Ind6-StudyGuideFM-i-iii … Study Guide and Reinforcement Student Edition Ind6-StudyGuideFM-i-iii-MSS055/19/049:30AMPageiimpos06301:goscanc:StudyGuide-LS:layouts:

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Study Guide and ReinforcementStudent Edition

Ind6-StudyGuideFM-i-iii-MSS05 5/19/04 9:30AM Pageiimpos06301:goscanc:StudyGuide-LS:layouts:

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the UnitedStates Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by anymeans, or stored in a database retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher.

Send all inquiries to:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill8787 Orion PlaceColumbus, OH 43240

ISBN 0-07-867076-4Printed in the United States of America1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 045 09 08 07 06 05 04

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Table of Contents

iii

Chapter 1: The Nature of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

Chapter 2: The Solar System and Beyond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

Chapter 3: Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

Chapter 4: Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Chapter 5: Air Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

Chapter 6: Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

Chapter 7: Oceans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

Chapter 8: Rocks and Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

Chapter 9: Weathering and Erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

Chapter 10: Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

Chapter 11: Cells—The Units of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

Chapter 12: Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

Chapter 13: Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

Chapter 14: Invertebrate Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49

Chapter 15: Vertebrate Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53

Chapter 16: The Human Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57

Chapter 17: Matter and Its Changes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59

Chapter 18: Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61

Chapter 19: Electricity and Magnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65

Chapter 20: Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69

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Three Parts of a System First Example Second Example

16.

17.

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The Nature of Science 1

Minerals—Earth’s JewelsStudy Guide11Directions: Match the terms from the word bank with the phrases below.

Earth science health science physical science scientific theory

chemistry life science physics technology

climate mountain gorillas science

1. the study of matter and energy

2. something a meteorologist might study

3. an explanation of a pattern in nature that is supported by observationsand results from many investigations

4. an endangered species that was studied by Dian Fossey in Rwanda

5. study of living systems and their interactions

6. the study of energy and its ability to change matter

7. a field that is part of life science and includes careers such as dietitians,nurses, and physiotherapists

8. study of nonliving things and systems on Earth and in space

9. a way of learning more about the world, that starts with making obser-vations and asking questions

10. applications of theoretical science. It’s what engineers develop.

11. the study of matter

Directions: Use Figure 2 to list four possible outcomes when new information is found about a scientificexplanation.

12. 13.

14. 15.

Directions: Fill in the chart with the three interacting parts of a system, and two examples of each of theseparts from your school.

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Science in Action

Directions: Circle the term in the puzzle that fits each clue. Then write the term on the line. In the puzzle, termsread across or down.

Study Guide22

1. Using your senses to gather information is called ____________________.

2. A reasonable and educated guess based on what you know and observe is called

a(n) ____________________.

3. Making an educated guess on the results of an experiment based on observations and the

hypothesis is called making a(n) ____________________.

4. In any good experiment, the scientist needs to ____________________ the hypothesis.

5. You can use a table or a graph to ____________________ your findings.

6. After your investigation, you can use the results of your experiments

to draw ____________________.

Directions: Answer the following question on the lines provided.7. What is a controlled experiment? Give an example.

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The Nature of Science 3

Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms.

1. A model built using software that you can see on a computer screen is a ____________________model.

2. E = mc2 is Einstein’s ____________________ model of the theory of relativity.

3. A mobile that shows our solar system is a ____________________ model.

4. Some models are used to communicate ____________________ to other people.

5. Some models are used because testing with a model is ____________________ and less expensive than the real thing.

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.6. List one example of a model used to test a prediction.

7. List one way a computer model could help a scientist studying plants.

8. What are the limitations of models?

9. Ancient scientists thought that Earth was the center of the universe, and imagined the sky as ablanket that covered the planet. Why did this early model change?

Models in ScienceStudy Guide33 1Chapter


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Evaluating ScientificExplanation

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the following terms.repeatable explanations laboratory changing

evaluate inferences data critical thinking conclusions

Scientists often have to evaluate scientific explanations in two parts. Scientists evaluate

the observations that are made, and evaluate the 1. ____________________ made from those

observations. To make a decision, scientists use their 2. ____________________ skills to

evaluate the evidence. Scientists have to be careful whenever they are collecting any type of

3. ____________________. Measurements must be accurate and instruments must be properly

calibrated, as scientists cannot afford to be careless in their data collection.

Valid scientific explanations must be 4. ____________________ by other scientists. If a

scientist’s experiment cannot be recreated accurately by other scientists, it might mean that the

experiment is invalid. Once the experiments and evidence have been tested and examined, the

scientist might draw 5. ____________________ based on the observations. However, when

drawing conclusions, scientists should ask themselves if they considered all of the possible

6. ____________________. It is important to keep an open mind when drawing conclusions from

scientific information. It is also important to remember that scientific information is constantly

7. ____________________, and that all scientific models are subject to change.

It is important to know that scientific reasoning is used not only in the

8. ____________________. Scientific reasoning and critical thinking skills are used every day.

These skills will help you 9. ____________________ claims and make good decisions about the

world around you.

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.10. Why is it important for a scientist to write down every observation, including unexpected

observations?

11. How is evaluating an advertising claim a use of the scientific process?

12. Does an advertiser’s claim that its results have been verified by an independent laboratoryimpress you?

Study Guide44 1Chapter


The Solar System and Beyond 5

Earth’s Place in SpaceStudy Guide11Directions: Put the eight phases of the moon in order in the chart below, starting with the full moon. Thensketch each phase of the moon in its box.

first quarter new moon waning crescent waxing crescent

full moon third quarter waning gibbous waxing gibbous

Directions: Use Figure 8 to help you decide if each phase of the moon given happens at the same time as aneap tide or a spring tide.

9. new moon happens at the same time as a ____________________ tide

10. first quarter happens at the same time as a ____________________ tide

11. full moon happens at the same time as a ____________________ tide

12. third quarter happens at the same time as a ____________________ tide

Directions: Unscramble the words to fill in the blanks below.

(13)____________________ (antpaper) motion is the movement of the Sun, stars, Moon, and

planets across the sky, caused by Earth’s (14)____________________ (rintatoo) on its

(15)____________________ (sixa). (16)____________________ (aenosss) are caused by Earth’s

revolution and the (17)____________________ (litt) of Earth’s axis at an angle of

(18)____________________ (532.) degrees. The Earth (19)____________________ (slervveo)

around the Sun once each (20)____________________ (raye). In June, North America gets more

(21)____________________ (nitseen) sunlight as the Earth tilts toward the Sun.

(22)____________________ (washsod) are longer in the winter months because North America

is tilted (23)____________________ (yaaw) from the Sun and (24)____________________

(thilg) strikes the Earth at a lower angle. In (25)____________________ (munuta) and

(26)____________________ (irnpsg) the Earth is neither tilted toward nor away from the

(27)____________________ (uns).

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1. Full 2. ______ 3. ______ 4. ______ 5. ______ 6. ______ 7. ______ 8. ______

Moon ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______

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The Solar System

Directions: Use the clues below to complete the crossword puzzle.

Study Guide22

Across

3. These pieces of rock form a belt that separates the inner planets from the outerplanets.

4. Pluto is the _________ planet in size.

6. Saturn is known for its dazzling_________.

8. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, andPluto make up the _________ planets.

