, 442, 444hexadecimal IPv6 address representation,

657–658hierarchical network model, 11–13hierarchical routing, OSPF, 226history of IS-IS, 319–320HODSP (high-order domain-specific part),

325hold time, 75–76Hop limit field (IPv6), 654hub-and-spoke topologies, ODR, 29

configuring, 30–31Huitema, Christian, 320hybrid routing protocols, 31

EIGRP. See EIGRP

IIANA (Internet Assigned Numbers

Authority), 471, 597IBGP

example configuration, 532–533full mesh, 489

configuration exercises, 565–573in nontransit AS, 489in transit AS, 488next hop, 502

idle state (BGP), troubleshooting, 540IDRPs (Interdomain Routing Protocols), 470IGMP, 602

active version, displaying, 607multicast groups

verifying, 627–628IGMP snooping, 609

verifying, 629–630IGMPv1, 603IGMPv2, 603–604

group membership, 604groups, leaving, 605

IGMPv3 groups, joining, 606ignore state (OSPF), 239IGPs (Interior Gateway Protocols), 469IIHs (IS-IS Hellos), 317IINs (Intelligent Information Networks), 5

features of, 6phases of expansion, 7

implementingBGP in enterprise networks, 554IS-IS

in broadcast networks, 337–339in NBMA networks, 337–340

import options example (DHCP servers), 441–442

influencing best path selection with administrative distance, 420–422

inherited DHCP parameters, 434init state, 173initial route discovery process (EIGRP),

78–79injecting default routes into standard areas,

260Integrated IS-IS, 314–315

advantages of, 322configuring, 346–348design principles, 315–316enabling on interfaces, 348NSAP address structure, 324–326

interactive services layer (Cisco SONA), 8inter-area routing, 329–330interdomain routing with BGP, 471interface identifiers (IPv6), 659

Ethernet, 660–661interface level (IS-IS), changing, 350interfaces (OSPF), configuring priority, 192internal BGP neighbors, 487internal routers, 227internal routes (EIGRP), 80interpreting OSPF routing tables

in standard areas, 255in stub areas, 255–256in totally stubby areas, 256–257LSDB, 234–236

intra-area routing, 318, 329–330ip address secondary command, 377IP addresses

allocating in multiple routing protocol environments, 374–376

secondary addresses, configuring, 377for multicast, 597–598

Layer 2, 598– 600ip classless command, 34–35ip default-network command, 95–96ip helper-address command, 442–444

ip helper-address command

808

IP multicast routing table, displaying, 622–623

ip multicast-routing command, 620ip ospf network command, 194–195ip pim send-rp-discovery scope command,

621IP route filtering with distribution lists,

411–412IPv4, migrating to IPv6, 688–689

dual stack, 689–690tunneling, 690–694

IPv6address representation, 657–658address space, 651–652

need for increase in, 652–653anycast addresses, 658, 663–664available routing protocols, 669–670

EIGRP, 672IS-IS, 671MP-BGP4, 672OSPFv3, 671RIPng, 670

configuration exercises, 696–710configuring, 677extension headers, 655–656features, 650–651interface identifiers, 659

Ethernet, 660–661migrating from IPv4, 688–689

6-to-4 tunneling, 693–694dual stacking, 689–690manually configured tunnels, 691–692tunneling, 690–694

mobility, 668–669MTU discovery, 656multicast addresses, 658, 664–666packet header, 653, 655stateless autoconfiguration, 666, 668static routing, 670supported data-link layers, 659supported routing protocols, OSPFv3,

675–688translation mechanisms, 694–695unicast addresses, 658

global unicast addresses, 661ipv6 unicast-routing command, 677ISHs (Intermediate System Hellos), 317

IS-IS (Intermediate System-Intermediate System), 312–313. See also Integrated IS-IS

area boundaries, 314asymmetric routing, 332comparing with OSPF, 319differences with OSPF, 321–323history of, 319–320implementing in broadcast networks,

