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ECOSYSTEM SERVICES RESEARCH PROGRAM
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Incorporating Ecosystem Services into Coastal and Watershed Management
William FisherGulf Ecology Division
www.epa.gov/ecologyECOSYSTEM SERVICES RESEARCH PROGRAMB U I L D I N G A S C I E N T I F I C F O U N D A T I O N F O R S O U N D E N V I R O N M E N T A L D E C I S I O N S
Susan YeeU.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Gulf Ecology DivisionPatricia Bradley
Atlantic Ecology Division
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ESRP Coral Reef ProjectObjective: Provide information and tools that support
evaluation of trade-offs among reef ecosystem services under alternative decisions
U.S. Virgin Islands Puerto Rico
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Virgin IslandsCase Study
Can expanded Clean Water Act water quality standards (biological criteria) protect fisheries, tourism/recreation and shoreline protection values of USVI coral reefs?
U.S. Virgin Islands Department of Planning& Natural ResourcesEPA Region 2
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Biocriteria - thresholds established to protect the biological condition of aquatic life inhabiting waters of a given designated use. [Clean Water Act]
DesignatedUsesBiocriteriaDecisions
Bradley et al. EPA Report 2010
Stressors
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Biocriteria - thresholds established to protect the biological condition of aquatic life inhabiting waters of a given designated use. [Clean Water Act]
DesignatedUsesBiocriteriaDecisions
Biological IntegrityProtect Public Health
Fishable WaterSwimmable WaterRecreational Use
Stressors
Bradley et al. EPA Report 2010
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Biocriteria - thresholds established to protect the biological condition of aquatic life inhabiting waters of a given designated use. [Clean Water Act]
DesignatedUsesBiocriteriaStressorsDecisions
EcosystemServices
ReefAttributesStressorsDecisions
Shoreline protectionFishing
Tourism/ Recreation
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Biocriteria - thresholds established to protect the biological condition of aquatic life inhabiting waters of a given designated use. [Clean Water Act]
DesignatedUsesBiocriteriaDecisions
EcosystemServices
ReefAttributesStressorsDecisions
Shoreline protectionFishing
Tourism/ Recreation
Coral conditionFish biomassWater clarity
Stressors
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES RESEARCH PROGRAM
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Biocriteria - thresholds established to protect the biological condition of aquatic life inhabiting waters of a given designated use. [Clean Water Act]
DesignatedUsesBiocriteriaDecisions
EcosystemServices
ReefAttributesStressorsDecisions
Shoreline protectionFishing
Tourism/ Recreation
Coral conditionFish biomassWater clarity
Watershed pollutantsCoastal development
Stressors
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES RESEARCH PROGRAM
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Biocriteria - thresholds established to protect the biological condition of aquatic life inhabiting waters of a given designated use. [Clean Water Act]
DesignatedUsesBiocriteriaDecisions
EcosystemServices
ReefAttributesStressorsDecisions
Shoreline protectionFishing
Tourism/ Recreation
Coral conditionFish biomassWater clarity
Watershed pollutantsCoastal development
Landuse decisionsProtected areas
Stressors
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Puerto RicoCase Study
Will implementation of the Guánica Bay Watershed Management Plan improve fisheries, tourism/recreation, and shoreline protection value of coral reefs in Southwestern Puerto Rico?
Puerto Rico Department of Natural & Environmental ResourcesEPA Region 2
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Nonpoint Pollutant Discharge
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• Shade-grown coffee• Cover crops• Hydroseeding• Dredge reservoirs• Remove relic irrigation• Lagoon restoration
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Research Approach
EcosystemServices
ReefAttributesStressorsDecisions
Cost/BenefitComparisons
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EcosystemServices
ReefAttributesStressorsDecisions
Cost/BenefitComparisons
1. Understand priorities of decision-makers
Research Approach
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EcosystemServices
ReefAttributesStressorsDecisions
Cost/BenefitComparisons
1. Understand priorities of decision-makers
2. Link stressors to reef attributes
Research Approach
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EcosystemServices
ReefAttributesStressorsDecisions
Cost/BenefitComparisons
1. Understand priorities of decision-makers
2. Link stressors to reef attributes
3. Connect reef attributes to ES
Research Approach
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EcosystemServices
ReefAttributesStressorsDecisions
Cost/BenefitComparisons
1. Understand priorities of decision-makers
2. Link stressors to reef attributes
3. Connect reef attributes to ES
4. Develop models to evaluate alternative scenarios
Research Approach
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EcosystemServices
ReefAttributesStressorsDecisions
Cost/BenefitComparisons
1. Understand priorities of decision-makers
2. Link stressors to reef attributes
3. Connect reef attributes to ES
4. Develop models to evaluate alternative scenarios
Research Approach
5. Build decision-support tools
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DPSIR Framework
Yee et al. in press
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1. Understanding Decisions
• Identify priority issues• Elaborate potential
management options
2007: US Virgin Islands2009: Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary2010: Puerto Rico
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Demonstrate a tool and let them apply it• DPSIR Framework
• Encourages whole-systems thinking• Consider purpose/consequences of proposed actions
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Demonstrate a tool and let them apply it• Social Network Analysis
• Understand the critical players & relationships
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Demonstrate a tool and let them apply it• Decision Analysis
• Understand the decision-making process• Identify alternative management strategies
Rehr et al. In review
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES RESEARCH PROGRAM
Benefits of the process• Participants
• Opportunity to learn about decision support tools
• Organizers• A task to get the conversation going• Elicit information on their priorities/concerns
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ECOSYSTEM SERVICES RESEARCH PROGRAM
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After the workshop… • Expand objectives of original plan to reflect workshop
Carriger et al. in prep.