9. This force holds the objects in the solarsystem in place.

10. This is the number of planets that are inour solar system.

11. Earth is the _________ planet from theSun.

13. A piece of rock or metal that plungesthrough the atmosphere and falls to Earthis called a(n) _________.

Down

1. This is made up of the nine planets andnumerous other objects that orbit theSun.

2. This large body of frozen ice and rocksometimes forms what appears to be abright, glowing tail when it gets near theSun.

5. Jupiter is the _________ planet in size.

7. This is what we call the star in the centerof our solar system.

12. Mars looks ___________________because the rocks on its surface containiron oxide.

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The Solar System and Beyond 7

Directions: Explain the relationship among the following groups of words. Use complete sentences.1. star’s color, temperature, cool, medium, hot

2. supergiant, supernova, neutron star, black hole

3. giant, white dwarf, black dwarf

4. elliptical, spiral, irregular, Milky Way

5. astronomical units, light-years

6. huge clouds of gas and dust, gravity, fusion

7. Milky Way, galaxies, universe

Stars and GalaxiesStudy Guide33 2Chapter



Atmosphere 9

Earth’s AtmosphereStudy Guide11Directions: Use the word bank provided to complete the summary paragraph about Earth’s atmosphere.

atmosphere heat absorbed nitrogen rays

balance heat that escapes oxygen salt

dust life-forms ozone layer

gases liquids protective covering

Earth’s (1)____________________ is defined as a thin layer of air that forms a

(2)____________________ around the planet. It maintains a crucial (3)____________________

between the amount of (4)____________________ from the Sun and the amount of

(5)____________________ back into space. Earth’s atmosphere also protects

(6)____________________ from the Sun’s harmful (7)____________________. The atmosphere

is made up of a mixture of (8)____________________, solids, and (9)____________________ .

When Earth was young, there was little (10)____________________ in the atmosphere. It con-

tained mostly (11)____________________ and carbon dioxide. As more plants grew, releasing

oxygen through photosynthesis, Earth’s atmosphere changed. Today, the atmosphere contains bits

of (12)____________________, (13)____________________, and pollen, as well as liquid

droplets. It is important to protect the (14)____________________ in Earth’s atmosphere so that

it will continue to protect life on Earth from the Sun’s harmful rays.

Directions: Arrange the four most common gases in Earth’s atmosphere from most common to least common.(Hint: refer to Figure 2 in your textbook for additional help.)

Most common Least common

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Energy Transfer in theAtmosphere

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided using information from the graph.

1. Why doesn’t all radiation directed at Earth

reach the surface?

2. What percent of radiation is lost before reaching Earth’s surface?

3. What percent of radiation is lost after reaching Earth’s surface?

4. What factors in the atmosphere seem to have the greatest effect on the amount of radiation receivedfrom the Sun?

Directions: Complete the chart using the correct terms and phrases from the chapter. Then answer the following

questions on the lines provided.

Study Guide22

8. If you put a frying pan on a burner on a stove and turn the burner on, the bottom of the frying pan gets hot. What type of heat transfer has occurred?

9. When you get in a closed car on a sunny day and the temperature inside is much warmer thanoutside, what type of heat transfer has taken place?

10. In some home heating systems, warm air is blown by a furnace fan into one side of a room.On the other side of the room cold air sinks to the floor. What type of heat transfer is this?

Absorbed by cloudsand atmosphere

Absorbed byEarth's surface Reflected by Earth's

surface

5%

50%

25%

20%

What happens to radiation comingto Earth from the sun?

Scattered by cloudsand air

5. Radiation

6. Conduction

7. Convection

Types of heat transfer How they are produced

produced by

produced by

produced by

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Atmosphere 11

Directions: Write the term that matches each description below in the spaces provided. Unscramble the lettersin the boxes to write a phrase related to the lesson. Use your textbook as a reference.

1. Caused by the uneven heating of Earth and its atmosphere

___ ___ ___

2. Imaginary line around the middle of Earth

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

3. Windless zone at the equator which sailing vessels try to avoid

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

4. Winds generally responsible for the movement of weather across the United States and Canada

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

5. Winds that provide a dependable route for trade

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

6. Cool breezes during the day caused by differences in heating and cooling rates of land and water

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

7. Narrow belts of strong winds at high altitudes which blow near the top of the troposphere

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

8. Cool breezes at night caused by differences in heating and cooling rates of land and water

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

9. Heat from the Sun

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

10. The deflection of air masses resulting from Earth’s eastward rotation

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

11. Winds that blow from the North and South Poles

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

12. The phrase is:

Air MovementStudy Guide33 3Chapter



Weather 13

What is weather?Study Guide11Directions: Write the correct Earth science term from the word bank on the line next to its definition.

air dew point precipitation weather

anemometer fog relative humidity wind

condensation humidity temperature wind vane

1. air moving in a specific direction

2. formation of liquid water from water vapor

3. cloud droplets combine and grow large enough to fall to Earth

4. measurement of average amount of motion of molecules

5. instrument for testing wind direction

6. amount of water vapor present in the air

7. the temperature at which air is saturated and condensation forms

8. made up of molecules that are always moving randomly

9. amount of water vapor present in air compared to the amount neededfor saturation at a specific temperature

10. state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place

11. a stratus cloud on the ground, forms when warm, moist air cools atground level

12. instrument for measuring wind speed

Directions: Describe how each of the four types of precipitation forms.

13. Rain:

14. Snow:

15. Sleet:

16. Hail:

Directions: Describe each cloud type listed below, and describe the weather associated with that cloud type.

17. Stratus:

18. Cumulus:

19. Cirrus:

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Weather Patterns

Directions: Use the diagrams to answer the following questions.

1. What kinds of clouds form along the front in Figure 1?

2. What kind of precipitation might come from these clouds?

3. What kind of clouds form along the front in Figure 2?

4. What kind of precipitation might come from these clouds?

5. Figure 1 represents a ____________________________________________.

6. Figure 2 represents a ____________________________________________.

7. What will happen to the temperature in Columbus, Ohio, when the front passes?

8. Compare the temperatures in Topeka and Kansas City, Kansas.

9. Fill in the chart about the elements of thunderstorms.

Study Guide22

Warm air

Topeka, KS Kansas City, KS

Cold air

Indianapolis, IN Columbus, OH

Cold airWarm air

Figure 1 Figure 2

a. heavy rain

b. strong winds

c. lightning

d. thunder

e. tornado

Element ofThunderstorms Caused by

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Weather 15

Directions: Use the weather map and Weather Map Symbols Reference Handbook to answer the followingquestions.1. Which station has the lowest pressure?

2. How would you describe the wind at Station B?

3. Which station is recording the highest wind speed?

4. Which station has the highest pressure?

5. What kind of front is south of Station A?

6. Which station has the most cloud cover?

7. How might the temperature change at station C over the next few hours? Why?

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.8. What is the difference between an isobar and an isotherm?

9. On a weather map for county A, the isobars are far apart. On a map for county B, about 100miles away, the isobars are close together. Which map shows high winds? How can you tell?

Weather Forecasts33 Study Guide33

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Air Pollution 17

Types and Causes ofAir Pollution

Study Guide11Directions: Explain the difference between primary pollutants and secondary pollutants.