337–338DIS selection, 338–339

implementing in NBMA networks, 337L1 and L2 IIHs, 340L1 and L2 LSPs, 339

inter-area routing, 329–330interface level, changing, 350intra-area routing, 329–330IPv6 support, 671L1 routers, 313L1/L2 routers, 313L2 routers, 313LAN adjacencies, 343LSDB synchronization, 341–342LSPs, 335–336

flooding, 340–341metric

changing, 350narrow, 316

NSAP addresses, 324area addresses, 326NET addresses, 328–329system ID, 327–328

optimizing, 349–352PDUs, 334route leaking, 333route summarization, configuring, 352–353router types, 329routing examples, 331–333routing levels, 312–313similarities to OSPF, 320topology database, displaying, 356–357troubleshooting, show clns commands, 355tuning, 350–352verifying configuration, 354–355WAN adjacencies, 343–344wide metrics, 316

isis circuit-type command, 350isis metric command, 350ISO (International Organization for

Standardization), 311

IP multicast routing table, displaying

809

ISPs, 471BGP, multihoming, 476–477

with default routes and partial table from all providers, 478–479

with default routes from all providers, 477–478

with full routes from all providers, 480ISs (intermediate systems), 312is-type command, 349

K-Lkeepalive messages (BGP), 497–498key chains, 109

L0 routing, 313, 318L1 routing, 318, 329L1/L2 routing, 313, 329L2 routing, 313, 319, 329L3 routing, 319LACNIC (Latin American and Caribbean IP

Address Regional Registry), 471LAN adjacencies, 343Layer 2 multicast addresses, 598–600Layer 2 switches, 608

multicast switchingCGMP, 608–609IGMP snooping, 609

Layer 3 protocols, IGMP, 608Leave Group message (IGMPv2), 604limiting EIGRP query range, 124–130link utilization, EIGRP, 103–104link-state routing protocols, 31, 162, 474

IS-IS, 312–313comparing with OSPF, 319differences with OSPF, 321–323history of, 319–320LAN adjacencies, 343LSDB synchronization, 341–342LSP flooding, 340–341LSPs, 335–336PDUs, 334routing examples, 331–333routing levels, 312–313similarities to OSPF, 320WAN adjacencies, 343–344

LSAs, 161

OSPFv3comparing with OSPFv2, 672–675configuring, 677–679LSAs, 675–676verifying configuration, 680–688

shopping mall map analogy, 162link-state sequence numbers field, 177–179load balancing, EIGRP, 100–103loading state, 175local network control block, 597local preference (BGP), configuring, 545–548local preference attribute (BGP), 506local scope IP multicast addresses, 597loopback interfaces, configuring router ID on

OSPF, 186LSAs, 161, 228–229

flooding process, 176for OSPFv3, 675–676link-state sequence number field, 177–179Type 1, 230–231Type 2, 231Type 3, 231–232Type 4, 232–233Type 5, 233

LSDB (link-state database), 161, 227, 234information, displaying, 235–236synchronization on IS-IS, 341–342

LSPs, IS-IS, 335–336flooding, 340–341

LSRefreshTime, 177LSUs (link-state updates), 168

MMAC addresses, 598managing routing protocol migration,

373–374, 378–379manual binding, 433–434manual summarization

EIGRP, configuring, 98–100RIP, configuring, 40–41

manually configured tunnels, migration to IPv6, 691–692

many-to-many multicast applications, 595maximum-paths command, 511max-lsa command, 239MBone (Multicast Backbone), 598

MBone (Multicast Backbone)