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After the workshop… • Expand objectives of original plan to reflect workshop
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After the workshop… • Expand objectives of original plan to reflect workshop
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• Organize information in an objectives hierarchy• What are the fundamental objectives & how to measure?
After the workshop…
Objectives
Sub-objectives
Metrics
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• Organize decision options in Means-Ends Network• Are the options adequate or are new options needed?
After the workshop… O
bjec
tives
Mea
ns
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2. Link Stressors to Reef Attributes
• Dose-response relationships
• Human-disturbance gradients
• Linking landscape activity to coral condition
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Dose-response Relationships
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Human-disturbance Gradient
1 km from cruise ship lanes
0.1 km from cruise ship lanes
St. Thomas, USVI
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Linking Landscape Activity to ReefsLandscape Development Intensity Index
Oliver et al. in review
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Link between human activity & reef condition but….
What are the consequences on provisioning of ecosystem services?
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3. Connecting Reef Attributes to Ecosystem Services
Literature Review• What services have been
identified?• How were services measured?• How can reef attributes be
translated into services?• What indicators estimate
delivery of services?
Principe et al. EPA Report 2010
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Tourism & Recreation Fishing
NaturalProductsShoreline Protection
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Tourism & Recreation Fishing
NaturalProductsShoreline Protection
EcosystemIntegrity
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Tourism & Recreation
• Survey and valuation methodology
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Fishing
• Essential fish habitat• Fisheries models
McClanahan 1994
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Shoreline Protection
• Hydrodynamic models• Anecdotal evidence
Modified from Monismith 2007
Modified from Kunkel et al. 2006
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Natural Products• Reviews of existing products derived from reefs
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ECOSYSTEM SERVICES RESEARCH PROGRAM
4. Developing models
Bayesian Network
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Dynamic models
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES RESEARCH PROGRAM
4. Developing models
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Poster #19Modeling Ecosystem Services with Bayesian Networks
Bayesian Network
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Modeling Sustainable Deliveryof Reef Ecosystem Services
• Many good existing models• Lack general applicability to range
of management scenarios• Lack portability/scalability• Lack connection to ecosystem
services
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CORSETJ. Melbourne-Thomas
C. JohnsonUniversity of Tasmania
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CORSETJ. Melbourne-Thomas
C. JohnsonUniversity of Tasmania
Additionalreef attributes
Connect land-basedstressors to offshore water quality
Link to ecosystemservices
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES RESEARCH PROGRAM
5. Decision Support Tools
Bayesian Network
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Dynamic models
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES RESEARCH PROGRAM
Reef ES & Decision Support Database
• Management options• Legislation• Clients and partners• Scientific literature
• Jurisdiction- or topic-specific
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ECOSYSTEM SERVICES RESEARCH PROGRAM
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• Web-based Tutorial
• Generic DPSIR words list
• Generic DPSIR conceptual models
Tutorial on Systems Thinking using DPSIR
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• Eliciting information from clients• Identifying key stressors & services• Synthesizing objectives & means to achieve them• Building whole-systems models• Organizing the state of knowledge• Identifying knowledge and research gaps• Systems-thinking linking human system to ecosystem
DPSIR Framework
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Coral Project TeamEPA Gulf Ecology DivisionSusan YeeAshley WeatherallDeborah VivianSherry VickeryDebbie SantavyBob QuarlesLeah OliverCheryl McGillJohn LehrterEric JohnsonBecky HemmerPeggy HarrisJack FournieBill FisherLee CourtneyJohn CarrigerJed CampbellMace Barron
Other EPAPat BradleyPeter PrincipeDan CampbellPaula Allen
Peter ShubaCarolyn FonyoRoel Boumans
Ann VegaMarilyn Tenbrink
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Our Partners• EPA • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)• USDA NRCS• USGS Caribbean Field Station• Caribbean Coral Reef Institute (CCRI), University of Puerto Rico• National Coral Reef Institute (NCRI), Nova Southeastern• The Nature Conservancy (TNC) • Center for Watershed Protection (CWP)• Carnegie-Mellon University• University of Miami, Rosentiel School of Marine Sciences (RSMAS) • University of the Virgin Islands • National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF)• USVI Department of Planning and Natural Resources (DPNR)• Puerto Rico Departamento de Recursos y Ambientales (DNRA) • Florida Department of Environmental Protection (DEP)
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ECOSYSTEM SERVICES RESEARCH PROGRAM
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Demonstrate a tool and let them apply it• Decision Analysis
• Understand the decision-making process• Identify alternative management strategies
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Drivers
Pressures
State
Impact
Response
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ECOSYSTEM SERVICES RESEARCH PROGRAM
• Remain engaged• Web-group for posting info• Newsletter of updates• Webinars• Vetting Objectives Hierarchy &
Means-Ends Network• Follow-up workshop
After the workshop…