1.

Directions: Label each type of pollutant as primary or secondary.

2. volcano dust

3. factory emissions

4. smog

5. forest fire smoke

Directions: Match the summary statements with terms from the word bank.

basic rocks nitrogen dioxide photochemical smog

carbon monoxide ozone toxic pollutants

mountains particulate matter wind

6. a reddish-brown gas that contributes to the color of smog haze

7. a name for soot, smoke, dust, and other small particles in the air

8. a gas that is important higher in the atmosphere, but closer to Earth,is a secondary pollutant that contributes to smog

9. a type of pollution that may cause cancer or other health problems

10. pollution that forms when primary pollutants react in sunlight

11. a common and dangerous pollutant in city air

12. a force that moves pollution

13. a factor that can trap smog and pollution

14. a factor that can reduce the effects of acid rain (it is more help in themidwest than the northeastern U.S.)

Directions: List four consequences of acid rain.

15.

16.

17.

18.

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Effects of Air Pollution


Study Guide22

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Across

5. ______ air pollutants can damage manybody systems.

7. The ______ level of some streams, lakes,and rivers can decrease when acid rainfalls.

8. ______ is the process through which pollutant levels increase through the foodchain.

9. Increased ______ is linked to skin cancerin humans.

10. The ______ protects Earth from the Sun’sultraviolet radiation.

Down

1. Ultraviolet radiation can reduce the ability of ______ to make food.

2. ______ can absorb air pollutants directlythrough their skin.

3. Humid air from ______ can deposit acidsdeep inside your lungs.

4. Carbon ______ affects the ability of yourblood to carry oxygen.

6. Compounds found in ______ can causeyour eyes to water and sting.

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Air Pollution 19


A series of laws has been passed beginning in 1955 to limit air 1. ____________________.

The 2. ____________________ Act is a federal law under which some companies may be fined

if they exceed air pollution limits. The purpose of the law is to keep pollutants in the

3. ____________________ air, which is the air that surrounds us, below a certain level.

This level is called an air quality 4. ____________________.

The release of pollutants in the air from a 5. __________________ is called an emission.

Emissions are measured at industry 6. __________________ and automobile

7. ____________________. They can be controlled in two ways—by using

8. ____________________ to capture pollutants and by limiting the production of

pollutants in the first place. Since 1975, automobiles have been equipped with

9. ____________________ converters that change harmful gases in gas exhaust to less harmful

ones. Compounds are added to 10. ____________________ to reduce tailpipe emissions. As a

result of these efforts, air quality has 11. ____________________ since 1990. Even so, some

pollutants, such as nitrogen 12. ____________________ continue to rise.

Each of us can help to 13. ____________________ air pollution. If we use less

14. ____________________, less fuel will be burned at power plants. We can also help to

keep the air clean by using alternatives to automobile travel such as riding bicycles and

using public 15. ____________________.

Solutions to Air PollutionStudy Guide33 5Chapter



Water 21

The Nature of WaterStudy Guide11Directions: List the three states of water on Earth and one way that you might use water in each state.

1.

2.

3.

Directions: Unscramble the words to fill in the blanks.

Water is a molecule that is made of the elements (4)____________________ (droneygh) and

(5)____________________ (exgony). When these two elements bond, they do not share the

(6)____________________ (snotelcer) evenly, and this makes water molecules act like little

(7)____________________ (gametsn). Therefore water is called a (8)____________________

(parol) molecule and this property explains many of its odd behaviors:

• Forces of (9)____________________ (scheonio) allow water to form round droplets on

windows and to stay in a (10)____________________ (quildi) state at room temperature.

• Ice (11)____________________ (slafot) because water freezes into a rigid

(12)____________________ (pone) arrangement that is less (13)____________________

(sneed) than water.

Water and Heat

Water has a very high (14)____________________ (eccifisp) heat. This means that it

takes a lot of (15)____________________ (greeny) to warm water up, and that water

(16)____________________ (sslearee) a lot of heat when it cools down,

(17)____________________ (sneedoncs) from gas, or (18)____________________ (resefez).

As well, water (19)____________________ (broabss) a lot of energy when it

(20)____________________ (asthe) up. These properties of water and heat help:

• car (21)____________________ (ngenies) stay cool

• farmers to protect their (22)____________________ (sproc) from cold

• coastal (23)____________________ (lictames) stay moderate

• to stop living (24)____________________ (stapln) and (25)____________________

(snailam) from freezing and overheating

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22 Water

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Why is water necessary?

Directions: Find the mistakes in the statements below. Rewrite each statement correctly on the lines provided.1. About 99 percent of Earth’s total water supply is available for human use.

2. About ten percent of a person’s body is water.

3. Water molecules are not attracted to other polar molecules.

4. Industry and transportation are the major users of water in the United States.

5. Conservation means piping in water from elsewhere and using it to grow crops.

6. Because interstate highways and airports are so important to modern society, big ships are seldom an economical way to move large freight.

7. Flooding the fields is a good way for farmers to conserve water.

8. The careful use and protection of water is called water recycling.

9. High-flow toilets are used to conserve water.

10. Water is not necessary in maintaining an ecological balance in nature.



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Water 23

Directions: Write the names of the different categories of water indicated on the cross section of land below.

Figure 1

Recycling WaterStudy Guide33

��QQQQQQQQQQQQ��

1.

3.2.

Directions: Write the names of the three stages of the water cycle that occur above Earth’s surface.

Figure 2

4.

5.6.

Directions: Use the illustrations above to answer the following questions on the lines provided.7. How is Figure 1 related to Figure 2?

8. In Figure 2, the water molecules that are falling from the cloud could be in which two ofwater’s states? What determines the state of the water molecule?

6Chapter



Oceans 25

Ocean WaterStudy Guide11Directions: List three resources from the ocean and explain their uses.

1.

2.

3.

Directions: Use Figure 3 to list the six most common dissolved solids in the ocean from greatest to least andwrite their percent.Greatest Least

Directions: List three dissolved gases in the ocean and make notes about the interactions of these gases withthe atmosphere and/or ocean organisms. Give at least two points for each gas.

Directions: Explain why water is cooler near Earth’s poles.

13.

Directions: Explain why water temperature drops in the thermocline layer.

14.

Directions: Explain why pressure increases with depth.

15.

Name Date Class

Name of Gas Notes on Gas Interaction

10.

11.

12.

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4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.7

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Ocean Currents and Climate

Directions: Identify each statement as true or false. If the statement is true, write true on the line. If the statement is false, rewrite it to make it correct.

1. Surface currents are caused by the wind.

2. The Gulf Stream cools the climate of the states on the east coast of the United States.

3. The California Current warms the climate of the west coast of the United States.

4. Because of the rotation of Earth, surface currents in the northern hemisphere bend to the right.

5. Sailors depended on surface currents to transport them.

6. Surface currents usually move in a few thousand meters of ocean.

7. If the Iceland density current stopped flowing, the east coast of the United States might be warmer.

8. The density of warm water is less than that of cold water.

9. Where cool dense water sinks, it becomes more dense.

10. Density currents flow faster than surface currents.


11. The curving of winds and currents caused by Earth’s rotation is called the _________________.

12. Evaporation of water at the ocean’s surface makes the water ____________________ dense.

13. Currents deep in the ocean are caused by differences in water ____________________.

Directions: Answer the following question on the lines provided.