810

MD5 authenticationconfiguring on BGP, 524–525configuring on EIGRP, 109–114

troubleshooting, 115–116verifying configuration, 114

configuring on OSPF, 272–275troubleshooting, 276–278verifying, 276

MED attribute (BGP), 507–508changing with route maps, 549–553IETF conformity, configuring, 510

messages, BGPkeepalive messages, 497–498notification messages, 497–499open messages, 496update messages, 497

metrics, 27EIGRP, 71

calculating, 80–83IS-IS, changing, 350narrow, 316OSPF, calculating, 167–169seed metrics, 384–386wide, 316

migratingfrom existing routing protocol, 373–374,

378–379from IPv4 to IPv6, 688–689

dual stack, 689–690tunneling, 690–694

to classless routing protocol, configuration exercise, 47–62

mobility of IPv6, 668–669modifying

administrative distance, 423–424BGP next-hop attribute, 521–522

moduleswithin Enterprise Campus functional area,

14within Service Provider Edge functional

area, 16MP-BGP4, IPv6 support, 672MTU discovery (IPv6), 656multiarea OSPF, configuring, 181multicast

advantages of, 596disadvantages of, 596–597IGMP, 602IGMPv1, 603

IGMPv2, 603–604group membership, 604groups, leaving, 605

IGMPv3, joining groups, 606IP addresses, 597–598

Layer 2, 598, 600IP multicast routing table, displaying,

622–623versus unicast, 594–595

multicast addresses (IPv6), 664–666multicast distribution tree notation, 614–615multicast groups, 593

verifying, 627–628multicast IPv6 addresses, 658multicast OSPF addresses, 177

multicast routing protocols, PIM, 610dense mode, 612, 615–617displaying configured interface information,

623–625distribution trees, 611group membership, configuring, 621multicast distribution tree notation,

614–615RP information, troubleshooting, 625–626RPF, 611shared distribution trees, 614shared trees, 611source distribution trees, 612–613source trees, 611sparse-dense mode, 619–620sparse mode, 611, 617–621

multicast sessions, 600–602multicast switching, 608

CGMP, 608–609IGMP snooping, 609

multihoming options for BGP, 476–477best path selection, 543–545multihoming with default routes and partial

table from all providers, 478–479multihoming with default routes with all

providers, 477–478multihoming with full routes from all

providers, 480multiple routing protocol environments

IP address allocation, 374–376secondary addresses, configuring, 377

MD5 authentication

811

redistribution, 379–381administrative distance, 383–384best route selection, 383configuring, 388–400example of, 401–404performing, 387seed metrics, 384–386

multipoint subinterfaces, 202

Nnarrow metrics, 316NBMA networks, 189

IS-IS, implementing, 337L1 and L2 IIHs, 340L1 and L2 LSPs, 339

OSPFadjacency behavior, 192broadcast mode, configuring, 195modes of operation, 194multipoint subinterfaces, 202nonbroadcast mode, configuring,

196–198point-to-point subinterfaces, 201–202subinterfaces, 200–201

OSPF point-to-multipoint mode, configuring, 198–200

OSPF point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast mode, configuring, 200

neighbor adjacencies (OSPF), establishing, 171–175

neighbor authentication BGP, configuring, 524–525EIGRP, configuring, 107–108

neighbor command, 523neighbor discovery, EIGRP, 70neighbor peer-group command, 513neighbor relationships, BGP, 485–486

BGP table, 495–496disabling, 516EBGP multihop, 519–521external neighbors, 486internal neighbors, 487

neighbor remote-as command, 515neighbor states (BGP), 498

idle, 540–541troubleshooting, 539

neighbor table (EIGRP), 71–72, 75displaying, 76

neighbor update-source command, 518NET (network entity title), 324NET addresses, 328–329network command, 28, 181, 522–524network LSAs, 231networked infrastructure layer (Cisco

SONA), 8Next header field (IPv6), 654next-hop attribute (BGP), 502, 505

changing, 521–522nonbroadcast mode (OSPF), 194

configuring, 196–198non-real-time applications, 595nontransit AS, IBGP route propagation, 489notification messages (BGP), 497

NSAPs (network service access points), 324area addresses, 326Integrated IS-IS NSAP address structure,

