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Incorporating Grammar Teaching
into the Communicative
Classroom
How do you teach Grammar?
Do you think your “system” is effective?
Why?
What is Grammar?Grammar is a set of rules that define how words (or parts of
words) are combined or changed to form acceptable units within a
language.However, Grammar is THE TOTAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE LANGUAGE.
IT INCLUDES SYNTAX, PHONOLOGY, MORPHOLOGY,
SEMANTICS, AND PRAGMATICS.
A False Assumption
Grammar Form
Communication Meaning
What is the real Role of Grammar Teaching in the
classroom?
Use
Grammar
Form
Meaning
Diane Larsen-Freeman, 2003
What do we mean by FORM, MEANING and
USEForm – Accuracy – How is the Form – Accuracy – How is the
structure formed?structure formed?
Meaning – Meaningfulness – What does the structure
mean?
Use – Appropriatness – When or why is the structure used?
Diane Larsen-Freeman, 2003
What do we mean by FORM, MEANING and
USEExample: You should go to the
dentist.
Form: SHOULD+V-(BASE FORM)?
Meaning: I recommend, I
suggest.
Use:to give advice in a polite way.
The Organization of Grammar Teaching
1. Communicative objective2. Presentation3. Isolation and Explanation4. Practice5. Production6. Test
Penny Ur, 1988
Presentation
Examples: Written text (dialog, article, poem,
story, etc.) Picture or realia Songs or chants.
Presentation
Written text:dialog,article,poem, story, etc.
BethHer voice is softer than the song of birds Her lips are redder than roses Her hair is blacker than ebony Her smile is more valuable than ivory for me She makes me crazy like Luna I can't buy her heart with a great number of diamonds Because she is so proud and independent.
Life
Sometimes beautiful like a spring flower
Sometimes terrible like a forest after fire
Sometimes crazier than a mountain stream
Sometimes calmer than a small lake
Sometimes as bright as a night star
Sometimes as shady as a morning fog
Life as life
Presentation
Picture or realia
When I was a child,my father used to take me to the park.
Presentation
Songs or chants.
Close your eyes, give me your hand, darling Do you feel my heart beating, do you
understand? Do you feel the same, am I only dreaming?
Is this burning an eternal flame?
Song: Eternal Flame by The Bangles
Presentation
Tips: Make it obvious. Orally and written. Show rules not
exceptions.
Isolation and Explanation
Content: Form-Meaning-Use Inductive-
Deductive Pronunciation
Isolation and Explanation
Content: Form-Meaning-Use
Task: Let’s analyze some structures:
Simple Past Tense
Simple Present Tense
Present Perfect
Isolation and Explanation
Content: Inductive-
Deductive Presenting Rules
only?
Deriving Rules from Examples?
Presenting Examples only?
Isolation and Explanation
Content: Pronunciation
Special cases, such as:
Plural endings (-s)
Past tense of regular verbs (ed)
Isolation and Explanation
Tips: Go inductive. Involve students. Keep it short and
focused.
Practice Forms: Controlled
Slot fillers, Transformation, Multiple choice, Matching, etc.
Semi-controlled Slot fillers/Multiple choice based on meaning Slot filler with choice of answers not
provided Free
Information gap Giving opinions Defending points of view
Practice
Forms: Controlled
Slot fillers, Transformation, etc. Examples:
He is …. boy. We have ….. umbrella. (Use a or an)
This is a woman (plural) ……………
Practice
Forms: Semi-controlled
Slot fillers/Multiple choice based on meaning Examples
My classroom is ……… My classes (begin/finish/study) at 8am.
Slot filler with choice of answers not provided Examples
I like …….. I hate …………..
Practice
Forms:
Free Information gap
Examples: Writing stories to practice past tense. Role-playing a dialog based on a given
situation and using certain structures. Participating in a group debate with people for
and against a controversial topic.
Practice
Tips:Little by little.Pick and choose.The more the merrier.Use different sources
YouColleaguesBooks Internet
Test
Definition: Students have to demonstrate they can
correctly produce the structure in real context.
How: Pair or group work non-controlled
activities. Oral presentations. Extended written assignments. Role-plays based on several topics.
Test
Tips:Seek both fluency and
accuracy.Provide detailed,
comprehensible feedback.DO correct.
How to explain Grammar
The Deductive Approach
The Inductive Approach
Introducing grammar deductively
Presentation of a Rule
Examples
A Deductive Approach
It starts with the presentation of a rule and it is followed by
examples in which the rule is applied.
Advantages and Disadvantages of a Deductive Approach
It gets straight to the point.It respects the intelligence and maturity of students who expect to receive rules.It allows teachers to control language points.
However;It may be boring for some students.It encourages teacher-centered classes.It makes students believe that learning a language means simply knowing the rules
Introducing grammar inductively
Examples
Inference of the Rule
An Inductive Approach
It starts with some examples from which
a rule is inferred.
Advantages and Disadvantages of an Inductive Approach
Rules that learners discover by themselves are more likely to fit their existing mental structures.Students are more actively involved in the learning process.
But, It may take longer than expected.Students may hypothesize the wrong rule.It frustrates students who would prefer to be told the rule.
Conclusion
Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing = to communicate or to get meaning
Likewise, Grammaring = transmitting meaning
Grammarians?? Grammar Users??
End of Presentation
Thank you!Prepared by: Miss Evelyn Becerra Ayala
EFL Coordinator