14. Describe the two steps of upwelling.



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Oceans 27


1. The particles in a water wave move ____________________.

2. When a wave approaches the shore, its ____________________ moves ahead

of its ____________________.

3. Surface waves are caused by ____________________.

4. When Earth, the Moon, and the Sun line up together, they create ____________________tides with high tidal ranges.

5. When cliffs are pounded by wind and water, ____________________ takes place.

Directions: Select the term from the following list that matches each description.

6. the highest part of a wave

7. a large ocean wave caused by the gravitational pull ofthe Moon

8. a collapsed wave on the beach

9. the distance between two wave crests

10. the distance between high and low tides

11. the lowest point of a wave

12. water that runs parallel to the shore

WavesStudy Guide33

Directions: Use the diagram to answer questions 13 and 14.

13. In which position(s) of the Moon will the high tide be the highest? Why?

14. In which position(s) of the Moon will the low tide be the highest? Why?

a. breaker

b. crest

c. longshore current

d. tidal range

e. tide

f. trough

g. wavelength

EarthMoon

A

B

C

D

Sun

7Chapter


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28 Oceans

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Life in the Oceans

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. List three factors that could be considered part of an ecosystem.

2. Organisms in the ocean are divided loosely into three large groups. What are they?

3. Producers are usually the most plentiful organisms in an ecosystem. Describe how producersthat live above the thermocline make food.

4. What is chemosynthesis?

5. What would happen if there were no decomposers?

6. Describe one path a nitrogen molecule might follow through the ocean ecosystem.

7. What is transferred from producers to consumers and decomposers through food chains?

8. Why isn’t all the energy from one level of a food chain passed on to the next level?

9. Which kind of ocean life do humans most often use for food? Give three examples.



Rocks and Minerals 29

Minerals—Earth’s JewelsStudy Guide11Directions: Use the words from the word bank to fill in the blanks in front of the correct phrases below.

apatite graphite precipitation calcite

kimberlite magma quartz fracture mica

rocks gems minerals smelting

1. a mineral that is used to make glass

2. something that must form and be brought to Earth’s surface by througha special type of volcanic explosion for miners to be able to get diamonds

3. solids made of two or more minerals

4. a process to melt and separate unwanted materials from a metal

5. minerals that break into jagged or rough pieces have this

6. the mineral used in pencil lead

7. one of the minerals found in bones

8. rare minerals that can be cut and polished

9. more than 4,000 of these solid inorganic materials with unique identi-fying characteristics have been identified

10. the way that 25-cm manganese nodules form on the ocean floor

11. a mineral that has cleavage lines that cause it to form thin flakes whenbroken

12. a mineral that can form clear crystals that cause double images

Directions: List four characteristics of gems.

13.

Directions: List seven identifying properties of minerals.

14.

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30 Rocks and Minerals

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Igneous and SedimentaryRocks

Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms.1. When melted rock cools or hardens on or under Earth’s surface, it forms

____________________ rock.

2. Igneous rock that forms on Earth’s surface is called ____________________.

3. Igneous rock that forms beneath Earth’s surface is called ____________________.

4. Rocks that are formed of pieces of other rocks, plant and animal matter, or dissolved minerals

are called ____________________ rocks.

5. Magma that flows onto Earth’s surface is called ____________________.

6. Chalk and coal are examples of a kind of sedimentary rock called ____________________rock.

7. Melted rock can ooze out from below Earth’s surface through a crack in the crust called a(n)

____________________.

8. Rocks called ____________________ are made up of pebbles cemented together with othersediments.

Directions: Classify the terms you used above so that the terms in each group are related.9. Group 1

10. Group 2



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Rocks and Minerals 31

Directions: Match the term in the first column with its description in the second column by writing the correctletter in the space provided.

1. marble

2. metamorphic

3. foliated

4. nonfoliated

5. rock cycle

6. sediment

7. gneiss

Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle

Study Guide33

a. nonfoliated metamorphic rock

b. consisting of layers of different minerals

c. a model of the way rocks change form

d. pieces of rock deposited by wind, ice, gravity, or water

e. metamorphic rock having a uniform consistency

f. having a changed or different form

g. foliated metamorphic rock

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.

8. What is the rock cycle?

9. What is the difference between foliated and nonfoliated metamorphic rocks?

10. How are metamorphic rocks formed?

11. What are three examples of foliated metamorphic rocks?

12. What are three examples of nonfoliated metamorphic rocks?

8Chapter



Weathering and Erosion 33

Weathering and SoilFormation

Study Guide11Directions: Explain how each of the following factors cause weathering of rock.

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Factor Mechanical or Chemical Explanation of Process

1. ice

2. runningwater

3. plants mechanical

4. plants chemical

5. naturalrock acids

6. animals

7. lichens

Directions: Unscramble the words to fill in the summary statements about soil formation.

Sandy soil forms when (8)____________________ (dastnesno) is weathered. Soil with clay in it

forms from (9)____________________ (milenotes). (10)____________________ (shumu), or

organic matter, is added to soil when plants and animals die. Thick soils are more likely to form in

(11)____________________ (tlaf) areas and in (12)____________________ (mraw) climates

where many plants grow. (13)____________________ (streeds) do not have enough plants to form

humus. (14)____________________ (dloc) and dry climates may be slow to form soil because of

the slow growth of plant life and the slow rate of (15)____________________ (greatwheni).

9Chapter


Name Date Class

34 Weathering and Erosion

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Erosion of Earth’s Surface

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. What is the difference between weathering and erosion?

2. Name four agents of erosion.

Directions: Identify each statement as true or false. If the statement is true, write T in the blank at the left. Ifthe statement is false, change the underlined term to make the statement true.

3. Mass movement is caused by ice.

4. Creep is a flow of rock or sediment along a curved surface, oftendown an eroded cliff.

5. Continental glaciers are located near the north and south poles.

6. The most important agent of erosion is wind.

7. If you see long striations on the surface of a rock, you wouldsuspect mass movement.

8. Water that flows over Earth’s surface is called sheet flow.

Directions: Circle the term in parentheses that correctly completes the sentence.

9. Creep is caused by (glacial erosion, wind, gravity).

10. Sediment left behind when a glacier melts is called (till, loess, silt).

11. (Slump, Mudflow, Creep) is a mass of wet sediment that flows downhill as a result of heavy

rain, melting snow and ice, or a volcano.

12. The wearing down of rocks by blowing sand is called (deflation, grinding, abrasion).

13. Where the Mississippi River enters the Gulf of Mexico, there is a large accumulation of

sediment called a (cirque, gully, delta).

14. When wind lifts and carries off small particles of weathered rock, it is called (deflation,

deposition, abrasion).



Resources 35

Energy ResourcesStudy Guide11Directions: Fill in the blanks below with the terms from the word bank. Terms may be used more than once.

coal oil natural gas

1. two sources that together provide about 64% of the world’s energy atthis time

2. provides about 26% of the world’s energy at this time

3. experts estimate that reserves may last 200–300 more years

4. experts estimate that reserves may only last 30–40 more years

5. experts estimate that reserves may only last 60 more years

Directions: List three physical symptoms people suffer as a result of air pollution.