324–326NET addresses, 328–329system ID, 327–328

NSSAs (not-so-stubby areas), 249configuring, 257–259

OODR (on-demand routing), 29

configuring, 30–31one to many multicast applications, 595one-way redistribution, 387open messages (BGP), 496optimizing IS-IS, 349–350, 352optional attributes (BGP), 499optional nontransitive BGP attributes, MED,

507–508optional transitive BGP attributes,

community, 507origin attribute (BGP), 505OSI model

and ISO, 311L0 routing, 318L1 routing, 318L2 routing, 319L3 routing, 319PDUs, 333

OSI model

812

OSI (Open System Interconnection), 311OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

ABRs, 165–166, 227adjacencies, 166

displaying, 203–205adjacency database, 163advantages of, 323areas, 164, 248–249

verifying configuration, 260ASBRs, 227authentication

MD5 authentication, configuring, 272–275

MD5 authentication, troubleshooting, 276–278

MD5 authentication, verifying, 276simple password authentication,

configuring, 267–270simple password authentication,

troubleshooting, 270–272simple password authentication,

verifying configuration, 270backbone routers, 227BDRs, 166–167best path calculation, 236broadcast mode, configuring, 195broadcast networks, 189

adjacency behavior, 190–191comparing with IS-IS, 319configuring, 179–180cost, calculating, 240default routes

configuring, 245–248generating, 260

design guidelines, 228differences with IS-IS, 321–323DRs, 166–167external route cost, calculating, 237hierarchical routing, 226in single area, configuring, 181interface priority, configuring, 192internal routers, 227link-state sequence numbers, 177–179loopback interfaces, configuring router ID,

186LSAs, 228–229

flooding, 176Type 1, 230–231Type 2, 231

Type 3, 231–232Type 4, 232–233Type 5, 233

LSDB, 227, 234information, displaying, 235–236overload protection, configuring,

238–239metrics, calculating, 167–169modes of operation, comparing, 203multiarea, configuring, 181multicast addresses, 177NBMA networks, 189

adjacency behavior, 192modes of operation, 194

nonbroadcast mode, configuring, 196–198NSSAs, configuring, 257–259over Frame Relay

configuring, 193multipoint subinterfaces, 202point-to-point subinterfaces, 201–202subinterfaces, 200–201

packets, 169header fields, 170–171hello, 171–175

point-to-multipoint mode, configuring, 198–200

point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast mode, configuring, 200

point-to-point networks, 189adjacency behavior, 189–190

router designators, 236router IDs, 186

verifying, 188–189similarities to IS-IS, 320standard areas, interpreting routing table,

255stub areas

configuring, 250–252routing table, interpreting, 255–256

summarization, 240–242on ABRs, configuring, 242–244on ASBRs, configuring, 243–245

totally stubby areasconfiguring, 252–254routing table, interpreting, 256–257

verifying configuration, 182with debug ip ospf events command,

185–186

OSI (Open System Interconnection)

813

with show ip ospf interface command, 183–184

with show ip ospf neighbor command, 184–185

with show ip route ospf command, 183virtual links

configuring, 261–263verifying configuration, 264–266

OSPFv3configuring, 677–679

verifying configuration, 680–688IPv6 support, 671LSAs, 675–676versus OSPFv2, 672–675

overload protection on OSPF LSDB, configuring, 238–239

Ppackets

ACKs, suppressing, 107EIGRP, 74

hello, 74–75reliable transport, 77–78

LSAs. See LSAsOSPF, 169

header fields, 170–171hello, 171–175

parametersfor area authentication command, 268for area nssa command, 258for area stub command, 251for area stub no-summary command, 253for area virtual-link command, 262for default-information originate command,

246for eigrp stub command, 128for eigrp stub command, 128for ip ospf message-digest-key command,

273for max-lsa command, 239for network command, 180for router ospf command, 179

partial-mesh topologies, 193BGP, example of, 490–491

passive routes (EIGRP), 73passive-interface command, 399–400path attribute of BGP update messages, 499

path manipulation (BGP) using route maps, 541–543

path vector characteristics (BGP), 481–483Payload length field (IPv6), 654PDUs (protocol data units), 167 333

