Increasing Speaking,Listening, Reading, and Writing

Vocabularies and Word Recognition

Chapter 5

How students decode and develop vocabularies

Parallel distributed processing ( how brain associates words with their meaning) The brain detects patterns in sounds and symbols it seescan acquire vocabulary through experiences in literature in

an integrated programThe major difference between poor and better readers is that

better readers read more than poorer ones and better readers recognize the meanings of most words instantly and automatically.

How can teachers help?Read aloud to studentsGive more chances to talk, read, and speakBy third or fourth grade, children’s ability to continuously

expand their oral vocabularies will significantly affect their level of lifelong reading success.

Varied heterogeneous reading groupsuse of multiple decoding strategies for learning new

words.

How can we help build vocabulary ?

Teach students to think of how words relate to each otheridentify new vocabulary as you readanticipate new words they may encounterwrite the new words as you are saying them

Semantic mapping or webbing

The visual organization in which thoughts and ideas are diagramed to demonstrate their relationship to each other.Library of Graphic Organizers

Decoding and Encoding

Decoding changes written word or spoken word into meaning.Student must use certain strategies and check decoding

against their understandings about life, and what makes sense in the story

Encoding translates the word into letters or sounds that will communicate to others

Teaching sight word strategies

Content -specific sight wordsteach in context of subject matterword imagery

Basic sight wordsconfiguration (shape)teach most used words first

Signal sight wordsShows relationship, order, summations, or changes in

thoughts and ideas, more of same or different cominguse same word in different sentencesteach directly

Phonics

Science of matching speech sounds to printed letters while reading and spelling

controversyUse fourteen generalizations to decode 80% of the

phonetically regular English words

Phonetic generalizationsUse when a word looks

similar to one they already know

Model how to select the proper generalizationstop at difficult word think about words around it tell how you selected

generalization let students do a think aloud

Learn to use fourteen generalizations rapidly and independently learn letter names and

phonemes learn reoccurring spelling

patterns learn most common

sequence of letters within words

Decode by analogy

(comparisons)Use rhymeUse words in language

experience

BlendingSay medial vowel sound

firstBlend beginning sound

withAdd ending sound

Change words that begin with a single consonant to ones with blends

Structural Analysis

Analyze sections of the multisyllable word to determine meaning and build vocabularyroot words, suffixes, prefixesSpelling patterns

Semantic and Syntactic context clues

Use position word holds in a sentenceUse meanings of words around it in the sentencecontextual wedges

Using Dictionaries and thesauruses

Teach dictionary usageDictionary sword drillsdefinitions general to specializedidentify meaning used in readinguse first letter to open to most efficient placealphabetical order to third letterguide wordsdiacritical markings and accents

Locate the parts of speechhow to skim a page to locate word quicklysyllabication markingshow to know the preferred spellinghow to use preface and appendiceshow to find synonyms and antonyms in word

definitions

Ask a Friend or Teacher

What to do when you don’t know a word ?

Must know basic sight wordsanalyze words with familiar spelling patternsuse structural analysis if it is a long worduse other words in the sentenceask a friend or teacherlook in dictionary

Reader selected miscuesHave students mark word

that they have difficulty with

Teacher looks to see if there are common difficulties

What’s in my head

Put 25 words on board in groups of fiveNumber paper from one to fiveGive five clues for each grouping to help find the

specific wordWrite the word on the paper

Decoding differences between languages

Meet with students individually to decode wordsKnow the conflicts between the first and second

language to help with problemsFind cognates in languages ( pairs of words

formed from the same root)

Technology support

Electronic booksMultimediaMultimedia that is interactive -videodiscsMappingGraphingResearching

Other things of interest

Reading aloud is one of the best methods of advancing student’s communication and thinking abilities

Think pads

Holiday books