6.

7.

8.

Directions: List five substances emitted when fossil fuels burn.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

Directions: Use Figure 1 to help you put the types of organic material in order from least compressed to mostcompressed (formed by the most pressure).

anthracite coal bituminous coal dead vegetation lignite coal peat

Least Compressed Most Compressed

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14.

15.

16.

17.

18.10

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Name Date Class

36 Resources

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Alternative Energy Resources

Directions: Use the clues to complete the puzzle.

Study Guide22

Across1. Ore commonly used in nuclear power plants

3. Heat energy from Earth

6. Energy resources that can be recycled orreplaced by natural processes in less than100 years

8. Solar ______ that power solar calculators

10. Energy from the Sun

11. ______ rods, housed within a nuclearreactor

12. Reaction that occurs when uraniumatoms are split

13. State of nuclear waste for more than10,000 years

14. Energy generated from splitting atoms

Down2. Hot molten rock deep in Earth’s crust

4. Production of electricity by water

5. Nuclear ______, a large chamber wherefuel rods are located

7. Farm that has many windmills

9. Source of solar power

10. Hard, dark-colored element used in solar cells

4

1

3

7

5

9

2

6

11

14

13

12

10

8

10Chapter


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Resources 37

Directions: Label each process shown in the illustration.

4. The illustration represents the _______________________.

Directions: Match the percentage with its description by writing the correct letter in the space provided.

5. 97 percent

6. 1 percent or less

7. 70 percent


8. Water that collects between bits of soil and rock under Earth’s surface

is ______________________________.

9. Water that can be seen in rivers, lakes, and streams is ______________________________.

10. Pollution from a single, identifiable source is called ______________________________ pollution.

11. The ______________________________ is a set of government standards for safe drinking water.

Water Study Guide33

2.

3.

1.

a. amount of Earth’s total water supply that is salt water

b. amount of Earth covered by water

c. amount of Earth’s water that is available for human use

10Chapter


Name Date Class

38 Resources

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Land

Directions: Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II. Write the letter of the correct termin the blank at the left.

Column I

1. the careful use of resources with the goal ofreducing damage to the environment

2. method of forest conservation in which a limited number of trees are cut down and new trees planted in their place

3. the place where an organism lives

4. a mineral resource in quantity enough thatit can be mined at a profit

5. method of forest harvesting in which all the trees in a specific area are cut down

6. a type of resource found in rocks

7. a rise in temperatures around the world


8. Name two resources that the land provides for humans.

9. Besides providing valuable resources, what are some other important uses for land?

10. How do forests help keep Earth’s atmosphere in balance?

Study Guide44

Column II

a. habitat

b. global warming

c. mineral

d. conservation

e. ore

f. select cutting

g. clear-cutting

10Chapter


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Cells—The Units of Life 39

The World of CellsStudy Guide11Directions: Write the correct term from the word bank on the line before each phrase below.

bacteria chloroplast microscope organelle

cell membrane chromosomes mitochondrion photosynthesis

cell wall cytoplasm nucleus vacuole

1. device that Robert Hooke used in 1665 to see cork cells

2. the part of the cell where food, water, minerals, and wastes may be stored

3. the part of the nucleus that contains DNA

4. the “manager” of cell operations

5. a gelatinlike substance that fills the cell

6. a green organelle that captures energy from sunlight

7. the organelle that converts energy and produces carbon dioxide and water

8. the smallest living things on Earth, which are made of just one cell

9. controls what enters and exits the cell

10. using light energy to make food and oxygen

11. the part of a plant cell that provides support and protection

12. the general name for the specialized parts of the cell

Directions: List the three main ideas of the cell theory.

13.

Directions: List two things that plant cells have that animal cells do not, and explain the function of each part.

14.

Directions: Explain how to find the magnification of the microscope.

15.

Name Date Class

11Chapter

459-Study Guide-MSS05 5/19/04 9:48 AM Page 55 impos06 301:goscanc:Study Guide - LS:layouts:

40 Cells—The Units of Life

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Study Guide22 The Different Jobs of Cells

Directions: Match the description in the first column with the item in the second column by writing the correctletter in the space.

1. a group of organs working together

2. what a cell’s shape and size is related to

3. group of similar cells that all do the same work

4. two or more types of tissue working together

a. organ system

b. tissue

c. function

d. organ


5. Cells are ____________________ into systems that work together to keep an organism alive.

6. The tongue, stomach, and intestines make up part of an organ ____________________.

7. An organism that contains more than one cell is called a(n) ____________________ organism.

8. Plant cells help move ____________________, ____________________, and other materialsthroughout a plant.

Directions: Unscramble the terms in italics to complete the sentences below. Write the terms on the lines provided.

9. Cells in a tissue or organ work tergheto to keep an organism alive.

10. The yiretporsra system is one of several organ systems in your body.

11. Your bones move from contracting lecsmu tissue.

12. Groups of similar cells that do the same sort of work are sesitus.

13. Different tissues working together form a(n) rango.


14. Describe the various tissues in the stomach and what they do.

15. How many muscles make up the muscular system, and what do they do?

11Chapter


Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi 41

BacteriaStudy Guide11Directions: Write the correct term from the word bank next to its definition.

antibiotics endospore pasteurization Streptococcus mutans

bioreactor nitrogen fixation saprophyte toxin

bioremediation pathogen sterilization

1. an organism that causes disease

2. chemicals made by bacteria that limit the growth of other bacteria

3. a process that kills most bacteria without affecting the flavor of food

4. long term heat treatment to kill bacteria and endospores

5. a dormant form of bacteria that can survive for hundreds of years

6. use of bacteria to clean up industrial spills

7. a machine that is used to grow bacteria for industry

8. bacteria that cause tooth decay

9. bacteria that feed on dead organisms and help with composting

10. a way that bacteria provide plants with a needed nutrient

11. a poison such as botulism

Directions: Bacteria can be classified in many different ways. Match each of the classifications below with the characteristic it describes from the phrases at right.

12. aerobic/anaerobic a. energy source

13. consumer/producer b. shape

14. cocci/bacilli/spirillum c. harshness of living conditions

15. archaebacteria/eubacteria d. use of oxygen to live

Directions: Use Figure 5 to list three types of archaebacteria and at least one characteristic of each.

16.

17.

18.

Directions: Name three crops that can be used to fix nitrogen in the soil.

19.

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42 Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi

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Protists


Study Guide22

Across1. All protozoans are this because they take

in food.

5. Temporary extensions of a protozoan’scytoplasm

6. One- or many-celled organism that livesin wet habitat

8. Many small algae and protozoans usethese to move.

11. A type of many-celled algae seen in waterand on beaches

12. Mold that caused the Irish potato famine

Down2. Having a nucleus and membrane-bound

structures

3. Malaria is caused by these protozoans.

4. Animal-like protists

7. Protozoans have one ____________.

9. Plantlike protists

10. Funguslike protists include some types ofthis.

2

3

7

10

9

4

5

6

12

8

11

1

12Chapter


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Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi 43

Directions: Identify each statement as true or false. If the statement is true, write true. If the statement isfalse, change the word(s) in italics to make it true.