IS-IS, 334peer groups (BGP)

configuring, 512–514example configuration, 530–532resetting member connections, 514

phases of Cisco IIN expansion, 7PIM (Protocol-Independent Multicast), 610

dense mode, 612, 615–617displaying configured interface information,

623–625distribution trees, 611multicast distribution tree notation,

614–615RP information, troubleshooting, 625–626RPF, 611shared distribution trees, 614shared trees, 611source distribution trees, 612–613source trees, 611sparse mode, 611, 617–621sparse-dense mode, 612, 619–621configuring, 620–621

planning routing protocol migration, 378–379point-to-multipoint mode (OSPF), 194

configuring, 198–200point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast mode

(OSPF), configuring, 200point-to-point networks, 189

OSPF adjacency behavior, 189–190point-to-point subinterfaces, 201–202populating IP routing table, criteria for, 44–45preemptive behavior, 338prepending AS numbers, 501–502preventing EIGRP SIA connections, 120primary addresses, assigning, 377protocol-dependent modules (EIGRP), 70prune messages (PIM-DM), 615pseudo-nodes, 339PSNPs, 341“pull” model, 612, 618“push” model, 612

“push” model

814

Qqueries (EIGRP)

in enterprise networks, 119range of, limiting, 124–125

with stub router, 126–130with summarization, 125–126

query scoping, 121–124query-interval response time (IGMPv2), 604

Rreal-time applications, 595recomputation (EIGRP), 73redistribution, 379–381

administrative distance, 383–384best route selection, 383configuration exercises, 449–465configuring, 388–390

passive-interface command, 399–400controlling with distribute lists, 412–413default-metric command, configuring, 399example of, 401, 403–404into EIGRP, configuring, 394–396into IS-IS, configuring, 397–398into OSPF, configuring, 392–394into RIP, configuring, 390–391performing, 387seed metrics, 384–386using administrative distance, example of,

425–430verifying configuration, 430with route maps, 419

regular areas, 164reliable packet transport (EIGRP), 77

RTP, 77–78remaining lifetime (IS-IS LSPs), 336report suppression, 603required Configuration Exercise equipment,

781–783requirements

for converged networks, 6for EIGRP FS, 85–86

resettingBGP peer group member connections, 514BGP sessions, 526–529

restrictingrouting update traffic, 405

with default routes, 407

with distribute lists, 408–411with route maps, 413–418with static routes, 406–407

RFC 1112, Host Extensions for IP Multicasting, 603

RFC 3266, Support for IPv6 in Session Description Protocol (SDP), 601

RFCs, BGP-related, 472RIP (Routing Information Protocol)

configuring, 29, 40manual summarization, configuring, 40–41

RIPE NCC (Reséaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre), 471

RIPng, IPv6 support, 670RIPv1, characteristics, 39RIPv2, characteristics, 39RIRs (Regional Internet Registries), 471route designators (OSPF), 236route leaking, 333route maps

BGP route manipulation, 541–543changing BGP local prefence attribute,

547–549configuring, 416–418redistribution, 419routing feedback, avoiding, 419–420routing updates, controlling, 413–415setting BGP MED attribute, 549–553

route propagation, IBGP, 488–489route redistribution, 227route refreshing bgp sessions, 528–529route selection process

EIGRP, 80for BGP, 509–511

maximum-paths command, 511with multihomed connections,

543–545route summarization

autosummarization, 36disabling, 37

in discontiguous subnets, 34IS-IS, configuring, 352–353

router bgp command, 514router IDs, 186

selecting, 187verifying, 188–189

router isis command, 347Router LSAs, 230–231router odr command, 30

queries (EIGRP)

815

router-id command, 187routing by rumor, 163routing domains, 380routing feedback, avoiding with route maps,

