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Independence and Decolonization
In India and Africa
Indian Independence Internal conflict between Hindus
(majority) and Muslims (minority) India struggles against British
rule Amritsar Massacre
Indian Independence Mohandas Gandhi – leader of
Indian independence movement–Civil disobedience and passive
resistance to protest British rule (ex. = Salt March)
Indian Independence Other leaders
– Jinnah – leader of Muslims (Muslim League)
–Nehru – leader of Hindus (Indian National Congress)
WWII ends in 1945, independence movement gains strength
British agree to grant independence – Aug 15th, 1947 (but partition India)
Indian Independence Partition of India
–Hindu India–Muslim Pakistan and
East Pakistan
Bangladesh- Ceylon Sri Lanka
Partition of India
African Independence
UN Charter grants “right of self-determination” to all people
SELF-DETERMINATION = the right of a people to decide their own political status or government
African colonies began to demand their independence after WWII
Map of African Independence
African Independence
People of Africa have:–Pride in African cultures and
heritage (Negritude Movement)–Resentment against imperial
rule of Great Britain, France, Belgium, and Portugal
–Resentment of the economic exploitation of their lands by these countries
African Independence
Independence movements also influenced by superpowers’ rivalry during the Cold War
After WWII, there were both peaceful and violent revolutions against imperial rule
Differences in African Independence
West Africa – had little foreign settlement = peaceful transition to independence (ex. Ghana)
Algeria/Kenya/South Africa/Angola/Congo – sizeable foreign settlement = violent transition to independence
African Independence
Algeria – French settlers, called colons, did not want independence from France. Algerians did.
Bloody war resulted in independence in July, 1962.
Algeria Wins Independence
Algeria had the largest white settler population of any French African colony, with a million people of French descent holding power over eight million Algerian Muslims.
Seven years of guerrilla warfare cost tens of thousands of lives
African Independence
Kenya – British settlers did not want independence. Kenyans, under the leadership of Jomo Kenyatta, did.
Armed rebellion by the Mau Maus led to British army intervention.
Independence came in 1963.
Mau Mau RebellionKenya, during the 1950s, was dominated by the Mau Mau uprising against the British. A central feature of this revolt was a desire on the part of the Kikuyu, along with some Embu and Meru people, for land taken by the Europeans.
African Independence
South Africa – White settlers, British and Afrikaners (settlers of Dutch descent), won independence from Britain in 1931.
1948 – Afrikaners, believers in white supremacy, came to power.
African Independence
Afrikaner gov’t established official policy of apartheid.
Apartheid = racial separation between blacks and whites.
Blacks were treated as second-class citizens without any personal freedoms or civil rights
African Independence
African National Congress (a black nationalist group) led opposition to apartheid and the white-led gov’t
The ANC and other opposition groups along with international pressure finally ended policy of apartheid in the late 1980’s.
Challenges Faced by Latin America, Africa, and Asia in
the Post WWII Era
Latin AmericaChallenges to the spread of Democracy
Powerful militaries which suppress opposition
Poor economies (little industrialization)Large income gaps between rich and
poorResponses
Land ReformHuge Economic Development ProgramsReform the Political Process
Latin America Brazil
– 2002 - Conservative and pro-business gov’t gave way to a more moderate/socialist gov’t
Mexico– 2000 - 50+ years of one party rule of the
Institutional Revolutionary Party (or PRI) ends
– New President Vincente Fox vows to end corruption and advocates free-market economy
India1947 - Largest democracy in the world
1948 - Gandhi killed by Hindu nationalist
Nehru – industrialized India through direct government action
IndiaChallenges
Internal conflict between Hindus and Muslims
60+ million Muslims remain in India
Territorial ConflictsPakistan – Kashmir and JammuChina
India
ChallengesRapid population growthUrbanizationGrowing gap b/w rich and poor
Nuclear arms race with Pakistan
Africa – Challenges FacedNational boundaries based on
colonial borders of 19th centuryEthnic/religious conflicts over
powerTrouble attracting foreign
investmentWest is still seen as trying to
take/control Africa’s natural resources = “neo-colonialism”
AfricaSouth Africa
1990’s - International pressure and internal resistance helps to end the policy of apartheid in South Africa
1992 – Political equality granted to all S. Africans
1994 – Nelson Mandela wins presidency in 1st all-race elections
China Pragmatists – Communist
officials who wanted to modernize the Chinese economy
Cultural Revolution – Mao’s attempt to purge the pragmatists
1971 - More moderate gov’t under Zhou Enlai takes over – begins “détente” with USA
China Economic Reform
–1976 – Mao dies. China under Deng Xiaoping – opens economy = allows for limited capitalism
–Four Modernizations – set of goals to modernize/reform China’s economy
–Chinese society becomes more open – people allowed to listen to Western music, more tourists, etc.
China Dissidents in China
–Tiananmen Square – 1989Students protest against Chinese gov’t – want more democratic freedoms
Deng Xiaoping used Chinese army to end protest – thousands of protesters killed or wounded
China cracks down on political dissidents and advocates for democracy
China Challenges Faced by China
–Balance rapid economic growth withPressure for democratic change
Effects of the environmentRising population/urbanization