1. Fungus cells are eukaryotic, meaning they have membrane-boundcell structures including a nucleus.

2. Fungus cells can make their own food.

3. Fungi spread from place to place through the production ofmycorrhizae.

4. Penicillin is an important antibiotic produced by fungi.

5. Lichens grow on the roots of plants and help them grow.

6. Yeasts, molds, and morels are examples of club fungi.

7. On the bottom of a mushroom cap are structures called hyphae.

8. Black mold found on old bread or fruit is a type of zygospore fungus.

9. The body of a fungus is usually a mass of many-celled, threadliketubes called sporangia.

10. Organisms formed from fungi and green algae are imperfect fungi.

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.11. How are fungi important to the environment?

12. Name three characteristics shared by most fungi.

13. What is the difference between perfect and imperfect fungi?

FungiStudy Guide33 12Chapter



Plants 45

PlantsStudy Guide11Directions: Write the correct term from the word bank on the line next to its definition.

binomial nomenclature Carolus Linneaus cell membrane cell wall

cellulose chlorophyll cuticle green algae

nonvascular photosynthesis pigment vascular

1. botanist who proposed classifying plants using many characteristics

2. coloring in a plant

3. chemical compound plants make out of sugars into fibers for structureand support

4. covering surrounds all cells and regulates the interaction between thecell and the environment

5. probably the ancient ancestor of all land plants

6. plants containing tubelike structures used to carry water and nutrientsthroughout the plant

7. process in which light energy is used to produce glucose and oxygen

8. plants without tubelike structures to move water and substances

9. a waxy, protective layer secreted by cells onto stems, leaves, and flowersto slow the loss of water

10. system of naming species using a unique two-word name

11. green pigment used to trap light used in photosynthesis

12. rigid structure that supports and protects plant cells

Directions: Complete the summary chart of plant adaptations for survival on land. (Hint: Refer to Figure 4 inthe text for additional help.)

Name Date Class

Adaptation Purpose of Adaptation

13. cellulose

14. cuticle

15. fruits and seed cones

16. vascular systemCop

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46 Plants

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Seedless Plants

Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms. Some of the terms may not be used.

vascular nonvascular rhizoids

mosses liverworts pioneer species

1. Organisms that are the first to grow in new or disturbed areas are

called ______________________________.

2. Ground pines, spike mosses, horsetails, and ferns are all types of seedless

______________________________ plants.

3. Liverworts, hornworts, and ______________________________ are seedless nonvascularplants.

4. ______________________________ are the threadlike roots of nonvascular plants thatabsorb and distribute water directly through their cell walls.

Directions: Answer the following question on the lines provided.

5. What is the relationship between ferns and coal?

Directions: Classify the following plants as vascular or nonvascular.

6. 7. 8.

9. 10. 11.

Daisy

Rose Corn Moss

Liverwort Grass



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Plants 47

Directions: Contrast the two major groups of seed plants by completing the table. Use information from yourtextbook.

Table 1

Directions: Study the plants pictured below. On the line under each plant, write whether that plant is a monocot or a dicot.

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.8. What is a seed plant?

9. What are the functions of xylem and phloem?

10. What are some economic uses of gymnosperms?

Seed Plants

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Study Guide33

1. Characteristics

2. Examples

Gymnosperms Angiosperms

13Chapter



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Invertebrate Animals 49

What is an animal?Study Guide11Directions: Use the terms from the list below to fill in the summary of the five characteristics of animals.

cells escape move reproduction

digested eukaryotic nucleus shelter

energy membrane plants wastes

Most animals can (1)____________________ to find food, (2)____________________, and

mates, and to (3)____________________ from predators. Animals have many

(4)____________________ in their bodies, some of which digest food, get rid of

(5)____________________, and help in (6)____________________. To get

(7)____________________, animals eat (8)____________________ or other animals. Their food

is (9)____________________ into smaller substances that their cells can use. Animal cells have a

(10)____________________ and organelles. They are surrounded by a

(11)____________________ and are (12)____________________.

Directions: Classify each animal according to the headings in the chart.

Name Date Class

Animal Symmetry (Radial, Bilateral, or Vertebrate/InvertebrateAsymmetrical)

13. Grasshopper

14. Lobster

15. Human

16. Jellyfish

17. Sea urchin

18. Horse

19. Sponge

20. Sea anemone

21. Butterfly

22. Platypus

14Chapter


50 Invertebrate Animals

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Sponges, Cnidarians,Flatworms, and Roundworms

Directions: Define the underlined term on the lines provided.

1. Sponges are sessile animals.

2. Sponges are filter feeders.

3. Spicules support and protect a sponge’s body.

Directions: Study the following diagram. Fill in the blanks with the correct terms.

Male FemaleMedusae

4.

7.

8.

reproduction9.

5.

reproduction6.

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.10. The word cnidarian means “stinging cells.” Why is this a good name for this group?

11. Explain the difference between a free-living and a parasitic flatworm.

12. Describe a roundworm.



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Invertebrate Animals 51

Name Date Class

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. Define the following groups of animals and give an example of each.

Mollusks and Segmented Worms

a. mollusks

b. gastropods

c. bivalves

d. cephalopods

2. What is the difference between an open and a closed circulatory system?

a. open circulatory system

b. closed circulatory system

3. Many mollusks gather food with a radula, but bivalves are filter-feeders. Explain the differencebetween the two types of feeding.

4. Describe the way in which squids and octopuses move through the water.

5. Why is the segmented structure of segmented worms important?

6. Describe the following structures in earthworms.

a. coelom

b. setae

7. What is unique about the earthworm’s diet and skin?

8. Leeches are parasites. How do they eat?

9. How are marine worms different from earthworms?



52 Invertebrate Animals

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Arthropods and Echinoderms

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. Arthropods have appendages instead of setae. What different kinds of appendages do they have?

2. What is the main difference between centipedes and millipedes?

3. What is attached to an insect’s thorax?

4. In insects, what does the blood transport? What is not transported by the blood?

5. What are the four stages of complete metamorphosis?

6. If spiders cannot chew, how can they eat?

7. Why is a large heavy exoskeleton less limiting for arthropods that live in water?

8. Describe how a sea star feeds on a clam.

9. What happens if a sea star loses an arm?

10. Why are echinoderms important to the marine environment?

11. What functions do tube feet serve in an echinoderm such as a sea star?



Vertebrate Animals 53

Chordate AnimalsStudy Guide11

Name Date Class

Three Characteristic DefinitionParts of Chordates

1.

2.

3.

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Name of Part Description of Structure Description of Function

16.

17.

18.

15Chapter

Directions: Fill in the chart with the three characteristics of chordates and the definition of each part.

Directions: Match the terms from the word bank with the phrases below.

bony endo gill slits muscles

cartilaginous endotherms jawless swim bladder

ectotherms fish mucus vertebrates

4. structures that attach to the skeleton and make movement possible

5. trout and goldfish are this type of fish

6. structures in lancelets that developed from pharyngeal pouches

7. this substance helps bony fish move through the water

8. sharks are this type of fish

9. warm-blooded animals such as humans

10. a prefix that means “within”

11. hagfish and lampreys are this type of fish

12. cold-blooded animals such as fish

13. the largest group of vertebrates

14. an adaptation of bony fish to control their depth in the water

15. the largest group of chordates

Directions: Name three parts common to most fish and describe the structure and function of each part.