419–420routing levels (IS-IS), 312–313routing protocols

administrative distance, 42–43changing, 373–374, 378–379classful, 32–33classless, 32, 36

autosummarization, 36–37comparing, 45–46IPv6 supported, 669–670

EIGRP, 672IS-IS, 671MP-BGP4, 672OSPFv3, 671RIPng, 670

metric, 27multiple protocol environments,

redistribution, 379–404selecting for Enterprise Composite Network

Model, 16–17routing tables

controlling, 405with default routes, 407with distribute lists, 408–411with route maps, 413–418with static routes, 406–407

criteria for populating, 44–45EIGRP, 71–72

RPF (Reverse Path Forwarding), 611RPs (rendezvous point), 611

troubleshooting, 625–626RTO (retransmit timeout), 76RTP (Reliable Transport Protocol), 70, 77–78RTSP (Real Time Streaming Protocol), 601

S“SAFE” blueprint, 13–17scalability of EIGRP, 117SDP (Session Description Protocol), 600seed metrics, 384–386selecting

BGP advertised networks, 522–524

OSPF mode for NBMA networks, 194–195OSPF router ID, 187

service password-encryption command, 268service providers, 471Session Directory, 600sessions, BGP

configuring, 514–516resetting, 526–529

shared distribution trees (PIM), 614shared trees, 611show clns commands, 355show clns interface command, 359show clns neighbors command, 358show clns protocol command, troubleshooting

IS-IS, 358show clns route command, 356show commands, verifying EIGRP operation,

132–140show igmp statistics command, 630show ip bgp command, 534–538show ip bgp neighbors command, 529show ip bgp rib-failure command, 536show ip bgp summary command, 536–538show ip eigrp interfaces command, 138show ip eigrp neighbors command, 76show ip eigrp topology command, 139–140show ip eigrp traffic command, 140show ip igmp group command, 604show ip igmp interface command, 628show ip mroute command, 623show ip mroute command, 622show ip ospf command, 188–189show ip ospf database command, 234–235,

265–266show ip ospf interface command, 183–184show ip ospf neighbor command, 184–185show ip ospf virtual-links command, 264show ip pim neighbor command, 624show ip pim rp command, 625show ip protocols command, 137–138, 354show ip route command, 26, 237show ip route eigrp command, 135–136show ip route isis command, 355show ip route ospf command, 183show ip rpf command, 626show ipv6 interface command, 681–683show ipv6 ospf command, 683–684show ipv6 ospf database command, 686–687show ipv6 ospf interface command, 683

show ipv6 ospf interface command

816

show ipv6 ospf neighbor command, 684–686show ipv6 route command, 681show isis database command, 356show isis route command, 355show isis topology command, 356–357show multicast router igmp command, 630SIA (stuck-in-active) connections, 119–120

in enterprise networks, 119–120SIIT (Stateless IP/ICMP Translation), 694similarities between OSPF and IS-IS, 320simple password authentication

configuring on OSPF, 267–270troubleshooting, 270–272verifying configuration, 270

simulcasts, 595SIN (ships-in-the-night) routing, 382single-area OSPF, configuring, 181sliding window (TCP), 485SNPA (subnetwork point of attachment), 328soft resets, performing on BGP sessions,

528–529SONA (Service-Oriented Network

Architecture), 5source address (BGP), configuring, 516, 518Source address field (IPv6), 654source distribution trees (PIM), 612–613source trees, 611sparse mode (PIM), 611speakers (BGP), 486

synchronization rule, 492–494split horizon, 79SRTT (Smooth Round Trip Timer), 76standard areas, 248

default routes, injecting, 260routing table, interpreting, 255

star topologies, 193stateless autoconfiguration (IPv6), 666–668static routes, 23–24

configuring, 25floating static routes, 43–44in IPv6, 670routing updates, controlling, 406–407static default routes, configuring, 26

stub areas, 172, 248configuring, 250–252routing table, interpreting, 255–256

stub networks, 231stub routers (EIGRP), limiting query range,

126–130

subinterfaces, 200–201multipoint, 202point-to-point, 201–202

successors, 71summarization

EIGRPconfiguring, 97–100in enterprise networks, 117query range, limiting, 125–126

in discontiguous subnets, 34OSPF, 240–242

on ABRs, configuring, 242–244on ASBRs, configuring, 243–245

summary LSAs, 231–233summary routes (EIGRP), 80summary-address command, 353suppressing EIGRP ACK packets, 107switches supporting CGMP and IGMP

snooping, 608symmetric routing, 333synchronization (BGP), configuring, 526synchronization rule (BGP), 492–494, 572system ID, 327–328

TTCP (Transport Control Protocol)

as BGP transport layer, 484–485as transport layer in full-mesh BGP, 491sliding window, 485

teleworker architecture (Cisco Enterprise Architecture), 11

TFTP servers, setting up for Configuration Exercises, 783

third-party next hop, 503timers throttle spf command, 176TLV fields (IS-IS LSPs), 334–336topology table (EIGRP), 71–73totally stubby areas, 249

configuring, 252–254routing table, interpreting, 256–257

Traffic class field (IPv6), 654transit areas, 164transit AS, IBGP route propagation, 488translation mechanisms for IPv6, 694–695transport layer of BGP, 484–485

show ipv6 ospf neighbor command

817

troubleshootingBGP, 534

neighbor states, 539–541show ip bgp command, 534–538

EIGRP, MD5 authentiation, 115–116IS-IS, show clns commands, 355OSPF

MD5 authentication, 276–278simple password authentication,

270–272PIM RP information, 625–626

tuning IS-IS, 350–352tunneling, IPv4 migration to IPv6, 690–694

6-to-4 tunnels, 693–694manually configured tunnels, 691–692

two-way adjacency state, 167two-way redistribution, 387Type 1 LSAs, 229–231Type 10 LSAs, 230Type 11 LSAs, 230Type 2 LSAs, 229–231Type 3 LSAs, 231–232Type 4 LSAs, 229, 232–233Type 5 LSAs, 229, 233Type 6 LSAs, 229Type 7 LSAs, 230Type 8 LSAs, 230type codes for BGP attributes, 501Types 3 LSAs, 229Types 9 LSAs, 230

UUDP (User Datagram Protocol), 596unicast versus multicast, 594–595unicast IPv6 addresses, 658

global unicast addresses, 661unicast routing protocols, 610unidirectional links, 119update messages (BGP), 497

path attribute, 499update-source loopback command, 517uptime, 76

Vvariance command, 101–103verifying

BGP configuration, 534–538DHCP configuration, 447EIGRP MD5 configuration, 114EIGRP operation, 132–135

with debug commands, 133, 140–144with show commands, 132–140

IGMP snooping, 629–630IS-IS configuration, 354–355multicast groups, 627–628OSPF configuration, 182

areas, 260MD5 authentication, 276router ID, 188–189simple password authentication, 270virtual links, 264–266with debug ip ospf events command,

185–186with show ip ospf interface command,

183–184with show ip ospf neighbor command,

184–185with show ip route ospf command, 183

OSPFv3 configuration, 680–688redistribution operation, 430

Version field (IPv6), 654virtual links

configuring, 261–263verifying configuration, 264–266

VLSM (variable-length subnet masking), 242

W-X-Y-ZWANs

adjacencies, 343–344Cisco Enterprise Architecture, 11EIGRP link utilization, 103–104point-to-point links, EIGRP configuration,

106–107websites, CIDR report, 485weight attribute (BGP), 500, 508–509

configuring, 553well-known attributes (BGP), 499well-known discretionary attributes (BGP),

local preference, 506

well-known discretionary attributes (BGP)

818

well-known mandatory attributes (BGP)AS-path, 501–502next-hop, 502, 505origin, 505

when to use BGP, 483–484wide metrics, 316wiring, Configuration Exercise equipment,

785–786

well-known mandatory attributes (BGP)