Name Date Class

54 Vertebrate Animals

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Amphibians and Reptiles

Directions: Answer the following questions using complete sentences.1. What is the definition of a reptile?

2. How are reptiles related to amphibians?

3. Compare the skin of amphibians and reptiles.

4. What role does an amphibian’s skin play in breathing?

5. Compare and contrast hibernation and estivation.

6. What is metamorphosis?

7. What amphibian activities occur on land? In water?

8. Explain the function of each of these structures in reptile eggs.

a. amniotic egg

b. a leathery shell

c. a yolk



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Vertebrate Animals 55


1. Describe the four characteristics of birds.

a.

b.

c.

d.

2. Label the drawing of a contour feather with the names of its parts.

BirdsStudy Guide33

3. How do the air sacs of birds help make the body lighter?

4. What is the purpose of preening?

5. Compare and contrast contour feathers and down feathers.

a.

b.

d. c.

15Chapter


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56 Vertebrate Animals

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Mammals

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. What are some characteristics of mammals?

2. What are some problems facing mammals today?

3. What are the functions of these mammal characteristics?

a. hair or fur

b. mammary glands

c. complex nervous system

d. well-developed lungs

4. Define these types of mammals.

a. Carnivores

b. Herbivores

c. Omnivores

Directions: Fill in the table by describing two characteristics of each group of mammals and giving an example.

Study Guide44

5. Monotremes

Group Characteristic A Characteristic B Example

7. Placentals

6. Marsupials

15Chapter


The Human Body 57

Body SystemsStudy Guide11Directions: Match the terms from the word bank with the phrases below.

bones involuntary muscles specific

capillaries joints proteins sun

fat-soluble kidneys skin water-soluble

1. the type of immunity where your body makes antibodies

2. the smallest blood vessels

3. place where two or more bones come together

4. salt and other wastes can exit the body through this protective organ

5. vitamins, like B and C, that you need to eat every day

6. calcium and phosphorus make these cells hard

7. organs that remove extra water, salts, and wastes from the blood

8. muscle types in most organs

9. these move your joints by relaxing and contracting

10. vitamin D can be made by exposure to this

11. vitamins E, A, K, and D are this type of vitamin

12. vital nutrients for cell growth and repair

Directions: Write the body system that corresponds with each function below.

Name Date Class

Function System

13. absorption of nutrient molecules

14. movement of nutrients and gases to cells

15. movement of bones

16. a fluid system that requires skeletal and vessel muscle contractions for circulation

17. removes wastes from the blood that are produced by cells

18. shape, support, protection

19. senses and reflexes

20. entry and exit for most gases used and made by the body

21. body regulation and hormones

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58 The Human Body

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Human Reproduction

Directions: Label the diagrams of the male and female reproductive systems below. Write the function of eachpart in the space provided.

Study Guide22

Male Reproductive System

Female Reproductive System

1.2.

3.

5.

6.

4.

7.

9.

10.

8.

16Chapter


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Matter and Its Changes 59

Physical Propertiesand Changes

Study Guide11Directions: List nine physical properties of matter, give an example of each one, and explain how each is measured or calculated. Include units if they apply.

Directions: List three physical properties of metals. Give the definition of each property and explain a use of ametal with each property.

Directions: Explain what a physical change is, and give an example.

13.

Name Date Class

Property Example with Units How It Is Measured or Calculated

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Property Definition Use

10.

11.

12.

17Chapter


60 Matter and Its Changes

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Name Date Class

Chemical Properties and Changes

Directions: Answer the following question on the lines provided.1. What are the differences between physical and chemical changes? Explain them, giving two

examples of each.

Directions: Label the following changes as C for chemical or P for physical.

2. forming a bar of copper into a wire

3. frying an egg

4. breaking a glass

5. bleaching your hair

6. transferring graphite from a pencil to paper when writing

7. dissolving a drink mix in water

8. shooting off fireworks

9. a puddle drying up after a rain

Directions: In number 10 below, a code letter has been substituted for each letter in the alphabet. To find outwhat the sentence says, use the following key to decode it. In the key, the code letters are shown directly belowthe alphabet letters they stand for. Write the correct letter above each code letter, then read the sentence.

AS

BW

CQ

S B D

DG

F S N N B K VC N

EL

FV

Q X S B A LG Z U C B A

GA

HX

Q X L F C Q S E

IC

JR

KY

LE

MF

NB

OK

PI

QJ

RU

SN

Q U L S V L G

TV

UZ

VP

WO

XH

YD

ZM

G L N V U K D L GK U10.



Energy 61

Energy ChangesStudy Guide11Directions: State the law of conservation of energy.

1.

Directions: Label each situation with the type of energy it describes. Some situations may have more thanone answer.

chemical heat kinetic nuclear potential

2. a rolling ball gains more of this kind of energy when it moves faster

3. skiers gain this type of energy when they travel up the hill on a lift

4. energy stored in the nuclei of atoms

5. energy stored in chemical bonds

6. the energy of moving water

7. energy of position

8. as objects become hotter, they have more of this type of energy

9. two kinds of energy produced by burning firewood

10. energy of a moving soccer ball

11. energy stored in gasoline

Directions: List two factors that cause a large meteor crashing into Earth to have more kinetic energy thana batted baseball.

12.

13.

Directions: List three situations where energy is transformed from one form to another.

14.

15.

16.

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62 Energy

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Temperature


1. The words ____________________ and ____________________ are commonly used to

indicate temperature, but they are not scientific terms because they mean different things to

different people.

2. Temperature really is a measure of the ____________________ of the particles in any material.

3. ____________________ is an energy transfer due to a difference in temperature.

Directions: Complete the chart.

Study Guide22

Two Scales for Measuring temperature

Fahrenheit

Celsius

Name of Scale

4.

Abbreviation Temperature at whichwater boils (degrees)

Temperature at whichwater freezes (degrees)

7.

5. 6.

8. 9.

Directions: Read the following description. Then answer the questions.Assume that you have just taken a pan of cookies out of the oven and set them on the counter

to cool. In the space below, draw a picture of the cookies in the pan sitting on the counter. Addwavy lines to show the heat from the cooling cookies.

10. What term refers to the average kinetic energy of the particles of one of the cookies?

11. Imagine you put your hand next to one cookie without touching it. Your hand feels warm. Bywhat method(s) has the thermal energy of the cookies transferred to your hand?

12. Imagine you move the pan and touch the spot where it had been sitting. The counter feelswarm. How did the thermal energy of the cookies transfer to the counter?

13. The lines you drew above the cookies show that the air above the cookies is rising in a current.

a. By what method is the thermal energy causing the air to move?

b. What kind of current is this?

18Chapter


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Energy 63

Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms and phrases.

1. Chemical ____________________ stored in oil, gas, and coal is used everyday.

2. Scientists refer to the potential energy within chemical bonds as ____________________.

3. Energy is stored in the ____________________ between the atoms in a compound.

4. Muscles in your body transform chemical energy into __________________ and heat when

they move.

5. In chemical reactions, chemical bonds ____________________ between some particles and

____________________ between other particles.

6. Chemical reactions that absorb energy are called ____________________.

7. A photosynthetic reaction in a plant cell transforming energy from sunlight into chemical

energy is a(n) ____________________ chemical reaction.

8. Living things depend on ____________________ for food and oxygen.

9. Exothermic reactions are chemical reactions that ____________________ energy.

10. Rates of chemical reactions can be changed by a substance called a(n) ____________________,

whose own structure is not changed by the reaction.

11. Greater amounts of sugar will dissolve in water if the water is ____________________.

12. Your body relies on biological catalysts called ____________________ to control

cell processes.

Directions: For each of the following statements, write True or False on the line provided.

13. In a chemical reaction, the state of a substance changes, but the substance itself is not changed.

14. Rusting is a chemical reaction that occurs when a metal combines with oxygen.

15. All chemical reactions occur at the same rate.

16. Every chemical reaction includes some energy transformation.

17. Not every chemical reaction gives off energy.

Chemical EnergyStudy Guide33 18Chapter



Electricity and Magnetism 65

Electric Charge and ForcesStudy Guide11Directions: Match the terms from the list with the correct phrase below.

air currents charging by induction grounding neutral

attract conductors insulators positively charged

charging by contact electric force negatively charged repel

1. cause the bottom of a storm cloud to become negatively charged

2. how the ground beneath a storm cloud becomes positively charged

3. how a lightning rod protects a building

4. what a positive and a negative charge will do

5. what two positive charges will do

6. describes an atom with equal numbers of protons and electrons

7. depends on the amount of charge on two objects and the distancebetween them

8. describes an atom when the number of electrons is greater than thenumber of protons

9. gold, silver, and copper

10. materials with electrons that can not move easily through the material

11. describes an atom when the number of electrons is less than thenumber of protons

12. how a balloon becomes charged when you rub it on a cat

Directions: Order the following steps in the production of lightning. The first step has been numbered for you.

13. The electric field surrounding the excess electrons in the bottom of the storm cloudrepels electrons in the ground.

Charges move quickly from the cloud to the ground, causing a flash of lightning.

During a storm, air currents in storm clouds cause electrons to be transferred fromthe top of the cloud to the bottom.

The ground beneath the storm cloud becomes positively charged.

Directions: Explain how a lightning flash can occur within a storm cloud.

14.

Name Date Class

1

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66 Electricity and Magnetism

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Electric Current

Directions: Circle the answer that correctly completes the sentence.

1. The closed path in which electric charges can flow is an electric circuit / current.

2. Electrons flow from the positive / negative terminal of a battery.

3. Collisions of electrons with other particles in a circuit convert electrical energy / charge intoheat or light.

4. V = IR is the equation that expresses the relationship known as Ohm’s / Ampere’s Law.

5. In the formula, V = IR, current is represented by the letter I / R.

6. The light switch in your classroom is part of a series / parallel circuit if it controls all of thelights at once.

7. A simple electric circuit includes a switch / crank battery, lightbulb, and wires.

8. One source of energy / heat for a circuit is a battery.

9. The unit for voltage is the volt / hertz.

Directions: Answer the following questions.10. What happens to the total charge on a wire when a current flows through the wire?

11. In a light circuit with a constant voltage, what is the effect on current if the number of light-bulbs is doubled?

12. How can a broken wire affect a series circuit differently than a parallel circuit?



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Electricity and Magnetism 67

Directions: Complete this paragraph using the terms on the list.

electric current generators magnetic

magnetic domain magnetic field magnetic materials

permanent magnets poles power plants

The atoms of 1. ____________________, such as iron and nickel are 2. ____________________.

Many of these atoms can line up in a group, called a 3. ____________________ with their

4. ____________________ all pointed in the same direction. When all of the domains in a piece

of iron are oriented in the same direction, they form a 5. ____________________. The movement

of a wire loop in the 6. ____________________ that surrounds the magnet creates an

7. ____________________. 8. ____________________ use this interaction in

9. ____________________ to produce the electrical energy that you use in your home.

Directions: Place a check mark next to each statement that is true. If the statement is false, write the true state-ment on the line provided.

10. Every magnet has a north pole and a south pole.

11. If the north pole of a magnet is brought toward the north pole of another magnet, themagnets attract each other.

12. In a permanent magnet the magnetic domains are oriented in random directions.

13. A current-carrying wire wrapped around an iron core is an electromagnet.

14. The production of an electric current by moving a magnet and a loop relative to eachother is called a magnetic domain.

MagnetismStudy Guide33 19Chapter



Waves 69

What are waves?Study Guide11Directions: Use the words from the word bank to fill in the blanks in front of the correct phrases below.

compression mechanical sound water

compressional medium transverse waves

crest radiant trough X-ray

electromagnetic rarefactions vibrating

1. a type of wave that requires matter to transmit energy

2. part of a compressional wave where molecules are farthest apart

3. all waves are produced by something that is doing this

4. a type of wave that can carry energy without matter

5. rhythmic disturbances that carry energy without carrying matter

6. a type of compressional wave made by a guitar

7. a material in which a mechanical wave is traveling

8. a type of transverse wave

9. a type of wave in which matter moves at right angles to the directionthe wave travels

10. high point of a transverse wave

11. the type of energy emitted by the Sun

12. part of a compressional wave where molecules are closest together

13. a type of wave where the matter moves back and forth along the samedirection that the wave travels

14. low point of a transverse wave

15. a type of electromagnetic wave

Directions: Explain how ocean water moves within a wave, and how a wave can carry energy without movingmatter.

16.

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70 Waves

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Wave Properties

Directions: Circle the term that correctly completes each sentence.

1. The wavelength of a transverse wave is often measured from (crest to crest, crest to trough).

2. Waves with greater amplitudes carry (more, less) energy than waves with smaller amplitudes.

3. The amplitude of a wave can be measured from the (medium, crest) or the (trough,

wavelength) to the rest position of the wave’s medium.

4. The number of waves that pass a point in one (second, minute) is the wave’s (amplitude,

frequency).

5. Waves with longer wavelengths have a (lower, higher) frequency and waves with shorter

wavelengths have a (lower, higher) frequency.

6. A group of molecules that are squeezed together is called a (rarefaction, compression).

7. Electromagnetic waves travel faster in (gases, solids).

Directions: Use the words below to label the diagram. You will use each term more than once. Then answer thequestions.

amplitude wavelength

Study Guide22

12. What is the wavelength of the wave shown in the diagram?

13. What is the amplitude of the wave shown in the diagram?

10. ____________9. ____________

11. ____________

2 m

1 m8. ____________

20Chapter


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Directions: Study the following picture. Think about light waves and sound waves. Then answer each question.

Wave BehaviorStudy Guide33

Waves 71

1. The woman in the building watches the worker through a window. What happens to the light

waves as they pass though the window?

2. Why is the worker wearing ear protectors? How do ear protectors work to block harmful soundwaves?

3. The man down the street hears the jackhammer around the corner, although he cannot see it.

What behavior of waves is responsible for this?

4. The man down the street can see an image of himself in the window. What behavior of waves

is responsible for this?

5. The man down the street can NOT see an image of himself in the wall of the building. What

behavior of waves is responsible for this?

20Chapter

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